Oikos OIK-07274 Fisogni, A., Hautekèete, N., Piquot, Y., Brun, M., Vanappelghem, C., Michez, D. and Massol, F. 2020. Urbanization drives an early spring for but not for pollinators. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.07274

Appendix 1–4 Appendix 1

Table A1a. List of the flowering observed in this study throughout the sampling season in all the 12 study sites. For each species we report its origin (i.e. if it grew from the bank or if it was included in the standardised seed mix sown in all study sites by local practitioners).

Family Species Origin Compositae Achillea millefolium L. seed mix Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. seed bank Compositae Arctium lappa L. seed bank Compositae Bellis perennis L. seed bank Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch seed bank Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. seed bank Brassicaceae Carduus crispus L. seed bank Compositae Cardamine hirsuta L. seed bank Compositae Centaurium erythraea Rafn seed bank Gentianaceae Centaurea jacea L. seed mix Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum Baumg. seed bank Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. seed bank Compositae Cichorium intybus L. seed mix Compositae (L.) Scop. seed bank Clinopodium vulgare L. seed mix Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. seed bank Compositae Cyanus segetum Hill seed mix Apiaceae Daucus carota L. seed mix Boraginaceae Echium vulgare L. seed mix Rubiaceae Galium mollugo L. seed mix Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum L. seed bank Geraniaceae Geranium pyrenaicum L. seed mix Geraniaceae Geranium sylvaticum L. seed bank Lamiaceae L. seed bank hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. seed bank Hypericum perforatum L. seed mix Compositae Hypochaeris radicata L. seed bank Brassicaceae Isatis tinctoria L. seed bank Compositae Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. seed bank Caprifoliaceae Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. seed bank Lamiaceae Lamium album L. seed bank Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum L. seed bank Compositae hispidus L. seed mix Brassicaceae Lepidium draba L. seed bank Compositae vulgare (Vaill.) Lam. seed mix corniculatus L. seed mix Malvaceae L. seed mix Compositae chamomilla L. seed bank Fabaceae lupulina L. seed mix Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. seed bank Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill seed bank Orchidaceae Ophrys apifera Huds. seed bank Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. seed mix Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. seed mix Compositae Picris hieracioides L. seed mix Orchidaceae Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. seed bank Rosaceae Potentilla reptans L. seed bank Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. seed mix acris L. seed mix Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens L. seed bank Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum L. seed bank Resedaceae Reseda lutea L. seed mix Resedaceae Reseda luteola L. seed mix Orobanchaceae Rhinanthus minor L. seed bank Lamiaceae Salvia pratensis L. seed bank Fabaceae Securigera varia (L.) Lassen seed bank Compositae vulgaris L. seed bank Caryophyllaceae Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet seed mix Caryophylaceae Silene latifolia Poir. seed mix Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke seed mix Caryophylaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. seed bank Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. seed bank Compositae Tanacetum vulgare L. seed bank Compositae sect. Ruderalia seed bank Compositae pratensis L. seed mix Compositae Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip. seed bank Fabaceae Trifolium pratense L. seed mix Fabaceae Trifolium repens L. seed bank Plantaginacae Verbena officinalis L. seed bank Verbenaceae Veronica chamaedrys L. seed bank Plantaginacae Veronica persica Poir. seed bank Plantaginacae Veronica serpyllifolia L. seed bank Fabaceae sativa L. seed bank Table A1b. List of the pollinator species sampled in this study throughout the sampling season in all the 12 study sites. Species abundance in each site at each sampling period is available in the Zenodo Digital Repository [anonymized for double-blind peer review]

