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The Plight and Consequence of Conscription Dodgers, Disruptors, and Resisters

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The Plight and Consequence of Conscription Dodgers, Disruptors, and Resisters ABSTRACT CONSCRIPTING BILLY YANK AND JOHNNY REB: THE PLIGHT AND CONSEQUENCE OF CONSCRIPTION DODGERS, DISRUPTORS, AND RESISTERS Victoria Bryant Stewart, Ph.D. Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2017 James Schmidt, Director This dissertation investigates the struggles between states and the federal governments over the proper method to satisfy the military service needs of the nation during the American Civil War, while assessing the violence that resulted from these policies. Historians have failed to address the transformation of the militia system and the introduction of conscription as a process. The United States of America and Confederate States of America created a federally controlled military system, which instituted compulsory service through federally controlled systems. Resistance continued despite changes within these systems. Resistance arose from defiance to these systems because of the inequity, for inequality privileged some men at the expense of others. The elimination of deferments sought to equalize this system by making it more expansive; however, resistance continued. Furthermore, these systems represented an abridgement of personal liberty. Both governments were faced with the realities of dwindling troop totals. Both governments needed to decide how to supplement these totals. The Confederacy passed further legislation to entice men to enlist, which increased the monetary amount of the bounties, allowed men to select their companies, and increased the available furlough days. Those already enlisted could obtain the benefits of this law after the completion of their twelve-month terms and re-enlistment for a three-year term under this new law. This law was confusing and misunderstood while it revamped the structure of the military to make the accommodations as per the law. In the North, Lincoln issued another call for militiamen. Delays among states to implement this draft law, resistance by young men, and petitions by governors for more time to fill their required quotas resulted in the stagnation of this process. Disruption and non-compliance occurred in the Union and Confederacy. In the Union, men would flee, falsify medical conditions, or fail to report for duty as per their draft summons. Men often squat on vacant lands in the West to evade service. This transition of the militia system into federally controlled systems of conscription show the repercussions of the growing power of the federal states. This national system of conscription created tensions between the rights of states in contrast to the federal government. Federally controlled conscription, according to government leaders, proved necessary when the armies were unable to muster in adequate numbers of troops. Existing military policies proved ineffective to maintain or procure the proper troop totals. New federally controlled systems removed the limitations from the states by directly conscripting men into federal service. Northern and Southern society responded through means of protest and civil violence against conscription policies and toward government officials in charge of overseeing the draft. Divisions and inequities within enrollment systems fostered and created resistance. Bias of enlistment based on religion, wealth, and social status created tensions among men. Notions of personal liberty also fostered non-compliance. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINIOS AUGUST 2017 CONSCRIPTING BILLY YANK AND JOHNNY REB: THE PLIGHT AND CONSEQUENCE OF CONSCRIPTION DODGERS, DISRUPTORS, AND RESISTERS BY VICTORIA BRYANT STEWART ©2017 Victoria Bryant Stewart A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: James Schmidt ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I greatly appreciate Dr. James Schmidt, Dr. Aaron Fogleman, and Dr. Brian Sandberg for their time, wealth of knowledge, and assistance throughout my comprehensive exams and this dissertation. Their helpful feedback, suggestions for sources, and support have been invaluable during this process. I have been fortunate to receive funding from the NIU History Department and the NIU Art History Department. I also value my time as an IRAD intern with the Illinois State Archives. My research would not have been possible without the generous support from the NIU History Department, the NIU Graduate School, and the NIU College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I am forever grateful to Dr. Timothy Roberts and Dr. Peter Kirstein for introducing me to this line of research. I had an excellent support system throughout this process. Robert Glover’s steadfast support throughout this journey has been such an incredible gift. Kaitlin Benson Eddy has been such an amazing resource of help, assistance, and friendship. Judy Hendrickson and Nicole Henryson have been extremely helpful. Cindy Ditzler has been a ray of sunshine and positivity. Richard and Virginia Stewart should feel a sense of ownership in this work since they fostered my love of learning and inquisitive nature. Tim Madsen has been with me through this incredible journey. He was my editor, chef, tutor, test audience, and soundboard. You really have been the unsung hero in this process. I had the honor of teaching so many incredible students throughout this process. They bring much joy to my life. DEDICATION To Captain William H. Randolph – Learning of your death changed the trajectory of my research. It has been an honor to learn of your ultimate sacrifice. May you rest in peace, Captain. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1. TRANSFORMATION OF THE MILITIA SYSTEM ……………………………….. 21 2. CONSCRIPTING FEDERAL ARMIES: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY ………………………… 53 3. LEGAL CHALLENGES AND CONSCRIPT REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE LAW ……………………………………………………………………………... 97 4. RESISTERS..………………………………………………………………………….. 137 5. DRAFT DODGERS…...……………………………………………………………… 172 6. DISRUPTORS …………………………………………...……………………………229 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….………………………. 280 WORKS CITED……………………………………………………………………………….286 INTRODUCTION In November 1864, residents in five Pennsylvania counties received notice that a new draft call had been issued for their communities. According to the Bedford Inquirer, a local newspaper, the potential conscripts required more than a little persuasion to elicit their compliance. “Bedford has some 350 defaulting conscripts,” the paper reported, “but we are glad to learn that active measures are in progress to bring them into service. A number of them are now reporting. They see that a country is not going to be given over to anarchy, and they have wisely concluded that prompt obedience is the better part of valor.”1 This small act of resistance represents part of a broader story about the draft during the American Civil War, a conflict that brought forth the first national conscription acts in United States history. The military draft ushered in by those laws in both the Union and Confederacy created new forms of resistance. While scholars have evaluated resistance to conscription policies, this project offers new categories for understanding these acts of defiance and pulls together scattered accounts of resistance against conscription to ask a simple question: how and why did people resist the American Civil War draft? The outbreak of war between the Union and the Confederacy in spring 1861 spurred a rush to enlist in the armed forces, but as any decent narrative of the conflict will note, enthusiasm quickly waned. To encourage voluntary enlistment, both belligerents offered signing or 1 “The Draft,” Bedford Inquirer, November 25, 1864. 2 enlistment bonuses. More money was offered to men who had wives and families and to those who signed to serve a longer term of service. Despite these efforts, volunteerism stalled and existing militia systems were not able to muster a sufficient number of recruits. The result was the first federally controlled draft in United States history. Conscription, in the view of the government officials in the United States and the Confederate States, sought to encourage voluntary enlistment. Men, in theory, would choose to enlist rather than wait to be conscripted. While the fear of conscription and the signing bonuses encouraged some men to enlist, maintaining sufficient troop levels amid a bloody, modern war required compulsory service. This compulsory service began in spring 1862 in the Confederacy and spring 1863 in the Union. The usage of conscription represented a significant change in manpower procurement since the federal governments in both sections oversaw the registration and enlistment of men. Previously, these governments relied on the state militias and voluntary enlistment. The United States and Confederate Congresses created a system of federal conscription in which federal agents and agencies created lists of eligible men, determined deferments and exemptions, and made arrests for those that defied the law. Across both regions, many people saw the implementation of federal conscription as an affront to the power of the states. Fearful of the growing strength of the federal governments, people questioned the power of federally controlled systems of conscription. Men had learned how to manipulate the militia system to avoid service, but federal conscription was administered by federal agents who were focused on enforcing the law. These new federal systems of conscription also ushered in new ideas and
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