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Understanding the UK's Seas: Marine Pathways and Oceanographic

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Understanding the UK's Seas: Marine Pathways and Oceanographic Understanding the UK’s seas: marine pathways and oceanographic structure As a contribution to the vision for clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse seas, key questions for this project were: Longitude (W) Where are the major marine transport o o o o o 12 10 8 6 4 pathways? o 56 Why are they there, and how are they driven? 27.1 27.2 26.3 What is the role of pathways and oceanographic structure in the function 55o 27.0 of the UK shelf (shallow) seas. Where? From early summer (late May) to 54o autumn (mid October), a continuous Clare Island oceanographic pathway exists from the NW Brittany (Ushant), across the Western English Channel, south along the Cornish 53o coast, around the Lizard Peninsula, along (N) the N Cornish and Devon coasts, across St. Georges Channel, and then around Latitude the SW and W coasts of Ireland. These 25.7 25.5 25.9 flows occur at the boundaries of the o 26.1 52 stratified regions and have significant 26.2 6 3 26.4 magnitude, of ~0.1 – 0.2 x 10 m /s. Such 25.0 24.9 26.6 transport remains within its source eco- 26.5 26.8 27.0 25.2 hydrodynamic region, and the pathway 27.2 25.4 acts as a barrier to limit transport between o 51 neighbouring eco-hydrodynamic regions (e.g. stratified to mixed). For example, summer transport between the Celtic Sea 26.8 26.2 27.0 25.6 and the Irish Sea is very limited, while there 26.6 o 50 is strong transport across their boundary 26 26.2 (St Georges Channel), There is thus limited 26.6 Key potential for transport of plankton across Start position 2001 these pathways, but high potential for Start position 1998 Start position 2003 transport along them of harmful species -1 0.1ms Geostrophic velocity o 49 25.8 such as Karenia mikimotoi. 26 26.8 26.2 26.6 26.4 Northward transport from Brittany to 26.8 Scotland. The combined pathway from the results of three field programs, with ARGOS drifter tracks overlain on the contours of 26 bottom density. Each colour indicates a separate drifter track. How?: The flows are driven by temperature differences Section from Clare Island west of Ireland, showing: A) temperature Thermocline structure, revealing the thermocline (maximum vertical temperature gradient) and the bottom front, (maximum horizontal gradient B) the speed of the inferred northward flow, estimated from the Seabed temperature data, C) the measured northward flow. The density of water is primarily determined by temperature, when two different water masses are adjacent then the warmer will attempt to flow over the colder. However the rotation of the earth acts to deflect the flow to the right of the initial flow direction. Friction with the sea bed means that speeds near the bed are small, so that the fastest flows occur above the region where the bottom gradients in density (temperature) are strongest. The towed undulating ‘Scanfish’ (yellow wing) measures continually temperature, salinity, fluorescence, light, and turbidity. What is the role? Do Plankton use this pathway? Yes, many species including Harmful Algal Bloom (HABS) species are prevalent along these pathways HABS come in various forms; some species produce massive blooms (‘red tides’, e.g. Karenia mikimotoi) and others are toxic at low concentrations (e.g. Dinophysis). Most occurrences of Dinophysis lie along the regional transport pathway, which provides favourable conditions for growth, primarily caused by strong stratification. 55° Ireland Britain 50 µm 50° ‘Coastal jet Incidence of pathway’ Diarrheic Shell Fish = Known occurrences of France Size of dots indicates Karenia ‘red tides’ number of incidences Poisoning (DSP) due 10° 5° 0° in a 10 year period to the dinoflagellate Dinophysis. Regular occurance of Red tides due to Karenia mikimotoi. Where: Oceanographic pathways in the North Sea In the North Sea, in summer, strong (12 cms-1) 59° organised flows exist from the NE English coast (i.e. North of the Flamborough front), past the 59° northern edge of the Dogger Bank and NE to the Skaggerak. There are also strong flows 59° (10 cms-1) directed SW along the southern flank of the Dogger Bank. This flow continues 59° anticlockwise around the edge of the stratified region at the south of the Oyster Grounds and 59° in summer, acts to contribute to isolation of the 59° bottom waters there. This isolation, coupled with the relatively shallow depth (and associated 59° productivity), means that oxygen depletion is likely in the bottom waters. 