Order Family Species Andrenidae Andrena angustior (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena bicolor Fabricius, 1775 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena carantonica Pérez, 1902 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena dorsata (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena fulva (Müller, 1766) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1832 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena labialis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena gr. minutula (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena mitis Schmiedeknecht, 1883 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena nitida (Müller, 1776) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena praecox (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena cfr semilaevis Pérez, 1903 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena sp. Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena subopaca Nylander, 1848 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena tibialis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena vaga Panzer, 1799 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena ventralis Imhoff, 1832 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Panurgus dentipes Latreille, 1811 Hymenoptera Anthophora bimaculata (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Apidae Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus vestalis (Geoffroy, 1785) Hymenoptera Apidae Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Melecta albifrons (Forster, 1771) Hymenoptera Apidae alboguttata Herrich-Schäffer, 1839 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fabriciana (Linné, 1767) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada flava Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fucata Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fulvicornis Fabricius, 1793 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada integra Brullé, 1832 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada lathburiana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada signata Jurine, 1807 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada zonata Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes daviesanus Smith, 1846 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes similis Schenck, 1853 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes sp. Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus dilatatus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus gredleri Förster, 1871 Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, 1842 Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus signatus (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus cfr styriacus Förster, 1871 Hymenoptera Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848 Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791) Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum calceatum (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum laticeps (Schenck, 1870) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum majus (Nylander, 1852) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum malachurum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum minutissimum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum morio (Fabricius, 1793) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum nitidulum (Fabricius, 1804) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck, 1853) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum punctatissimum (Schenck, 1853) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum semilucens (Alfken, 1914) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum xanthopus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith, 1848) Hymenoptera Halictidae ephippius (Linné, 1767) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson, 1870 Hymenoptera Anthidiellum strigatum (Panzer, 1805) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Coelioxys elongata Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Coelioxys inermis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis adunca (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis leucomelana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis tridentata (Dufour & Perris, 1840) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile alpicola Alfken, 1924 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile ericetorum Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile lagopoda (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1793) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia cornuta (Latreille, 1805) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia leaiana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia niveata (Fabricius, 1804) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis breviuscula (Nylander, 1848) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis odontopyga Noskiewicz, 1926 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis phaeoptera (Kirby, 1802) Diptera Syrphidae albitarsis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia latifrons (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia lenis Becker, 1894 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia pagana (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia ranunculii/albitarsis Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia vernalis (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Dasysyrphus albostriatus (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Epistrophe eligans (Harris), 1780 Diptera Syrphidae Epistrophe nitidicollis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), 1776 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalinus sepulchralis (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis arbustorum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis pertinax (Scopoli), 1763 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis tenax (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus funeralis Meigen, 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus sp. Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus strigatus (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes latifasciatus (Macquart), 1829 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes luniger (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Helophilus pendulus (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Helophilus trivittatus (Fabricius), 1805 Diptera Syrphidae Heringia heringi (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Leucozona lucorum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Melanostoma mellinum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Melanostoma scalare (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Meliscaeva auricollis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Merodon equestris (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Myathropa florea (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Neoascia podagrica (Fabricius), 1775 Diptera Syrphidae Paragus sp. Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella annulata (Macquart), 1829 Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella sp. Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella viduata (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius), 1781 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus angustatus (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus clypeatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus europaeus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus manicatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus occultus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus tarsalis (Schummel), 1836 Diptera Syrphidae batava Goeldlin, 1974 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria rueppelli (Wiedemann), 1830 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria taeniata (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Syritta pipiens (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Syrphus ribesii (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, 1875 Diptera Syrphidae Volucella bombylans (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Volucella zonaria (Poda), 1761 Diptera Syrphidae Xanthogramma pedissequum (Harris), 1776 Table A2. Characteristics of the 12 study sites used in this study. Urbanisation class is based on the percentage cover of impervious surfaces within a 500 metres buffer around the study sites. Low urbanisation class: < 50% impervious surfaces; Medium urbanisation class: between 50% and 69% cover of impervious surfaces; High urbanisation class: ≥ 70% cover of impervious surfaces. Latitude and longitude are based on the centroid of each site. Sites were not regular in shape, and sites 8 and 10 consisted of two meadows 5 and 10 m away from each other, respectively. Sites 3 and 6 were much larger than the other sites, however flowering only took place on a limited surface, significantly reducing the observed area.

