DOCSLIB.ORG

Jussi Leinonen Aalto U. 2013 Vijay Tallapragada Andhra University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jussi Leinonen Aalto U. 2013 Vijay Tallapragada Andhra University &hara4 al@0in al@Tusi 2aterina &carpellini leanor Anne >r(erod ,a(al al 0in I:n *unus 7asir al@0in al@Tusi &ha(s ad@0in Al@6ukhari +arageh >:servatory /regory 2hioniadis +anuel 6ryennios Theodore +etochites /regory #ala(as 1315 1311 1311 7ilos ,a:asilas 1363 1383 'einrich von Langenstein lissaeus Judaeus 0e(etrios ,ydones 1375 U. #aris 13.1 /eorgios #lethon /e(istos 1393 1333 Johannes von /(unden +anuel 2hrysoloras 1406 U. Vienna 1908 /uarino da Verona 1408 190; Vittorino da )eltre 1416 U. #adova 1918 Theodoros /a%es 1433 U. +antova 1933 6asilios 6essarion 1436 +ystras 1938 /eorg von #euer:ach 1440 U. Vienna 1990 Johannes Argyropoulos /aetano de Thiene &igismondo #olcastro 1444 U. #adova 1999 0e(etrios 2hal!ocondyles #elope #ietro "occa:onella 1452 +ystras U. #adova 1912 7iccolo Leoniceno 7icoletto Vernia 1453 U. #adova U. #adova 1913 Johannes +uller "egio(ontanus 1457 U. Vienna 191. +arsilio )icino #aolo dal #o%%o Toscanelli 1462 U. )lorence U. #adova 1982 Leonardo da Vinci )lorens )lorentius "ad=yn "ade=yns /eert /erardus +agnus /roote 1471 U. )lorence 19.1 Janus Lascaris Tho(as von ,e(pen a ,e(pis 1472 U. #adova 19.2 Jaco: :en Jehiel Loans Alexander 'egius 1474 &t. Agnes, ?=olle 19.9 Johannes &to44ler 2risto4oro Landino 1476 U. Ingolstadt 19.8 Angelo #oliziano 1477 U. )lorence 19.. "udol4 Agricola /eorgius 'er(onymus 1478 U. )errara 19.; Ja!Bues Le4evre d taples 1480 U. #aris 19;0 Johann "euchlin Luca #acioli 1481 U. #oitiers 19;1 0o(enico da )errara 1483 U. )lorence 19;3 Leo >uters 1485 U. Louvain 19;1 +arco +usuro 1486 U. )lorence 19;8 #ietro #o(ponazzi 1487 U. #adova 19;. Leonhard von 0o:schut% /iovanni 6attista della +onte 1489 Jagiellonian U. U. #adova 19;3 Jan &tandon!$ 1490 U. #aris 1930 /uillau(e 6ude 1491 U. #aris 1931 &cipione )ortiguerra 1493 U. )lorence 1933 7icolaus 2opernicus 1499 U. #adova 1933 Ulrich ?asius 1501 U. )rei:urg 1101 0esiderius rasmus +oses #ere% 1506 U. Turin 1108 /irola(o Aleandro 1508 U. #adova 110; 6oni4azius rasmi 1509 U. <itten:erg 1103 "utger "escius 1513 U. #aris 1113 #hilipp +elanchthon 1514 U. Tu:ingen 1119 +aarten van 0orp Tho(as 2ran(er Johannes Vol(ar 1515 U. Louvain U. 2a(:ridge U. <itten:erg 1111 1111 1111 )rancois 0u:ois 1516 U. #aris 1118 +atthaeus Adrianus Andrea Alciati 1518 U. 6ologna 111; Jan van 2a(pen Jaco:us Lato(us 1519 U. Ingolstadt U. Leuven 1113 1113 Antonio +usa 6rasavola 1520 U. )errara 1120 7icolas 2lenard Ja!Bues Toussain 6althasar ,aeu44elin 1521 U. Louvain U. #aris U. Tu:ingen 1121 1121 1121 Jako: +ilich 1524 U. Vienna 1129 Johannes &tur(ius 1527 U. Louvain 112. +elchior <ol(ar Jean Tagault 1528 U. #aris 112; #etrus 2urtius Jaco:us &ylvius 1530 U. Louvain U. +ontpellier 1130 1130 Johannes 2alvin 1531 U. 6ourges 1131 Johannes <inter von Andernach Adrien Turne:e 1532 U. #aris U. )rance 1132 1132 rasmus "einhold /eorg "heticus 1535 U. <itten:erg U. <itten:erg 1131 1131 /e((a )risius 1536 U. Louvain 1138 Andreas Vesalius 1537 U. #adova 113. Theodorus 6eza Vittore Trincavelli 1539 U. >rleans U. #adova 1133 6assiano Landi 1542 U. #adova 1192 Johannes 'o((el 1543 U. <itten:erg 1193 &e:astian 0ietrich +atteo "ealdo 2olo(:o 1544 U. <itten:erg U. #adova 1199 1199 2aspar #eucer 1545 U. <itten:erg 1191 /a:riele )alloppio 1547 U. )errara 119. I((anuel Tre(ellius 1549 U. 2a(:ridge 1193 Jako: 6euerlin 1551 U. Tu:ingen 1111 Valentine 7ai:od Jaco: Andreae 1553 U. r4urt U. Tu:ingen 1113 1113 Valentin Thau 1555 U. Leipzig 1111 Anne du 6ourg 'ieronymus )a:ricius Theodor ?