IDRC-MR227e
SESAME DISEASES An annotated bibliography from the 1900-1988 literature
Compiler:
G.S. Saharan, Professor Department of Plant Pathology Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125 004, India
Organized by the
Oilcrops Network for East Africa and South Asia International Development Research Centre
Material contained in this report is produced as submitted and has not been subjected to peer review or editing by IDRC Communications Division staff. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of proprietary names does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information.
CONTENTS
Foreword iv Pref ace v Acknowledgement 'Iii Bibliographic index 1 A. General 1 B. Fungal diseases 4 C. Seed borne diseases 34 D. Phyllosphere fungi 40 E. Rhizosphere fungi 40 F. Bacterial diseases 41 G. Viral diseases 47 H. Mycoplasma diseases 49 I. Nematode diseases 55 J. Miscellaneous 55 K. Books/Bulletins 56 Author index 62 Pathogen index 69 Disease index 72 Subject index 73
iii FOREWORD The Network
The Oilcrops Network for East Africa and South Asia has been started in 1981 with a base in Ethiopia and a support from the International Development Research Centre·_of Canada {IDRC). The main objective was to link together IDRC-supported projects and national research programs in the region of Eastern/Southern Africa and South Asia.
During the second phase {1984-87), started and efforts shifted from the establishment to the servicing of the Network. Contacts among scientists were established through visiting and monitoring research activities, publishing the Oilcrops Newsletter, holding International annual Oilcrops Network workshops, supporting scientists to participate in International Conferences, holding training courses for junior scientists, helping in short- and long-term degree trainings, and trying to ease the bottle-necks of germplasm exchange.
In 1987, the third phase started and the need for more focus on specific crops was realized. Within the Network, four subnetworks were established: l) Brassica, 2) Sesame, 3) Sunflower and 4) Other Oilcrops. Chairmen and co-chairmen of these subnetworks formed the steering committee of the whole Network. Since the inception of the Network, sesame research received more attention due to the fact that it is the subsistence crop for most farmers in the region. Sesame research support was included in projects in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and India. In addition to being one of the oilcrops discussed in the first workshop {Egypt, 1983), there was a special emphasis on sesame in the second workshop {India, 1985) and the fourth workshop {Kenya; 1988). The Bibliography Negotiations started between the Network Advisor, the IDRC Senior Program Officer and the compiler of this bibliography since 1985. However, after the establishment of the Sesame Sub-network in January 1988, this bibliography became the first activity of the Sub-network. Other publications , I am sure, will follow.
Dr. Saharan finished the first effort in 1986 and sent the bibliography to the Network where it was commented on by Dr. Hugh Doggett, Dr. Kenneth Riley and myself. Negotiations for publication took place and the compiler found it a good chance to add more references up to 1988. A final draft of the bibliography was prepared, double-spaced, by the compiler. The Network Advisor's responsibility was to arrange for retyping and proof-reading in the pr~sent final form. The bibliography was not scientifically edited. However, it presents a wealth of information on sesame diseases which has not been compiled before. I am sure that sesame workers around the world will receive this bibliography with enthusiasm and appreciation. A word of thanks to Martha Kebede, Asegedech Habte, Emawayesh G/Christos, Meskerem H/Mariam and Seid Ahmed who helped me prepare this final form in the shortest possible time.
Abbas Omran Technical Advisor Oilcrops Network
iv PREFACE
Sesame, Sesamum indicum L~, synonymous with ~.orientale L., is a member of the order Tubiflorae, family Pedaliaceae, which comprises sixteen genera and some sixty species, of which several can be crossed with ~.indicum and a few also cultivated for their seeds. The Ethiopian area is generally accepted as the origin of cultivated sesame, ~.indicum, with considerable argument in favour of the Afghan-Persian region or even a polytopic origin. Sesame, also known as benniseed, gingelly, sim sim and til, is probably the most ancient oilseed known and used by man, and its domestication is lost in the mists of antiquity. Although originating in Africa, it spread early through West Asia to India, China and Japan which themselves became secondary distribution centres. It is a major oilseed in Burma and S.E. Asia generally, although tending to be ousted by groundnuts as a cash crop. The Portuguese introduced sesamum to Brazil where it is known as gengelim, a name so directly comparable with the Indian name gingelly as to suggest it was from their Indian colonies. Slaves are considered to have introduced sesamum to North America towards the end of the seventeenth century, and in the Southern states it is still referred to as "benne", almost identical to its West African name of "benniseed". Substantial collections of sesame species, types and varieties are now held in the Americas, India, the USSR and to a lesser extent in Japan, which provide valuable gene pools for breeders. Principal sesame producing countries are India, China, Turkey, Burma and Pakistan in Asia; Egypt and Sudan in Africa; Greece in Europe; Venezuela, Argentina, and Colombia in South America; Nicaragua and El Salvador in Central America; and Mexico and the U.S. in North America.
This bibliography has been prepared to provide up-to date information in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) diseases. The primary function of this bibliography is to make- the sesame diseases literature available to agricultural scientists throughout the world, especially in countries where such reference material is difficult to obtain. It is to provide the literature concerned with sesame diseases which will be helpful to the workers in planning and execution of research programme for management of diseases under field condition.
It contains 680 citations dating from 1903 through 1988, including all traceable references from abstract of papers presented in conferences and symposia and papers appeared in popular journals. The annotations included here are the author's original abstracts or summaries with some editing for consistency of style and economy of space. The citations are arranged numerically in alphabetical order according to the senior author's last name. For more than one paper of some author/authors', the titles are arranged chronologically without consideration of name of Co-authors. The search of literature ended with the December 1988 issues of biological abstracts, Indian phyto pathology, Phytopathology, Plant disease and Review of Plant Pathology. The index is divided into ten sections viz., fungal diseases, seed borne diseases, phyllosphere fungi, rhizosphere fungi, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, mycoplasma diseases, nematode diseases, miscellaneous and Books/Bulletins. The fact that only 680 abstracts could be collected in a period of more than 80 years clearly indicates the less attention paid to the diseases of this crop.
In a publication of this nature, omissions and some inaccuracies are inevitable. I shall appreciate having such omissions brought to my attention for inclusion in the supplement.
(G.S. SAHARAN)
v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to Drs. R.P.S. Tyagi and Mahendra Singh Ex. and present Director Research; R.S. Paroda, Ex. Additional Director Research; D.P. Thakur and B.L. Jalali, Ex. and present Professor and Head, Plant Pathology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, for providing facilities to complete this work. I am indebted to Miss Rajni Arora, Graduate student at HAU for assistance in compiling the most of the references. I wish to thank Dr. T.P.Yadava and Dr. V.Ranga Rao Ex. and present Project Director, Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Rajenderanagar, Hyderabad; Dr. B.L. Jalali, Professor of Plant Pathology, HAU, Hisar; Dr. Kenneth W.Riley Programme Officer, Crops and Animal Production Systems Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences, International Development Research Centre, New Delhi; Dr. Abbas O.Omran, Technical Adviser, IDRC Oil Crops Network Project, Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Station, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Dr. Hugh Doggett, Consultant, IDRC, 38a Cottenham road, Histon, Carobs, CB4 4ES UK, for their encouragement and giving suggestions for the improvement of this publication. Finally, I am deeply grateful to the Oilcrops Network/IDRC for making the bibliog raphy available to the sesame Scientists in time.
(G.S. SAHARAN)
vi BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX
A-~ Addis Ababa. 10 pp. * List includes sesame diseases. 001. ABRAHAi'1, E. V., N.SI!1001UGAM, S.NATARAJAN and G.RAMAKRISHANAN. 1976. An integrated progr 0(11. BOHOVIK, I.V. 1936. Diseases of the newly anme for controlling pests and diseases of introduced oleiferous crops in Ukraine. sesamum. Madras Agric. J.63 (8-10):532-536. Kieff. 114-123. * Application of Dithane M-45, 0.2% canbined with * The most severe diseases of sesame are a bacter Endosulfan or Fenthion 0.5 kg a.i/ha was effective in ial leaf spot, a bacterii:ll wet rot of the stem, and controlling powdery mildew, Alternaria blight, aphids a bacterial brown spot of the frUit capsules. Kru: and gallfly during kharif season. In the rabi season glik No. 1 alon~ appeared to be :imune, and DSN when the incidence of powdery mildew was heavy, showed 12.5% infection, all others being highly Miltox 0.25% canbined with either Endosulfan or Fen susceptible. A slight outbreak of a whitish, roun thion at 0.5 kg a.i./ha was best followed by Dithane ded or irregular leaf spot with a brown margin upto M-45, 0.2% canbined with Carbaryl 1 kg a:.i./ha or 1 cm in diameters Wa.s observed for the first time endosulfan or fenthion 0.5 kg a.i./ha. in one locality, the caUsal organism is stated to be Phyllosticta sesami (Bohovik), which has emer 002. ~s. 1970. Twenty years of Agriculture gent brown, mostly globose pycnidia, ·30 to 100 u.in Research in Rajasthan. Plant Pathology, diameter and hyaline, continous, elongated pycnio Department of Agriculture, Rajasthan. 57-62 pp. spores rounded at both ends and 6 to 13 by 2 to. 4 * The research carried out in the Department of Plant u.. The minor diseases of sesame include a wilt Pathology on sesamum blight (Phytophthora parasitica associated with a species· of Fusarium, and a leaf var. sesami) and leaf spot (Sphaeronema sesami) has spot caused by a species of Macrosporium morpholo been included in this report. gically corresponding to Sawdas description of Ma crosporium sesami. 003. ~s. 1971. Recamnendations for crops in Sinalda state for the SUmmer-Winter period, 008. CHOHAN, J.S. 1978. Diseases of Oilseed 1971. Centro De Investigationes Agricolas De crops, future plans and strategy for control Sinalda, Mexico. No. 37:158 pp. under small holdings. Indian Phytopath. * Ccmoon and scientific names of sesame diseases are 31(1):1-15. listed alongwith other crop diseases. * Important diseases of sesamum were dealt for con trol measures along with other oilseed crops. 004. ~s. 1970-1988. Annual Progress Report on sesamum for the years 1970 to 1988. 009. CHUNG, H.W., H.S. CHUNG and B.J. CHUNG. 1966. AICORPO, !CAR, Directorate of Oilseeds Resea Studies on pathogenicity of wheat scab fungus rch, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. (Gibberella zeae) to various crop seedlings. * The research carried out under All India Co-ordi J. Plant Prat., Korea. 3:21-25. nated Research Project on Oilseeds at different * In inoculation tests, sesamum was resistant to centres of India has been included. It contains data this fungus. on the occurrence, severity, epidemiology, sources of resistance and control of important diseases of 010. DAVIDE, R.G. 1975. A review of diseases sesamum. affecting upland crops in the Philippines. College of Agriculture, University of the 005. ASTHANA, K.S. and B. NARAIN. 1977. E"v-al.uation Philippines, Las Banos, Laguna, Philippines. of sesame varieties in Bihar for summer. FAO/RAFE/RP 23:186-203. Indian J.Agric. Sci. 47(12):611-613. * An account is presented of occurrence, symptans * Sesame vars. C 1036 and 'rnV 3 gave high yields as and control of main fungal, bacterial and viral summer crops (sowing during Mid-Feb.) wilere irriga diseases of rainfed sesame crop grown in the Phil tion facilities are available in Bihar. Both these lippines. vars. escape pest and disease incidence under field conditions. 011. DAVIDYAN, G.G. and T.E. VAKHRUSHE.VA. 1981. Pests and diseases of some fibre and oil crops 006. AWGICHEW I 1 imeni. N.I. Vavi.lov. No. 115:66-72. 018. MEHTA, P.R. 1951. Observation on new and * A list of sesame pathogens alongwith others is known diseases of crop plants of Uttar Pra given. desh, Plant Prot. Bull. New Delhi. 3:7-12. * Sesame anthracnose (Colletotrichlllll sp.) affected 012. GOLATO, C. 1967. Diseases of cultivated pla- 10 to 12 percent of the early sown plants at Kan nts in Sanalia. Institute Agronanico per pur. Other diseases observed on sesamlll!l were pow Oltremare:147. dery mildew (Oidolll!l spl.) , stem rot (Macrophanina * .Morphological characters, symptoms, manner of phaseoli) and phyllody. spread and damage caused by fwigal and bacterial pathogens on sesamum alongwith other crops are 019. MITl'ER, J.H and R.N. 'l'ANIX'fi. 1930. The fun described. The effects of climatic factors and gus flora of Allahabad, Part. II. J. Indian control measures are indicated. There is a host Bot. Soc. 9(4):190-198. disease and pathogen index. * A list (supplementing that published by K.L. Sak sena in 1927) is given of 84 fungi collected in the 013. KANG, C.W., B.H. CHOI and J.I. LEE. 1985. town of Allahabad, the host locality and date of Establishment of integrated control systems collection being indicated in each case. using several fungicides for major sesame diseases. Sesame & Safflower Newsletter. 1:38. 020. MOOTILLA, D., M. DELGAOO and T. ACEVEOO. * The integrated chemical control system including 1977. "Arawaca" an early variety of sesame. Benoram (1,000x) + Metasyl (lOOOx) in early June; Agroncm:i.a Trop. 27(4):483-487. Metasyl + Oxydong (1,000x) in late June; Benomyl * Sesame v-ariety "Arawaca" is very short cycled (15,000x) + Oxydong in mid July; Benomyl + Metasyl or (70-75 days maturity), large not unifonnly coloured Oxydong in early August was most effective for con seeds, few branches and tolerance to camnon local trolling the major sesame diseases with 33% higher diseases. yields. 021. C!1RAN, A.O. (ed.) 1985. Oil crops: Sesame 014. MAITI, S. 1984. Major diseases of sesamlll!l and and Safflower. Proceedings of the second· oil their management. Proc. Seminar, Sesame Cul crops Network Workshop held in Hyderabad, tiv-ation held on 21st August, 1984, ICAR, New India, 5-9 Feb., 1985, I.C.A.R., New Delhi and Delhi. 37-45pp. IDRC, Canada, 1985:258. * Major diseases of sesamum has been described. * Contains infonna.tion on sesame diseases in India, Asia, F.ast, North and South Africa. 015. MAITI, S., M.A. RAOOF., K.S. SASTRY and T.P. YADAVA. 1985. A review of sesamum diseases 022. PARASHAR, R.D. 1969. Studies on the nature in India. Tropical Pest Manag. 31(4) :317-323. of root exudates, rhizosphere and rhizoplane * Important diseases of sesamum have been described microflora in relation to the pathogenesis in with losses caused and control. root-rot of til (Sesamlll!l indiClllll L.) caused by Macrophanina phaseoli (Maubl) (Ashby). Ph.D. 016. MAITI, s., M.A. RAOOF., K.S. SASTRY and T.P. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Hisar. YADAVA. 1986. A review of sesamlllll diseases 76 pp. in India. Sesame & Safflower Newsletter. 1:44- * The relationship between the nature of root ex 45. udates, rhizosphere and rhizosplane and the pathog * CUrrent status of sesamlll!l disease in India is enesis induced by Macrophanina phaseoli (Maub) (As revi.ewed with a list of miner diseases. · hby), the incitant of the root rot of til has been studied. 017. MALAGl1l'I, G. 1973. Leaf diseases of sesame. (Sesamlllll indiClllll L.) in Venezuela. Rev de la 023. PRASAD, N., P.D. G»!AVAT and O.P. VERMA. Fae. de Agronania. 7(2):109-125. 