Triplets of sites that were visited for plant and pollinator observations and sampling were as follows: 1-2-3; 4-8-9; 5-6-10; 7-11-12. When possible, sites belonging to different urbanisation classes were visited on the same day, to reduce interaction effects between weather conditions and urbanisation. Only sites 1-2-3 belonging to the “low urbanisation” class were visited on the same day because of the distance from the other sites that limited travel. We changed the order of site visits at each field session to reduce the effect of daily weather differences on activity (e.g. we visited sites in the sequence 1-2-3 the first time, in the sequence 3-1-2 the second time, and so on).

Surface Impervious Permeable Site Latitude Longitude Urbanisation class (m2) areas (%) areas (%) 1 908.7 50°34'32.481'' N 002°58'01.114'' E 8.6 91.4 Low 2 396.3 50°34'28.096'' N 002°58'56.301'' E 20.6 79.4 Low 3 16047.8 50°35'11.814'' N 002°58'49.077'' E 39.9 60.1 Low 4 307.9 50°38'42.941'' N 003°02'27.705'' E 34.7 65.3 Low 5 563.1 50°37'5.261'' N 003°01'57.462'' E 54.1 45.9 Medium 6 1462.9 50°38'9.622'' N 003°02'09.248'' E 62.6 37.4 Medium 7 84.9 50°37'35.958'' N 003°04'42.783'' E 65.6 34.4 Medium 8 331.5 50°38'48.717'' N 003°04'02.861'' E 67 33 Medium 9 548.2 50°38'32.074'' N 003°04'24.741'' E 73.6 26.4 High 10 259.7 50°37'35.657'' N 003°01'13.254'' E 78.2 21.8 High 11 509.7 50°38'08.299'' N 003°04'48.373'' E 79.7 20.3 High 12 162.6 50°37'54.038'' N 003°04'50.581'' E 80.5 19.5 High Appendix 2

At each site visit for plant and pollinator samplings we measured air temperature above ground (°C) and relative humidity (RH%) using an automatic data logger (Tinytag Plus 2, Gemini, UK), placed roughly at the centre of each site. Data were recorded every ten minutes during the 45-minutes insect samplings. Since sites were visited at different days and times, as reference values we retrieved the temperature and RH measured at a permanent weather station (Météo-France, Lille-

Lesquin Airport) in the surroundings of Lille (50°34'12" N, 3°05'51" E, data retrieved from www.infoclimat.fr). We then calculated for each site and date the average temperature and RH obtained from our measurements and from the permanent weather station. The differences between the two values were plotted on a heat map, to obtain a visual representation of spatial and temporal variations.

From a visual inspection of the heat maps, we did not detect any persistent trend in the temperature or RH between the triplets of sites visited at each sampling event, nor between classes of urbanization (Figure A1). Figure A1. Heat maps of the differences between (a) temperature (°C) and (b) relative humidity

(RH%) calculated in each study site at each sampling event and the reference values obtained from a permanent weather station (Météo-France, Lille-Lesquin Airport) in the surroundings of Lille

(50°34'12" N, 3°05'51" E, data retrieved from www.infoclimat.fr). Grey squares indicate missing sampling events. Appendix 3

Figure A1. Latent block models for the plant (a) and pollinator (b) communities. Columns indicate species, while rows indicate the 12 study sites. Black cells indicate presence of a species in a site, white spaces indicate ab- sence. Homogeneous blocks retrieved by LBMs are separated by grey lines. We found three blocks for plant species (a) and two blocks for pollinator species (b), while we found only one block for sites in both models, indi- cating that the overall plant and pollinator comunities are homogeneous along the gradient. For the plant com- munity (a), block 1 includes the most common species, while blocks 2 and 3 include less common and rare spe- cies, respectively. For the pollinator community (b), block 1 includes common species, while block 2 includes less common species. For both plant and pollinator communities, sites and species are ordered following de- creasing degrees (i.e. marginal total occurrences) from top to bottom and from left to right, respectively 1 8 7 2 5 3 4 6 9 1 1 1 0 1 2