=inger, &r. 1559 U. #adova U. #adova 1113 1113 La(:ert 0aneau 1561 U. /eneva 1181 Joseph Justus &caliger 1563 U. )rance 1183 Johann Jaco: /rynaeus 1564 U. Tu:ingen 1189 #aul <ittich Johannes 2aselius 1566 U. <itten:erg U. #isa 1188 1188 +oritz Valentin &tein(et% 1567 U. Leipzig 118. Justus Lipsius 1569 U. Louvain 1183 Valentin >tto 1570 U. <itten:erg 11.0 "udolph &nellius 1572 U. 'eidel:erg 11.2 &alo(on Al:erti 1574 U. #adova 11.9 Andreas &chato 1578 U. <itten:erg 11.; John 2raig 1580 U. 6asel 11;0 Jaco:us Ar(inius 2hristoph +eurer 7icolo )ontana Tartaglia 1582 U. Leiden U. Leipzig 11;2 11;2 #etrus "yf4 )rancois 0u Jon, &r >stilio "icci 1584 U. 6asel U. 6rescia 11;9 )ranciscus /o(arus /alileo /alilei 1585 U. 'eidel:erg U. #isa 11;1 11;1 'einrich +aius Antonius Thysius 1589 U. 'eidel:erg 11;3 <ol4gang )ran% Johannes #olyander van ,erckhoven 1590 U. <itten:erg U. /eneva 1130 1130 rnestus 'etten:ach Jan Jessenius 1591 U. <itten:erg U. #adova 1131 1131 2ornelius +artini 1592 U. 'el(stedt 1132 rycius #uteanus 1595 U. Louvain 1131 Jaco:us +artini 0uncan Liddel 1596 U. 'el(stedt U. 'el(stedt 1138 1138 0aniel &ennert 1599 U. <itten:erg 1133 +elchior Jostel 1600 U. <itten:erg 1800 Adriaan van den &pieghel 1603 U. #adova 1803 #hilipp +uller 1604 U. Leipzig 1809 /eorg 2alixt 1607 U. 'el(stedt 180. A(:rosius "hodius &e:astian 6e!$ 6enedetto 2astelli 1610 U. <itten:erg U. 6asel U. #adova 1810 1810 1810 /isbertus Voetius /il:ert Jacchaeus +arin +ersenne 1611 U. Leiden U. Leiden U. #aris 1811 1811 1811 ((anuel &tupanus vangelista Torricelli 1613 U. 6asel U. "o(a 1813 )ranck #ieterszoon 6urgersdij$ /illes #ersonne de "o:erval 1614 U. Leiden 1819 #aul "o:er 'enricus "enerius 1617 U. <itten:erg U. Leiden 181. 181. Adolph Vorstius )riedrich Lei:ni% 1622 U. #adova U. Leipzig 1822 1822 <erner "ol4in!$ 1625 U. #adova 1821 /eorg /rosshain 1629 U. <itten:erg 1823 Arnold &enguerdius 2hristoph 7otnagel Theodor ?=inger, Jr. 1630 U. Leiden U. <itten:erg U. 6asel 1830 1830 1830 A:raha( ,lein 1632 U. "osto!$ 1832 Johannes +usaeus 1634 U. r4urt 1839 +artinus &choo!$ 1636 U. Utrecht 1838 )ranciscus de le 6oe &ylvius 1637 U. 6asel 183. 6althasar <id(arcter Johann /eorg +acasius 0aniel 6erckringer 1640 U. Jena U. Jena U. /roningen 1890 1890 1890 Vincenzo Viviani 1642 U. #isa 1892 Jako: Tho(asius 1643 U. Leipzig 1893 Johannes de 6ruyn Johann Andreas 5uenstedt 1644 U. Utrecht U. <itten:erg 1899 1899 Johann 2aspar 6auhin #eter <eren4els 1649 U. 6asel U. 6asel 1893 1893 Josias 2hristoph 7eander /eorg 6althasar +etzger rhard <eigel 1650 U. 6asel U. Leipzig 1810 1810 Johann "hetius Andreas ,unad Isaac 6arro= 1652 U. 'alle@<itten:erg U. 2a(:ridge 1812 1812 Aegidius &trauch 1657 U. <itten:erg 181. Arnold /eulin!