1971. Diseases of sesamum in Rajasthan. * Symptans and pathogens of round white spot (Cerco Presented at .post symp. group discussion. spora sesami), angular brown spot (Cylindrosporilllll Int. Syrop. Plant Path. 22-23 (Abst.) sesami), zonate leaf spot (Alternaria sesamicola) and * A detailed account of symptoms, sources of resis bacterial leaf spot (xantharonas sesami and Pseu tance and other control measures of important fun daoonas sesami) are discussed and canpared. Their gal, bacterial and viral diseases of sesamlll!l has econanic importance and the con.di tions favouring them been discussed. are discussed. 2 024. RAO, V.G. 1980. Diseases of oilseed crops in of sane crops in rainfed agriculture in India. J. Univ. Poona Sci. Tech. 38:23-42. India. Chandrashenkhar Azad Univ. Agric. & * Im:ix>rtant diseases of sesarnum in India are dis Tech. Kanpur, India. FAO/RAFE/RP-23:146-163. cussed along with other oilseed crop diseases. * The major fungal, bacterial., and viral diseases occuring in rainfed grown sesame are briefly 025. RA'IBADUI, Y. 1984. Diseases of sesamum in re;riewed. Assam. Indian Far. V.34(2):3 3 with causative agent, symptoms, epidemiology and Mhium oligandrum, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclero-: control measures. tium and Trichode1ina. Reaction of numerous varie ties from different countries to these pathogens 038. 'IU, L. 1985. Major problems of sesame growing over three years field testing was tabulated. and breeding objectives in Henan PrOid.nce, China. Sesame & Safflower Newsletter. 1:28- 045. ZAMBRANO, C., L. ZAMBITO., C. DIAZPOLANCO and 29. A. CARRASCO. 1980. Study and control of se * In all 10 fungal, 3 bacterial and one viral disease same (Sesamum indiaun) diseases. Second semi of sesame in Henan are listed. Black stalk nar School, Agro. Univ., Centro Occidental (Macrophgnina phaseoli) is stated to be 100St preva Lisandro Alvarado, Escueia de Agronania, Bar lent and severe diseases in this region. quisimento (Venezuela), 15-16 pp. 039. m!KATARAO, A. and N. SHANMUGAM. 1983. Di- 046. ZAKAULLAH, 0. and S. PERvml. 1979. Diseases seases of sesamum and their control. Pesti- of sesame. Pakistan J. Forest. 29(1):35-46. cides. 17(11):34-35. * The diseases are revi.ewed and their incidence on * Ten major diseases of sesamum are described and 3 vars. is reported. Cercospora leaf spot ·was can control measures discussed. mon on all vars. Peshawar local var. ·was rooderate ly susceptible to phyllody whereas the vars. Cali 040. VERMA, M.L. 1985. Sesame pathological prob nda and Punjab 37 were not infected. lems amd research progress in India. In oil crops: Sesame and Safflower. Proceedings of B- FUNGAL DISEASES the second oil crops Network Workshop held in Hyderabad, India 5-7 Feb., 1985, I.C.A.R., New Altemaria Delhi and I.D.R.C., Canada, 1985 (Edited by ·Abbas Qnran) • 44-47. 047. ABSEU1E, C. 1975. Diseases transmitted by * About 32 pathogens occur in India that cause major seeds. Seed Sci. Tech. 3(3/4):649-654. or minor diseases such as damping off, collar rot, * Alternaria sesami is transmitted through sesame root rot, wilt, leaf spots, powdery mildew, leaf curl seeds. and phyllody. Infonnation on occurrence, distribu tion, losses, symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and 048. BARBO'lA, MAZZANI and G. MALAGUTI. 1966. management of diseases with references is given. Effects of leaf spots caused by Cercospora Sesami (Zinm) and Alternaria spp. on the yie 00.. VYAS, S.C. 1981. Diseases of sesamum and lds of 10 sesame varieties. Sixth agronomic niger in India and their control (sesame and conference, Maracaib:>. Reports Vol. 3:17-21. Guizotia abyssinica) • Pesticides. 15 (9) : 10-15. * All the vars. were affected, yield being reduced * Symptoms and control measures of sesamum and niger by 15.7-55.2%. Incidence 94 days after the appear diseases were described. ance of symptans was a IOClre reliable guide to the effect on yield than incidence 42 days later. 042. VYAS, S.C. 1981. Sane high-yielding disease resistant sesamum varieties. Indian Frog. 30- 049. BERRY, s.z. 1960. Cooiparison of cultural (12) :11. variants of Alternaria sesami. Phytopathology * Several varieties are listed with their degree of 50(4):298-304. resistance against stem and root rot, wilt, bacterial * At U.S. Deptt. Agric., Beltsville Md., ~- sesami blight, leaf spot and fungal blights. caused damping off of Kansas sesame seedlings spra yed with a culture suspension in the green house, 043. VYAS, S.C. and R.K •. VERMA. 1978. Watch out dark brown to black water-soaked lesions developed for these sesamum diseases. Intensive Agric. followed by shrinkage of tissue on stems and lea 16(6):25-26. ves. 'Ihere was no evidence of pathogenic * Symptoms and control measures of important diseases specialization. Cultural differences separated the were described. isolates into 5 group with optimum growth tempera tures ranging from 20! to 30! C. The spores of all 044. ZAMBRANO, C. and O.TOR'IDLERO. 1985. Reaction isolates were similar and borne singly or occasion of sesame cultivars to soil-borne pathogens. ally in group of 2 or 3. Sesame&: Safflower Newsletter. 1:37. * Sesamum seedling rot and soil pathogenes isolated 050. CHAUHl!N, R.K.S. and B.M. KULSHRESTHA. 1984. were Phytophthora hi.bernali, Macrophomina phaseoli, Production of Phytoalexi.n in Sesamum indiaun 4 against Altemaria sesami. Indian Phytopath. naria sesami (Kawamura, Mohanty and Behera) • 37(3):482-485 •. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 18(1):89-90. * The diffusate obtained fran the fruit cavities of * Detailed study on epidemiology and control of sesamum inoculated with a spore suspension of Al sesame Altemaria blight was conducted. ternaria sesami was inhibito1y to the genni.natioil of spores. It inhibited the spore gennination of 056. OOLLE, U.V. and R.K. HEXIDE. 1984. Incidence Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, of Alternaria leaf blight of -sesame in Colletotrichum capsici, CUrwlaria lunata, E\Jsarium Karnataka. Plant Path. Newsletter. 2(1):8. solani, Helminthosporium tetramera, Mycosphaerella * Incidence of !· sesami ranged fran 32.38 to 72.21 rabiei, and Rhizopus stolonifer. No- inhibition was per cent. caused by the extracts of healthy uninoculated fru its. 057. OOLLE, U.V. and R.K. HEXIDE. 1984. Epidemio logy and control. of leaf blight of · sesame 051. CULP, T.W. and C.A. THOOAS. 1964. Altemaria caused by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura, and Cocynespora blights of sesame in Missi Mohanty & Behera) • Plant Path. Newsletter. ssipi. Plant Dis. Reptr. 48(8):608-609. 2(1):10. * In 1961 and 1963, !· sesami and ~. cassiicola se * Disease appears after 3 days ·of genninatian and emed to reduce yields. It is doubted whether highly reaches peak on 35 days old crop, cv. X-7732/i0-2 resistant vars. can be bred fr(lll IOOderately resi showed least infection (10.4%). Best control was stant ones and better methods are advocated. achieved with mencozeb @0.3% applied 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. 052. D~ANDE, G.D. and D.D. SIIDIDE. 1976. Occu rence of cultural strains of Alternaria sesami 058. ELLIS, M.B. and P. HOLLIDAY. 1970. Alter- (Kawamura, Mohanty and Bahera), in naria sesami. Ca!IOOil weal.th Mycol. Inst. Maharashtra. J. Maharashtra Agri. Univ. Descr. Pathog. Fungi. Bact. 250:2 pp. 1(2/6):124-125. * Alternaria sesami has been characterised. * One of the two isolates fran diseased sesame pla nts was highly virulent and the other mildly. 059. ESml'EPE, M. 1984. Alternaria. spot. disease on sesame. J. Turkish Phytopath. 13(2/3) :1- 053. DHAMU, K.P. I p. POTHIRAJ, R. JEYARAJAN and M. 03-104. BALAKUMAR. 1981. Estimation of yield loss in * !· sesami was isolated fran diseased plants in sesamum due to diseases. Madras Agric. J. Aydm, Turkey. Seed infection was 16.5 to 63.5%. 68(10):648-652. * In monsoon 1978 the avoidable loss in the yield of 060. GUPI'A, p .P. I S.K. GUPI'A., C.D. KAUSHIK and sesame was 48% and 29% in smmner 1979. In oonsoon G. S. SAHARAN. 1985. Biochemical changes in 1978 and yield was reduced significantly by charcoal leaf surface extract and total chlorophyll rot disease at the rate of 595 kg/ha and Altemaria content of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in blight decreased the yield significantly at the rate relation to Alternaria leaf spot disease (!. of 10. 73 kg/ha. In stmmer 1979, phyllody reduced sesame) . Sesame & Safflower Newsletter. the yield significantly at the rate of 8.4%/ha and 1:40. charcoal rot disease decreased the yield at the rate * Wax, phenols and chlorophyll was higher in toler of 10.88 kg/ha. ant cvs. (RT-4-6, HT-24) whereas reducing sugars and total soluble nitrogen was oore in susceptible 054. OOLLE, U.V. 1982. Studies on leaf .blight of CVS. (Pb. Til No. 1, HT-1). sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) caused by Alter naria sesami (Kawamura . Mohanty · and Behera) • 061. GUPI'RA, s .K. I p .P. GUPI'A. , c.D. KAUSHIK. and Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad, India. 'lbesis Abs G.S. SAHARAN. 1987. Biochemical changes in tracts. 8(4):396-397. leaf surface extract and total chlorophyll * Although none of the 22 varieties screened -in the content of ~ in relation to Alternaria field was resistant, none of the 22 varieties leaf spot disease (Alternaria sesami). In screened in the field was resistant, x7732/10-2, dian J. Mycol. &Pl.·Pathol. 17(2):165-168. wild Dhanduka, 32, D7-ll, E8 and 1978 K5222 were * The leaf surface extract fran susceptible (Pb. m:Xlerately resistant. Til No. 1. HT-1), and resistant (RT-4-6, HT-24) cvs. of sesame were analysed for wax, total phenols 055. OOLLE, U.V. 1984. Studies on leaf blight of reducing sugars, total soluble nitrogen and chloro sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) caused by Alter- phyll content. 5 062. ImNSFORD, C.G. 1943. Contributions to-wards 068. LEPPIK, E.E. and G. SOWELL. 1964. Alternaria the fungus flora of Uganda. V.Fungi Imperfecti. sesami, a serious seed borne pathogen of world Proc. Linn. Soc. Ioodon. 1:34-67. wide distribution. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 12- * !· sesamicola infects the stem.5 of sesame. (1) :13-16. * A review of the symptans and ioorphological 063. JAYARAMAIAII, H., A.L. SIDDARAMAIAH., M.S. JOSHI characteristics of the disease on sesame and its and A.F. HABm. 1981. Varietal reactions of distribution (throughout Asia, in the Eastern sesamum. against Al.ternaria sesami. (Kawamura, Africa, in Southern U.S.A. and in South America) • Mohanti and Behera). CUrr. Res. 10(1):6-7. There is no effective field control and use of * Under field conditions and in glasshouse inocula disease free seed is advisable. tion trials with Al.ternaria sesami, the sesame cvs. No. 4, J.T.-7, No.2 and E-8 were highly resistant. 069. MALAGC1l'I, G., L.J. SUBERO and N. CC!!&J. 1972. They can be used in a breeding progranme or if sui Alternaria sesamicola on sesame (~. indicmn). table agronanically for direct cultivation. Agron •. Trop., Venezuela. 22(1):75-80. * Symptans of the disease and identification, 064. KAWAMURA, E. 1931. New fungi on Sesamum 100rphology and culture of the pathogen are des indicmn L. Fungi (Nippon Fungological Society). cribed. On inoculation a severe foliage blight and 1:26-29. stem canker or necrosis were found in ad.di tion to * Macrosporium sesami (Kawamura) n.sp., fowld on ses the characteristic of zonate leaf spots. Of 10 ame leaves in Fukuoka, Japan is characterised. cvs. tested, Venezuela 51 was the least suscept ible. 065. KUI.mlRESTHA, B.M. and R.K.S. CHAUHAN. 1987. Chranatogram bioassay: a quick method for the 000. MC :r:JOOALD, D. 1964. Annual Report for the detection of phytoalexin in fruits of sesame Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, (Sesamum. indicmn L.). Nat. Aca. Sci. letters, for the year 1962-63. India. 10(2):49-50. * Fran the Mokwa Agric. Res. Station, reports sta * Phytoalexin production was deioonstrated in sesame ted that further studies on the sesame disease can fruits in response to inoculation with Al.ternaria plex have shown that Al.ternaria sesami, Cercospora sesami. sesamicola, CUrvularia macularis, Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides (Glanerella cingulata), Helllli.ntho- 066. KULSHRESTHA, B.M. and R.K.S. CHAUHAN. 1988. sporium halodes, Fusarium semitectum, Macrophanina Physico-chemical nature of the phytoaleXin phaseoli and Pestalotiopsis mayum!:>ensis are closely produced by fruits of Sesamum indicmn in res associated with disease, their individual patho ponse to inoculation with Altemaria sesami and genicity was established, the first three being the its chemical induction. Indian Phytopath. IOOSt virulent. None of the sesame strains tested 41(1):92-95. showed canplete resistance. * Sane physico-chemical properties of the phytoalexin produced by fruits of sesamum. in response to Al.ter 071. MEHTA, P.P. and R.N. PRASAD. 1976. Investi naria sesami hav-e been studied. gations on Alternaria sesami causing leaf blight of til. Proc. Bihar Acad. Sci. 24(1) :...,. 067. KVASHNINA, M.E.S. 1928. Preliminary report of 104-109. the survey of diseases of medicinal and in * Sesame vars. M3-2, NP6, TMV-2, T-12 and Punjab dustrial plants in North Caucasus. Bull. til No. 1 were susceptible to the pathogen and typ North Cauasian Plant Prot. Stat. 4:30-46. ical symptans were found on plants at all stages * Al.ternaria sp. forms on the upper surface of leaves under highly humid cim.ditions. Conidial oorphology of sesame rounded or irregular frequently confluent and germination studies are described. oatmeal brown spots pa.ling towards the margins and measuring agar was the best solid and Richard's the best li 1.5 to 5 nm. The conidiophores are olive-brown, 1- quid medium at 250 c and fungus grew best in dark. to 4- septate and 26 to 48 by 4.4 to 5.2 u, the Tillex and cuman effectively inhibited in vitro spores vary in shape fran flask shaped with very spore germination even at 0.1%. short beak to clavate with a very long beak (5 to 6 times the length of spore itself); they are olive 002. MElD, G.S. 1970. Alternaria spot of sesame brown with 1-14 transverse and 1 to 4 longitudinal in the state of Pemambuco. Preliminary septa, and measure 28 to 362 (including the beak) by results of the observations made during 1974- 5.2 to 24 u. 75. Fitopatologia. 11:32. 6 * Alternaria leaf spot of sesame in the state of resistant to !· sesami but 12 were moderately so. Pernambuco is recorded. The 12 showed a susceptible reaction when inocu lated. 073. MmDE'Z, R. 1940. Study on a fungus disease of sesame in Costa Rica. Bol. Cent. Nae. Agric. S. 078. NATARAJAN, S. T. MARil1TJI'HU and N. SHANMUGAM. Pedro. 5(9-12):426-432. 1976. Evaluation of fungicides against Alter *.Sesame planting in Costa Rica have been attacked by naria blight of sesamum Syrop., Pl. Prot. Res. a destructive disease attributed by .the writer Dev. Coimbatore. Abst. 27. primarily.to infection by!· solani with Helllri.nthos * Spraying either dithane Z-78, 0.2% or dithane M- porium sesami as a secondary 4:ivader. EKcessi ve 45, 0.15% was effecacious in controlling the atmospheric and soil humidity appears to be the chief blight. contributing factor in severe outbreaks of leaf spot and control should be based in the first· place on 079. NGABALA, A.Z. and C. ZAMBmAKIS. 1971. Al selection of ecologically appropriate sites, ternaria sesami (Kaw.) (Mohanty and Behera) • supplemented by such cultural measures as use of Fisches de Phytopathologic Tropicale. 23: 6 healthy seed (treated with a standard fungicides) of pp. resistant early maturing varieties of medium stature, * A description of !· sesami on sesame including sowing in rows and not at randan and the application spread, mode of infection, ioorphology and control. of Boradeaux mixture at three to four weekly intervals begining when plants reach a height of 20- 080. RAJPUROHIT, T.S. 1981.. Morphology and taxo 30 cm. nany of sesamum Alternaria. Madras Agric. J. 68(10):696-697. 074. MrnZ, G. and Z. SOLEL. 1959. New records of * A description on oorphology and taxonany of sesa field crops diseases in Israel. Plant Dis. mum Alternaria. Reptr. 43(9):1051. * Reported fran the Agric. Res. Sta., Rehovot-Beit Dagan, Israel, viz., Alternaria macrospora on sesame 081. RAJPUROHIT, T. S. and N. P.ARASAD. 1982. Pro along with other diseases of crops. duction of pectinolytic eriZymes by Alternaria seami in vitro. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 075. MOHANTY, N.N. and B.C. BEHERA. 1958. Blight 12:220-221. of sesame (~. orientale L.) caused by Alter * Alternaria sesami produced PGTE, Pl'E and PG en naria sesami (Kawamura) M. canp. Curr. Sci. zymes in vitro. 27(12):492-493. * A survey by the State Agricultural Research Sta 082. RAJPUROHIT, T~S. and N. PRASAD. 