Figure A3. Proportional flower cover as a function of time (Julian day of the year) in the three urbanisation classes (low urbanisation: blue squares; medium urbanisation: yellow triangles, high urbanisation: orange circles) for the ten most common flowering species, as retrieved by the LBMs (block 1 in Figure A1a). Points are estimated values at each field session, while lines (with 95% jackknife confidence intervals) are average values estimated by GLMMs. Model coefficients and model selection table are in Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix 4, respectively

Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia Bellis perennis

1.00 1.00

0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

Flower cover Flower cover Flower 0.25 0.25

0.00 0.00 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180 Day of the year Day of the year

Urban class

Ranunculus repens Medicago lupulina

1.00 1.00

0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

Flower cover Flower cover Flower 0.25 0.25

0.00 0.00 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180 Day of the year Day of the year

Figure A4. Pollinator abundance as a function of time (Julian day of the year) in the three urbanisation classes (low urbanisation: blue squares; medium urbanisation: yellow triangles, high urbanisation: orange circles) for the six families of pollinators found in the study. Points are individuals sampled at each field session, while lines (with 95% jackknife confidence intervals) are average values estimated by GLMMs. Model coefficients and model selection table are in Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix 4, respectively. n = sample size

Syrphidae Andrenidae

25 n = 716 n = 666 60 20

15 40 Abundance Abundance 10 20 5

0 0 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180

Day of the year Day of the year Urban level

Apidae Halictidae

60 n = 1558 n = 1003

60 40

40 Abundance Abundance 20 20

0 0 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180

Day of the year Day of the year

Appendix 4

Table A1. Coefficients of GLMM models shown in Table 1 (main text) and Table A2

(Appendix 4). The first coefficient of the equations is the intercept. Standard error for each

coefficient is given in parentheses. All models included sites as random factors.

Total flower cover Low urbanisation 1.28e+01 (6.11e+00) + -2.65e-01 (9.38e-02) day + 1.21e-03 (3.50e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation -2.07e+01 (8.09e+00) + 5.32e-01 (1.54e-01) day + -1.98e-03 (5.67e-04) day2

High urbanisation -3.91e+01 (8.17e+00) + 8.36e-01 (1.56e-01) day + -3.18e-03 (5.70e-04) day2

Ten most common flowering species

Taraxacum sect. Low urbanisation 5.12e+01 (2.30e+01) + -0.60e+00 (0.35e+00) day + 1.60e-03 (1.30e-03) day2 Ruderalia Medium urbanisation 9.50e+01 (1.01e+01) + -1.31e+00 (0.15e+00) day + 4.18e-03 (5.53e-04) day2

High urbanisation 8.74e+01 (9.63e+00) + 1.23e+00 (1.46e+01) day + 3.96e-03 (5.39e-04) day2

Bellis perennis Low urbanisation 1.08e+01 (1.07e+01) + -0.02e+00 (0.16e+00) day + -4.82e-04 (5.96e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation 1.89e+00 (0.99e-01) + -0.13e+00 (0.14e+00) day + -1.75e-04 (5.20e-04) day2

High urbanisation 1.98e+01 (1.18e+01) + -0.15e+00 (0.17e+00) day + -0.62e-04 (6.39e-04) day2

Ranunculus repens Low urbanisation -3.34e+01 (3.69e+01) + 0.49e+00 (0.58e+00) day + -1.91e-03 (2.17e-03) day2

Medium urbanisation -8.42e+00 (4.01e+01) + 1.25e+00 (0.61e+00) day + -4.63e-03 (2.24e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.06e+02 (3.02e+01) + 1.64e+00 (4.63e-01) day + -6.23e-03 (1.72e-03) day2

Medicago lupulina Low urbanisation -8.23e+01 (3.48e+01) + 1.18e+00 (0.53e+00) day + -4.23e-03 (1.93e-03) day2

Medium urbanisation -1.17e+02 (2.63e+01) + 1.74e+00 (3.95e-01) day + -6.33e-03 (1.44e-03) day2

High urbanisation -2.40e+01 (3.97e+01) + 0.42e+00 (0.62e+00) day + -1.78e-03 (2.32e-03) day2