- 1658 U. Leiden 181; 7ikolaus glinger 1661 U. 6asel 1881 Augustin 'einrich )asch lias "udolph 2a(erarius, &r. 1663 U. Jena U. Tu:ingen 1883 1883 6urchard de Volder 1664 U. Leiden 1889 &a(uel &tryk >tto +encke 1665 U. Leipzig 1881 1881 /ott4ried <ilhel( Lei:ni% 1666 U. Leipzig 1888 <ol4erd &enguerdius /eorg <ol44gang <edel 6enja(in #ulleyn 1667 U. Leiden U. Leiden 188. 188. Isaac 7e=ton 1668 U. 2a(:ridge 188; "udol4 <ilhel( ,rause 1671 U. Leiden 18.1 7icolas +ale:ranche 1672 18.2 hren4ried <alter von Tschirnhaus 1674 U. Leiden 18.9 d(ond 'alley 1678 U. >-4ord 18.; 2hristian Tho(asius 1679 U. )ran$4urt 18.3 Johann /ott4ried von 6erger 1682 U. Jena 18;2 Johann #asch 1683 U. <itten:erg 18;3 /eorg rnst &tahl Jaco: 6ernoulli 1684 U. Jena U. 6asel 18;9 18;9 Johann 2hristoph <ich(annschausen 1685 U. Leipzig 18;1 "udol4 Jako: 2a(erarius 1686 U. Tu:ingen 18;8 #ierre Varignon +ichael <alther, Jr. Johann )ranz 6uddeus 1687 U. #aris U. <itten:erg U. 'alle@<itten:erg 18;. 18;. 18;. Johann #eter von Lude=ig Jean@0o(inBue 2assini 1690 U. 'alle@<itten:erg 1830 lias "udolph 2a(erarius, Jr. Ja!Bues 2assini 1691 U. Tu:ingen U. #aris 1831 1831 'er(an 6oerhaave Ada( 6eringer 1693 U. Leiden U. <ur%:urg 1833 1833 Johann Adolph <edel Johann 6ernoulli 1694 U. Jena U. 6asel 1839 1839 /eorge 'adley 'enry 6racken 1701 U. >-4ord U. Leiden 1.01 7icolaus /undling 2hristian +. von <ol44 1703 U. 'alle@<itten:erg U. Leipzig 1.03 1.03 &i(on #aul 'ilscher +ichael Al:erti 1704 U. Jena U. <itten:erg 1.09 1.09 "oger 2otes 1706 U. 2a(:ridge 1.08 Johann Andreas #laner 1709 U. Tu:ingen 1.03 Augustin )riedrich <alther 1712 U. <itten:erg 1.12 2hristian August 'ausen 1713 U. <itten:erg 1.13 verhard >tto Joseph 7icolas de LFIsle 1714 U. <itten:erg U. #aris 1.19 1.19 Johann +atthias /esner "o:ert &(ith 1715 U. Jena U. 2a(:ridge 1.11 1.11 ,arl /ottlie: ,norre /eorg rhard 'a(:erger 1721 U. 'alle@<itten:erg U. Jena 1.21 1.21 /a:riel 2ra(er 6urchard 0avid +auchart 7icolas Le(ery 1722 U. /eneva U. Tu:ingen 1.22 1.22 <alter Taylor Johann /ottlo: &pitzley 1723 U. 2a(:ridge 1.23 /erard van &=ieten /illau(e@)ran!ois "ouelle 1725 U. Leiden U. #aris 1.21 1.21 Leonhard uler August /ottlie: &pangen:erg /eorg Lud=ig 'ue:er 1726 U. 6asel U. Jena U. <ur%:urg 1.28 1.28 1.28 Johann )riedrich 2hrist 1727 U. 'alle@<itten:erg 1.2. Adriaan van "oyen &a(uel ,lingenstierna 1728 U. Leiden U. +ar:urg 1.2; 1.2; /eorges Louis Lecler! Johann August rnesti 1730 U. Angers U. Leipzig 1.30 1.30 +arten &tro(er 1731 Uppsala U. 1.31 +artin ,nutzen 1732 U. ,onigsberg 1.32 Johannes Lulo4s 2hristoph )riedrich 'aase Johann Andreas &egner 1734 U.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Philosophia Scientiæ, 13-2 | 2009 [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Octobre 2009, Consulté Le 15 Janvier 2021
    Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 13-2 | 2009 Varia Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/224 DOI : 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.224 ISSN : 1775-4283 Éditeur Éditions Kimé Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 octobre 2009 ISBN : 978-2-84174-504-3 ISSN : 1281-2463 Référence électronique Philosophia Scientiæ, 13-2 | 2009 [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2009, consulté le 15 janvier 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/224 