1982. Effect tion, Bhubaneshwar, revealed that sesame blight is of different media, temperatures and levels of widespread in India and under moist conditions causes pH on the growth and sporulation of Alternaria considerable damage. 'lhe pathogen closely resembles sesami. Geobios. 9(3):142-144. Macrosporium sesami with the difference that the * CUltural study.on!· sesami is given. conidia occur in chains. The fungus has accordingly been reclassified as !- sesami. 083. RAJPUROHIT, T.S., N. PRASAD and P.D. @IAWAT. 1983. Effect of carlxm and nitrogen on growth 076. MOHAPA'ffiA, A. , A. K. MOHANTY and N.N. MOHANTY. and sporulation of Alternaria sesame. Indian 1978. Studies on the physiology of the sesamum J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 13(2):234-236. leaf blight pathogen, Alternaria sesami. * Maximum growth (ll\Ycelial mat) was observed in Indian Phytopath. 33(3):432-434. case of glucose followed by sucrose, fructose, lac * An account of the effects of different culture tose, and maltose with excellent sporulation except media, pH, C and N sources on!. sesami is given. in case of maltose. ·The fungus is widely adaptable in utilizing various fonns of nitrogen for its gro 077. NATARAJAN S and N. SHANMUGAM. 1983. Screening wth. of sesame gennplasm for resistance to Alter naria leaf blight. National Seminar on Breed 084. RAJPUROHIT, T.S., N. PRASAD and P.D. Gll!AWAT. ing crop plants for resistance to pests and 1984. Evaluation of fungicides against Alter diseases. Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. Coimbatore, naria sesami causing Alternaria blight in 25-27th May, 1983 (Abst.). 11-itro, Pesticides. 17(1) :57. * Of 963 Sesamum cultures grown under natural infec * All the fourteen fungicides were effective· in tion and examined 60 days after sowing, none was controlling the spore gennination of !· sesami at 7 1000 Pl!ll and 500 PJlll concentration. 09L SIDDARAMAIAH, A.L., S. KULKARNI, S.A. DESAI and R.K. HEX7DE. 1981. Variation in the cul 085. RANI, V.U., T.S. LINGAM and V. THIRUPATHAIAH. ture characters of leaf and capsule isolates 1984. Bending of stem in sesame - A new symp of Alternaria sesemi (Kawamara, Mohanty and tom caused lit Alternaria alternata. Indian J. Behera} , a causal agent of leaf blight of Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 14(1):98-99. sesamum. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 15(1):53-55. * Sesamtim plants infected with Alternaria alternata * Pathogenic isolates from sesame leaves differed (Fr.) Keissler Wiltshire showed stem bend at infec those from capsules in their growth on different tion site after fonnation of an elliptical lesion media, but potato dextrose and Tochinai 's agars with a dark reddish brown halo. Dark brown spots on were the best for growth of both the types. leaves coalesce to cause blighting. flowers and Cultural characters suggested the occurence of fruits also get infection. Infected fruits show physiological strains of the fungus. hypertrophy. 092. SIDDARA?1AIAH, A.L., S.A. DESAI and H. JAYARAM 086. RANI, V.U., C. SATYA PRASAD and V. IAH. 1981. Studies on pod spot of sesamum THIRUPATHAIAH. 1983. Alternaria blight on caused by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura, Mohanty sesame varieties. Indian Bot. Rep. 2(1) :95- and Behera). Agric. Sci. Digest. 1(2):73-75. 96. * Sesame losses in Karnataka, India, due to the * Of 18 sesame cultivars screened under natural fungus were 0.1-5. 7 g/100 fruits. The m.unber of infection by !· alternata, TC-325, SP-70-23 and No. shrivelled seeds depended on disease severity. The 4 were the oost resistant. fungus greately reduced gennination. JT-63-117, A- 6-5, JT-66-276, Anand-9, JT-62-10, VT-43 and Anand- 087. RANI, V.U. and V. THIRUPATHAIAH. 1983. A new 74 are resistant cultiv-ars. blight of sesamum caused by Al ternaria alter nata. Curr. Sci. 52(28):1149-1150. 093. SIDDARAMAIAH, A.L., S.A. DESAI and R.K. HEX7DE. * This fungus was found in association with a blight 1981. Effect of sulphur and phosphorus can- of Sesamum indicum in Warangal and pathogenicity pounds an growth and sporulation of Alternaria confirmed. by inoculation. sesami and Alternaria lini. Curr. Res. 10:41- ~~ ~- 42. 088. SAMUEL, G. S. and C. V. GOVINDASWAMY. 1972. * Potassitun dihydrogen phosphate supported maximum Effect of vitamins and levels of pH on the growth followed by disodium hydrogen phosphate and growth and sporulation of Alternaria sesaini, dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate. Maximum spo the causal agent of leaf blight disease of rulation was supported by dipotassium hydrogen ar sesamum (§_. indicum) • Indian J. Mycol. & Plant thophosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate. Path. 2(2):185-186. * Vitamins tested did not have significant effect on 094. SIDDARAMAIAH, A.L. and R.K. HEX7DE. 1984. the growth of !· sesami. Good mycelial growth and Occurence of Alternaria alternata (Kissler) on sporulation was between 4-8 pH. 5 pH was best for safflower and sesamum. India. J. Oilseeds Re. mycelial growth and pH 7 for sporulation. 1:83:-84. * Since last three years, authors observed the 089. SAMUEL, G.S., C.V. GOVINDASWAMY and P. VIDHYA association of Alternaria alternata (Kissler) caus SEKARAN. 1971. · Studies on the Alternaria ing Alternaria leaf blight of sesamum under field blight disease of Gingelly. Madras Agric. J. conditions in Karnataka. 58(12):882-886. * Results are presented of studies on Alternaria 095. SINGH, D., S.B. MATHUR and P. NEERGAARD. 19- sesami which causes heavy damage to sesame in Tamil 80. Histological studies of Alternaria sesa Nadu. Bordeaux mixture and dithane Z-78 gave the micola penetration in sesame seed. Seed Sci. best control. &Technol. 8:85-92. * The dormat mycellium of the fungus usually occ 090. SIDDARMIAH, A.L. I S.A. DESAI and R.P. BHAT. ured in the sub epidermal layers of the seed coat 1979. Laboratory studies with sane fungicides and occasionally in the endosperm and embryo. against fruit and leaf isolates of Sesamum. Curr. Res. 9 (5) :86-87. · 096. SINGH, D., s.a. MATHUR and P. NEERGAARD. * The effects of 11 fungicides on the in vitro growth 1983. Systemic seed transmission of Alter of isolates of Alternaria sesami were reported. naria sesamicola in Sesamum indicum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 80(3):570-571. 8 * The pathogen was isolated from normal appearing as minute sub-rotund with a whitish centre surrounded well as stwited plants indicating that it can invade by a blackish-purple margin later they beccme the whole plant system without sowing symptans. large, angular and distinctly zonate with alternately whitish and blackish-purple circles. The amphigen0us, chest nut d:iloorphous conidiophores arise fran prariinent stranata in small bundles or 097. SHUKLA, B.N. and S.C. VYAS. 1977. Two new singly on the upper surface of leaf they usually diseases of sesamum (Sesamum indicmn L.) JNKVV. arise in tufts and are conspicously thickened at · Res. J. 11(1/2):142-143. the base and tapering or geniculated at the apex, * Leaf blight (Botryosphaeria . ril>is) of sesamwn non-septate or sparsely septate, and measuring 27 caused brown or black irregular marginal leaf spots. to 40 by 3 to 7u. On the under surface th~y arise Brown swiken pod spots, stem and flowers are also singly or in bundles of two or four and are affected seeds tum brown. straight, septate and frequently 3 to 4 \l in diameter. 'Ihe straight or flexuous cylindrical, hyaline conidia are 5 to 6-septate and measure 40 to 70 by 3 to 3.5 u. 098. AIOMKXJS. 1941. Plant diseases. Notes contributed by the Biological Branch. Agric. 103. DELPRAOO, H.L.V.V. 1961. OVerzicht van de Gaz, N.S.W., Lii 5:274-276. verrichtingen van bet. Department van * Cercospora sesami on sesame was one of the new Landbouw Veetelt en VuSserij in 1961. records along with other crop diseases. Surinaam Landb. 10(6):217-236. * Cercospora sesami constituted new record on 099. CHCXJDHARY, S. 1945. Control of Cercospora sesamum. blight of til. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 15:140- 142. 104. PERRm, J.B. 1960. 'Ihe occurence of angular * 'Ihe sesame blight caused by Cercospora sesami is a leaf spot of sesame in Panama. Plant Dis. serious disease in Assam where it caused an average Reptr. 44(3):221. yield reduction of 5 percent. The pathogen is * The first record in PanClllX!. of angular leaf spot prepetuated by infected seeds and plant .residues in (Cercospora sesamicola) of sesame is reported by the field. Chemical seed treatments were ineffectual the Instituto Nacional de Agriculture. 'Ihe against the disease, but half an hour inmersion in outbreak (in 1959) was severe causing burning of water heated to 1280 F, as recamnended by Nusbaum gave leaves and considerably reducing yields. Selection excellent results in large scale field plantings in of tolerant varieties is advocated to control the 1943 and 1944. After one year's storage, the seeds disease which was found to be seed-transmitted and were free fran superficial contamination but the was probably introduced fran Nicaragua. fwigus still persisted in the interior. 105. GCmALEX FRAGOSO, R. and R. CIFERRI. 1928. 100. CHUPP, C. 1953. A ioonograph of the fwigus Hong'es parasitos Y caprofitos de la Republica genus Cercospora. Ithaca, N.Y. 667 pp. Daninicana (16° series) • Bol. R. Soc. Fspa * Cercospora spp. on sesamum are described along with nola. Hist. Nat. 28(7):377-388. others. * Cercospora sesami Zimm was found on living leaves of Sesamum orieiitale. 101. CIFERRI, R. and R. GOOZALE'l FRAGOSO. 1926. Hongos parasitosy sapro fitos de la Republica 106. HANSFORD, C.G. 1931. Annual Report of the Daninicane (5 serie). Bol. R. Soc. Espanola Mycologist. Ann. Rept. Deptt. of Agric. Uga Hist. Nat. 26(4):248-258. nda, for the year ended 31 December, 1930 * Cercospora sesami was reported on leaves of (Part-11):58-65. sesamwn. * In this report Cercospora sesami on sesame is included along with other crop diseases. 102. CURZI, M. 1932. Of African fungi and diseases. I. Concerning certain parasitic 107. HANSFORD, C.G. 1938. Annual Report of the Hyphanycete frcm Italian Sanaliland. Boll. R. Plant Pathologist, 1936. Rep. Dept. Agric. Staz. Pat. Veg. N.S. 12(2):149-168. Uganda, 1936-37 (111):43~49. * Cercospora sesami Zinm Var. sanalensis Curzin n.v. * Sesamum is widely affected by two leaf spot dis:... on the leaves of Sesamum indicmn produced sparse eases, one due to Cercospora sesami appears as sm spots 0. 5 to 5 mm in diameter. At first that are all-generally round, papery, white to yellowish 9 brown spots on·both surfaces, while the other due to (Phytophthora sp.) and Fusarium wilt are given. Cylindrosporium sesami n. sp. 114. MOHANl'Y, N.N. 1958. Cercospora leaf spot of 108. IBRAHIM, F.M. and EL-NURELAMIN. 1974. A sesame. Indian Phytopath·. 11(2) :186-187. quantitative morphological classification of * In August, 1957, at the State Agricultural Re thirty species of Cercospora Mycopathologia search Station, Bhubaneshwar, a severe leaf spot of Mycologia Applicata. 52(2):141-146. sesame was found to be caused by Cerospora sesa * Twenty oorphological characters of the spp. ·col micola (Mohanty) with spores indistinctly 2-7 sep lected in the SUdan, were used for a quantitative tate, 20-120 x 2-8u. It differs fran Cercosp:>ra numerical classification. The high level of oor sesami in the unifonnly brown angular spots, short, phological similarity suggests that these species may narrow, closely packed conidiophores and narrow be non-specific and may cross-"-infect their respective cylindrical conidia. hosts including ~- sesami on sesame. 115. MULLER, A.S. and C. CHUPP. 1945. Las Cercos 109. KILPATRICK, R.A. and H.W. JOHNSOO. 1956. pora de Venesula. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. nat. Sporulation of Cercosp:>ra species on carrot 8(52):35-59. leaf decoction agar. Phytopathology. 46(3) :- * <:anparised in this annotated list of 176 species 180-181. of Cerospora hither to recognized in Venezuela are * At the Delta Branch, Mississi:Pi Agricultural Exp. 29 new to science including Cercospora sesami on Station, Stoneville, Cercosp:>ra sesami produced sesame. canidia on carrot leaf decoction agar prepared by Dichun and Valleau' s method in a IOOdified fonn, 116. MULLm, A.S. and D.A. 'l'EXEmt. 1941. The whi steaming without pressure. In general, sporulation te spot of sesame. Agriculture Venez 47-49, tended to be more profouse in dishes containi.n!l 25 to 57-58. 40 ml agar than in those with only 10 to 15 ml and in * '!be white to grey, sharply delilllited spots, 1 to daylight than darkness. 2 nun in diameter produced by Cercosp:>ra sesami on sesame foliage and pods in Venezuela munber 100 to 110. KUROZAWA, C., J. NAKAGAWA, T. OOI and E. 400 per leaf. Under humid conditions, such as MEWl"I'O. 1985. Behaviour of 13 sesame (Sesamum prevail in states of Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda and indicum) cultivars to Cercospora sesami, its Distrito Federal, disease may assume a severe transmissibility by seed and control. character involving premature defoliation and Fitopatologia Brasileira 10(1):123-128. reducing yield of seed. * Morada indeiscente and Morda were resistant in field trials. Carbendazi.m and thiophanite methyl 117. NARASIMHAN, M.J. 1935. Report of the Mycoi eliminated seed infection Viability of the fungus logical section for the year 1933-34. Admin. decreased after 4 years of seed storage. Rep. Agric. Dept. lifysore, 1933-34:19-22. * Cercospora sp. on sesame is recorded. 111. KUSHWAHA, U.S. and P.K. KAUSHAL. 1970. Rea ction of sesamum varieties to Cercospora leaf 118. NUSBAUM, C.J. 1941. The role of hot water spot in Madhya Pradesh. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. seed treatment in control of Cercospora blight 4(2):228-230. of Benne. Phytopathology. 31(8):770. * Of 31 sesame varieties tested in the field, 41, * In 1939 the benne crop in coastal region of South 41A, 418, 128 and 1288 were resistant to Cercsopora Carolina was severely damaQed by blight (~. sesami) sesami and the others IOOderately resistant or su which was fouiid to be present to a maximum extent sceptible. of 16 · percent internally in seed samples fran the same state, Georgia and Florida. 112. I..il'rlmBERGm, S. C. and J .A. STEVEN-Sal. 1957. Virtually canplete control of this source of con A preliminary list of Nicaraguan plant tamination was affected by 30 minutes in"mersion of diseases. Plant Dis. Reptr 42:19. seed in water heated to 1280 F, while surface borne * Pathogens are listed under hosts and list includes inoculum eliminated by treatment for the same pe Cercospora sesami on sesamum. riod at 1180 F •· over one year storage freed heavily diseased seed fran superficial infection but fungus 113. MAZZANI, I.A.B. 1966. Sesame growing. Agro still persisted in the interior. nania S.V.I.A. 3:9-18. * Brief description of round spot (Cercospora 119. PARK, M. 1937. Report on the work of the sesami), irregular spot (Altemaria sp.), collar rot Mycological Division. Adm. Rep. Dir. Agric., 10 Ceylon, 1936:D28-D35. 126. SINGH, B.P., B.N. SHUKLA, P~K. KAUSHAL and * Cercospora sesami of gingelly and other diseases S.R. SHRIVAS. ·1980. Reaction of sesame are reported. gennplasm to Cercospora sesami leaf spot. J.N.K.V.V. Research J. 10(4):372-373. 120. RAO, A.V. and K.P. DHAMU. 1983. Varietal * Sesame gei.111plasm reaction to f. sesami is tabu resistance studies on Cercospora leaf spot of lated. sesarm.nn in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In Proceedings of the National Seminar on the 127. SIVANF.SAN. A•. 1985. Teleoorphs of Cercospora management of diseases of oilseed crops, Madu sesami and Cercoseptoria sesami. Trans. Brit. rai, India, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univer Mycol. Soc. 85(3):397-404. sity:69-70. * Telemorph connections of the new spp. ~ * The reactions of 27 sesame lines of Cercospora sp. phaerella sesami (with Cercospora sesami} and M. are tabulated. sesamicola (with Cercoseptoria sesami) are reported. Species of Cercospora and allied genera 121. RATHAIAH, Y. and M.S. PAVGI. 1973. causing sesame diseases are described and a key Perpetuation of species of Cercospora and provided. Ramularia parasitic on oil seed crops. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 128. TAMAYO, F. 1941. Botanical explorations in 39(2):103-108. the Peninsula of Poraguana' Falcon State., * f. sesamicola on sesame perpetuate through viable Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. Nat. 7(47} :1-90. sclerotia in crop debris. * Among the parasitic fungi collected by the writer in the course of a botanical survey of the 122. RATHAIAH, Y. and M.S. PAVGI. 