Leucanthemum Low urbanisation -4.20e+01 (3.01e+01) + 0.50e+00 (0.46e+00) day + -1.45e-03 (1.69e-03) day2 vulgare Medium urbanisation -1.11e+02 (1.64e+01) + 1.59e+00 (2.46e-01) day + -5.59e-03 (8.98e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.02e+02 (2.07e+01) + 1.53e+00 (3.15e-01) day + -5.60e-03 (1.16e-03) day2

Trifolium repens Low urbanisation -1.99e+01 (1.06e+01) + 1.79e-01 (1.62e-01) day + 2.67e-04 (7.89e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation -1.43e+01 (1.25e+01) + 7.46e-02 (1.69e-01) day + 3.31e-05 (6.09e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.77e+01 (1.27e+01) + 9.95e-02 (1.82e-01) day + 6.19e-05 (6.68e-04) day2

Lotus corniculatus Low urbanisation -6.74e+00 (1.65e+01) + -0.12e+00 (0.25e+00) day + 1.05e-03 (9.36e-04) day2 Medium urbanisation -1.95e+01 (1.36e+01) + 1.29e-01 (1.97e-01) day + 9.78e-06 (7.17e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.80e+01 (9.72e+00) + 9.09e-02 (1.40e-01) day + 1.72e-04 (5.13e-04) day2

Centaurea jacea Low urbanisation 4.49e+01 (8.12e+00) + -0.93e+00 (0.12e+00) day + 4.10e-03 (4.58 e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation -2.42e+01 (1.33e+01) + 1.82e-01 (1.96e-01) day + -7.93e-05 (7.14e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.60e+01 (8.22e+00) + 3.88e-02 (1.23e-01) day + 4.84e-04 (4.57e-04) day2

Achillea Low urbanisation 3.27e+01 (2.77e+01) + -0.71e+00 (0.42e+00) day + 3.13e-03 (1.57e-04) day2 millefolium Medium urbanisation -1.85e+01 (1.12e+01) + 8.56e-02 (1.54e-01) day + 2.31e-04 (5.59e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.61e+01 (7.89e+00) + 8.12e-02 (1.14e-01) day + 1.85e-04 (4.19e-04) day2

Malva moschata Low urbanisation 4.30e+01 (2.20e+01) + -8.51e+00 (0.34e+00) day + 3.52e-03 (1.25e-03) day2

Medium urbanisation 5.17e+01 (1.75 e+01) + -1.03e+00 (0.26e+00) day + 4.45e-03 (9.57e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.44e+01 (1.05e+01) + 3.81e-02 (1.51e-01) day + 2.98e-04 (5.58e-04) day2

Pollinator families

Syrphidae Low urbanisation -1.02e+00 (2.96e+00) + 3.26e-02 (4.37e-02) day + -6.59e-05 (1.58e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation 2.35e+00 (8.89e-01) + 5.25e-04 (1.20e-02) day + -1.39e-06 (4.34e-05) day2

High urbanisation 1.36e+00 (2.20e+00) + 1.31e-02 (3.23e-02) day + -4.05e-05 (1.16e-04) day2

Andrenidae Low urbanisation 1.98e+01 (5.83e+00) + -0.25e+00 (0.09e+00) day + 8.26e-04 (3.20e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation 2.28e+01 (0.44e+01) + -0.29e+00 (0.07e+00) day + 1.02e-03 (2.42e-04) day2

High urbanisation 3.82e+00 (3.28e+00) + -1.95e-02 (4.80e-02) day + 4.59e-05 (1.72e-04) day2

Apidae Low urbanisation 7.62e-01 (9.88e-01) + 1.08e-02 (1.41e-02) day + 4.16e-05 (5.08e-05) day2

Medium urbanisation 1.42e+00 (1.49e+00) + 1.18e-02 (2.12e-02) day + -6.93e-07 (7.64e-05) day2

High urbanisation -3.27e+00 (3.51e+00) + 0.07e+00 (0.05e+00) day + -1.50e-04 (1.88e-04) day2

