HISTORY of INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS* by JOHN F
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 31/05 (2006.01) A61P 31/02 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/CA20 14/000 174 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 4 March 2014 (04.03.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 13/790,91 1 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicant: LABORATOIRE M2 [CA/CA]; 4005-A, rue kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, de la Garlock, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1L 1W9 (CA). GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, (72) Inventors: LEMIRE, Gaetan; 6505, rue de la fougere, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIN 3W3 (CA). -
That Historical Plague Was Pure Epidemics of Primary Pneumonic Plague
CHAPTER THIRTEEN GUNNAR KARLSSON’S ALTERNATIVE THEORY: THAT HISTORICAL PLAGUE WAS PURE EPIDEMICS OF PRIMARY PNEUMONIC PLAGUE Introduction G. Karlsson presented his alternative theory to the international com- munity of scholars in a paper published in Journal of Medieval History in 1996 where he argues that two late medieval epidemics in Iceland and more generally that plague in medieval Europe were pure epidem- ics of primary pneumonic plague.1 For his epidemiological interpreta- tion, Karlsson bases his alternative theory directly on Morris’s assertion of the occurrence of pure epidemics of primary pneumonic plague, a modality of plague disease spread by interhuman cross-infection by droplets. Th e concept of a pure epidemic of primary pneumonic plague implies that the origin of the epidemic is not a case of bubonic plague which develops secondary pneumonia but a case in which the fi rst vic- tim contracted pneumonic plague directly by inhalation of infected droplets into the lungs. Karlsson’s paper follows quite closely and draws heavily on a paper he published together with S. Kjartansson in an Icelandic journal in 1994 on two supposed plague epidemics in Iceland in 1402–4 and 1494–5 respectively.2 He is clear about its objective: “Th e present article [as the fi rst in Icelandic] can be seen as a defence of the late Jón Steff ensen against Benedictow’s critique of his conclusions,” namely, that these epidemics, and also the Black Death of 1348–9 in Norway were primary pneumonic plague.3 Th us, the central feature of Karlsson’s (and Karlsson’s and Kjartansson’s) paper on the two supposed plague epidemics in fi ft eenth-century Iceland is a comprehensive and sharp criticism of my doctoral thesis (1993, repr. -
M the Battle Against Neglected Tropical Diseases Forging the Chain “Results Innovative Build Trust, and with Intensified Trust, Commitment Management Escalates.”
SCENES FROM THE BATTLE AGAINST NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES FORGING THE CHAIN “RESULTS INNOVATIVE BUILD TRUST, AND WITH INTENSIFIED TRUST, COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT ESCALATES.” Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General “RESULTS INNOVATIVE BUILD TRUST, AND WITH INTENSIFIED TRUST, COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT ESCALATES.” Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Forging the chain: scenes from the battle against neglected tropical diseases, with the support of innovative partners. 1. Tropical Medicine 2. Neglected Diseases I. World Health Organization ISBN 978 92 4 151000 4 (NLM classification: WC 680) © World Health Organization 2016 Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website Forging the chain: scenes from the battle against neglected tropical diseases (with the support of (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, innovative partners) was prepared by the Innovative and Intensified Disease Management (IDM) unit 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). of the WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases under the overall coordination and supervision of Dr Jean Jannin. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website The writing team was coordinated by Deboh Akin-Akintunde and Lise Grout, in collaboration with (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). Grégoire Rigoulot Michel, Pedro Albajar Viñas, Kingsley Asiedu, Daniel Argaw Dagne, Jose Ramon Franco Minguell, Stéphanie Jourdan, Raquel Mercado, Gerardo Priotto, Prabha Rajamani, Jose The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the Antonio Ruiz Postigo, Danilo Salvador and Patricia Scarrott. -
Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız***
