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Influence of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources, Relative See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237193396 Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources, relative carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and soil moisture on the growth in nonsterile soil of soilborne fungal antagonists Article in Canadian Journal of Microbiology · February 2011 DOI: 10.1139/m87-109 CITATIONS READS 5 80 3 authors, including: James Stack Charles M Kenerley Kansas State University Texas A&M University 103 PUBLICATIONS 1,332 CITATIONS 38 PUBLICATIONS 530 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Novel strategies for managing blast diseases on rice and wheat View project Population Genetics of important bacterial pathogens of tropics View project All content following this page was uploaded by James Stack on 16 July 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources, relative carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and soil moisture on the growth in nonsterile soil of soilborne fungal antagonists J. P. STACK,C. M. KENERLEY,AND R. E. PETTIT Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A & M Universih, College Starion, TX, U.S.A. 77843 Received July 20, ! 986 Accepted March 10, 1987 STACK,J. P., KENERLEY,C. M., and PETTIT,R. E. 1987. Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources, relative carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and soil moisture on the growth in nonsterile soil of soilborne fungal antagonists. Can. J. Microbiol. 33: 626-63 1. Three components of dispersal important to the colonization of a soil matrix by fungal parasites of sclerotia were identified and measured: the percentage of the carrier granules from which hyphae extended into soil (PGH), the mean number of hyphae extending into soil from each granule (MNH), and the mean length of the hyphae extending into soil (MLH). Factors that influence dispersal were determined for strains of Gliocladium roseum, Thielavia rerricola, and Trichoderma spp. The source of carbon, the source of nitrogen, and the C:N ratio of the carrier substrate significantly (p = 0.001) affected all three components of dispersal subsequent to the placement of the carrier granules in nonsterile soil. Increased C:N ratio ( 12: 1 to 80: 1) and increased molar concentrations of both carbon and nitrogen sources (0.02 to 0.18 M maltose and 0.006 to 0.024 M arginine) gave increased PGH (17 to 82%), MNH (1 to 5 hyphae per granule), and MLH (275 to 782 pm in 24 h) for G. roseum. Similar increases in PGH (80 to 1OO%), MNH (5 to 10 hyphae per granule), and MLH (983 pm to too long and interwoven to measure after 24 h) were observed for Th. terricola. PGH and MNH were greater at high soil moistures (-0.1 and -0.33 bars matric potential; 1 bar = 100 kPa) than at low soil moisture (- 10 bars). STACK,J. P., KENERLEY,C. M., et PETTIT,R. E. 1987. Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources, relative carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and soil moisture on the growth in nonsterile soil of soilborne fungal antagonists. Can. J. Microbiol. 33 : 626-63 1. Trois composantes de la dispersion sont importantes pour la colonisation de la matrice d'un sol par des champignons parasites des sclirotes. Identifiees et mesurees, ces composantes sont : le pourcentage de granules porteuses de germes fongiques a partir desquelles les hyphes se diveloppent dans le sol (PGH), le nombre moyen d'hyphes qui se diveloppent a partir de chaque granule (MNH) et la longueur moyenne de ces hyphes (MLH). Des souches de Gliocladium roseum, Thielavia rerricola et de Trichoderma spp. ont semi a determiner les facteurs qui influencent la dispersion. Lorsque des granules porteuses de germes furent placies dans un sol non stirilise, la source de carbone, la source d'azote et le ratio C:N du substrat des porteurs ont affect6 les trois composantes de la dispersion de fason significative (p = 0.00 1 ). Pour le G. roseum, une augmentation du ratio C:N (de 12: 1 a 80: 1) et un accroissement des concentrations molaires des sources de carbone et d'azote (le maltose, de 0,02 a 0,18 M; l'arginine, de 0,006 0,024 M) ont fait augmenter le PGH de 17 a 82%, le MNH de 1 a 5 hyphes par granule et le MLH de 275 a 782 pM en 24 h. Des augmentations similaires ont ete obsemees avec le Th. rerricola, soit de 80 a 100% pour le PGH, de 5 a 10 For personal use only. hyphes par granule pour le MNH et de 983 pM a des dimensions trop longues d'hyphes entremelis pour itre mesuries aprks 24 h pour le MLH. Dans les sols a humidite ilevie (-0.01 et -0.33 bars du potentiel matriciel; 1 bar = 100 kPa) les PGH et MNH furent plus eleves que dans les sols a faible humidit6 (- 10 bars). [Traduit par la revue] Introduction