Halictidae Low urbanisation 2.19e+00 (1.99e+00) + 5.70e-03 (2.79e-02) day + -1.69e-05 (9.81e-05) day2

Medium urbanisation 2.74e+00 (1.58e+00) + -2.42e-03 (2.26e-02) day + 2.44e-05 (8.40e-05) day2

High urbanisation 2.53e+00 (7.81e-01) + -1.87e-04 (1.08e-02) day + 1.11e-06 (3.92e-05) day2

Megachilidae Low urbanisation -4.50e+00 (5.81e+00) + 1.90e-02 (7.73e-02) day + 9.37e-05 (2.81e-04) day2

Medium urbanisation -2.38e+00 (2.64e+00) + 0.02e+00 (0.04e+00) day + 5.70e-05 (1.31e-04) day2

High urbanisation -1.91e+01 (2.09e+01) + 2.03e-01 (2.74e-01) day + -4.70e-04 (8.91e-04) day2

Colletidae Low urbanisation -1.54e+02 (8.72e+01) + 1.87e+00 (1.09e+00) day + -5.66e-03 (3.40e-03) day2

Medium urbanisation -7.28e+01 (1.83e+01) + 9.81e-01 (2.43e-01) day + -3.23e-03 (8.06e-04) day2 High urbanisation -1.12e+02 (5.22e+01) + 1.37e+00 (6.64e-01) day + -4.12e-03 (2.10e-03) day2

Flowering plant Low urbanisation -1.18e+01 (2.66e+00) + 1.52e-01 (3.93e-02) day + -4.91e-04 (1.42e-04) day2 species richness Medium urbanisation -1.29e+01 (3.13e+00) + 1.67e-01 (4.56e-02) day + -5.35e-04 (1.63e-04) day2

High urbanisation -3.73e+00 (3.06 e+00) + 4.14e-02 (4.63e-02) day + -1.19e-04 (1.70e-04) day2

Total pollinator Low urbanisation -8.93e-01 (9.92e-01) + 7.81e-03 (1.46e-02) day + -1.88e-06 (5.38e-05) day2 richness Medium urbanisation 1.61e-01 (4.50e-01) + 1.97e-04 (5.90e-03) day + 5.88e-07 (2.16e-05) day2

High urbanisation 2.24e-02 (6.77e-01) + 3.41e-04 (9.22e-03) day + 8.19e-06 (3.47e-05) day2

Table A2. Model selection table for GLMMs for the ten most common flowering species and for the six pollinator families found in the study. Flower cover was logit transformed, and models had Gaussian family error distribution (identity-link). Models on pollinator abundance had negative binomial distribution (log-link). All models included sites as random factors.

Only the best model(s) are shown (ΔAICc < 4). The complete list of GLMMs coefficient values are reported in Table A1 (Appendix 4).

Model Int Urb Day Day2 Day:Urb Day2:Urb df logLik AICc ΔAICc W

Ten most common flowering species

Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia

Mod4 + + + 5 -154.64 320.2 0.00 0.480

Mod8 + + + + 7 -152.46 320.8 0.52 0.370

Bellis perennis

Mod3 + + 4 -185.77 380.2 0.00 0.434

Mod2 + + 4 -186.03 380.7 0.53 0.333

Mod4 + + + 5 -185.75 382.5 2.30 0.137

Ranunculus repens

Mod4 + + + 5 -200.17 411.3 0.00 0.874

Medicago lupulina

Mod4 + + + 5 -205.35 421.7 0.00 0.639

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -201.82 424.7 3.04 0.140

Mod16 + + + + + 9 -201.97 425.0 3.33 0.131

Leucanthemum vulgare

Mod4 + + + 5 -186.04 383.0 0.00 0.478

Mod16 + + + + + 9 -181.95 385.0 1.92 0.133

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -182.26 385.6 2.54 0.134

Mod8 + + + + 7 -184.95 385.7 2.70 0.124 Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -179.96 386.6 3.53 0.082