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ philosophiascientiae.224 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 15 janvier 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Actes de la 17e Novembertagung d'histoire des mathématiques (2006) 3-5 novembre 2006 (University of Edinburgh, Royaume-Uni) An Examination of Counterexamples in Proofs and Refutations Samet Bağçe et Can Başkent Formalizability and Knowledge Ascriptions in Mathematical Practice Eva Müller-Hill Conceptions of Continuity: William Kingdon Clifford’s Empirical Conception of Continuity in Mathematics (1868-1879) Josipa Gordana Petrunić Husserlian and Fichtean Leanings: Weyl on Logicism, Intuitionism, and Formalism Norman Sieroka Les journaux de mathématiques dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle en Europe Norbert Verdier Varia Le concept d’espace chez Veronese Une comparaison avec la conception de Helmholtz et Poincaré Paola Cantù Sur le statut des diagrammes de Feynman en théorie quantique des champs Alexis Rosenbaum Why Quarks Are Unobservable Tobias Fox Philosophia Scientiæ, 13-2 | 2009 2 Actes de la 17e Novembertagung d'histoire des mathématiques (2006) 3-5 novembre 2006 (University of Edinburgh, Royaume-Uni) Philosophia Scientiæ, 13-2 | 2009 3 An Examination of Counterexamples in Proofs and Refutations Samet Bağçe and Can Başkent Acknowledgements Partially based on a talk given in 17th Novembertagung in Edinburgh, Scotland in November 2006 by the second author.
    [Show full text]
  • Frans Titelmans, the Congregation of Montaigu, and Biblical Scholarship
    FRANS TITELMANS, THE CONGREGATION OF MONTAIGU, AND BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP Paolo Sartori In order to sketch a portrait of Frans Titelmans of Hasselt it is neces- sary to reexamine the main features of the Congregation of Montaigu, which was founded in Paris by Jan Standonck at the end of the fi fteenth century. Titelmans in fact received his higher education in the Leuven College of the Congregation. This experience infl uenced his whole approach to theology, even though he formally left the Congregation of Montaigu when, twenty-one years old, he became a Franciscan minor friar. A couple of years later he faced Erasmus in a short but challenging dispute about New Testament scholarship, which took place between 1527 and 1530.1 The Paris College of Montaigu had fallen into decay in the late quat- trocento. In 1477 Amâtre Chetart, principal of the College, asked Jan Standonck for help with the administration. A young man, aged thirty-four, and fresh from his licence in arts in Paris, Standonck came from Mechelen, midway between Brussels and Antwerp. He had grown up in a very poor family and studied in the schools of the Brethren of Common Life. He enrolled at the University of Leuven, but later moved to Paris, where he had to fi nd employment in order to survive, since he lacked any economic resources. He was employed as a servant in the Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève, which was next to the College of Montaigu. Chetart’s offer meant an advancement for Standonck, and when Chetart died in 1483, Standonck succeeded in his place.
