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Fruit-Piercing Moth, Eudocima Phalonia (Linneaus 1763) Review: Biology, Ecology and Pest Management with Reference to Kiwifruit

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Fruit-Piercing Moth, Eudocima Phalonia (Linneaus 1763) Review: Biology, Ecology and Pest Management with Reference to Kiwifruit PFR SPTS No. 17607 BS1847: Fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus 1763) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit Chhagan A, McKenna C March 2019 Confidential report for: Zespri International Limited BS1847 Zespri information: Milestone No. BS1847-30-C Contract No. BS1847 Management plans for use against biosecurity Project Name: pests in kiwifruit DISCLAIMER The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited does not give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this report. Neither The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited nor any of its employees, students, contractors, subcontractors or agents shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs), claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this report. LIMITED PROTECTION This report may be reproduced in full, but not in part, without the prior written permission of The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited. To request permission to reproduce the report in part, write to: The Science Publication Office, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited – Postal Address: Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Email: [email protected]. CONFIDENTIALITY This report contains valuable information in relation to the Biosecurity programme that is confidential to the business of The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited and Zespri International Limited. This report is provided solely for the purpose of advising on the progress of the Biosecurity programme, and the information it contains should be treated as “Confidential Information” in accordance with The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited’s Agreement with Zespri International Limited. PUBLICATION DATA Chhagan A, McKenna C. March 2019. BS1847: Fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus 1763) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. A Plant & Food Research report prepared for: Zespri International Limited. Milestone No. 77646. Contract No. 35746. Job code: P/310119/01. SPTS No. 17607. Report approved by: Asha Chhagan Scientist, Biological Control Team March 2019 Libby Burgess Science Group Leader, Applied Entomology March 2019 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) CONTENTS Executive summary..................................................................................................................... 1 1 Biology and ecology ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Classification and nomenclature .............................................................................. 3 1.2 Geographical distribution ......................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Endemicity ................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Global distribution ........................................................................................ 4 1.2.3 New Zealand distribution ............................................................................. 9 1.3 Description ............................................................................................................. 10 1.3.1 Eggs ........................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Larvae ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3.3 Pupae ........................................................................................................ 13 1.3.4 Adults ......................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Host plants ............................................................................................................. 17 1.4.1 Adult host plants ........................................................................................ 17 1.4.2 Larval host plants ....................................................................................... 18 1.5 Damage ................................................................................................................. 18 1.5.1 Primary damage ........................................................................................ 18 1.5.2 Secondary damage.................................................................................... 20 1.5.3 Damage to kiwifruit .................................................................................... 20 1.6 Pest status ............................................................................................................. 20 1.6.1 Pest status in kiwifruit ................................................................................ 21 1.7 Biology and ecology ............................................................................................... 21 1.7.1 Lifecycle ..................................................................................................... 21 1.7.2 Eggs ........................................................................................................... 21 1.7.3 Larvae ........................................................................................................ 22 1.7.4 Pupae ........................................................................................................ 22 1.7.5 Adults ......................................................................................................... 22 1.8 Natural enemies ..................................................................................................... 25 2 Pest management ......................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Monitoring techniques ............................................................................................ 29 2.1.1 Visual inspections for adults ...................................................................... 29 2.1.2 Trapping adults using fruit baits ................................................................. 29 2.1.3 Attractants .................................................................................................. 30 2.2 Management options ............................................................................................. 31 2.2.1 Chemical .................................................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Cultural ...................................................................................................... 31 2.2.3 Biological ................................................................................................... 32 3 Pest management in kiwifruit ...................................................................................... 36 3.1 Chemical control .................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Cultural control ....................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Biological control .................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... 37 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) 4 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ 39 5 References ..................................................................................................................... 40 Appendix 1. Host plant list for adult Eudocima phalonia. Based on Davis et al. (2005). .................................................................................................... 45 Appendix 2. Host plant list for larval Eudocima phalonia. Based on Davis et al. (2005). .................................................................................................... 50 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) BS1847: Fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus 1763) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. March 2019. PFR SPTS No.17607. This report is confidential to Zespri International Limited. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BS1847: Fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus 1763) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit Chhagan A1, McKenna C2 Plant & Food Research: 1Auckland, 2Te Puke. March 2019 Background Eudocima phalonia (fruit–piercing moth; FPM) (Linnaeus 1763), is native to the Indo-Malaysian region of Asia, with an extensive distribution throughout Africa, Asia and Oceania. This invasive moth is a significant economic pest of ripening fruits, and is known to attack over 40 different types of fruit. Primary damage by E. phalonia is caused by adult feeding on the fruit, whereby adults of both sexes use their barbed proboscises to pierce the rind or skin of fruit and extract the juices. The pin-hole sized piercings are the initial external sign of an attack by E. phalonia. As a result of the piercing, fruit juice exudate
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