Silent Sources of the History of Epidemics in the Islamic World: Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız*** Abstract From 1347 onwards, new literature emerged in the Islamic and Western worlds: the Ṭā‘ūn [Plague] Treatises. The literature in Islamdom was underpinned by three things: (i) Because the first epidemic was a phenomenon that had been experienced since the birth of Islam, ṭā‘ūn naturally occurred on the agenda of hadith sources, prophetic biography, and historical works. This agenda was reflected in the treatises as discussions around epidemics, particularly plague, as well as the fight against disease in general in a religious and jurisprudential framework. (ii) Works aimed at diagnosing the plague and dealing with various aspects of it tried to explain disease on the basis of Galenic-Avicennian medicine within the framework of miasma theory, thus deriving their basis from this medical paradigm. (iii) Finally, the encounter with such a brutal illness prompted a quest for all possible remedies, including the occultist culture. This background shaped the language and content of the treatises at different levels. This article first evaluates the modern studies on plague treatises written in the Islamic world. Then, it surveys the Islamic historical sources in order to pin down the meaning they assign to the concepts of wabā’ [epidemic disease] and ṭā‘ūn [plague]. Certain medical works that were the resources for medical doctrines and terminology for plague treatises are also evaluated with a focus on these two concepts. Thus, the aim of this survey is to understand the general conception of epidemic disease and plague in the Islamic world before the Black Death (1346-1353). -
WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, A61K 31/197 (2006.01) A61K 45/06 (2006.01) RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, A61K 31/60 (2006.01) A61P 31/00 (2006.01) TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, A61K 33/22 (2006.01) ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/IN20 12/000634 kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, (22) International Filing Date UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, 24 September 2012 (24.09.2012) TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, (25) Filing Language: English EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM, (26) Publication Language: English TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, (30) Priority Data: ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). 2792/DEL/201 1 23 September 201 1 (23.09.201 1) IN Declarations under Rule 4.17 : (72) Inventor; and — of inventorship (Rule 4.17(iv)) (71) Applicant : CHAUDHARY, Manu [IN/IN]; 51-52, In dustrial Area Phase- 1, Panchkula 1341 13 (IN). -
SNF Mobility Model: ICD-10 HCC Crosswalk, V. 3.0.1
The mapping below corresponds to NQF #2634 and NQF #2636. HCC # ICD-10 Code ICD-10 Code Category This is a filter ceThis is a filter cellThis is a filter cell 3 A0101 Typhoid meningitis 3 A0221 Salmonella meningitis 3 A066 Amebic brain abscess 3 A170 Tuberculous meningitis 3 A171 Meningeal tuberculoma 3 A1781 Tuberculoma of brain and spinal cord 3 A1782 Tuberculous meningoencephalitis 3 A1783 Tuberculous neuritis 3 A1789 Other tuberculosis of nervous system 3 A179 Tuberculosis of nervous system, unspecified 3 A203 Plague meningitis 3 A2781 Aseptic meningitis in leptospirosis 3 A3211 Listerial meningitis 3 A3212 Listerial meningoencephalitis 3 A34 Obstetrical tetanus 3 A35 Other tetanus 3 A390 Meningococcal meningitis 3 A3981 Meningococcal encephalitis 3 A4281 Actinomycotic meningitis 3 A4282 Actinomycotic encephalitis 3 A5040 Late congenital neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5041 Late congenital syphilitic meningitis 3 A5042 Late congenital syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5043 Late congenital syphilitic polyneuropathy 3 A5044 Late congenital syphilitic optic nerve atrophy 3 A5045 Juvenile general paresis 3 A5049 Other late congenital neurosyphilis 3 A5141 Secondary syphilitic meningitis 3 A5210 Symptomatic neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5211 Tabes dorsalis 3 A5212 Other cerebrospinal syphilis 3 A5213 Late syphilitic meningitis 3 A5214 Late syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5215 Late syphilitic neuropathy 3 A5216 Charcot's arthropathy (tabetic) 3 A5217 General paresis 3 A5219 Other symptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A522 Asymptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A523 Neurosyphilis, -
Covid-19-Revisiting-Daniel-Defoe
UCL MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Consciously Quarantined: A COVID-19 response from the Social Sciences, April 2020 Revisiting Defoe, or: Why History Matters in the Time of Covid-19 CATHERINE TOURANGEAU Why should history matter in times of crisis? The question is worth pondering. Historians and history teachers are not on the front lines, fighting for people’s lives or providing food and medical supplies. Even their valuable knowledge and understanding of the crises of the past can seem useless and impractical. Every epidemic is different, after all; we can’t very well apply the methods of former times to the current crisis. And yet—history sheds crucial light on the dynamics and behaviors of epidemics over time and space. Studying the experience of our predecessors often offers much-needed lessons in humility and humanity. In the long list of epidemics that have hit western societies over the centuries, the Great Plague of London, which claimed the lives of 100,000 people in the mid-1660s, is perhaps not the obvious case to delve into. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and the HIV/Aids pandemic of the 1980s certainly seem more relevant to the current situation. And yet, despite its greater distance in time, the plague epidemic of 1665 highlights a number of significant patterns common to modern epidemics. It also reminds us that even the darkest of human crises eventually give way to luminous days. Compared to most early modern epidemics, the plague of 1665 left a very wide range of documentary traces. Modern historians, indeed, have access to official orders and laws; statistical data and news bulletins; medical and religious treatises; poems and prayers; and even cartoons and works of art. -