    [Show full text]
  • A Companion to the Theology of John Mair
    A Companion to the Theology of John Mair Edited by John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt LEIDEN | BOSTON For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Contributors X Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1 John Mair: An Historical Introduction 13 James K. Farge Part 1 Theology and Method 2 John Mair on the Writing of Theology 25 Alexander Broadie 3 Acquired Faith and Mair’s Theological Project 41 Jeffrey C. Witt Part 2 Metaphysics and Theological Themes 4 John Mair’s Trinitarian Theology: The Inheritance of Scholastic Tradition 77 John T. Slotemaker 5 John Mair on the Metaphysics of the Incarnation 115 Richard Cross Part 3 Human Nature and Moral Reasoning 6 John Mair on Beatific Enjoyment: New Wine in old Wineskins 141 Severin V. Kitanov For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV viii Contents 7 Conscience and Synderesis in John Mair’s Philosophical Theology 175 Pekka Kärkkäinen 8 John Mair’s Moral Theology and its Reception in the 16th Century 194 James Keenan Part 4 Salvation and Sacraments 9 John Mair’s Doctrine of Justification Within the Context of the Early 16th Century 223 David C. Fink 10 Terms, Signs, Sacraments: The Correlation Between Logic and Theology and the Philosophical Context of Book iv of Mair’s Sentences Commentary 241 Ueli Zahnd Appendix A 288 Appendix B 290 Appendix C 376 Index 390 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV <UN> APPENDIX C An Analytic Bibliography by Name and Subject James Farge and Ueli Zahnd i The Works of John Mair: A Catalogue Nota bene: Mair reused and revised his works in his classes and reedited them in continuously elaborated redactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Piety As Social Intervention in a Mechelen Besloten Hofje
    Volume 9, Issue 2 (Summer 2017) Sensory Piety as Social Intervention in a Mechelen Besloten Hofje Andrea Pearson [email protected] Recommended Citation: Andrea Pearson, “Sensory Piety as Social Intervention in a Mechelen Besloten Hofje,” Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art 9:2 (Summer 2017) DOI: 10.5092/jhna.2017.9.2.1 Available at https://jhna.org/articles/sensory-piety-social-intervention-mechelen-besloten-hofje/ Published by Historians of Netherlandish Art: https://hnanews.org/ Republication Guidelines: https://dev.jhna.org/republication-guidelines/ Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. This PDF provides paragraph numbers as well as page numbers for citation purposes. ISSN: 1949-9833 Sensory Piety as Social Intervention in a Mechelen Besloten Hofje Andrea Pearson Besloten hofjes compel sensory devotion, and sight provides the privileged point of entry into the works. Paradoxically, a female devotee from Mechelen, identified here as visually impaired, is represented in a wing hinged to one example. By prioritizing physical disability over spiritual interiority in the study of the hofje, this essay recalibrates sensory piety as socially persuasive. The investigation in turn complicates previous models for the production and reception of Besloten hofjes in general. Previously untapped archival and visual evidence reveals that the hofje was likely commissioned by the impaired woman’s parents, probably for the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwegasthuis (Hospital of Our Lady) in Mechelen, where she was professed. There, the hofje asserted a meritorious status in piety that claimed salvation for members of the familial triad, all three of whom were rendered spiritually suspect by the woman’s disability.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 WKB Wavefunctions for Simple Harmonics Masatsugu
    WKB wavefunctions for simple harmonics Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binmghamton (Date: November 19, 2011) _________________________________________________________________________ Gregor Wentzel (February 17, 1898, in Düsseldorf, Germany – August 12, 1978, in Ascona, Switzerland) was a German physicist known for development of quantum mechanics. Wentzel, Hendrik Kramers, and Léon Brillouin developed the Wentzel– Kramers–Brillouin approximation in 1926. In his early years, he contributed to X-ray spectroscopy, but then broadened out to make contributions to quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and meson theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel _________________________________________________________________________ Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 – Oegstgeest, April 24, 1952) was a Dutch physicist. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers _________________________________________________________________________ Léon Nicolas Brillouin (August 7, 1889 – October 4, 1969) was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Determination of wave functions using the WKB Approximation 1 In order to determine the eave function of the simple harmonics, we use the connection formula of the WKB approximation. V x E III II I x b O a The potential energy is expressed by 1 V (x) m 2 x 2 . 2 0 The x-coordinates a and b (the classical turning points) are obtained as 2 2 a 2 , b 2 , m0 m0 from the equation 1 V (x) m 2 x2 , 2 0 or 1 1 m 2a 2 m 2b2 , 2 0 2 0 where is the constant total energy. Here we apply the connection formula (I, upward) at x = a.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 51: Mostly New Acquisitions