1976. Resistance Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela, in 1938-39 was of species of Cercospora and Ramularia to heat Cercospora sesami on sesame. and desiccation. Friesia. 11(2):77-84. * Although heat resistant, conidia of f. sesamicola i29. 'IURNER, C.J. 1967. Plant Pathology Division. are precluded frcm serving as primar1 inocullml by Rep. Res. Brch. Dept. Agric. Sarawak. 83-91. their short life. Tolerance of heat by sclerotia * Among 100 disease records new for Sarawak, Cer and/or stranata indicated the possibility of their cospora sesami on sesame was one of them. oversunmering in the field in India in crop debris and later in the soil. 130. UPPAL, B.N., M.K. PATEL and M.N. KAMAT. 1935. The fungi of Banbay. 8:1-56. 123. RATHAIAH, Y. and M.S. PAVGI. 1978. Develop * Cercospora sesami Zinm. was recorded on sesamtml. ment of sclerotia and spermatogonia in Cer cospora sesamicola and Ramularia carthami. 131. VEM 11 * Conidiophores and conidia fran lesions of £. sesami Other diseases observed on sesame were powdery mil on sesame were measured during dry and rainy- seasons dew (Oidium sp.) and stem rot (Macrophomina pha respectively. The fruiting structures were found to seoli). be 50 to 150% longer when produced during rainy season and it was shown that conidia on leaves Corticium exposed to a saturated atroosphere for 3 to 4 days were 30 to 80 percent longer than those from 140. CHAUDHARY, K.C.B. and A.K. SINGH. 1974. Foot undisturbed field lesions collected at the same time. rot disease of sesame (Corticium rolfsii). Sci. &Cult. 40(3):115-116. 134. WOLF, F.A. 1949. Notes on Venezuelan fungi. * During Klnrif sesons of 1972, a severe incidence Lloydia. 12(4):208-219. of foot rot of sesame was observed around Banaras, * Diseases caused by the species of Cercospora are Hindu University Campus. It was noted that disease very prevalent during dry season and wild and cul incidence was widespread in dense crop stand and tivated plants. Sesame may be severely attacked by after heavy rains when the weather was humid and £. sesami, stems, leaves and capsules being affected. wann. Under such circumstances mycelium spread over the surrounding soil infecting host plants if present. On basis of morphological and cultural characters the pathogen has been identified as 135. SmGH, S.A. 1984. Cercoseptoria sesami (Ha Corticium rolfsii Sacc. As far as authors are nsf.) Deighton on sesame.in Manipur. FAO Pl. aware the present CClllllunication, however, Prot. Bull. 32(3):112. constitutes the first record of Corticium folfsii * A severe fonn of leaf spotting on sesame plants parasitizing sesame. intercropped with Phaseolus calcarotus at Kukthar was due to Cercoseptoria sesami not previously recorded 141. YOKOGI, K. 1927. Studies on the Hypochnus in India. diseases of ~- indicum and pathogenicity of its causal organism to rice plants and say beans. Agric. &Hort. 2:487-500. * Cultural studies on Hypochnus centrifuges (Corti 137. KAMAL and S. SmGH. 1976. Wet rot of sesame cium centrifugum), casual organism of white-silk seedlings in India. Sci. &Cult. 42(6):269-270. disease of Sesamum indicum showed that minimum tem * A report of Choanephora cucurbitarum causing severe perature for growth is below 101 , optimum 28'! to 3~ losses in sesamum seedlings in July, 1974. and inaximum 41°C. Sclerotial fonnation is scanty in darkness while the mycelium makes profuse growth under similar conditions. The organism is also Cladasporitlll pathogenic to rice and saybeans. 138. MITI'ER, J.N. and R.N. TAJllIXlll. 1930. The fungus flora of Allahabad. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 9:197. * Cladosporium spp. was recorded on sesamum fran 142. CASTILID, A., D. ~ and L. SUBERO. 1981. Allahabad (U.P.). Us de las pruchas de rangos multples en la canparecion de los porcentajes de infeccion Colletotrichtlll por Corynespora cassiicola en seis variedaches de ajonjoli X Jornadas. Agronanicas. San 139. Mml'A, P.R. 1951. Observations on new and Cristabal. known diseases of crop plants of U.P. Plant * CQnparative evaluations of sesame susceptibility Prot. Bull. 3(2):7-12. to C. cassiicola. * Til (sesame) anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) aff ected 10 to 12 percent of early sown plants at Re 143. ELLIS, M.B. 1957. Sane species of Corynes search Fann, Kanpur, where as on the late sown crop pog. Mycological paper No. 40 Ccmoon-wealth disease was ·negligible. oval or elliptical, water Mycological Institute, Kew, Survey, England. soaked lesions on stem or leaf axis are character * Species of Corynespora are described. istic of this disease. As the spots do not encircle the stem canpletely longitudinal streaks of dead 144. ELLIS, M.B. and P. HOLLIDAY. 1971. Corynes tissue are fanned, sanetimes running the whole length pora cassiicola. Comroon wealth Mycol. Inst. of the stem and involvi.ng the fruiting branches. Descr. Pathog. Fungi. Bact. 303:2 pp. 12 * Corynespora cassiicola is characterised. Vitro. Indian J. Microbial. 9(1-2):29-30. * Of the 9 fungicides tested against £. cassiicola 145. KANG, C.W., B.H. CHOI and J.I.. LEE. 1985. from sesame Antracol at 1500 p:i;:an and CU Sandoz and Optimum spraying times of Benanyl 50 WP {Met Cereasan wet at 2000 Plll1 canpletely inhibited gro hyl-1-1-Butyl carbamoyl-2-benzidazole carba wth. mate) for sesame leaf blight. Sesame & Saf flower Newsletter. 1:39. 153. STONE, W.J. and J.P. .J~. 1960. * Three sprays of benanyl 50% WP @ 1.2 t/ha. of Corynespora blight of sesame. 15,000 x at 10 days intervals was IOC>St effective for Phytopathology. 50 (4).: 263-265. the control of sesame blight caused by Co:cynespora * Defoliation and death of sesame of the Miss. Aa cassiicda in Korea with 15% higher yields. ric. Exp. Sta., Stoneville in autumn 1958 was shown to be caused by C. cassiicola. Crops. inocW.ation 146. MJHAN'IY, V.N. and N.N. :ooHANTY. 1955. Target to and fran ~ was succe5Sful but the conidia spot of tanato. Sci. &CUlt. 27(6):330-332. of both the isolates were sane-what broader on * Corynespora cassiicola was isolated fran leaf spots sesame {10.02-10.06u against 8.26-8.93u). '!be on sesame. fungus was carried both on and within the seed of both the hosts. 147. PA'l'OO, H.C. 1967. Diseases of oleiaginous annuals in Colanbia. Agricultura Crop. 23(8) 154. SUBERO, L.J. _1975. A new pathogen of sesame :532-539. {Sesamum indicum} .in Venezuela. Corynespora * Symptan.s are described of Cercospora sesami, cassiicola {Berk & Curt.} Wei. Nuevo Cornespora cassiicola and wilt on sesame, seed and pathogeno del ajonjoli {Sesamum indicum} on seedling rot. Venezuela. Corynespora cassiicola {Berk & Curt} Wei Revista ia faculted due Agronania 148. SAKSENA, H.K. and D.V. SINGH. 1975. Universided Central de Venezuela. 8(4):141- Corynespora blight of sesame·in India. Indian 144. J. Fann. Sci. 3:95-99. * Severe blight, as causing extensive spots on *Premature defoliation anddeath of blighted sesame leaves, capsules and stems at flowering and leading plants caused by £. cassiicola is described for the to defoliation was observed in experimental plots first time in India. in periods with continual rain and high pH. £. cassiic0la was consistently located fran diseased 149. SEAMAN, W.L., R.A. SHOEMAKER and E.R. PEI'ERSOO. tissues. 1965. Pathogenicity of Corynespora cassiicola on soybean. Can. J. Bot. 43(11):1461-1469. 155. WEI, C.T. 1950. Notes on Corynespora. * In glass house tests leaves of sesame ·became in Mycological Paper No. 34, CaIIOOil wealth, fected with £. cassiicola isolate fran soybean. Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. * Corynespora on sesame is described. 150. SHUKLA, B.N. and S.C. VYAS. 1977. Two new diseases of sesamum {Sesamum indicum L.) • JN 156. YADAV, R.N., P. SHUKLA and K. DWIVEDI~ 1986. 'K!IV. Res. J. 11(1/2):142-143. Detection of amino acid in Corynespora blight * Target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola pro of sesame {Sesamum indicum L.) • Indian. J. duced purple brown specks to large spots on leaves Mycol. &Pl. Pathol. 16(2):182~ and stem. ~aves curl and defoliate. Circular to elongated sunken spots on pods. Seeds turn dark brown. 157. ~- 1967. Report of the second ses 151. SHUKLA, P., R.N. YADAV and K. DWIVEDI. 1987. . sion of the Near East Plant Protection canmi studies on perpetuation of Corynespora blight ssion, FAO, held at Tripoli, Libya, 6-13, for of sesame. Indian J. Plant Pathol. 5(1) :10-13. the year 1967. * Sesame blight caused by Corynespora cassiicola * In Saudi Arabia Cylindrosporium sesami on sesame perpetuates through seed, soil and diseased plant was connoon besides other diseases on cultivated debris (for ten months). plants. 152. SINGH, S.B. 1 B.S. BIAS., D.R. SINGH and D.V. 158. FARR. M.L. 1961. :rtrcological notes. II. SINGH. 1969. Effect of fungicides against ~ texa, synonyms and records. Amer.- Midl. Corynespora cassiicola (Berk & Curt) Wei. in Nat. 66(2):355-362. 13 * Fran Cambodia a new sp. , Didymella minuta Farr. on canpared with those caused by other sesame patho sesame leaves is described and Cylindrosporitun sesami gens. Spots are confined to the leaves, irregular, is recorded on the same host, probably for the first angular, sharply defined. Often adjacent to veins time in Asia. unifonnly dirty brown, sane what lighter on under sides, 2-10 mm diameter ntunerous and sanetimes mer 159. HANSFORD, C.G. 1938. Annual report of the ging. Occurence, distribution and morphology of ~ Plant Pathologist, 1936. Rep. Deptt. Agric. sesami are discussed. Uganda, 1936-1937 (III):43~49. * eylindrosporitun sesami n. sp. with dark reddish 164. SILVA, G.S. and G.S. MEl:D. 1976. Angular brown spots was recorded. spot of sesame in the state of Mararhao. Fi topatologia 11:31. 160. HANSFORD, C.G. 1943. Contributions towards * Cylindrosporium sesami causing angular leaf spot the fungus flora of Uganda. V. Fungi of sesame was recorded. Imperfecti. Proc. Linn, Soc. I.oodon 155th session (1942-1943). 1:39. 165. VISHNAV, M.U., A.M. PARKHIA, I.U. DHRUJ, J .H. * eylindrosporitun on sesame was reported fran Uganda. ANDHARIA and G.B. LAKHANI. 1985. A new leaf spot of sesamtun. Indian Phytopath. 38(1) :189. 161. MALAGUTI, G. and A. CICCAROOE. 1966. * A severe leaf spot disease of sesamum caused by Importance of brown angular leaf spot of sesame eylindrosporium sesami Hansford was observed in caused by Cylindrosporitun sesami in Venezuela. Savrastra region of Gujrat State during Kharif Sixth Annual meeting of the Carihbean Division 1983-84. '!he disease appears as small irrigular of the American Phyto-pathological Society, slight yellowish spots at first, later on becaning Maracacy, Venezuela. Phytopathology. 57(1):7- necrotic dark brown and measured 5 to 15 nun. As 10. the disease advanced, the spots coalesced to fonn * This severe leaf spot of sesamum characterized by irregular dark brown necrotic lesions resulting in brown spots 2-20 nm diameter iri the vienal areas, leaf blight symptans. Bud necrosis appears under sanetimes coalescing into large necrotic areas but humid conditions. Acervuli can be observed on both only rarely on stems or capsules is a limiting factor surfaces of leaves. during rainy season. Vars. Aceitera, Acarigua and ·Venezuela 52 were affected in all sesame-growing regions. Infection by ~- sesame is sanetimes also associated with white round spot (Cercosp:>ra sesami) 166. KRISHNASWAMI, S., A. VEM 14 control of powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf 1953. Fusarium wilt on sesame. Plant Dis. spot of sesamum. In proceedings of National Reptr. 37(2):77-78. Seminar on management of diseases of oilseed * Sesame wilt, caused by a species of Fusarium was crops, Madurai, India, Tamil Nadu Agricultural observed in 1948 on a plantation in S. Georgia. In University:76-77. inoculation experiments .most of the varieties and * All 17 fungicides tested controlled powdery mildew breeding lines tested proved suseeptible with the (Erysiphe cichoracearum.) by Bayleton (triadimefon) exception of Singrongna which was highly resistant. and Baycor (bilaxazol). Triadimefon perfonned best. The sesame Fusarium could not be differentiated Calixin (tridaoorph) gave best control of Cercospora fran ~- vasinfectum morphologically or culturally sesami. Highest yields, however, were recorded . in but was quite distinct fran pathogenicity, failing Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) treated plots. to cause wilting of any other plant inoculated. Fusarium isolates fran 10 other hosts did not 169. REDDY, D.B. 1971. outbreaks of pests and attack sesame. It is suggested that the use of the diseases and new records. Quarterly Newsle names :r. vasinfectum and Fusarium vasinfectum var. tter, Plant Prat. Camnittee for the South F.ast sesami for the sesame fungus is misleading and Asia and Pacific Region, FAO: 14(3/4):5-15. should be discontinued. * The diseases of econanic crops reported in '111ai land was Erysiphe cichoracearum. on sesame. 175. BALAKlJMAR., M.S. and N. SHllNMUGAM. 1983. Studies an fusarial wilt of sesamum. Fusar:i.1111 (Fasarium axysporum f~ sp. sesami on sesame). In Proceedings of the National Seminar on 170. ABD-EL. GIWW, A.K. I M. EZZ EL-REFEL. I M.R. management of diseases of oilseed crops. BllCIIlT and T. EL-YAMA. 1970. Studies on root Madurai, India, Tamil Nadu Agricultural rot wilt disease of sesame. Agric. Res. Rev. , University:73-76. Cairo. 48 (3) :85-99. * Wilt of sesamum caused by Fusarium axysporum f. * Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and sp. sesami was found to be soil borne and not tiumbataticola (Macrophomina phaseolina) were seedborne. 'lbe toxin produced by the pathogen was isolated fran diseased plants. Infection tests identified as Fusaric acid. showed that vars. Introduction 51, Shar.kya 57, 62 and 203 and especially Shar.kya 79 were least 176. BANIHASHEMI, z. 1982. Fusarium wilt of susceptible. High soil moisture levels due to sesamum in Iran. Iranian J. Plant Pathology. frequent irrigation increased infection. 'lbe best 17(1/4):32-33. yields were obtained with irrigation every two we * The occurence of Fusarium axysporum f. sp. sesami eks. on sesame plants with symptans of yellowing and wilt in the Busher area is a new record. 171 •. AIOM«XIS. 1968. Phytopatologia, Santa catalina. Portoviejo, Pichilingue. (Phyto lTI. BARCOO\S, V.c. 1962. Diseases of groundnut pathology Santa. catalina, Portoviejo, Pichil and sesame in Tolima State. Bot. Nat. Inst. ingue) infone Inst. Nae. Investnes Agropec., Fan. Algod. (Bogota). 3(11):1-2. F.cuador. 1967:98-101, 139:76-178. * Wilt (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia spp.), bacterial * The sesame vars. Aceitera introducida and Oro were wilt (pathogen unspecified) and brown leaf spot the least susceptible to Fusarium sp. (Cercospora sp.) of sesame were identified. 172. ARMSTROOG, G.M. 1954. New locations for 178. BHARGAVA, S.N. I D.N. SHUKLA., R.S. PANDEY and Fusarium wilt of sesame. Plant Dist. Reptr. D.V.S. KHAT!. 1981. New seedling rot of 38:57. pigeon pea and sesame (Fusarium equiseti) • * Fusarium wilt of sesamum was recorded. Acta Bot. Indica. 9(1):131. * During survey of diseases of pulses and oil 173. ARMSTRCWG, J.K. and G.M. ARMSTRCWG. 1950. A crops, in and around Allahabad, two new seedling Fusarium wilt of sesame in the United States. rots of sesamum were observed. Pathogenicity tests Phytopathology. 40:785. were perfonned and seedling of sesame showed brown * A Fusarium wilt of sesame was found in South to black discoloration at the basal portion. Both Georgia in 1948. . Varieties were screened against pre and post emergence damping off was observed. wilt pathogen for sources of resistance. Preemergence rot was as high as up to 40 to 60%. Seedlings killed at early stage were generally ne 174. ARMSTRONG, JOANNE, K. and G.M. ARMSTRCWG. crotic and CCiOIIOOly covered with profuse fungal 15 growth. specialized strains of F\isarium vasinfectum, the American cotton wilt organism. 179. BHARGAVA, S.N., D.N. SHUKLA, R.S. PANDEY and D.V.S. KHAT!. 1981. Sane new root rot and 185. CASTELLANI, E. 1950. Wilt of sesame. seedling blight diseases of pulses and oil Olearia 1-2:14. crops caused by F\isarium solani. Acta Bot. * In sl.llTl!ner of 1947, sesame plants growing at Flo Indica. 9(1):127-128. rence developed wilt and tranchecrnycosis. The * During a survey of the diseases of pulses and oil bottan leaves turned yellow, dropped and withered crops in and around Allahabad (India) a seedling then. The leaves above becane affected and top of blight of sesamum caused by r. solani (Mart.) Sacc. stem dried JP and beat over. A brown discoloration was observed. was present in ·wood and extended fran root to the apex. A strain of F\isarium oxysp:>rum present in 180. BHARGAVA, S.N. D.N. SHUKLA and N. SlNGH. 