The Socionomist a Monthly Publication Designed to Help Readers Understand and Prepare for Major Changes in Social Mood
The Socionomist A monthly publication designed to help readers understand and prepare for major changes in social mood May 2013 WINNINGS MIRROR DJIA TO A TEE 3 Mood Riffs: Shifting opinions affect women, Spain’s royals and for-profit universities. 5 A 19th Century bear market played a key role in how we look at disease today. 9 Presenters and attendees share their take on the 2013 Socionomics Summit. PO Box 1618 • Gainesville, GA 30503 USA A publication of the Socionomics Institute 770-536-0309 • 800-336-1618 • FAX 770-536-2514 www.socionomics.net © 2013 e289533 SOCIONOMICS INSTITUTE The Socionomist—May 2013 Golf Links to Social Mood By Peter Kendall The Elliott Wave Theorist first documented LPGA ratio reveals a consistently more dominant “golf’s pedigree as one of the great bull market role of women in bear market phases (see Figure 3). games” in October 1997. EWT traced the game’s As the Dow triple-topped near 1000 (in nominal rise from an initial boom in the Roaring ‘20s up terms) from 1966 to 1973, male supremacy, repre- through the 1990s, coincident with every major up- sented by higher PGA/LPGA winnings ratio, result- ward surge in stock prices. At that time, the mania ed in the leading male golfer earning six times that for stocks was on, and its alignment with the boom- of the LPGA leading money winner. By the end of ing popularity of golf was so tight that many busi- the bear market in 1982, on the other hand, the ratio ness publications, such as The Wall Street Journal, approached parity, only to rise dramatically again Business Week and Barron’s, added golfing supple- to between four and six times as the Dow registered ments. -
The Political Scar of Epidemics
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE POLITICAL SCAR OF EPIDEMICS Barry Eichengreen ⓡ Orkun Saka ⓡ Cevat Giray Aksoy Working Paper 27401 http://www.nber.org/papers/w27401 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2020, Revised April 2021 All authors contributed equally to this manuscript and the order of author names is randomized via AEA Randomization Tool (code: 5OQ1MZC1Jbmd). Eichengreen is a Professor of Economics and Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research. Saka is an Assistant Professor at the University of Sussex, Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics, Research Associate at the Systemic Risk Centre and Research Affiliate at CESifo. Aksoy is a Principal Economist at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Assistant Professor of Economics at King’s College London and Research Associate at IZA Institute of Labour Economics. We thank Nicolás Ajzenman, Chris Anderson, Belinda Archibong, Sascha Becker, Damien Bol, Ralph De Haas, Anna Getmansky, Luigi Guiso, Beata Javorcik, André Sapir, Konstantin Sonin, Dan Treisman, and webinar participants at the Bank of Finland, CESifo Workshop on Political Economy, City, University of London, Comparative Economics Webinar series, EBRD, EUI Political Behaviour Colloquium, LSE and University of Sussex for helpful comments. We are also grateful to Kimiya Akhyani for providing very useful research assistance. Views presented are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the EBRD. All interpretations, errors, and omissions are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. -
Modelling Interacting Epidemics in Overlapping Populations
Modelling Interacting Epidemics in Overlapping Populations Marily Nika1, Dieter Fiems2, Koen de Turck2, and William J. Knottenbelt1 1 Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Email: fmarily,[email protected] 2 Ghent University, Department TELIN, St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium Email: fdieter.fiems,[email protected] Abstract. Epidemic modelling is fundamental to our understanding of biological, social and technological spreading phenomena. As conceptual frameworks for epidemiology advance, it is important they are able to elucidate empirically-observed dynamic feedback phenomena involving interactions amongst pathogenic agents in the form of syndemic and counter-syndemic effects. In this paper we model the dynamics of two types of epidemics with syndemic and counter-syndemic interaction ef- fects in multiple possibly-overlapping populations. We derive a Markov model whose fluid limit reduces to a set of coupled SIR-type ODEs. Its numerical solution reveals some interesting multimodal behaviours, as shown in our case studies. Keywords: Epidemics, Social