Oikos OIK-07274 Fisogni, A., Hautekèete, N., Piquot, Y., Brun, M., Vanappelghem, C., Michez, D. and Massol, F. 2020. Urbanization drives an early spring for plants but not for pollinators. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.07274
Appendix 1–4 Appendix 1
Table A1a. List of the flowering plant species observed in this study throughout the sampling season in all the 12 study sites. For each species we report its origin (i.e. if it grew from the seed bank or if it was included in the standardised seed mix sown in all study sites by local practitioners).
Family Species Origin Compositae Achillea millefolium L. seed mix Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. seed bank Compositae Arctium lappa L. seed bank Compositae Bellis perennis L. seed bank Brassicaceae Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch seed bank Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. seed bank Brassicaceae Carduus crispus L. seed bank Compositae Cardamine hirsuta L. seed bank Compositae Centaurium erythraea Rafn seed bank Gentianaceae Centaurea jacea L. seed mix Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum Baumg. seed bank Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. seed bank Compositae Cichorium intybus L. seed mix Compositae Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. seed bank Lamiaceae Clinopodium vulgare L. seed mix Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. seed bank Compositae Cyanus segetum Hill seed mix Apiaceae Daucus carota L. seed mix Boraginaceae Echium vulgare L. seed mix Rubiaceae Galium mollugo L. seed mix Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum L. seed bank Geraniaceae Geranium pyrenaicum L. seed mix Geraniaceae Geranium sylvaticum L. seed bank Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea L. seed bank Asparagaceae Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. seed bank Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum L. seed mix Compositae Hypochaeris radicata L. seed bank Brassicaceae Isatis tinctoria L. seed bank Compositae Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. seed bank Caprifoliaceae Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. seed bank Lamiaceae Lamium album L. seed bank Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum L. seed bank Compositae Leontodon hispidus L. seed mix Brassicaceae Lepidium draba L. seed bank Compositae Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam. seed mix Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus L. seed mix Malvaceae Malva moschata L. seed mix Compositae Matricaria chamomilla L. seed bank Fabaceae Medicago lupulina L. seed mix Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. seed bank Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill seed bank Orchidaceae Ophrys apifera Huds. seed bank Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. seed mix Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. seed mix Compositae Picris hieracioides L. seed mix Orchidaceae Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. seed bank Rosaceae Potentilla reptans L. seed bank Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. seed mix Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris L. seed mix Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens L. seed bank Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum L. seed bank Resedaceae Reseda lutea L. seed mix Resedaceae Reseda luteola L. seed mix Orobanchaceae Rhinanthus minor L. seed bank Lamiaceae Salvia pratensis L. seed bank Fabaceae Securigera varia (L.) Lassen seed bank Compositae Senecio vulgaris L. seed bank Caryophyllaceae Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet seed mix Caryophylaceae Silene latifolia Poir. seed mix Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke seed mix Caryophylaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. seed bank Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. seed bank Compositae Tanacetum vulgare L. seed bank Compositae Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia seed bank Compositae Tragopogon pratensis L. seed mix Compositae Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip. seed bank Fabaceae Trifolium pratense L. seed mix Fabaceae Trifolium repens L. seed bank Plantaginacae Verbena officinalis L. seed bank Verbenaceae Veronica chamaedrys L. seed bank Plantaginacae Veronica persica Poir. seed bank Plantaginacae Veronica serpyllifolia L. seed bank Fabaceae Vicia sativa L. seed bank Table A1b. List of the pollinator species sampled in this study throughout the sampling season in all the 12 study sites. Species abundance in each site at each sampling period is available in the Zenodo Digital Repository [anonymized for double-blind peer review]
Order Family Species Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena angustior (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena bicolor Fabricius, 1775 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena carantonica Pérez, 1902 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena dorsata (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena fulva (Müller, 1766) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1832 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena labialis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena gr. minutula (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena mitis Schmiedeknecht, 1883 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena nitida (Müller, 1776) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena praecox (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena cfr semilaevis Pérez, 1903 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena sp. Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena subopaca Nylander, 1848 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena tibialis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena vaga Panzer, 1799 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena ventralis Imhoff, 1832 Hymenoptera Andrenidae Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Andrenidae Panurgus dentipes Latreille, 1811 Hymenoptera Apidae Anthophora bimaculata (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Apidae Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Bombus vestalis (Geoffroy, 1785) Hymenoptera Apidae Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Melecta albifrons (Forster, 1771) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada alboguttata Herrich-Schäffer, 1839 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fabriciana (Linné, 1767) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada flava Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fucata Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada fulvicornis Fabricius, 1793 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada integra Brullé, 1832 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada lathburiana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada signata Jurine, 1807 Hymenoptera Apidae Nomada zonata Panzer, 1798 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes daviesanus Smith, 1846 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes similis Schenck, 1853 Hymenoptera Colletidae Colletes sp. Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus dilatatus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus gredleri Förster, 1871 Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, 1842 Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus signatus (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Colletidae Hylaeus cfr styriacus Förster, 1871 Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848 Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791) Hymenoptera Halictidae Halictus tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum calceatum (Scopoli, 1763) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum laticeps (Schenck, 1870) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum majus (Nylander, 1852) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum malachurum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum minutissimum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum morio (Fabricius, 1793) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum nitidulum (Fabricius, 1804) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck, 1853) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum punctatissimum (Schenck, 1853) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum semilucens (Alfken, 1914) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum xanthopus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith, 1848) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes ephippius (Linné, 1767) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Halictidae Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson, 1870 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Anthidiellum strigatum (Panzer, 1805) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Coelioxys elongata Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Coelioxys inermis (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis adunca (Panzer, 1798) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis leucomelana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Hoplitis tridentata (Dufour & Perris, 1840) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile alpicola Alfken, 1924 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile ericetorum Lepeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile lagopoda (Linnaeus, 1761) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1793) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia cornuta (Latreille, 1805) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia leaiana (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia niveata (Fabricius, 1804) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Osmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis breviuscula (Nylander, 1848) Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis odontopyga Noskiewicz, 1926 Hymenoptera Megachilidae Stelis phaeoptera (Kirby, 1802) Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia albitarsis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia latifrons (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia lenis Becker, 1894 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia pagana (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia ranunculii/albitarsis Diptera Syrphidae Cheilosia vernalis (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Dasysyrphus albostriatus (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Epistrophe eligans (Harris), 1780 Diptera Syrphidae Epistrophe nitidicollis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), 1776 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalinus sepulchralis (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis arbustorum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis pertinax (Scopoli), 1763 Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis tenax (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus funeralis Meigen, 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus sp. Diptera Syrphidae Eumerus strigatus (Fallen), 1817 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes latifasciatus (Macquart), 1829 Diptera Syrphidae Eupeodes luniger (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Helophilus pendulus (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Helophilus trivittatus (Fabricius), 1805 Diptera Syrphidae Heringia heringi (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Leucozona lucorum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Melanostoma mellinum (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Melanostoma scalare (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Meliscaeva auricollis (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Merodon equestris (Fabricius), 1794 Diptera Syrphidae Myathropa florea (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Neoascia podagrica (Fabricius), 1775 Diptera Syrphidae Paragus sp. Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella annulata (Macquart), 1829 Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella sp. Diptera Syrphidae Pipizella viduata (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius), 1781 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus angustatus (Zetterstedt), 1843 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus clypeatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus europaeus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus manicatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus occultus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Platycheirus tarsalis (Schummel), 1836 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria batava Goeldlin, 1974 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria rueppelli (Wiedemann), 1830 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Sphaerophoria taeniata (Meigen), 1822 Diptera Syrphidae Syritta pipiens (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Syrphus ribesii (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, 1875 Diptera Syrphidae Volucella bombylans (L.), 1758 Diptera Syrphidae Volucella zonaria (Poda), 1761 Diptera Syrphidae Xanthogramma pedissequum (Harris), 1776 Table A2. Characteristics of the 12 study sites used in this study. Urbanisation class is based on the percentage cover of impervious surfaces within a 500 metres buffer around the study sites. Low urbanisation class: < 50% impervious surfaces; Medium urbanisation class: between 50% and 69% cover of impervious surfaces; High urbanisation class: ≥ 70% cover of impervious surfaces. Latitude and longitude are based on the centroid of each site. Sites were not regular in shape, and sites 8 and 10 consisted of two meadows 5 and 10 m away from each other, respectively. Sites 3 and 6 were much larger than the other sites, however flowering only took place on a limited surface, significantly reducing the observed area.