59° 59° Drifter tracks in the central and southern North Sea. Large blue arrows indicate the main pathways. Dots 59° -3° -2° -1° 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10° mark the daily positions. Why and how: using models to understand the system 53°53 Measured water movement (red lines) and modelled flow (black arrows) for the Celtic Sea in July 1998. The model replicates well the observed flow from the Cornish coast north to the Gower Ireland Peninsula, and west across St Georges Channel towards the SE coast of Ireland. Density (temperature) gradients at the bed are responsible for over 90% of this flow (Young et al., 2004). 52°52 Wales Latitude N 51°51 Drifters like this Cornwall one, with an orange surface marker and a large 50°50 ‘sock’ beneath, are tracked by satellite to map water -9°-9 -8°-8 -7°-7 -6°-6 -5°-5 movements. Longitude W How good are models Good – Most modern 3-D baroclinic models, which include density, replicate measured surface and bottom tempera- tures typically to better than 0.5°C (1 SD) which is sufficiently accurate for the simulation of many ecological processes. Principle features of the flow fields in the Celtic and North seas are well replicated by the Cefas models (as do many other models). Room for improvement – Many models, (Cefas GETM, POLCOMS, COHERENS) indicate that freshwater inputs are under- estimated, for example, in the German Bight, where although the horizontal structure is well replicated, the modelled absolute values of salinity are too high. (a) Observation and model comparison 15 14 Model temperature 13 (b) 12 11 10 9 Observed temperature (c) 35.2 34.6 34 Model salinity 33.4 (d) 32.8 -20 Observation versus Model comparison. Contours of Karenia 32.2 -30 modelled by Ifremer, with dots of observed values from Cefas/ 31.6 Irish survey. Results indicate that the bloom is due to the strength -40 Depth (m) of stratification and reduction in mixing, rather than supply of 31 00 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 nutrients (van Houtte Brunier et al., 2006). DistanceObserved West — salinity East (km) What is the role: Structure of the North Sea. Why is there high primary productivity plant growth? In summer, the central and northern North Sea become thermally stratified, because the surface water warms up more than the bed. In contrast, due to the strong tides the southern North Sea remains well mixed. New estimates indicate that in the whole of the North Sea, 38% of the growth of new phytoplankton (plankton that utilise sunlight to grow) occurs in summer along the thin boundary at the base of the warm surface waters, the ‘thermocline’. Growth is concentrated here because of favourable interactions between sunlight, the supply of nutrients, tides and shape of seabed. Also, phytoplankton growth is sustained here for a much longer period than occurs in the spring (the ‘spring bloom’) and so forms a reliable food source to support organisms further up the food web. The phytoplankton growth is at depth, so is not visible from satellite observations. North Sea Average primary productivity, integrated over the entire water column (mg of Chl/ 56° 2 m /day) for different regions along a transect north of the Dogger Bank (line b). SML = (b) surface mixed layer, CM = deep chlorophyll maximum and BML = bottom mixed layer. (a) 55° ) 40 m Dogger Bank N ( Area Type Entire Water Column SML CM BML Contour e d u Flamborough 2 t i 54° mg of Chl/m /day % % % t Head a L Stratified (N) 741 35.1 57.8 7.1 53° Frontal (~40 m contour) 1015 44.8 - 55.2 Bank (S) 456 38.1 - 61.9 52° -2° -1° 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° Longitude (W/E) This project has demonstrated that in the stratified regions, many Nitrate ‘turnover times’ (days) for in situ nutrients, such as nitrates and ammonia, are used up very quickly in concentrations and for a standard concentration summer, and are recycled within the system very rapidly (Weston et 3 of NO3 of 5 mmol/m , for the southern N. Sea (well al., 2005). Recycling times are ~7 days in much of the warm surface mixed) and north of the Dogger Bank (stratified) waters, and as rapid as ~1 day along the thermocline itself. As a result, August even though the summer transport pathways are long and fast, the Well-mixed waters - In situ 13 ± 17 direct transport of dissolved nutrients from the NE English coast to the concentrations central and southern N. Sea is unlikely. NO at 5 mmol/m3 Away from these summer pathways, nutrient transport is much 3 slower, for example, in the stratified regions, most nutrient transport is Well-mixed waters 100 ± 54 probably as particles, and the transport mechanisms are relatively weak Stratified waters - Surface 7 ± 14 and slow. In contrast, in well-mixed regions, the cycling of nutrients Stratified waters - Chlorophyll < 1 is much slower (Weston et al., 2004) so that significant transport of max.
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