Networks, Syndemic, Counter-syndemic 1 Introduction You think because you understand `one' you must also understand `two', because one and one make two. But you must also understand `and'... Rumi (13th century Persian Poet) Epidemics of various kinds have been an important focus of study throughout human history. As health care standards have risen and information technology has advanced over the past half century, our preoccupation with epidemics of a biological nature has lessened while our obsession with epidemics of a social and technological nature has dramatically increased. This has been accompanied by a growing realisation that many of the epidemiological techniques used in the modelling of biological diseases can be readily transplanted into social and tech- nological domains such as content and information diffusion, rumour spreading, gossiping protocols and viral marketing. -
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries
CHAPTER 6 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries V. Savini, R. Marrollo, R. Nigro, C. Fusella, P. Fazii Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy 1. INTRODUCTION Bacterial diseases following aquatic injuries occur frequently worldwide and usually develop on the extremities of fishermen and vacationers, who are exposed to freshwater and saltwater.1,2 Though plenty of bacterial species have been isolated from marine lesions, superficial soft tissue and invasive systemic infections after aquatic injuries and exposures are related to a restricted number of microorganisms including, in alphabetical order, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chromobacterium violaceum, Edwardsiella tarda, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Myco- bacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium marinum, Shewanella species, Streptococcus iniae, and Vibrio vulnificus.1,2 In particular, skin disorders represent the third most common cause of morbidity in returning travelers and are usually represented by bacterial infections.3–12 Bacterial skin and soft tissue infectious conditions in travelers often follow insect bites and can show a wide range of clinical pictures including impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, abscesses, necro- tizing cellulitis, myonecrosis.3–12 In general, even minor abrasions and lacerations sustained in marine waters should be considered potentially contaminated with marine bacteria.3–12 Despite variability of the causative agents and outcomes, the initial presentations of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) complicating marine injuries are similar to those occurring after terrestrial exposures and usually include erysipelas, impetigo, cellulitis, and necrotizing infections.3 Erysipelas is characterized by fiery red, tender, painful plaques showing well-demarcated edges, and, though Streptococcus pyogenes is the major agent of this pro- cess, E. rhusiopathiae infections typically cause erysipeloid displays.3 Impetigo is initially characterized by bullous lesions and is usually due to Staphylococcus aureus or S. -
Unsolved Mysteries
© 1993 Nature Publishing Group http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnology /COMMENTARY• Unsolved Mysteries BERNARD DIXON he hand of the Lord was against fever nine years earlier, and show that most of those the city with a very great destruc patients had also developed rising levels of antibodies tion: and he smote the men of the against Legionella pneumophila. city, both small and great, and But what are the prospects of applying PCR to the ' they had emerods in their secret study of pathogens from previous centuries? As with parts" (1 Samuel 5:9). animal cells, the question hinges largely on finding What on earth was going on microbial DNA that has not been denatured and which here? An outbreak of hemor therefore still contains meaningful coding sequences. rhoids? Venereal disease? Bibli It's a fanciful idea at first, but on reflection the cal citations are not exactly thick on the ground at possibility of retrieving such material seems more scientific meetings, but these were the quotes with plausible than might be imagined. which veteran microbiologist Chris Collins opened Viruses can be maintained indefinitely, like chemi part of the Society for Applied Bacteriology's Sum cals, on a laboratory shelf. There seems every reason mer Conference in Nottingham last month. Theses to suppose, therefore, that some viruses of past times sion ranged over several "old plagues," including may have persisted in, for example, permafrost or several of disputed identity. It also prompted sugges desiccated burial vaults. The prospect of viable organ tions that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), now isms being released from such sites was taken very widely famed for the fact and fantasy of amplifying seriously by the World Health Organization during human and other DNA from ancient bones, might also the smallpox eradication campaign of the 1970s, be used to retrieve microbial DNA and thus learn when Peter Razzell of Bedford College, London, something about infections in the mists of history.