Triplets of sites that were visited for plant and pollinator observations and sampling were as follows: 1-2-3; 4-8-9; 5-6-10; 7-11-12. When possible, sites belonging to different urbanisation classes were visited on the same day, to reduce interaction effects between weather conditions and urbanisation. Only sites 1-2-3 belonging to the “low urbanisation” class were visited on the same day because of the distance from the other sites that limited travel. We changed the order of site visits at each field session to reduce the effect of daily weather differences on insect activity (e.g. we visited sites in the sequence 1-2-3 the first time, in the sequence 3-1-2 the second time, and so on).
Surface Impervious Permeable Site Latitude Longitude Urbanisation class (m2) areas (%) areas (%) 1 908.7 50°34'32.481'' N 002°58'01.114'' E 8.6 91.4 Low 2 396.3 50°34'28.096'' N 002°58'56.301'' E 20.6 79.4 Low 3 16047.8 50°35'11.814'' N 002°58'49.077'' E 39.9 60.1 Low 4 307.9 50°38'42.941'' N 003°02'27.705'' E 34.7 65.3 Low 5 563.1 50°37'5.261'' N 003°01'57.462'' E 54.1 45.9 Medium 6 1462.9 50°38'9.622'' N 003°02'09.248'' E 62.6 37.4 Medium 7 84.9 50°37'35.958'' N 003°04'42.783'' E 65.6 34.4 Medium 8 331.5 50°38'48.717'' N 003°04'02.861'' E 67 33 Medium 9 548.2 50°38'32.074'' N 003°04'24.741'' E 73.6 26.4 High 10 259.7 50°37'35.657'' N 003°01'13.254'' E 78.2 21.8 High 11 509.7 50°38'08.299'' N 003°04'48.373'' E 79.7 20.3 High 12 162.6 50°37'54.038'' N 003°04'50.581'' E 80.5 19.5 High Appendix 2
At each site visit for plant and pollinator samplings we measured air temperature above ground (°C) and relative humidity (RH%) using an automatic data logger (Tinytag Plus 2, Gemini, UK), placed roughly at the centre of each site. Data were recorded every ten minutes during the 45-minutes insect samplings. Since sites were visited at different days and times, as reference values we retrieved the temperature and RH measured at a permanent weather station (Météo-France, Lille-
Lesquin Airport) in the surroundings of Lille (50°34'12" N, 3°05'51" E, data retrieved from www.infoclimat.fr). We then calculated for each site and date the average temperature and RH obtained from our measurements and from the permanent weather station. The differences between the two values were plotted on a heat map, to obtain a visual representation of spatial and temporal variations.