1978. infected material was demonstrated by inoculation Two new foot-rot diseases. Nat. Acad. Sci. experiments to be specific to sesame . and is letters. 1(4):123. therefore regarded as a new fonn r. oxysporum f. * Notes are given on the incidence and symptans of r. sesami. Artificial infection experiments showed solani on sesame. that the 100St severe attacks occured in sterilized soil and that the organism is carried on and in 181. BREMER, H. 1944. 184. BUTLER, E.J. 1926. The wilt disease of cotton 188. OOYAL, S.N., S.M. JANI and P.K. PATEL. 1980. and sesamum in India. Agric. J. India. Screening of sesamum gennplasm for resistance 22(4):268-273. to F\isarium wilt (F\isarium vasinfectum var. * A detailed description is given of artificial sesami). Gujarat Agric. Univ. Res. Journ. inoculation of seedlings of both the hosts with 5(2):52-53. organisms isolated fran wilted plants, the results of * The reactions of 206 local and wild sesame cvs. which together with the ioorphological and cultural to infection by F\isarium vasinfectum var. sesami features of the pathogens lead the author to consider er. oxysp:>rum) are presented,,only 3 were tolerant. that the wilt producing fwigi attacking cotton, sesame and pigeon pea (cajanus indicus) in India are 189. HANSroRD, C.G. 1932. Armual Report of the 16 Mycologist. Ann. Rept. Dept. of Agric. Uganda * A first report for Venezuela of a sesame wilt for the year ended 31st December, 1931:59-60. caused by Fusaril.lln sp. with symptans similar to * The report included Fusaril.lln wilt of sesam\.llU along those of such wilts in other plants. Incidence was with others. related to ambient conditions, the disease occurred 190. HANSFORD, C.G. 1939. Report of the senior when the water content of the soil was 17-27% of Plant Pathologist. Rep. Dept. Agric. Uganda the dry weight. Nematodes, high air temperatures for the year 1937-38 (Part II):20-25. by day and low by night and high soil temperatures * During the period under review preliminary cross to a depth of 5-10 cm during dry periods increased inoculation studies were carried out in Uganda with its incidence. cultures of Verticillil.lln dahliae and nmnerous spec ies of Fusaril.lln associated with wilt diseases of 196. MALAGIJIT, G. and B. MAZZANI. 1962. Fusaril.lln sesamum. axysporl.lln f. sesami causante de la marchitez del Ajonjoli. Agron. Trop., Maracacy. 11(4) :- 191. JOFFE, A.Z. and J. PALTI. 1964. The occu 217-219. rance of Fusaril.lln species in Israel. A first * The fungus has now been identified. Three mor leaf of Fusaria iscilated fran field crops. phological strains described showed similar patho Phytopath. Mediterranea. 3 (I) : 57-58. genic behaviour. * On the nine Fusaril.lln spp. identified in 79 iso lates fran soil and plant material in association 197. PARK, J.S. 1963. Effects of nitrogen source with 18 different hosts, r. axysporl.lln (23 isolates) and rate of the growth of the sesame-wilt and r_. solani (27) were 100St prevalent and affected fungus Fusaril.lln axysponn f. sp. Vasinfectl.lln hosts on many soils. Both the r_. solani and f. (Atk) Synder et Hansen. J. Plant Prot., Korea.· axysponn groups were associated with a serious wilt 2:16-21. of sesame. * Different sources and rates of N had a marked effect on the growth of Fusaril.lln axysporl.lln f. sp. 192. KANG, C.W., B.H. CHOI and J.I. LEE. 1985. vasinfectl.lln and or f. sp. sesami the caraoon cause Effects of oxydong 50% WP (Bis-8-quinolin 17 1965. Reaction of sesame to Fusarium wilt in cotton and likewise due to Fusarium vasinf ectum. South Carolina. Plant Dis. Reptr. 49(5):383- 385. 206. SOIDVERA, A.I. and T. MADUMAROV. 1969. Fea * Sane of the 568 strains and vars. grown during tures of morphological cbaracters of [. ~ 1961-64 on wilt infected soil were resistant to sporum fonns. Mikoli. Fitopatol. 3 (4) :342- Fusarium axyspon.nn f. sp. sesami in every year except 345. 1964 when there was a severe epidemic but reactions * All the eight fonns of [. oxysporum examined sho were inconsistent. Data are tabulated. wed mostly similar cultural and morphological fea tures on potato and acid potato agar, differing 201. SEARS, R.D. and S.A. WINGARD. 1951. Fusarium sanewhat in the size of the macroconidia. Those wilt of sesamum at Charlotte Court House, Vir causing cotton, sesame and aster wilt fanned micro- ginia in 1950. Plant Dis. Reptr. 35:173. conidia only in aerial mycelium. On agar (with the * Fusarium wilt of sesamum was reported fran exeption of [. oxysporum f. sp. dahliae developing Virginia. pionnotes) all fonns showed very few macroconidia. 202. SELIM, A.K., M.S. SERRY., M.M. SAT 205. SNELL, K. 1923. Contributions to a knowledge 210. VIRK, K.S. and P.D. GEMAWAT. 1982. of parastic fungus. Diseases of cultivated Physiological studies on Fusarium axysporum f. plants in FQypt and their control. Angew Bot. sesami causing wilt of sesame. Indian J. 5(3):121-131. Mycol. &Plant Path. II (2):282-285. * Sesame plants sul:lnitted for inspection were found * No relationship was observed between the in vitro to be .attacked by a wilt disease resembling that of growth of different isolates of the pathogen and 18 behaviour on the host. lesions range fran small flecks to large, sunken dark· brown spots 10 by 40 nm sanetimes coalescing. 21.1. VIRK, K.S. and P.D. GEMAWAT. 1982. Evaluation Small spots may appear at the base of the capsule. of varieties of sesamum for resistance to Leaf lesions vary fran sinall (l nm diameter} to Fusarium wilt. Indian J. Mycol. & Plant Path. large and elongated (2 to 20 nm) and if extensive 11(2):291. cause premature defoliation. * Varieties and exotic collections (40) were grown in the field for two years and infection by~- axysponim 218. REINKING, O.A. 1918. Philippine econanic f. sp. sesami was noted. Ten varieties were resis plant diseases. Phillippine J. Sci. 13:165- tant (0-5%) wilt. 216. * Helminthosporium on sesame fran Phillippines is 212. VIRK, K.S. and P.D. GEW.WAT. 1983. Production recorded along With others. of pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by Fusarium axysporum f. sesami. Indian J. 219. REINKING, O.A. 1919. Diseases of econanic Mycol. Pl. Patho. 13(3):357-359. plants in southern China. Philippine Agric. * All the three isolates (1, 3 and 5) produced PG, 8:109-135. PGI'E, PI'E and ex in vitro. The enzymatic activity in * Helminthosporium on sesame fran China is re-' vivo was variable aioong the wilted plants differing corded. in disease intensity. Pectinolytic enzyme activity was 10C1re in plants with low wilt intensity. 220. SACCAROO, P.A. 1917. Helminthosporium sesamum. Notae Mycol. 23:91. 213. WANGIKAR, P.D. and R.V. KODMELWAR. 1979. * Helminthosporium on sesamum was recorded and des Screening of various fwigicides against cribed. Asperaillus niger (Seedling blight of groundnut) and Fusarium axysporum f. sesami 221.. STOOE, W.J. 1959. Sesame blight caused by (Wilt of sesame). Pesticides. 11(2):41-'42. Helminthosporium sesami. Phytopathology. * Results of in vitro tests are presented. (12):815-817. * In further studies at College Station, Texas, Bel.mintbaspori.1111 (Drechslera) heavy infection of plants 7-21 days old sprayed with a culture suspension was obtained after 60-72 214. MmDOO. R. 1940. Fstudio sobre on dano hours at 100% R.H. and about 30lC. Older plants fwigoso del ajonjoli in Costa Rica. Bol. Cent. were IOClre tolerant of infection which was maximum Nae. Agric. San Pedro (casta Rica). 5(9/12):- with 7-days old cultures. N alone or with Ca each 426-432. added to the soil {an infertile sand) at 40 lb/acre * Helminthosporium sesami in sesame was recorded fran caused by. greate increase in infection, the level Costa Rica. was also high with Ca alone or no fertilizer. K and P alone and the latter with Ca reduced 215. MIT.AKE, J. 1912. Studies on Chinese fwigi. infection. Of 267 sesame lines screened only 14 Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 26.64 showed any degree to tolerance of disease under * Helminthosporium sesami on sesamum was described greenhouse conditions. fran China. 222. 'lfilPATHI, S.K., S.C. VYAS, K.V.V. PRASAD and 216. PARISI, ROSA. 1933. Second contribution to M.N. KHARE. 1984. Leaf spot disease of the Mycology of Soluthern Italy. Bull. Orto. sesamum~ Indian Phytopath. 37:373. Bot R. Univ. Napoli. 10:155-175. * Leaf spot disease of sesamum caused by Drechslera * In Southern Italy, out of 51 new fwigi recorded state of Cochiliabolous specifer Nelson was Helminthosporium sesami on Sesamum·was one of them. observed at Jabalpur (M.P.) in August-September, 1982. The disease started with a pale yellow area 217. POOLE, D.D. 1956. Aerial stem rot of sesame at the tip of leaf lamina which developed into a caused by Hel.minthosporium sesami in Texas. blackish brown lesion. The lesion developed in the Plant Dis. Reptr. 40(3):235. form of V-shaped chlorotic zone towards the * Helminthosporium sesami caused an aerial stem rot petiole, gradually increased in size and gave of sesame plants of the newly introduced Venezuelan blighted appearance. The extent · of disease variety Guacare growing in a breeding nursery near incidence was around 10-20 per cent. '!he disease College station, Texas, in 1954. The disease is a is favoured by high humidity and temperature. The new record for this host in United States. The stem plants start drying from tip towards the base. 19 223. WALLACE, G.B. 1933. Report of the Mycologist. rot associated with discoloration of infected Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. Tanganyika Territory, tissues due to sclerotial fonnation. Seeds of in 1932:76-80. fected plants carry the funqus on and inside the * The most destructive diseases of sesame were a leaf testa as sclerotia and stromatic mycelium. Infect cur1 probably causd by a v"irus and a bacterial dis ed and heal thy seeds were indistinguishable. ease affecting the stems, branches and leaves. Two Nonna! germination occured at first in infected leaf fungi attacking this host are an Oospora and a seed but seedling deterioration followed and pyc Helminthosporium provi.sionally referred to [. ~ nidia were abundant. sporum subsp. jav11Ilicum. 228. ABIXXJ, Y.A., S.A EL-HASSAN., and H.K. ABBAS. 224. WATANABE, K. 1950. Leaf blotch of sesame. 1980. Effects of exudation fran sesame seeds Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. II{2):57-65. and seedlings on sclerotial gennination and * Leaf blotch of sesame caused by Helminthosporium Ilitcelium behaviour of Macrophanina phaseoli, sesami affects the leaves, petioles, stems and pods the cause of sclerotial wilt in the soil. of seedling plants. The conidiophores measure 105 to Agric. Res. Rev. 57{2): 167-174. 337.5 (averaae 1941 u long by 5 to 10 (averaae 7.11) * Macrophanina phaseoli sclerotia remained donnant u wide, with 2 to 9 septa and conidia 27 .5 to 267.5 in soil treated only with distilled water in the {averaae 102.9) u bY 5 to 17 .5 {average 15.03) u with absence of the host. The presence of germinating 3 to 20 septa (averaae 8. 77). The fungus grew sesame seeds and seedlings stimulated normal readily on various media at an optimum temp. of sclerotial germination and attraction of developing between 27- and 30lC at pH 0.6. In culture conidia mycelium to host roots. Infection cushions and measured on an averaae 100.2 by 10.66 u at 230lC and appressoria were also fonned prior to infection. 88. 7 by 10.46 u at 3?-C. Pathogenicity to sesame was Remnants of PDA in soil stimulated limited daoonstrated in inoculation experiments. Hot water sclerotial germination without subsequent treatment has proved effective in disinfecting develoi:mient or infection. The results suggest that contaminated seed. sclerotial germination and behaviour depended on nutrients. I.eveill.ul.a 229. AL-ANI, H. Y. , R.M.NATOOR. and D.H. EL-EEHADLI. 225. GR14NITI, A. 1958. Phytopathological notes. 1970. Charcoal rot of sesame in Iraq. III. Mildew (Leveillula taurica) (lev.) Am. Phytopath. Mediterranea. 9(1): 50-53. on sesame in Sicily. Riv. Agric. SUbtrop. * Sclerotium bataticola {Macrophanina phaseoli) 52(7-9):410-418. causes serious infection of sesame at all staaes of * In 1954 sesame was attacked for the first time in growth. None of the 22 vars. tested was resistant. Sicily by powdery mildew{!:!_. taurica). Bianetrical Temperatures of 30-350 C favoured fungal growth. data and inoculation tests on other camoon hosts appeared to confirm the eld.stance of specialized 230. AL-BELDAWI, A.S., H.M.SHAIK-REDDY. and M.H. strains of the fungus. AL-HASIIDll. 1973. Studies on the control of charcoal rot of sesame with benanyl. 226. PARRA, R., E.J., A.M. NASS and H.C. DIAZ Phytopath. Mediterranea. 12:83-86. POLANCO. 1976. Wooly IOOU.ld of sesame in * In glass house experiments benanyl was absorbed Venezuela. 1. Aetiology of the disease. by sesame roots and translocated to the stem, where Agron. Trop. 26(5):457-462. it prevented Macrophanina phaseoli previously added * Leveillula taurica was shown to be the pathogen on to the soil, fran attacking the plant. Significant sesame. Observations on the ioorphology of the fungus control was obtained even at 0. 3% .benlate/pot. No and conidial germination are reported. phytotox:ic effects were obtained. . 231. ASHBY, S.F. 1927. Macrophanina phaseoli (Maubl) Canb. now. the pycnidial stage of 2.27. ABDCXI, Y.A., S.A. EL-HASSAN., and H.K. ABBAS. Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub) Bult. Trans. 1980. Seed transmission and pycnidial Brit. Mycol. Soc. 12(2-3): 141-147. formation in sesame wilt disease caused by * As a result of careful morphological and cultural Yiacrophcmina phaseoli (Maubl) Ashby. Agric. canparison of material, Macrophanina fran a dry Res. Rev. 57(2):63-69. fruit of sesame from Uganda, is identical with * Macrophanina phaseoli is a destructive pathogen of sclerotial fungus, Rhizoctonia bataticola. He sesame in Iraq, causing typical wilt with dry root agrees with Petark's suggestion that pycnidial . 20 fonns devoid of stroma and wi.th long thin-:-Walled tetragonoloba) and Moth (Phaseolus aconitifolius) elliptical spores that remain hyaline & continous showed reduction in root and stem rot of sesamum. should be included is latter's genus Macrophanina. 237. DUBE, H.C. and H.N. GOOR. 1976. Extra cel 232. BARTARIA, A.M. 1984. Effect of fungicides on lular pectic enzymes of Macrophanina phaseoli production of extracellular enzyme by na the incitant of root rot of Sesamum ind Macrophanina phaseolina. Indian Phytopath. icum. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India B~41(6): 37:418 (Abst.) 576-579. * The fungicides like blitax, Dithane Z-78, Dithane * The In vitro extra cellular pectic enzymes produ M-45, CUman and DelOOsan tested for their effect on ced .by ~- phaseolina causing root-rot disease of the activi.ty of cellulose, polygalacturonase (PG) and Sesamum was studied on Richard's solution contain pectic methyl galacturonase (PMG) were. effective in ing sucrose, Richards solution. containing pectin reducing the enzyme activity in vitro at 500 p:i;:m. and potato-pectin medium. The fungus produced an Blitax, ctnDan and daoosan act by means of inhibit endo pectin lyase constitutively when sucrose serv ing/inactivating the productions of extracellular ed as sole-carbon source. On Richards solution enzymes which play key role in pathogensis. containg pectin, endo-pectate and endo-pectin lyas es were detectable simultaneously in 7-days old 233. BARTARIA, A.M. 1985. Histopathological studies culture filtrate •. The 14 days old culture filtrate of sesame plants infected with Macrophanina showed the presence of endo-PMG and endo-pectate phaseolina. Indian Phytopath. 38(Abst): 602. lyase enzymes. An endo PG was detectable in 7-days * Histopathological studies of sesame plants revealed old culture on potato pectin medium. that the fungus Macrophanina phaseolina colonized the host surface in the hypocotyl region, penetrated the 238. EL-DEEB, A.A., A.A.BILAL., I.A.- RADWAN., A.A. host by forming infection cushions and then pegs. ALI. and H.A. :ooHllMED. 1985. Varietal reac The fungus employed both mechanical as well as bio tion and Wilt diseases of sesame. Ann. Agric. chemical roode of infection. Sci. Moshtohor. 23(2):713-721. * evs. Giza-25, Giza-24, I.ocal-78 and local 96 were 234. BHARGAVA, S.N. 1965. Studies on the charcoal susceptible to Macrophanina phaseolina, rot of potato. Phytopath. Z.53 (1): 35-44. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. * Hosts determined by inoculation with Macrophanina sesami and Verticillium albo-atrum. Benanyl (5 g/kg. phaseoli included sesame along with others. Injury seed) used as seed dressing canbined with or. was necessazy. without chlorothaonil or dicloran (5 kg/feddan) as soil treatment was superior to all others in 235. COOK, A.A. 1955. Charcoal rot of castor bean controlling sesame diseases. in the United States. Plant Dis. Reptr. 39(3):233-235. 239. EL-SHAMMA, W.S. 1976. Reaction of different Charcoal rot (Sclerotium bataticola) !'.!_. phascoli fran sesame varieties and seeding dates to charcoal castor also infected sesame when inoculated with rot (Sclerotium bataticola (Taub.) Iraq. J. needle injury. Agric. Sci. 11:200-207. * Natural infection {by ~- phaseolina) on local 236. DAFl'ARI, L.N. and O.P.VERMA. 1975. An integ vars. in Iraq was studied in 1968-69. Red sesame rated approach to control the root and stem rot had the highest yield and the lowest percentage of of sesamum caused by Macrophanina phaseoli. infection at all 3, seeding dates. For all vars. Presented in Symposium on Plant disease there was a significant negative correlation problems organized by Society of Mycology and between seed yield and percentage of infection. Plant Pathology, September 18-20th, Udaipur, India. 240. GEMAWAT, F .D. and O.P. VERMA. 1971. Diseases * Benlate, Tillex and Vitavax were most effective . of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) in Rajasthan, fungicides in checking the mycelial growth of a note on the control of charcoal rot. Madras Macrophanina phaseoli. Vi tavax as a seed dresser was agric. J. 58:321-323. most efficacious in controlling the disease in pot * Effect of fonnalin, sesamum cake, groundnut cake, E:A"P0riment. Varieties M-3-1, G-5, ES-89 and mustard cake and fai11!Yard manure on the incidence TC-66 were tolerant, whereas ES 21 was most suscep of Macrophanina phaseoli infection of sesamum were tible to the disease. Sesamum when sown as_ mixed investigated under artificial conditions in pots. crop with Urd (Phaseolus ™9. L.), Cow-pea (Vigna Addition·of mustard cake to infested soil was found sinensis), Moong (Phaseolus aureus), Guar (Cyamopsis to be most effective in reducing Macrophanina 21 phaseoli infection in sesmum plants. It gave 16.6% ostiole and pycnidiospore and its signi infection as against 83.3% in control. ficance. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 36(3-4) :311- 321. 241.. G.EMAWAT, P.D. and O.P.VERMA. 1974. Root and * Pycnidia were obtained by inoculating sesame iso stem rot of Sesamum in Rajasthan. Evaluation of lates on their respective host and on Leonian' s varieties (Macrophomina phaseolina) . Indian J. medium. Significant differences in the characters Mycol. & Plant Path. 4 (1) : 76-77. measured were f owid among the isolates and were de * Among the 53 varieties and collections grow"'Il for pendent upon the substrate upon which pycnidia were three seasons, 5 were · canpletely free fran the produced. Delimitation of vars. of H_. phaseoli on disease, 8 were tolerant, 19 were IOOderately tolerant the basis of measurements made on the alternative and the rest were susecptible. hosts is therefore considered invalid. 247. KULKARNI, N.B. I B.C.PATIL. and L. AHMED. 2.42. GCMALEZ, M.C. and M.L. SUBERO. 1984. 1966~ Studies on the pycnidial formation· by Influencia de Macrophanina phaseolina (Tassi) Macrophanina phaseoli (Maubl, Ashby). Deve Goid en la genninacion de la semi.Ila y loJ;illent of pycnidia and pycnidiospores. desarrollo de las plantulas de ajonjoli Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 28(4) :337-341. (Sesamum .incidum L.) UCV, Agronomia, Maracay * DeveloJ;illent of isolates fran sesame and other oil lera. MeMorias de Trabajos de Grado crops is described. (Resumenes). * Sesame seed gennination and seedling grow.ing as 248. LEE, J.I., S.T.LEE., C.W.KANG., S.G. OH., influenced by !i· phaseoli. N.S. SEXl'lG. and Y.S. HAM. 1985. A new disease - resistant and high yielding sesame 243. JAIN, A.C. and S.N. KULKARNI. 1965. Root and variety Ansanggae. Res. Rep. RDA. Korea. stem rot of sesamum. Indian Oilseeds J. Crops. 27(2):199-202. 9(3):201-203. * Variety Ansanggae was resistant to seedling * In Madhya Pradesh (Macrophanina phaseoli) remained blight, root rot and wilt diseases of sesame in viable in the soil during the severe SUililler heat, Korea. grew best in the lab at 25-3SoC with maximum, sclerotial production at 350 C and caused oore disease 249. LIKHITE, V.N. 1936. Host range of the Gujrat at 100% than at 60% soil ooisture holding capacity. cotton root rot. Proc. Ass. F.con. Biol. It is concluded that the disease may be minimised by Coimbatore. 3:18-20. lowering the soil temperature and ensuring proper * A field test carried out in Baroda showed the drainage. Of 13 sesame vars. tested St-58 and sesame plants as one of the hosts. Gwal.ior-5 were JOOSt resistant. 250. MAURER, A.R. 1955. Annual Report of the 244. KHAN, A.L. I G.A. FAKIR and M.J. THIRUMALACHAR. Department of Agriculture of the Northern 1977. <=anparative Pathogenicity of two strains Region of Nigeria, 1952-53-76. of Macrophanina phaseolina fran sesame. * A wilt of benniseed (sesame) . was tentatively Bangladesh J. Bot. 5 {1/2} : 77-81. assigned to Macrophanina phaseoli. * In seedling pot-tests sesame was the oost susceptible to the test hosts to the two strains. 251. MAZZANI, B., C. NAVA., A. MARTINEZ. and A. 'Ihe pycnidial ~tructure was more pathogenic than the LAYRISSE. 1973. Masporal, a new variety of sclerotial one. sesame for the Western IJ.anos. Agron. Trop. 23(5):495-500. 245. KUU 22 phaseolina) and F\tsarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami w-as indicum. Indian Phytopath. 24(3) :559-562. obtained by backcrossing with the African var. Ajim * Polygal.acturonase w-as produced by!!· phaseoli (!!. Atar 55 resistant to Phytophthora and Macrophomina. phaseolina) in vi.tro and in vi.v-o. The yield and vegetative characteristics of the new var. resemble those of the orginal Aceitera which is 259. RODRIGUE'l, M. and C.ZAMBROO. 1985. Studies resistant to F\tsarium. on relationships bet-ween Macrophcmina phaseo li (Maubl.) (Ashby) and sesame (Sesamum in 253. MEIR.I, ALIZA. and Z. SOLEL. 1963. Transmission dicum L.) in Venezuela. Sesame & Safflower of charcoal rot by sesame seed. Phytopath. Newsletter. 1:36. Mediterranea. 2(2):90-92. * !1_. phaseoli is an :important pathcigen in the regi * EKperiments using the ccmnercial sesame var. Renner on. The disease develoJllleilt is affected by plant 15 deocmstrated that Sclerotium bataticola age, soil humidity and temperature. Benlate and (Macrophanina phaseoli) to which· this var. is Ver':! captan were effecient in inhibiting fungal grOffth. susceptible is· seed-borne and a high degree of seed The JOOSt resistant c-vs. to this pathogen were Mapo infection may acco\Ult for the field germination. ral, Arawaca and 439. 254. MIRZA, M.S., B. AKm'AR. I M. ASLAM. and A. 260. SAREJANNI, J.A. and C.B.COR'l'ZAS. 1935. A NAAZAR.. 1986. screening for resistance to note on the parasitism of Macroi;)hanina Macrophanina phaseolina in sesame. Pakistan J. phaseoli (Maubl.). (Ashby). Ann. Inst. Agric. Res. 7(1):44-46. Phytopath. Benaki, Greece, 3:38-44. * In field tests of 40 c-v. grown in artificially * The fungus was in pycnidial stage on sesame. On infested soil in 1986, KI141 and Kl.61 were highly sesame sclerotia measured 45 to 150 u and are resistant. therefore referable to Haigh' s group C. The fungus appears to be identical wi.th that· reported on sesa 255. MISHRA, R.P., B.P. SINGH, and L.K. JOSHI. 1973. me fran the Philippines by a Petrak as !'.!· Pod susceptibility of different varieties of philippinensis. til (Sesamum orieritale) to Macrophaoina phaseoli (Maubl) Ashby. JNKVV Res. J. 7(4) :288- 261. SHUKLA, B.N. and B.P. SINGH. 1974. Effect of 289. f tinQ'icidal seed treatment on Macrophanina * Of 14 vars. tested RT-1 and C50 were rated as root rot of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Indian resistant and N58-2 semi resistant to pod infection J. Mycol. & Plant Path. 3(2): 208-209. by !!· phaseoli (!!. phaseolina) • * Seed treatment with captan (0.3%) gave .the best control of !!· phaseoli (!1_. phascolina) and 256. MITRA, M. 1931. Report of the Imperial Myco increased yield fran 124 to 232 kg/ha. logist. Sci. Repts. Agric. Res. Inst; Pusa, 1929-30: 58-71. 262. SIRRY, A.R. I M.A. AMER., I.S. ELEWA., S.M. * Strains ·of Macrophanina phaseoli frcm sesame were ABDALLAH. and M• .ABD-EL-GAWAD. 1980. Effect also able to infect potato. of P and K fertilizers on the growth and the nutrient contents of sesame plant and their 257. MURUGESAN, M., N.SHANMUGAM., P.P.V. ~., relation to root rot incidence. Agric. Res. A.AROKIARAJ., K.P. DHAMU, and M. KOCHUBABU. Rev. 57(2):29-38. 1978. Statistical assessment of yield loss of * In glass house studies at a higher P level sesamum due to insect-pests and diseases. reduced root rot in plants inoculated with Madras Agric. J. 65(5):290-295. Macrophanina phaseoli (~. phaseolina). Inoculation * The avoidable loss in sesame yield during the with~· phaseolina or Rhizoctonia solani reduced ca roonsoon 1976 and sunnner 1977 Was 110 and 111 kg/ha concentration in tops. respectively. The partial regression coefficients of yield on sesame phyllody (Mycoplasma) and charcoal 263. SUNDARARAMl!N, S. 1931. Administration Report rot (Macrophanina phaseolina} were significant. A 1% of the Mycologist for the year 1929-30:30. increase in the incidence of !!· phaseolina reduce * Cross inoculation experiments showed that three yield by 1. 8 kg. wereas a silllilar increase in the distinct strains of Macrophanina phaseoli occur on incidence of phyllody reduced yield by 8~36 kg. gro\Uldnuts, black gram (~. ~ and gingelly that of ~. munge being the 11DSt vi.rulent and that of 258. PARASHAR, R.D. and D.SURYANARAYANA. 1972. gro\Uldnut the least so. The sclerotia of the Polygal.acturonase activity of Macrophomina fungus were fo\Uld to remain viable at roan temp. phaseoli the incitant of root rot of Sesamum for the period of 54 !OOllths. It was shown by pot 23 culture experiments with sesame that ·wilting is much A.CARRASCO. 1980. Contribution to the study more prevalent in infected soil without a layer of of the inter-relation between the ftingus sand at the oottan of pot than in similar soil with Macrophomina phaseoli (Ashb"t) and sesame one. (Sesa'llUill indicum L.} Second sem.inar school Agro. Univ. Centro accidental Lisandra 264. SUNDARARAMAN, S. 1932. Administration Report Alvarado, F.scuela de Agronomia, Barquisimeto of the Mycologist for the year 1930-31:20. (Venezuela) 53p. * out of a total of 64,567 gingelly plants in a field on central Farm, 23,642 (36.6 percent) showed infec tion by wilt (Macrophanina phaseoli), the yield fran the diseased plants .being only about 43 percent of 271. SINGH, D.B. and H.S. SRIVASTAVA. 1967. A new the nonnal. Soil infection experiments with the leaf spot disease of Sesamum orientale L. fungus gave positive results on black gram (E. caused by Myrothecium roridium Tode ex Fr. wlgaris) and sunflCTw-er, the first two named .being Indian J. Microbiol, 7(1):39-40. most susceptible. * Newly reported on sesame fran India, SymptOOlS and oorphology are described. 265. SUNDARARAMAN, S. 1933. Administration Report of the Mycologist for the year 1931-32:17. * On Czapek' s agar the optimum growth occured .between pH 4. 6 and 6 .2 for the gingelly strain of 272. MOREAU, C. and M.MOREAU. 1950. Neocosmospora Macrophomina phaseoli. vasinfecta . E.F. Smith; Faux. wilt du · Cotonnier. Rev. Mycologie. SUppl. Colon, 266. TRIBHUWAN SINGH. and DALBIR SINGH. 1982. 15(2):5. Transmission of seed-oorne inoculum of * An account is given of Neocosirospora vasinfecta Macrophamina ph.aseolina fran seed to plant. including its geographical distribution, host Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B.91(4):357-370. range, symptOOlS on cotton, morphology, biological * The presence of pathogen was conf inned in infected characters and control. Since the organism can but healthy. looking sesame seedlings. After 8 weeks live as a saprophyte in soil, new plantings should alloost every surviving plant developed pale yellow not be made for several years in areas w"here to brown circular or oval concentric spots on leaves, diseased plants have .been found, soil disinfection stem and capsules. Mycelium and microsclerotia were is also adv"ised. Three vars. are known: N,. observed in the peripherial region of lesions. v-asinfecta var. tracheiphila on Vigna sinensis, Inter and intracellular mycelium was deoonstrated in var. nivea on watermelon and var. sesami on sesame. cortex, xylem and pith cells. Infection in the capsule was recorded on inner wall, septum, placenta 273. ZAPRcm:I'OFF, N.G. 1925. Diseases of cultiva and seed spreading fl"OII\ base to apex. ted plants in :rd.ddle Asia. Uzbekistan Plant Prot. Sta. Phytopath. Sect., Tashkent, pp. 267. URDANETA, U.R. 1981. Pruebas de patogenicidad 165. de Macrophanina phaseoli sobre diferents * In certain years cotton seedlings suffer fairly cultivos bajo condiciones controlades. x severely fran attacks of a wilt which is attributed Jarnadas .Agronanicas, Cristobal. to Nectriella (Neocosmospora v-asinf ecta) • A similar * Pathogenicity of ~- phaseoli fran sesame on disease also occurs on sesamum and is attributed to cotton, peanut, co-wpea, corn, sorghum and soy.bean. the same fungus. 268. URDANETA, U.R. and L.I.D. BAUm. 1981. 274. ZAPRC!1m'OFF,. N.G. 1926. Materials for the Charoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina Mycoflora of Middle Asia. Part I. Pamphlet phaseoli in different regions of Mexico. Agro of the Uzbekistan Plant Prot. Exper. Sta., ciencia. 43:71-79. Phyto-path. Sect. Tashkent, pp.36. * N· v-asinfecta var. sesami Jacz. and [. 269. 'URDAmA, U.R. and R. ROSIGNE. 1980. Study of v-asinfecb.un v-ar. sesami Jacz. on Sesamum (the various fungi that affect sesame (Sesamum conidial fungi in ooth cases .being regarded as indicum L.) in different regions of Maxico stages of Neocosmospora) are recorded. with emphasis on Macrophomina phaseoli. Rama de Fitopatologia. 90:1-111. Z'IO. ZAMBRANO, c., L.wmrro., c.. DIAZPOLANCO. and 275. .AIIXlM«X.JS. 1958. Plant Disease survey for 24 the twelve months ending 30th June, 1958. 281. ROY, A.K. 1965. outbreaks and new records. Twenty-eighth Annual Report N.S.W. Department Occurence of po-wdery mildew caused by Oidium of Agriculture, Biological Branch, Division of erysiphOides. Plant Prot. Bull FAO 13(2):42. Science Services: 46. * Oidium erysiphoides was found on sesame in Assam, * Powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) and (Tanato) big bud the symptans are described. virus on sesame were ·reported affecting 10-15% plants. 282. SAHARAN, G.S., C.D.KAUSHlK. and P.P. GUPI'A. 1985. Field evaluation of fungicides for 276. ABRAHAM, E.V., N. SHANMUGAM., S.NATARAJAN. and their efficacy in the control of powdery G.RAMAKRISHNAN. 1976. An integrated progranme mildew of sesame. Oil crops Newsletter, for controlling pests and diseases of Sesamum. 2:26-27. 11a.dras Agric. J. 63(8/10):532-536. * Three sprays of sulfex (0.2%) starting fran the * Under Conditions of heavy powdery mildew (Oidium time of appearance of powdery mildew of sesame sp.) infection, miltox (0.25%) gave the best control, (Oidium sp.) at 10 days interval reduced its while light infection of po-ridery mildew and intensity fran 36.5 to 6.1% (a decrease of 30.4%) Altemaria sesami were controlled by dithane M-45 with increase in the yield of ioore than 26%, (0.2%) • karathane (0.2%) · was found next .best in order of efficacy. 'UI. CASTELLAN.I, E. and A.N.JAMA. 1984. Powdery Mildew of sesame in Sanalia. Rivista di Agri 283. SHANMUGAM, N., S.NATARAJAN. and G. coltura SUbtropicale e tropicale. 78 (3/4):723- RAMAKRISHANAN. 1976. Fungicidal control of 731. powdery mildew of Sesamum indicum L. Madras * Symptans caused by Oidium erysiphoides pathogen of Agric. J. 63(5/7) :420-421. the Main sesame disease are described, with * Field trail results against Oidium spp, presented info1111ation of the biology of the fungus. Two sprays at symposium on plant protection at Tamil Nadu with tridemefon at the .beginning of flowering and Agric. Univ. in Feb. 1976, showed that during the fruiting effectively controlled infection. two I 25 "86. OO'ZUMI. T. and H. YOSHI. 1952. Sane observa tions on the mildew fungus affecting the cucurbitaceous plants. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. 293. ANOOYMOUS. 1967. List of new diseases in Japan. 16(3-4):123-126. Iran. Iran. J. Plant Path. 4(1):37-40. * Oidium fran sesamum was not pathogenic to cucumber. * Phytophthora nicotianae on sesame was identified along with other hosts. 