    Catalogue 51: Mostly New Acquisitions For the 48th California International Antiquarian Book Fair Oakland Marriott, City Center, Oakland February 6 – 8, 2015 Visit us at Booth 809 HistoryofScience.com Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 867 Novato, CA 94948 Voice: (415) 892-3181 Fax: (415) 276-2317 Email: [email protected] Copyright ©2015 by Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. / Historyofscience.com First Edition of the First English Sex Manual — One of Three Known Complete Copies 1. [Pseudo-Aristotle]. Aristoteles master-piece, or the secrets of generation displayed in all the parts thereof . 12mo. [4, including woodcut frontispiece], 190, [2, blank], [12, including 6 wood- cut illustrations, one a repeat of the frontispiece]pp. Title leaf is a cancel. London: Printed for J. How, 1684. 144 x 85 mm. Early sheep, worn, binding separating from text block; preserved in a cloth box. Occasional worming and staining, edges frayed, woodcuts with holes, tears and chips slightly affecting images, last woodcut with marginal loss affecting a few words of text, a few leaves slightly cropped, but a good, unsophisticated copy of a book that was mostly read out of existence. $65,000 First Edition. Aristotle’s Masterpiece (neither by Aristotle nor a masterpiece) was the first sex manual in English, providing its readers with practical advice on copulation, conception, pregnancy and birth. This anony- mous, inexpensively printed work proved to be enormously popular: At least three editions were issued by J. How in 1684 (see ESTC and below in our description), and it went through well over 100 editions in the following two centuries.Versions even continued to be published into the early twentieth century, with one appearing as late as 1930! Although Aristotle’s Masterpiece was not intended as pornography, its frank discussion of sex and reproduction was seen as unfit for polite society; the book was often issued under false imprints and sold “under the table.” The publication history of the work is discussed in some detail in Roy Porter and Lesley Hall’s The Facts of Life (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopy from 1916 to 1940
    PRE-1940 Spectroscopy from 1916 to 1940 Patricia Daukantas uring the first quarter century of The Optical Society (OSA), spectroscopy led to major insights into atomic and molecular physics and paved the way for important practical D applications. Optical spectroscopy existed for decades before the formation of OSA, but it was empirical and descriptive in its nature. Spectroscopists had carefully measured the wavelengths of spectral lines associated with various elements, but the subatomic mechanisms that created these lines were not yet fully understood. Twenty-four years later, as the world lurched toward the second all-encompassing war of the twentieth century, the spectroscopic fingerprints of atoms and molecules had provided vital evidence for the emerging quantum theory. Experimentalists refined their techniques and discovered previously unknown phenomena. Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanics A few years before OSA was formed, Niels Bohr had proposed his model of the hydrogen atom, which explained the empirical Rydberg formula for the spectral lines of atomic hydrogen, at least to a first approximation. Theodore Lyman completed his investigations of the ultraviolet emission lines of hydrogen, beginning at 1216 Å in 1914. Little happened in spectroscopy during World War I, but the field came raging back shortly after the armistice. In 1919, Arnold Sommerfeld, doctoral adviser to multiple Nobel Laureates, published Atombau und Spektralinien (Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines). William F. Meggers, who would become the 1949–1950 OSA president, opined that “spectroscopists were amazed that our meager knowledge of atomic structure and the origin of spectra could be expanded into such a big book” [1]. The same year, Sommerfeld and another German physicist, Walther Kossel, formulated the displacement law now named after them [1].