From a visual inspection of the heat maps, we did not detect any persistent trend in the temperature or RH between the triplets of sites visited at each sampling event, nor between classes of urbanization (Figure A1). Figure A1. Heat maps of the differences between (a) temperature (°C) and (b) relative humidity
(RH%) calculated in each study site at each sampling event and the reference values obtained from a permanent weather station (Météo-France, Lille-Lesquin Airport) in the surroundings of Lille
(50°34'12" N, 3°05'51" E, data retrieved from www.infoclimat.fr). Grey squares indicate missing sampling events. Appendix 3
Figure A1. Latent block models for the plant (a) and pollinator (b) communities. Columns indicate species, while rows indicate the 12 study sites. Black cells indicate presence of a species in a site, white spaces indicate ab- sence. Homogeneous blocks retrieved by LBMs are separated by grey lines. We found three blocks for plant species (a) and two blocks for pollinator species (b), while we found only one block for sites in both models, indi- cating that the overall plant and pollinator comunities are homogeneous along the gradient. For the plant com- munity (a), block 1 includes the most common species, while blocks 2 and 3 include less common and rare spe- cies, respectively. For the pollinator community (b), block 1 includes common species, while block 2 includes less common species. For both plant and pollinator communities, sites and species are ordered following de- creasing degrees (i.e. marginal total occurrences) from top to bottom and from left to right, respectively 1 8 7 2 5 3 4 6 9 1 1 1 0 1 2
Figure A3. Proportional flower cover as a function of time (Julian day of the year) in the three urbanisation classes (low urbanisation: blue squares; medium urbanisation: yellow triangles, high urbanisation: orange circles) for the ten most common flowering species, as retrieved by the LBMs (block 1 in Figure A1a). Points are estimated values at each field session, while lines (with 95% jackknife confidence intervals) are average values estimated by GLMMs. Model coefficients and model selection table are in Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix 4, respectively
Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia Bellis perennis
1.00 1.00
0.75 0.75
0.50 0.50
Flower cover Flower cover Flower 0.25 0.25
0.00 0.00 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180 Day of the year Day of the year
Urban class
Ranunculus repens Medicago lupulina
1.00 1.00
0.75 0.75
0.50 0.50
Flower cover Flower cover Flower 0.25 0.25
0.00 0.00 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180 Day of the year Day of the year
Figure A4. Pollinator abundance as a function of time (Julian day of the year) in the three urbanisation classes (low urbanisation: blue squares; medium urbanisation: yellow triangles, high urbanisation: orange circles) for the six families of pollinators found in the study. Points are individuals sampled at each field session, while lines (with 95% jackknife confidence intervals) are average values estimated by GLMMs. Model coefficients and model selection table are in Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix 4, respectively. n = sample size
Syrphidae Andrenidae
25 n = 716 n = 666 60 20
15 40 Abundance Abundance 10 20 5
0 0 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180
Day of the year Day of the year Urban level