294. BARBO'lA, C.N., B.MAZZANI. and G.MALAGl11'I. 287. MALAGUTI, G. and C.H. DIAZ. 1957. Appearance 1966. Varietal differences in the suscepti of a new disease of sesame: black stalk. Agron. bility of sesame to Phytophthora sp. and Phana Trop., Maracay. 7(3):159-160. sp. Sexta5 Jornadas Agronanicas Maracaibo, 17- * A disease of sesamum observed since Dec. 1957 in 21. Mazo. Memoria. Tano III. the Estado Protugesa. Venezuela appears as a * Fran 600 vars. tested 26 were selected for their blackening of a stalks at or just above soil level resistance to both pathogens or resistance to one and induces premature desiccation and scanty fi:-uit and low susceptibility to the other. production. Phana sp. was isolated. 295. BATES, G.R. 1961. Branch of Botany, Plant 288. REDDY, M.N. and D.S. RAO. 1981. Survey of Pathology and Seed Testing. Rep. Minist. pathogens an sane of the crop fields of coastal Agric. Rhod. Nyasald: 50-57. Andhra Pradesh - sane new records. Indian J. Mycol. &Plant Path. 11(2):287. 296. CHO, E.K., N.Y. HID., S.H. CHOI. and S.C. LEE. * The new records includes Phcma sesamina and 1981. Studies on sesame disease in Korea. I. Fusarium solani on sesame. Incidences of phytophthora blight. Korean J. Pl. Prot. 21:211-215. 289. SACCARDO, P.A. 1914. Phana sesamina Sacc. an * Phytophthora blight on sesame was recorded. sesamum. Ann. Mycol. 12:306. * Phana an sesamum was characterised. 297. CHO, E.K., N.Y. HID., S.H.CHOI. and S.C. LEE. 1982. Studies an sesame diseases in Korea 1. 290. SHARMA, K.R. and K.G. MUKERJI. 1973. A sexual Incidence of Phytophthora blight. Korean J. canplementatian affecting pycnidium production Plant Prot. 21(4):211-215. in.Phana exi.qua. Mycologia. 65(3): 709-712. * In a survey of southern sesame production areas * Phana exi.qua Desm. isolated fran the leaves of during Aug. 1981, the incidence of blight caused by sesamum was found to exi.st in two physiologically E· nicotianae var. parasitica ranged fran nil to different fonns which, when cultured at 24±2" C, 61%. Diseased plants showed dark discoloration of produce pycnidia only if the exchange of sane the stem leading to plant death. chemical factors occurs between them. 298. CHOI, S.H., Y.A. CHAE. and E.J.LEE. 1986. A 291. SHARMA, K.R. and K.G. MUKERJI. 1976. Effect of screening method for resistance of sesame to carbon sources an the physiology of reproduc Phytophthora blight. Sesame & Saflower tion in Phana exi.qua. Incanpatibility Newslet Newsletter 2:8-10. ter. 7:48-53. * Germplasm screening technique at seedling as well * Effect of sane carbon sources an growth and as at adult plant stage was described. Pycnidial formation of 2 strains isolated fran sesame are discussed. 299. CHOI, S.H., E.K. CHO. and W.T. CHO. -1984. Epidemiology of sesami Phytophthora blight in 292. SHRE:ElimLI, J.L. 1979. Two new species of Phana different cultivation types. Res. Reports - fran India. Indian J. Mycol. & Plant Path. Office of Rural DeVelOJl!lent, Korea Republic. 8(2):220-221. 26(2):64-68. * Phana. variosporease is described fran sesame an * Cultivation in 0.2M wide ridges in plot mulched which it causes ashy-brown marginal lesions with black vinyl reduced the spread of the disease surrounded by a dark-brown border and with small 300. CHOI, S.H., E.K. CHOI., N.Y.HID., W.D. CHO. and S.C. LEE. 1982. Study an resistance and 26 epidemiology of sesame diseases. Ann. Res. * Details are given of field and glass-house stud Report. IAS, RDA. 357-372. ies on E· nicotianae var. parasitica :>n sesame and * Factors like plant age, inoculum level, and post other hosts. inoculation Management were studied using IS-103 and B-67 (MR) and SUweon-9 and SUw-eon-26 (S) varieties to 305. FRE'lZI, M.J. 1950. The species Phytophthora Phytophthora blight. in Argentina. Rev. Invest. Agric., B.·Aiies. 4(1):47-133. 301. CIFERRI, R. 1930. Phytopathological survey of * Phytophthcra parasitica on sesamum,,, was isolated Santo Daningo, 1925,-29. Journ. Dept. Agric. for the first time along with other hosts. Porto Rico 14(1) :5-44 .. "' In Villa Vazquez and Santiago, a destructive 306. GEMAWAT, P.D. 1956. Further studies on disease. occured in 1928 on sesame; the symptans of Phytophthora blight of sesamum. M.Sc. (Agric.) wiri.ch were ver:y similar to those of tobacco blank Thesis, Gujrat University. shank (Phytophthora nicotianae) • It is attributed to an undetermined species of Phytophthora wiri.ch rapidly 307. GEMAWAT, P.D. 1964. . Black spots that blight developed in a moist chamber on infected material and your.sesamum Crop. Indian Farming. July. which was frequently associated with a species· of * The symptans of Phytophthora blight are described Fusarium. in detail. 302. CRANDALL, B.S. and J.DIEGUE'l. 1948. 308. GEMAWAT, P.D. and N. PRASAD. 1965. Further Phytophthora stem canker of sesame in Peru. studies on Phytophthora blight of sesamum. Phy1:opathology. 38(9):753-755. Indian Phytopath. 17(4):273-283. * At the Tingo Maria Experiment Station, Peru, from * Different isolates of f.. parasitica var. sesami the National Centre of Agronany, Salvador. Just (~. nicotianae var. parasitica) varied in before the fruits reached maturity in late Feb. 1947, pathogenicity to sesame. The disease progressed wilted plants were observed in the lower, poorly rapidly at 28-301 C and decreased with a rise in drained sections of the plots and closer inspection temperature. Infection reduced seed viability but revealed extensive stem cankers between the collar the pathogen is not seed-borne. The most-effective and tip of the growing point. Girdling infections at control was given by 3 sprays of Bordeaux mixture the collar led to complete wilting of the plant. (3:3:30). Infection apparently originated in the leaves or young lateral branches and spread much ioore rapidly 309. <»JAWAT, P.D. and N.PRASAD. 1965. Tests with in a vertical than in a horizontal direction. different varieties of Sesamum for resistance Dissection of the cankers indicated that the pathogen to Phytophthora blight of Sesamum. Indian was primarily an inv-ader of cambium and phloem tis Phytopath. 18(2):128-132. sue. Sane infection of fruits was also noted. The * Of 41 vars. of sesame tested in glass hmise fungus isolated in pure culture from the advancing against E. parasitica var. sesami (E. nicotianae margins of cankers was a species of Phytophthora with var. parasitica) only 75A/1-i/2-ii was resistant, 2 sporangia measuring 37.4 to 51 by 23.8 to 27.2 (mean others showed sane tolerance and the rest were 39.7 by 25.5) u produced on branching sporangiphores· susceptible. All 33 varieties tested in the ·field and oogonia averaging 25.5 u with paragynous antheri were susceptible. dia. It is apparently identical with E- cactorum and f onns first record. 310. @111.WAT, P.D. and O.P •. VERMA. i971 •. Diseases of Se5amum (Sesamum indicum L.) in Rajasthan, 303. DASTUR, J.F. 1913. Phytophthora parasitica n. ev"aluation of varieties of sesamum for resis sp. a new disease of castor oil plant. Mem Dep. tance to Phytophthora blight. Madras Agric. J. Agric. India, Bot. Ser. 8:177-231. 58:849-850. * Sesame seedlings grown between castor seedlings in * Seventy different varieties and· collection of Pusa, Bihar, w-ere attacked by Phytophthora sesamum were tested for resistance to blight parasitica, wiri.ch was also parasitic on young castor (Phytophthora parasitica · var.. sesami.) under plants. natural and artificial infection conditions. None of the varieties were found to be comparatively 304. EL-SHEHEDI, A.A., M.M. SATOUR., Y.A. ABJXXJ. and resistant to the disease. Sesamum lines No. 2-39, .M.M. HASSAN. 1976. Studies on Phytophthora F-8 and 19/1/46-2 were found less susceptible to root and crow11 rot of sesame. :Egyptian J. the disease. Phytopath. 8:1-8. 27 311. GRANDALL, B.S. and J. DIEGUEZ. 1948. removed fran the soil leav-:ing the rootlets and Phytophthora on sesaml.llll. Phytopathology. rotten cortex behind. The leaves, flowers and 38:753-755. branch tips wi.ther and hang downwards. The plant * Phytophthora on sesame is described. may be attacked at any stage but rocistly at the time of flowering. A pe,..""Uliari ty of the disease in 312. KALE, G.B. 1954. Studies on blight of sesamum. Venezuela is that it attacks the tip of the stem M.Sc. (Aq.) thesis, Gujarat University. and leaves of the newly germinated seedlings * Phytophthora blight of sesamum was studied. causing a type of blight. A Phytophthora sp. belonging to the E· parasitica E- palmivora group 313. KALE, G.B. and N. PRASAD 1957. PhytOPhthora was consistently isolated fran affected plants. blight of Sesamum. Indian Phytopath. 10(1} :38- 47. 317. MITRA, M. 1929. Phytophthora parasitica Dest * A destructive leaf, shoot, and pod disease of causing "danping off" disease of cott6n sesaml.llll in Gujarat. India, affected 66% of the two seedlings and fruit rot of Guava in India. equally susceptible cultiv-ated vars. Tal and Tali. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 14(3-4):249-254. The disease kills the plant. The fungus isolated * To Sesamwn, a high percentage of infection was which failed to infect other hosts, was identified as obtained by inoculating Phytophthora strain fram E- parasitica on the basis of its highly specialized cotton and castor. prasitism a new name, E· parasitica var. sesamwn (Prasad), is assigned to it. 318. PRASAD, N., S.P. SEHGAL. and P .D., Gll1AWAT. 1970. Phytophthora blight of sesamwn. Plant 314. KANG, C.W., B.H. CHOI. and J.I.LEE. 1985. disease problans. Proc. First. Inst. Syrop. on Effects of Metasyl 25% WP (Methyl-en-2-methaxy Plant Pathology, Indian PhytOPh. Soc. !ARI, acetyl-en-3-, 6-zylin-ei, 1-alaninate) on New Delhi. 331-339. sesame phytophthora blight. Sesame & Safflower * A detailed account on the occurrence, variation Newsletter. 1:39. in the pathogen, relation of environment to disease * Three sprays of Metasyl 25 WP@ 1.2 t/ha. of 1,000 and surviv-al of Phytophthora causing sesamwn blight x at 10 days intervals was most effective in the has been given. control of Phytophthora blight in Korea with 9% higher yields. 319. RATHAIAH, Y. 1985. Phytophthora blight of sesamum new to Assam. J. Res. Assam Agric. 315. KRANTIKUMAR, M.P. BHA'mAGAR. and S.M. UPADHYAY. Univ., Diphu. 4(1} :69-73. 1963. Occurrence of stan rot on sesame * The newly recorded disease of sesame by E· (Sesamum. indicum} in Rajasthan. Sci. & CUlt. parasitica var. sesami is JOOSt severe in May and 29(2):99. June. Plants sown in early August showed consider * Phytophthora parasitica causes severe losses ably disease escape. locally especially in regions with heavy soil and heavy rainfall (30-40"}. Pure lines obtained fran 320. SEHGAL, S.P. 1963. Studies on the such areas showed ioore resistance. Devel()Jmeilt of Phytophthora blight of sesamum in Rajasthan, ioore resistant strains fran these is planned at the Ph.D. Thesis, Rajasthan University. Govt. Bot. SUbstation, Karkhana Bagh, Kota. * Detailed account of laboratory and field studies is given. 316. MALAGl1l'I, G. 1953. A stan rot of sesame (~. indicum L.) caused by Phytophthora. Agron. 321. SEHGAL, S.P. and N. PRASAD. 1966. Variation Trop., Maracay. 3(3):201-204. in the pathogenicity of single zoospore * For sane five year plantings of sesame first in the isolates of sesamum Phytophthora. Indian AraQlla valley, Venezuela, and later to a lesser PhytOJ)ath. 19(2}: 154-158. degree in Portugesa and Falcon have suffered fran * No ioorphological or physiological differences stan necrosis, particularly on heavy, badly drained were found between isolates of E· parasitica var. soils or when heav-Y rainfall or faulty irrigation sesami CE. nicotianae var. parasitica) which varied caused prolonged waterlogging. The first symptom is inpathogenicity. a damp, blackish lesion on the collar or below soil level. It spreads rapidly to the stan and branches 322. SEHGAL, S.P. and N. PRASAD. 1966.- Studies on either girdling the stan and strangling the basal the perennation and survi.val of Sesamum part or extending in irregular vertical streaks. The phytophthora. Indian Phytopath. 19:173-177. main root is also affected and the plants are easily * The fungus survives in the soil in the form of 28 mycelium or chlanwdospores as it does not fran Pythium oospores. The mycelium of the fl!ngus lives in the embryo in dormant condition, therefore seed play some 328. GEMAWAT, P.D. and N.PRASAD. 1965. Pre-emer role in the initiation and spread of disease in new gence blight of sesamum caused by Pythium localities. aphanidennatum (:Eds.) Fitz. Sci. & Cult. 31(6):315-316. 323. SEHGAL, S.P. and N.PRASAD. 1971. Instability * When soil containing sesame seeds was inoculated of pathogenic characters in the isolates of with f_. aphanidermatum, the seeds failed to germi Sesamum Phytophthora and effect of host passage nate, when the soil was inoculated with Phytophtho on the virulence of isolates. Indian ra parasitica f. sp. sesami. (!:. nicotianae var. Phytopath. 24(2):295-298. parasitica) the seed germinated but seedlings be * In investigations at . the Agric. Dept. Kota, came blighted within 7 days. lr1hen the collar regi Rajasthan, the isolates of E· parasitica var. sesamum on of plants 2-8 weeks old was inoculated with M::. (!:. nicotinae var. parasitica) attacking sesame host hium aphanidennatum or soil was inoculated, no in loose their virulence when maintained on culture fection was observed when these procedures were media for long periods but regained it after host repeated for Phytophthora nicotianae parasitca, passage which when repeated increased v"irulence above symptans appeared in plants of all ages 3 and 7 that of the original cultures. days after inoculation. 324. SEHGAL, S.P. and N. PRASAD. 1971. Some physio 329. THCl1AS, C.A. 1959. Control of pre-emergence logical studies on Phytophthora parasitica var. damping off and two leaf spot disease of sesami. Indian Phytopath~ 24(2) :310-315. sesame by field treatment. "Phytopathology. *At the Agric. Dept. Kota, Rajasthan, the effects of 49(8):461-463. temp., pH, C and N sources and vitamins on the fungus * Of the materials tested in the greenhouse and (!:. nicotianae var. parasitica) fran sesame were field at Beltsville during 1954-56, Orthocide 75 at determined. 1/4-202/bush gave the best control of pre-emergence damping off of sesame seedlings associated 325. SEHGAL, S.P. and N.PRASAD. 1972. Note on test daninantly with isolates of Pythiunr alt:imum- and at· ing of different varieties, strains and species a maximum of 20> C. In a typical field trial the of Sesamum for resistance to Phytophthora mean percentage stand was increased fran 4.8 in the blight. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 42(2):122. untreated to 34.8. This and other seed treatments * In screening trails with 370 collections of sesame also reduced the develQJllleilt of Alternaria leaf and also Sesamum indiCl.llll, S. radiatum and s. spot, severe infection not occuring until after occidentalis. No v-ar. or sp:- was immune frcm P. flowering. Bacterial leaf spot (!:. sesami) was parasitica v-ar. sesame (f.. nicotianae v-dr. significantly reduced by seed treatment with.strep parasitica), 14 vars. were resistant at the seedling tanycin at 250-1, 000 PJID.. The trial were run in stage and 17 at the adult stage. These are listed. naturally infested ooist soil. 326. SINGH, B.P., B.N.SHUKLA. and P.K. KAUSHAL. 1976. Evaluation of Sesamum varieties for their susceptibility to Phytophthora 330. Als-HAMDANY, M.A.. and M.M. SALIH. 1986. parasitica. Dastur at Jabalpur, Madhya Rhizoctonia damping off in sesame. Indian Pradesh. JNKVV Res. J. 10(1):76-77. Phytopath. 39(1):124-126. * The reaction of 43 sesame cvs. to natural infection * R· solani is the major pathogen causing damping by!:· nicotianae var. parasitica is tabulated. off while Macrophanina phaseolina and E\Jsaril.Dll spp. are minor pathogens. Pseuaoceraisparella 331. ~. H.R. 1925. Mycological work in 327. PURKAYASTHA, · R.P. and F .MALIK. 1976. Two new F4YJ>t during the period 1920-1922. Min. of species of Hyphanycetes fran India. Nova Agric. f4Ypt. Tech. and Sci. Service. Bull. Hedwiga. 27(3/4):781-783. 49:129. *Descriptions are given of Pseudocercosprella sesami * Cotton isolate of Rhizoctonia could also infect on sesame. Sesamum. 332. EL-{;HANY, A.K.A. and M.E. EL-RAFEI. 1970. Studies on root rot and wilt disease of sesa- 29 me. Agr. Res. Rev. 48(3):85-99. lowed by NPK + groundnut and NPK +mustard. * Root rot and wilt diseases of sesame are studied. 339. PEARL, R.T. 1923. Report of the Mycologist to 333. El.rl1HANY, A.K.A., B.K. MAHMOUD, M.B. SIDUD, the Government of Central Provi.nces and Berar. K.A. EI.rALEY, M.W. AZAB. and M.A.A., EL-GAWWAD. Rept. Dept. Agric. , Central Provinces and Ber 1974. Tests with different varieties and ar, for the year ending on 30th JWle, 1922:19- strains of sesame for resistance to root rot 20. wilt disease. Agr. Res. Rev. 52(2):75-85.