    [Show full text]
  • 5 X-Ray Crystallography
    Introductory biophysics A. Y. 2016-17 5. X-ray crystallography and its applications to the structural problems of biology Edoardo Milotti Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste The interatomic distance in a metallic crystal can be roughly estimated as follows. Take, e.g., iron • density: 7.874 g/cm3 • atomic weight: 56 3 • molar volume: VM = 7.1 cm /mole then the interatomic distance is roughly VM d ≈ 3 ≈ 2.2nm N A Edoardo Milotti - Introductory biophysics - A.Y. 2016-17 The atomic lattice can be used a sort of diffraction grating for short-wavelength radiation, about 100 times shorter than visible light which is in the range 400-750 nm. Since hc 2·10−25 J m 1.24 eV µm E = ≈ ≈ γ λ λ λ 1 nm radiation corresponds to about 1 keV photon energy. Edoardo Milotti - Introductory biophysics - A.Y. 2016-17 !"#$%&'$(")* S#%/J&T&U2*#<.%&CKET3&VG$GG./"#%G3&W.%-$/; +(."J&AN&>,%()&CTDB3&S.%)(/3&X.1*&W.%-$/; Y#<.)&V%(Z.&(/&V=;1(21&(/&CTCL&[G#%&=(1&"(12#5.%;&#G&*=.& "(GG%$2*(#/&#G&\8%$;1&<;&2%;1*$)1] 9/(*($));&=.&1*:"(."&H(*=&^_/F*./3&$/"&*=./&H(*=&'$`&V)$/2I&(/& S.%)(/3&H=.%.&=.&=$<()(*$*."&(/&CTBD&H(*=&$&*=.1(1&[a<.% "(.& 9/*.%G.%./Z.%12=.(/:/F./ $/&,)$/,$%$)).)./ V)$**./[?& 7=./&=.&H#%I."&$*&*=.&9/1*(*:*.&#G&7=.#%.*(2$)&V=;1(213&=.$"."& <;&>%/#)"&Q#--.%G.)"3&:/*()&=.&H$1&$,,#(/*."&G:))&,%#G.11#%&$*& *=.&4/(5.%1(*;&#G&0%$/IG:%*&(/&CTCL3&H=./&=.&$)1#&%.2.(5."&=(1& Y#<.)&V%(Z.?& !"#$%"#&'()#**(&8 9/*%#":2*#%;&<(#,=;1(21&8 >?@?&ABCD8CE Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) ... Four of Sommerfeld's doctoral students, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Peter Debye, and Hans Bethe went on to win Nobel Prizes, while others, most notably, Walter Heitler, Rudolf Peierls, Karl Bechert, Hermann Brück, Paul Peter Ewald, Eugene Feenberg, Herbert Fröhlich, Erwin Fues, Ernst Guillemin, Helmut Hönl, Ludwig Hopf, Adolf KratZer, Otto Laporte, Wilhelm LenZ, Karl Meissner, Rudolf Seeliger, Ernst C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Bonding: the Journey from Miniature Hooks to Density Functional Theory
    molecules Review Chemical Bonding: The Journey from Miniature Hooks to Density Functional Theory Edwin C. Constable * and Catherine E. Housecroft Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-61-207-1001 Academic Editor: Antonio J. Mota Received: 10 May 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 5 June 2020 Abstract: Our modern understanding of chemistry is predicated upon bonding interactions between atoms and ions resulting in the assembly of all of the forms of matter that we encounter in our daily life. It was not always so. This review article traces the development of our understanding of bonding from prehistory, through the debates in the 19th century C.E. bearing on valence, to modern quantum chemical models and beyond. Keywords: bonding; valency; affinity, structure; history of science 1. Introduction Bonding is what separates chemistry from physics. If the understanding of atoms and their component particles belongs primarily to the realm of physics, then chemistry is concerned with the aggregation of atoms into chemical entities held together by bonds. If science is a language, and atoms are the letters, bonding is the mechanism by which the letters are combined into words. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) states that “there is a chemical bond between two atoms or groups of atoms in the case that the forces acting between them are such as to lead to the formation of an aggregate with sufficient stability to make it convenient for the chemist to consider it as an independent ‘molecular species’” [1].