Apidae Halictidae
60 n = 1558 n = 1003
60 40
40 Abundance Abundance 20 20
0 0 100 120 140 160 180 100 120 140 160 180
Day of the year Day of the year
Appendix 4
Table A1. Coefficients of GLMM models shown in Table 1 (main text) and Table A2
(Appendix 4). The first coefficient of the equations is the intercept. Standard error for each
coefficient is given in parentheses. All models included sites as random factors.
Total flower cover Low urbanisation 1.28e+01 (6.11e+00) + -2.65e-01 (9.38e-02) day + 1.21e-03 (3.50e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation -2.07e+01 (8.09e+00) + 5.32e-01 (1.54e-01) day + -1.98e-03 (5.67e-04) day2
High urbanisation -3.91e+01 (8.17e+00) + 8.36e-01 (1.56e-01) day + -3.18e-03 (5.70e-04) day2
Ten most common flowering species
Taraxacum sect. Low urbanisation 5.12e+01 (2.30e+01) + -0.60e+00 (0.35e+00) day + 1.60e-03 (1.30e-03) day2 Ruderalia Medium urbanisation 9.50e+01 (1.01e+01) + -1.31e+00 (0.15e+00) day + 4.18e-03 (5.53e-04) day2
High urbanisation 8.74e+01 (9.63e+00) + 1.23e+00 (1.46e+01) day + 3.96e-03 (5.39e-04) day2
Bellis perennis Low urbanisation 1.08e+01 (1.07e+01) + -0.02e+00 (0.16e+00) day + -4.82e-04 (5.96e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation 1.89e+00 (0.99e-01) + -0.13e+00 (0.14e+00) day + -1.75e-04 (5.20e-04) day2
High urbanisation 1.98e+01 (1.18e+01) + -0.15e+00 (0.17e+00) day + -0.62e-04 (6.39e-04) day2
Ranunculus repens Low urbanisation -3.34e+01 (3.69e+01) + 0.49e+00 (0.58e+00) day + -1.91e-03 (2.17e-03) day2
Medium urbanisation -8.42e+00 (4.01e+01) + 1.25e+00 (0.61e+00) day + -4.63e-03 (2.24e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.06e+02 (3.02e+01) + 1.64e+00 (4.63e-01) day + -6.23e-03 (1.72e-03) day2
Medicago lupulina Low urbanisation -8.23e+01 (3.48e+01) + 1.18e+00 (0.53e+00) day + -4.23e-03 (1.93e-03) day2
Medium urbanisation -1.17e+02 (2.63e+01) + 1.74e+00 (3.95e-01) day + -6.33e-03 (1.44e-03) day2
High urbanisation -2.40e+01 (3.97e+01) + 0.42e+00 (0.62e+00) day + -1.78e-03 (2.32e-03) day2
Leucanthemum Low urbanisation -4.20e+01 (3.01e+01) + 0.50e+00 (0.46e+00) day + -1.45e-03 (1.69e-03) day2 vulgare Medium urbanisation -1.11e+02 (1.64e+01) + 1.59e+00 (2.46e-01) day + -5.59e-03 (8.98e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.02e+02 (2.07e+01) + 1.53e+00 (3.15e-01) day + -5.60e-03 (1.16e-03) day2
Trifolium repens Low urbanisation -1.99e+01 (1.06e+01) + 1.79e-01 (1.62e-01) day + 2.67e-04 (7.89e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation -1.43e+01 (1.25e+01) + 7.46e-02 (1.69e-01) day + 3.31e-05 (6.09e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.77e+01 (1.27e+01) + 9.95e-02 (1.82e-01) day + 6.19e-05 (6.68e-04) day2
Lotus corniculatus Low urbanisation -6.74e+00 (1.65e+01) + -0.12e+00 (0.25e+00) day + 1.05e-03 (9.36e-04) day2 Medium urbanisation -1.95e+01 (1.36e+01) + 1.29e-01 (1.97e-01) day + 9.78e-06 (7.17e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.80e+01 (9.72e+00) + 9.09e-02 (1.40e-01) day + 1.72e-04 (5.13e-04) day2
Centaurea jacea Low urbanisation 4.49e+01 (8.12e+00) + -0.93e+00 (0.12e+00) day + 4.10e-03 (4.58 e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation -2.42e+01 (1.33e+01) + 1.82e-01 (1.96e-01) day + -7.93e-05 (7.14e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.60e+01 (8.22e+00) + 3.88e-02 (1.23e-01) day + 4.84e-04 (4.57e-04) day2