propagule. A preliminary report of this work has been published Growth of hyphae through soil is one mechanism of active (Stack et al. lgg5). dispersal for soilborne fungi. There are several reports con- Materials and methods cerning the development and growth of mycelial strands and Strains and media rhizomorphs through artificial and natural environments (Butler The following strains were isolated from sclerotia of Aspergillus 1984; Trinci 1984; Watkinson 1984). Moisture, nutrition, and Jlavus Link. ex Fries that had been buried in nonsterile soil from peanut C:N ratio were among the factors found to influence growth. fields of Texas: Gliocladium roseum Bain. ((31-4, Gr6), Thielavia Most of this work involved Basidiomycetes. There is little rerricola (Gilman and Abbot) Emmons (Th2, Th3), and Trichoderma available information about hyphal growth in nonsterile soil by sp. (Tri2). Gliocladium roseum Bain. (Gr1620) was obtained from a either soilborne plant pathogens or soilborne fungal antagonists sclerotium of Phymarotrichum omnivorum L. (Shear) Duggar that had been buried in a nonsterile soil from a cotton field of Texas. These Can. J. Microbiol. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Kansas State Univ Lib on 12/04/13 of plant pathogens. The nature of this growth and the factors that affect growth must be understood to maximize the performance strains were selected because of their frequency of isolation from, and ability to colonize sclerotia of, either A. Jlavus or Ph. omnivorum. of biocontrol agents. Dispersal is very important in the Gliocladium roseum (Gr3), obtained from roots of alfalfa in New York epidemiology of diseases of plants. It is likely to be important in State, and the Trichoderma strains (Tham, Tharz), originally obtained the epidemiology of diseases of fungi (e.g., plant pathogens) as from soil, were included for comparative purposes. The Gliocladium well. In the case of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, active growth and Trichoderma strains were maintained on potato dextrose agar in soil was, in part, responsible for succesful control of (PDA) (Difco Co., St. Louis, MO) at 25OC. The Thielavia strains were Sclerotinia minor in the field (Ayers and Adams 1979). maintained on 20% clarified V-8 medium (Campbells Soup Co.) at The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the 25°C. factors that influence the dispersal of soil borne antagonists and Soils (ii) whether, by manipulating these factors, dispersal can be Two soils were used in this' study. A Houston black clay (HBC) maximized. The intent is to achieve better colonization of the collected from a cotton field near Temple, TX, and a sandy-loam soil soil and increased probability of contact with the target (SSL) collected from a peanut field near Stephenville, TX. The SSL Pr~ntedIn Canada I Imprime au Canada STACK ET AL. 627 had the following characteristics: less than 1% organic matter, pH 7.0 Growth potential experiments (determined in water), 14 pg phosphorus/g, 84 pg potassium/g, 335 Lignite granules colonized by an antagonist were dispersed over the pg magnesiumlg, 560 pg calciumlg, and a predicted low release of surface of the soil in a plastic petri dish (0.1 g lignitel5-cm dish). A nitrogen. The HBC was described previously (Kenerley and Stack nylon mesh screen (100 pm pore size; Nitex, Tetko Co., Elmsford, 1986). Moisture release curves were generated for both soils using a NY) was placed on top of the lignite. Soil was added to bury the nylon pressure plate apparatus. In growth potential experiments, soil moisture and lignite to a dept of 0.5-1.0 cm and the soil was firmed. The was adjusted gravimetrically to a percentage moisture that corresponded moisture levels of all soils were preadjusted to correspond to MPs of to a specific matric potential (MP) on the release curve. It is recognized -0.1, -0.33, - 1.O, or - 10 bars. The plates were held at 25 or 35°C that, with certain soils, rewetting a dry soil to a specific percentage for 24-72 h at which point the soil was removed to expose the nylon moisture can result in a different MP than that obtained by drying a mesh. The nylon was lifted and the lignite granules were observed at saturated soil to that same percentage moisture. Since our objective was 10 X and 40 X magnification. The following observations were made: to determine the effects of large differences in MP (-0.33 vs. - 10 bar; (i) the proportion of lignite granules from which growth occurred 1 bar = 100 kPa) rather than effects of specific MPs, the possible (either hyphal extension or sporulation); (ii) the number of hyphae discrepencies due to hysteresis were not considered. extending from each granule; and (iii) the length of hyphae extending from the lignite granule into the soil.
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