Trifolium repens

Mod3 + + 4 -201.57 411.8 0.00 0.405

Mod4 + + + 5 -201.01 413.0 1.20 0.223

Mod2 + + 4 -202.24 413.1 1.34 0.208

Mod7 + + + 6 -200.96 415.3 3.50 0.070

Lotus corniculatus

Mod3 + + 4 -187.56 383.7 0.00 0.388

Mod2 + + 4 -187.62 383.9 0.15 0.361

Mod4 + + + 5 -187.51 386.0 2.24 0.126

Centaurea jacea

Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -155.34 337.3 0.00 0.980

Achillea millefolium

Mod6 + + + 6 -194.96 403.3 0.00 0.279

Mod2 + + 4 -197.61 403.8 0.58 0.209

Mod8 + + + + 7 -194.51 404.9 1.59 0.126

Mod7 + + + 6 -195.76 404.9 1.60 0.125

Mod4 + + + 5 -197.13 405.2 1.95 0.105

Mod3 + + 4 -198.42 405.5 2.21 0.092

Malva moschata

Mod4 + + + 5 -190.42 391.8 0.00 0.454

Mod8 + + + + 7 -188.57 393.0 1.18 0.251

Mod16 + + + + + 9 -186.74 394.4 2.73 0.116

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -186.89 394.8 3.03 0.100

Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -184.42 395.5 3.66 0.073

Pollinator families

Syrphidae

Mod4 + + + 5 -216.90 444.7 0.00 0.262

Mod3 + + 4 -218.20 445.0 0.27 0.229 Mod2 + + 4 -218.52 445.7 0.91 0.166

Mod1 + 3 -220.37 447.1 2.35 0.081

Mod8 + + + + 7 -216.12 448.1 3.33 0.050

Mod7 + + + 6 -217.52 448.4 3.65 0.042

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -213.77 448.6 3.84 0.038

Andrenidae

Mod4 + + + 5 -209.82 430.6 0.00 0.851

Apidae

Mod3 + + 4 -245.24 499.1 0.00 0.202

Mod4 + + + 5 -244.30 499.5 0.45 0.162

Mod23 + + + + 8 -240.68 499.8 0.66 0.145

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -239.49 500.0 0.93 0.127

Mod16 + + + + + 9 -239.57 500.2 1.08 0.118

Mod7 + + + 6 -243.88 501.1 2.02 0.074

Mod8 + + + + 7 -242.88 501.6 2.50 0.058

Mod2 + + 4 -246.70 502.0 2.93 0.047

Halictidae

Mod1 + 3 -252.68 511.7 0.00 0.296

Mod3 + + 4 -252.01 512.6 0.91 0.188

Mod2 + + 4 -252.02 512.7 0.93 0.186

Mod5 + + 5 -251.30 513.6 1.83 0.119

Mod7 + + + 6 -250.80 515.0 3.22 0.059

Mod4 + + + 5 -252.01 515.0 3.23 0.059

Mod6 + + + 6 -250.81 515.0 3.25 0.058

Megachilidae

Mod7 + + + 6 -133.26 279.9 0.00 0.199

Mod6 + + + 6 -133.33 280.0 0.13 0.186

Mod3 + + 4 -135.70 280.0 0.15 0.184

Mod2 + + 4 -135.76 280.1 0.27 0.174 Mod23 + + + + 8 -131.91 282.2 2.35 0.061

Mod4 + + + 5 -135.69 282.3 2.45 0.058

Mod8 + + + + 7 -133.25 282.3 2.46 0.058

Mod14 + + + + 8 -132.20 282.8 2.93 0.046

Colletidae

Mod24 + + + + + 9 -81.05 183.1 0.00 0.532

Mod16 + + + + + 9 -81.41 183.9 0.72 0.371

Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -79.97 186.6 3.42 0.096

Int: intercept. Urb: urbanisation class (low, medium, high). Day: Julian day of the year. Day2: squared Julian day of the year to allow for nonlinear effects. +: significant effect of explanatory variables in a given model. W: model weight.