    [Show full text]
  • GREGOR WENTZEL February 17, 1898 - August 12, 1978
    GREGOR WENTZEL February 17, 1898 - August 12, 1978 arXiv:0809.2102v1 [physics.hist-ph] 11 Sep 2008 BY PETER G.O. FREUND, CHARLES J. GOEBEL, YOICHIRO NAMBU AND REINHARD OEHME 1 Biographical sketch The initial of Gregor Wentzel's last name has found a solid place in the language of theoretical physics as the W of the fundamental WKB approxi- mation, which describes the semi-classical limit of any quantum system. Be- yond this fundamental contribution to quantum theory [1], Gregor Wentzel has played an important role in the theoretical physics of the first half of the twentieth century. Born in D¨usseldorfon 17 February, 1898, Gregor benefited from a rich and multi-faceted education. As the greatest events of his youth, Wentzel used to recall the local premi`eresof the symphonies of Gustav Mahler. A lifelong love for music was instilled in the young Gregor. During World War I he served in the army from 1917 to 1918. At the conclusion of that cataclysmic event, he continued his studies, migrating from university to university, as was customary in those days. First, until 1919 we find him at the University of Freiburg, then at the University of Greifswald, and as of 1920, just like Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg and then later Hans Bethe among others, studying with the legendary teacher Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, where he obtained his Ph.D. with a thesis on Roentgen spectra [2]. Still in Munich he completed his Habilitation in 1922 and became a Privatdozent (roughly the equivalent of what today would be an assistant professor).
    [Show full text]
  • Humanism As Civic Project the Collège De Guyenne 1533-1583
    HUMANISM AS CIVIC PROJECT THE COLLÈGE DE GUYENNE 1533-1583 by Marjorie Irene Hopkins A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Marjorie Irene Hopkins, September, 2016 ABSTRACT HUMANISM AS CIVIC PROJECT: THE COLLÈGE DE GUYENNE 1533-1583 Marjorie Hopkins Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Professor Peter A. Goddard Que disciplina adhuc observata in suo Burdigalen Gymnasio notior evadat, nec facile usquam depravetur. Thus, in 1583, the Jurade, the city council, of Bordeaux concluded its endorsement of the publication of Elie Vinet's Schola Aquitanica, the school programme of the Collège de Guyenne. This thesis examines the humanist programme at the Collège de Guyenne in Bordeaux from 1533 to 1583. Most studies of the Collège have focused on its foundation and institutional structure. Since Ernest Gaullieur's institutional history in 1874, research into Renaissance, Reformation, and educational history have made significant advancements, all of which shed additional light onto the Collège's history and its role as a source of civic identity in a growing national context. Additionally, the application of Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus grants insight into the social climate of academics in the sixteenth century. This thesis contributes to our knowledge of the Collège's and the regents' place in the development of Bordelais and French identity, but it also elucidates the regents' impact on the students who attended there, particularly Michel de Montaigne, a well-known writer who was apparently self-disclosing, whose education at the Collège shaped him into a prudent thinker with the capacity to see all sides of an issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Answer on Question #49847, Physics, Atomic Physics Task: Sir
    Answer on Question #49847, Physics, Atomic Physics Task: sir... why should we take shell K L M N letters in Niels bohr's experiment not A B C D s Answer: The K, L, M-shell labels were not proposed by Bohr as part of his original 1913 quantum model of the atom but were rather the result of experimental studies of the phenomenon of X-ray fluorescence made by the British physicist, Charles Glover Barkla, in the period 1906-1911. Barkla characterized the secondary radiations produced when samples of the elements were exposed to an X-ray beam in terms of both their homogeneity and penetrating ability (measured in terms of the number of sheets of aluminum metal required to absorb them). He found that these secondary X-rays fell into two classes, which he labeled K and L, based on the observation that the K radiation was more penetrating than the L radiation. He also observed that the production of K versus L radiation correlated with the atomic eights of the elements, with the elements Ca through Rh producing only K radiation, W through Bi producing only L radiation, and Ag through Ce producing a mixture of both. In 1913 these latter observations were refined by the British physicist, Henry Moseley (1887-1915), in his classic study of the relationship between the frequency of the secondary X-rays and the atomic numbers of the elements. Rationalization of the Barkla-Moseley X-ray fluorescence results in terms of the Bohr model is usually credited to a 1914 paper by the German physicist, Walther Kossel (1888- 1956), who argued that the K radiation was due to an excited electron falling back into a vacancy in the first shell of an atom, and the L radiation to an excited electron falling back into a vacancy in the second shell .
    [Show full text]