Achillea Low urbanisation 3.27e+01 (2.77e+01) + -0.71e+00 (0.42e+00) day + 3.13e-03 (1.57e-04) day2 millefolium Medium urbanisation -1.85e+01 (1.12e+01) + 8.56e-02 (1.54e-01) day + 2.31e-04 (5.59e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.61e+01 (7.89e+00) + 8.12e-02 (1.14e-01) day + 1.85e-04 (4.19e-04) day2
Malva moschata Low urbanisation 4.30e+01 (2.20e+01) + -8.51e+00 (0.34e+00) day + 3.52e-03 (1.25e-03) day2
Medium urbanisation 5.17e+01 (1.75 e+01) + -1.03e+00 (0.26e+00) day + 4.45e-03 (9.57e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.44e+01 (1.05e+01) + 3.81e-02 (1.51e-01) day + 2.98e-04 (5.58e-04) day2
Pollinator families
Syrphidae Low urbanisation -1.02e+00 (2.96e+00) + 3.26e-02 (4.37e-02) day + -6.59e-05 (1.58e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation 2.35e+00 (8.89e-01) + 5.25e-04 (1.20e-02) day + -1.39e-06 (4.34e-05) day2
High urbanisation 1.36e+00 (2.20e+00) + 1.31e-02 (3.23e-02) day + -4.05e-05 (1.16e-04) day2
Andrenidae Low urbanisation 1.98e+01 (5.83e+00) + -0.25e+00 (0.09e+00) day + 8.26e-04 (3.20e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation 2.28e+01 (0.44e+01) + -0.29e+00 (0.07e+00) day + 1.02e-03 (2.42e-04) day2
High urbanisation 3.82e+00 (3.28e+00) + -1.95e-02 (4.80e-02) day + 4.59e-05 (1.72e-04) day2
Apidae Low urbanisation 7.62e-01 (9.88e-01) + 1.08e-02 (1.41e-02) day + 4.16e-05 (5.08e-05) day2
Medium urbanisation 1.42e+00 (1.49e+00) + 1.18e-02 (2.12e-02) day + -6.93e-07 (7.64e-05) day2
High urbanisation -3.27e+00 (3.51e+00) + 0.07e+00 (0.05e+00) day + -1.50e-04 (1.88e-04) day2
Halictidae Low urbanisation 2.19e+00 (1.99e+00) + 5.70e-03 (2.79e-02) day + -1.69e-05 (9.81e-05) day2
Medium urbanisation 2.74e+00 (1.58e+00) + -2.42e-03 (2.26e-02) day + 2.44e-05 (8.40e-05) day2
High urbanisation 2.53e+00 (7.81e-01) + -1.87e-04 (1.08e-02) day + 1.11e-06 (3.92e-05) day2
Megachilidae Low urbanisation -4.50e+00 (5.81e+00) + 1.90e-02 (7.73e-02) day + 9.37e-05 (2.81e-04) day2
Medium urbanisation -2.38e+00 (2.64e+00) + 0.02e+00 (0.04e+00) day + 5.70e-05 (1.31e-04) day2
High urbanisation -1.91e+01 (2.09e+01) + 2.03e-01 (2.74e-01) day + -4.70e-04 (8.91e-04) day2
Colletidae Low urbanisation -1.54e+02 (8.72e+01) + 1.87e+00 (1.09e+00) day + -5.66e-03 (3.40e-03) day2
Medium urbanisation -7.28e+01 (1.83e+01) + 9.81e-01 (2.43e-01) day + -3.23e-03 (8.06e-04) day2 High urbanisation -1.12e+02 (5.22e+01) + 1.37e+00 (6.64e-01) day + -4.12e-03 (2.10e-03) day2
Flowering plant Low urbanisation -1.18e+01 (2.66e+00) + 1.52e-01 (3.93e-02) day + -4.91e-04 (1.42e-04) day2 species richness Medium urbanisation -1.29e+01 (3.13e+00) + 1.67e-01 (4.56e-02) day + -5.35e-04 (1.63e-04) day2
High urbanisation -3.73e+00 (3.06 e+00) + 4.14e-02 (4.63e-02) day + -1.19e-04 (1.70e-04) day2
Total pollinator Low urbanisation -8.93e-01 (9.92e-01) + 7.81e-03 (1.46e-02) day + -1.88e-06 (5.38e-05) day2 richness Medium urbanisation 1.61e-01 (4.50e-01) + 1.97e-04 (5.90e-03) day + 5.88e-07 (2.16e-05) day2
High urbanisation 2.24e-02 (6.77e-01) + 3.41e-04 (9.22e-03) day + 8.19e-06 (3.47e-05) day2
Table A2. Model selection table for GLMMs for the ten most common flowering species and for the six pollinator families found in the study. Flower cover was logit transformed, and models had Gaussian family error distribution (identity-link). Models on pollinator abundance had negative binomial distribution (log-link). All models included sites as random factors.
Only the best model(s) are shown (ΔAICc < 4). The complete list of GLMMs coefficient values are reported in Table A1 (Appendix 4).
Model Int Urb Day Day2 Day:Urb Day2:Urb df logLik AICc ΔAICc W
Ten most common flowering species
Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia
Mod4 + + + 5 -154.64 320.2 0.00 0.480
Mod8 + + + + 7 -152.46 320.8 0.52 0.370
Bellis perennis
Mod3 + + 4 -185.77 380.2 0.00 0.434
Mod2 + + 4 -186.03 380.7 0.53 0.333
Mod4 + + + 5 -185.75 382.5 2.30 0.137
Ranunculus repens
Mod4 + + + 5 -200.17 411.3 0.00 0.874
Medicago lupulina
Mod4 + + + 5 -205.35 421.7 0.00 0.639
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -201.82 424.7 3.04 0.140
Mod16 + + + + + 9 -201.97 425.0 3.33 0.131
Leucanthemum vulgare
Mod4 + + + 5 -186.04 383.0 0.00 0.478
Mod16 + + + + + 9 -181.95 385.0 1.92 0.133
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -182.26 385.6 2.54 0.134
Mod8 + + + + 7 -184.95 385.7 2.70 0.124 Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -179.96 386.6 3.53 0.082
Trifolium repens
Mod3 + + 4 -201.57 411.8 0.00 0.405
Mod4 + + + 5 -201.01 413.0 1.20 0.223
Mod2 + + 4 -202.24 413.1 1.34 0.208
Mod7 + + + 6 -200.96 415.3 3.50 0.070
Lotus corniculatus
Mod3 + + 4 -187.56 383.7 0.00 0.388
Mod2 + + 4 -187.62 383.9 0.15 0.361
Mod4 + + + 5 -187.51 386.0 2.24 0.126
Centaurea jacea
Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -155.34 337.3 0.00 0.980
Achillea millefolium
Mod6 + + + 6 -194.96 403.3 0.00 0.279
Mod2 + + 4 -197.61 403.8 0.58 0.209
Mod8 + + + + 7 -194.51 404.9 1.59 0.126
Mod7 + + + 6 -195.76 404.9 1.60 0.125
Mod4 + + + 5 -197.13 405.2 1.95 0.105
Mod3 + + 4 -198.42 405.5 2.21 0.092
Malva moschata
Mod4 + + + 5 -190.42 391.8 0.00 0.454
Mod8 + + + + 7 -188.57 393.0 1.18 0.251
Mod16 + + + + + 9 -186.74 394.4 2.73 0.116
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -186.89 394.8 3.03 0.100
Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -184.42 395.5 3.66 0.073
Pollinator families
Syrphidae
Mod4 + + + 5 -216.90 444.7 0.00 0.262
Mod3 + + 4 -218.20 445.0 0.27 0.229 Mod2 + + 4 -218.52 445.7 0.91 0.166
Mod1 + 3 -220.37 447.1 2.35 0.081
Mod8 + + + + 7 -216.12 448.1 3.33 0.050
Mod7 + + + 6 -217.52 448.4 3.65 0.042
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -213.77 448.6 3.84 0.038
Andrenidae
Mod4 + + + 5 -209.82 430.6 0.00 0.851
Apidae
Mod3 + + 4 -245.24 499.1 0.00 0.202
Mod4 + + + 5 -244.30 499.5 0.45 0.162
Mod23 + + + + 8 -240.68 499.8 0.66 0.145
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -239.49 500.0 0.93 0.127
Mod16 + + + + + 9 -239.57 500.2 1.08 0.118
Mod7 + + + 6 -243.88 501.1 2.02 0.074
Mod8 + + + + 7 -242.88 501.6 2.50 0.058
Mod2 + + 4 -246.70 502.0 2.93 0.047
Halictidae
Mod1 + 3 -252.68 511.7 0.00 0.296
Mod3 + + 4 -252.01 512.6 0.91 0.188
Mod2 + + 4 -252.02 512.7 0.93 0.186
Mod5 + + 5 -251.30 513.6 1.83 0.119
Mod7 + + + 6 -250.80 515.0 3.22 0.059
Mod4 + + + 5 -252.01 515.0 3.23 0.059
Mod6 + + + 6 -250.81 515.0 3.25 0.058
Megachilidae
Mod7 + + + 6 -133.26 279.9 0.00 0.199
Mod6 + + + 6 -133.33 280.0 0.13 0.186
Mod3 + + 4 -135.70 280.0 0.15 0.184
Mod2 + + 4 -135.76 280.1 0.27 0.174 Mod23 + + + + 8 -131.91 282.2 2.35 0.061
Mod4 + + + 5 -135.69 282.3 2.45 0.058
Mod8 + + + + 7 -133.25 282.3 2.46 0.058
Mod14 + + + + 8 -132.20 282.8 2.93 0.046
Colletidae
Mod24 + + + + + 9 -81.05 183.1 0.00 0.532
Mod16 + + + + + 9 -81.41 183.9 0.72 0.371
Mod32 + + + + + + 11 -79.97 186.6 3.42 0.096
Int: intercept. Urb: urbanisation class (low, medium, high). Day: Julian day of the year. Day2: squared Julian day of the year to allow for nonlinear effects. +: significant effect of explanatory variables in a given model. W: model weight.