- * A Rhizoctonia root rot of Sesamum was reported * A total of 87 vars. and strains . of sesame were alongwith other oilseed crop diseases. grown for 4 years in soils infected with the fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium ba.taticola and 340. REICHERT,· I. 1930. Palestine: Root disease Fusarium axysporum, the causal agents of root rot and caused by Rhizoctonia ba.taticola. Internat. wilt disease. Resistance to the disease of each Bull. Plant. Prot. 4(2) :17. tested variety or strain differed f ran one year to * Rhizoctonia ba.taticola has so far been isolated another. fran 35 plants in Palestine, the greatest demage being caused to sesame. 334. GHODESWAR, K.S. and R.V. KODMELWAR. 1982. Evaluation of methods of application of 341.. RHINO, D. 1924. Report of the Mycologist, fungicides for control of root and stem rot of Bunna, for the period ending 30th JWle, 1924. sesame. The P.K.V.V. Research J. 6(1):81-83. Rangoon SUpdt. , Govt. Printing and Stationery, Bul111a., 6. pp. 335. GOKIJLAPALAN, C. and M.C. NAIR. 1983. Col * A serious root disease of sesamum caused by lateral hosts of Rhizoctonia solani (Kulm) Rhizoctonia Solani occured in the Allanmyo district causing sheath blight of rice. Int. Rice. Res. and elsewhere about a tenth of crop being killed by Newsletter. 8(6):10. an attack which developed a fortnight before the * Sesamum was one of the collateral hosts. harvest. Affected plants show all the symptans of wilt together with a black discoloration of the 336. HANSFORD, C.G. 1940. ReJX)I't of the Senior base of stem which frequently breaks off at groWld Plant Pathologist. Rep. Dep. Agric. Uganda, level. Diseased plants develop no seed. 1938-39(!!}:28-29. * In 1937 the simsim at Kampala suffered rather sev 342. RHIND, D. 1926. Annual Report of the Myco ere infection by Rhizoctonia ba.taticola (Macrophanina logist, Bunna, for· the year ended the 30th phaseoli}. The fungus was isolated in culture, but JWle, 1925. Rangoon, SUpdt, · Govt. Printing inoculation tests gave - ve results. It is concluded and Stationary, .Bunna: 5 pp. that !1_. phaseoli is at IOOSt a very weak parasite of * The root disease of sesame reported in 1924 was sesame. again destructive in the Fast and West Central circles, the losses over the whole area probably 337. JAYARAJAN, R., N. SHANMUGAM, M.S. BALAKUMAR. averaging 10 percent. Rhizoctonia solani was al and A. vmKATA RAO. 1982. Effect of seed JOOSt invariably found on the dead plants. treatment in controlling Rhizoctonia seedling rot in sesamum. Proc. Nat. Seminar Seed Patho 343. SERRY, M.S., A.K. SELIM., M.M. SA'IOOR. and logy, 'INAU, Coimbatore, Dec. 30-31st, 1982, 50- B.A. AL-AHMAR. 1976. Breeding for disease 51 pp. resistance in sesame, Sesamum indicum L.I. * Seed treatment with thiran (0.2%} followed by Inheritance of resistance-to Rhizoctonia root ba.vistin (0.1%} was found best for controlling rot. FQyptian Journ. Phytopath. 8:9-14. Rhizoctonia seedling rots. * Mature plant reaction to R· solani was governed .by two pair of genes, the double recessive conferr 338. MISHRA, C.B.P. and N. MUKHERJEE. 1982. Soil ing tolerance in crosses between 3 local and 4 amendment with oil-cakes in controlling the introduced sesame cvs. In another cross the reac root rot of olitorius jute. Jute Develo:i;:ment J. tion was governed by a single gene pair, suscepti 2(4):11-12. bility being recessive. * Soil mixed with 2000 kg/ha of sesamum oil-cake, 3 weeks before sowing and followed by a light irriga 344. SHAFSHAK, S., B.A. AL-AHMAR, S. SHOOKR. and tion reduced the incidence of root rot caused by H.G. EIJ-MARZOUK. 1985. Genetic behaviour of Rhizoctonia ba.taticola. The maximum fibre yield was tolerance for root-rot and wilt disease in obtained with N 40, P20, K20 kg/ha + sesamum, fol- sesame (Sesamum indicwn L.) • Oil crops 30 Newsletter. 2:66. growth of a range of sesamum wilt causing fungi by * out of three crosses, N.A. 372-6 x Giza 25 (tole gaseous metabolites from !'!· sitophila and from T· rant x tolerant) N.A. 342-6 x ~fargo and Giza-25 x harzianum could be accounted for by differences in Margo (tolerant x susceptible) reaction to Rhizoc their ages. The highest level of growth inhibition tonia solani showed canplete daninance of tolerance _fran test fungi ever recorded was as follows: 3- (9T:7S) in first cross and daninance of- susceptibi day-old !'!· sitophila was 55% on virulent R_. solani. lity (3T:13S) in the other two crosses. Tolerance to 51% on a virulent R_. solani, 48% on E_. oxysporum Sclerotil.Ull bataticola was partially daninant (13T:3S) and 40% on !'!· phaseoli. Other soil-borne fungi in first cross and canplete daninance of suscepti were less effective than !'!· sitophila. bility (1T:3S) in other two crosse$. Two gene pairs control the difference between the parents in their 350. TAN&JA, M. and R.K. GROVER. 1982. Efficacy on reaction to R_. solani and 1-2 pairs for ~- bataticola benzimidazole aDd related fungicides against reactian. Rhizoctonia solani and R_. bataticola. Ann. App. Biol. 100(3)425-432. 345. SIRRY, A.R., S.H. SALEM, ·M.A. ZAYED. and D. * Five fonnulations of 4 benzimidazole derived ANWAR. 1981. Rhizosphere microflora of sesame fungicides, carbendazim, benauyl, thiphanate methyl plants infected with root-rot disease and their and methyl 4-(2- (2- dimethyl aminoacetamide) activities in antagonizing the main pathogens. phenyl)-3- thioallophanate were canpared for their F.gyptian J. Microbiology. 16(1/2):65-78. toxicity towards two pathogenic isolates of K· solani and three of R_. .bataticola (Macrophcinina 346. SWFF, W.C., T.H.THUNG. and J. REITSMA. 1947. phaseolina) • Two isolates showed the significant Leaf diseases of Sereh (Andropogan naruds L.). differences in mycel.ial growth inhibition by the 5 I. Banded sclerotial disease, caused by fungicides. Benanyl and carbendazim were ioost in Rhizoctonia grisea (Stevens). Mtz. Chron. hibitory to all isolates of both fungi, while the Natur. ciii(l-2):6-9. sesame isolate of !'!· paseolina was least sensitive * Positive results were given by inoculation expts. to all fungicides. on sesame stalks by Rhizoctonia grisea. 351. TRIPATHI, N.N., C.D. KAUSHIK. and T.P. YADAVA. 347. SMALL, W. 1927. Further occurrences of 1977. Control of charcoal rot of .sesaml.Ull Rhizoctonia bataticola. (Taub) • Butler. Trop. caused by Rhizoctonia .bataticola. Pesticides. Agriculturist. 69(4):202-203. 11(1-2): 35-37. * Since the publication of last list of hosts of * In vitro studies indicated that captafol, benan Rhizoctonia bataticola, this fungus has been found on yl, thiophanate methyl and S-725-8 inhibited the a number of further plants in Ceylon, in association growth of R_. bataticola (Macrophanina phaseolina) with root disease and its known distribution in as did the mercurials. In field tests, captafol Ceylon has been extended to include the Jaffna dis was the IOOSt effective followed by carbendazim and trict. The new hosts include sesame on which fungus thiram + captan. causes a root disease similar to that which occur in Uganda and Bunna. 352. WEI, C.T. 1934. Rhizoctonia sheath blight of Rice. Nanki.ng Coll. Agric. & Forestry Bull. 348. SMALL, W. 1927. Further notes on Rhizoctonia (New Series) 15:21. bataticola (Taub) • Trop. Agriculturist. 69 (1) : * Rhizoctonia sheath blight of rice infected sesame 9-12. plants also. * The present notes mention several new hosts of R. bataticola recorded since the publication of laSt 353. WICKENS, G.M. 1958. Abyan root rot of cotton. list. Diseased specimens of sesamum received by the Progr. Rep. EKp. Stas nap. Cott. Gr. Corp. author f ran Bunna bore nwnerous tYPical sclerotia of (Aden) :13-15. R_. bataticola on their roots & stems and also pyc * A very similar malady was present in other crops nidia strongly resembling those of !'!· phaseoli. including sesame QI'Oiill in the Abyan-scheme. 349. 'rnMINI, K.M. and H.A. HADWAN. 1985. Biological Sclerotim · effect of Neurospora sitophila and Trichoderma harzianl.Ull on the growth of a range of sesaml.Ull 354. AL-HASSAN, K.K., S.A. AL-HASSAN and H.A. wilt causing fungi in vitro. Indian Phytopath. RADHY. 1973. Study on Sclerotium .bataticola 38(2):292-296. the cause of charcoal rot disease of -sesame. * The differences in the amount of inhibition of Iraq J. Agric. Sci. 8:93-103. 31 * All 22 vars. tested were susceptible to §.. distributed in concentric zones, but irregularly bataticola (Macrophanina phaseoli), American 48, produced in cotton and tobacco isolates. American 71 and Giza 24 showed relatively high tolerance when inoculated in May but little tolerance 361. SELilt, A.K., M.S. SERRY., A.O. OORAN. and M.M. when inoculated in June. SATOUR. 1976. Breeding for disease resistance in sesame. Sesamum indiCl.llll. L. II. 355. mmRGAVA, S.N. and D.N. SHUKLA. 1980. A new Inheritance of resistance to root and stem rot root rot· of sesame (Sesamum indiCl.llll) Sclerotium disease caused by Sclerotium bataticola. rolfsii. Indian J. Mycol. & Plant Path. (Taub). ~tian J. Phytopath. 8:15-18. 9(2):244. * Mature plant reaction in 4 crosses between six * Symptan.s and pathogenicity of Sclerotium rolfsii local and introduced sesame cvs. B_. bataticola (Sacc). on Sesamum was described. (Macrophanina phaseolina) indicated that suscepti bility was daoinant over tolerance and was 356. BULDEX>, A.N., V.N. SHUKLA. and B.G. PA'I'Ili. controlled by 1,2 or 3 pairs of genes. 1979. A new sclerotial disease of sesame. Indian Phytopath. 32(1):124-126. * 'lhls is the first report of Sclerotium rolfsii inciting root and stem rot and leaf blight of sesame 362. SEHGAL, S.P. and L.N. DAFI'ARI. 1966. A new in India. leaf-spot disease of Sesamum. Curr. Sci. 35(16):416. 357. GIDRGOPOUIDS, S.G. and C.C. THANASOOIDPOOI.. * This disease of sesame is attributed to a new sp. 1960. Research on the control of Sclerotium Sphaeronema sesami. It is characterized by small, rolfsii (Sacc). with fungicides. Ann. Inst. necrotic leaf spots which later enlarge and coale Phytopath. Benaki, N.S. 3(2):65-78. sce in severe cases affecting midribs and petioles. * ~- rolfsii was isolated at the Phytopath. Sta. Patras, Greece fran young plants. Semesan, cryptonol and tuzet killed sclerotia canpletely at concentra tions above O. 05, 0.02 and O.1% respectively in 363. GEMAWAT, P.D. and O.P. VERMA. 1972. A new vitro, while terraclor 75 W.P. and orthocide 50 did powdery mildew of Sesamum indicum incited by not.prevent germination but retarded growth. Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Indian J. Mycol. & Plant Path. 2(1):94. 358. MCRAE, W. 1930. Report of the Imperial myccr * Symptaos and morphology of Sphaerotheca fuliginea logist. Scient Rept. Agric. Res. Inst. Pusa, on sesamum are described. 1928-29:51-66. * Sclerotium bataticola readily attacked wounded 364. LAWRENCE, E. 1951. Report of the Acting Sesamum plants, which soon collapsed. The infected Director of Agriculture. Rep. Dep. Agric. plants were blackened and lx>re numerous pycnidia of Nyasald. 1949:23. Macrophanina phaseoli. * Among the more iniportant diseases concerned are sesasme mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) and wilt 359. MISR!i, R.P. and M.N. KHARE. 1970. A sclerotial (Fusarium axysporum) • leaf and stem rot of Mexta. Indian Phytopath. 23(4):706-708. 365. TARR., S.A.J. 1954. Diseases of F.conanic * Sclerotial leaf and stem rot was observed on crops in the SUdan. II. Fibres, Oilseeds, Sesamum due to Sclerotium rolfsii. Coffee and Taba.cco. F.A.O. Plant Port. Bull. 2:161-165. 360. REICHERT. I. and E. HELLINGER, 1947. On the * Sesame in the SUdan is canroonly attacked by a occurrence, morphology and parasitism of bacterial blight (blood disease) , the symptaos of Scletotium bataticola. Pales J. Bot. R. Ser. which resemble those caused by Pseudaoonas sesami 6(1-2):107-147. in India and elsewhere. It can cause severe losses * A canparative study of the morphology of isolates and would probably becane very destructive under fran bean (Phaseolus valgaris), eggplant, potato, conditions of intensive cultivation. Powdery mil pepper, Cicer arietinum, tanato, pumpkin, cotton, dew (Sphaerotheca . fuliginea) occurs on sesame in tobacco and sesame showed that the sesame, tobacco IOOSt areas. and cotton isolates produced coarse, persistent, aerial mycelium with abundant barrel-shaped cells, dense and in sesame-isolate more or less unifonnly 32 Synchytbi\111 272. VARIAR, M. and ·M.S. PAVGI. 1981. Varietal reaction of sesame to Synchytrium gall 366. BHARGAVA, S.N., D.N •. SHUKLA. and N. SINGH. disease. (~. sesamicola). Indian Phytopath. 1979. Sane studies on gall diseases of til. 34(4) 430-433. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, B. 49(2):108. * None of the varieties tested against Synchytrium * A nematode (Rhabitoid sp.) was observed associated sesamicbla (Lacy) was fowid innnwie ·or highly resi with resting sporangia of {Syn.chytrium sesamicola) stance. Two were resistant, JT66-276 and SP70-23 causing a serious gall .disease of sesame. and the rest showed infection ranging between resi Application of neem cake to the sol.l checked the stant and· highly susceptible at the seedling and disease and the nematodes. adolescent (young leaf) stages. 367. GUPI'A, S.C. AND S. SINHA. 1951. :further addi- 'Ihi.elavia tions to the synchytria of India. Indian Phytopath. 4(1):7-10. 373. CHAKARAVARTI, B.P., P.S. SHEJCHAWAT and T.B. * Five new species of Sychytrium collected near ANlLKUMAR. 1971. Damping off and root rot of Agra, India frcin 1948 to 1950 are -described. ~ sesamum and culuster-beans caused by Thielavia sesami on sesame was 172 to 201 (188) u and 10 to 13 terricola (Gilman and Abbatt). Ellmens var. u in the fonn of resting sporangia. minor (Rayss and Barut) Booth. Mys. J. Agric. Sci. 4:495-496. 368. LACY, R.C. 1951. Studies on some Indian * Thielavia terricola var. minor causing damping Syn.chytria. I. Four new species fran Bihar. off and root rot of sesamum was reported. Indian Phytopath. 3(2):155-161. * Descriptions are given of 4 new sp. of Syn.chytrium 374. CHAKRAVARTI, B.P., P.S. SHEKHAWAT and T~B. fran near Patna, Bihar, India. In ~- sesamicola n. ANIIKUMAR. 1973. Control of damping off by sp. on sesame no prosours was observed. The resting Thielavia terricola var minor by soil drench spores are 78 to 128 u in diameter, with a wall upto ing with fwigicides and antibiotics and their 6 u thick. defficacy in treatment of seeds. Indian Phyto path. 26(4):646-649. 369. SRIVASTAVA, R.C. and A.B. SINHA. 1983. Anato * out of 14 fwigicides and 2 antibiotics tried, mical studies on Syn.chytrium galls of Sesamum Ziram and Brassicol were effective as seed treat indicum L. Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie. ment and soil drench. CUpramar, copper sandoz., .138(5): 363-366. Fytolan, Dithane Z-78, Ziram, Aureofungiri and Bras sicol were effective as soil drench while Actidione 370. VARIAR, M. and M.S. PAVGI. 1979. Resistance of was phytotax::i.c. germinating zoosporangia of Syn.chytrium sesamicola to heat and desiccation. Phytopath. Mediterranea. 18:201-202. * A rise in temperature under dry conditions 375. ADAMS, P.B. 1971. Effect of soil temperature gradually reduced the percentage germination of and soil amendmeilts of Thielaviopsis root rot sporangia in lab tests. Viability steeply declined of sesame. Phytopathology. 61(1):93-97. at 36~c or higher. The- results are discussed in * Red rot of sesame caused by !- basicola was red relation to the temperature occuring in the field uced in glass house experiments by soil amendments during periods of growth of sesame. with lucerne hay, maize stover and cabbage tissue but in the field the first 2 gave no signigicant 371. VARIAR, M. and M.S. PAVGI. 1981. In vitro control. When sesame followed oats, maize or cab germination of the prosorus and sexuality in bage no control was obtained. Lucerne hay amend four Synchytrium species. Mycopathologia. ments were ineffective in glass house at 150 C but 73(1):3-8. gave good control at 2()! C and 2SoC while at 3()! C * The gennination of evanescent prosori · fran the and 35' c the disease was controlled by temperature sporangial galls of ~- sesamicola on sesame was alone. Rot was less severe in soil kept 10 hr. at observed and studied in sequence. Ananalies in the 2SoC and 14 hr. at 3()!C/day than at constant 2SoC sporangiogenesis and zoosporogenesis were discussed. Chlamydospores genninated best ·at 250 C in soil but Sexuality between the planogametes represented by failed to germinate at 3SoC. Red rot was controlled their pairing and fusion was similar in the 4 spp and 7 weeks after planting by clear plastic much to is described for S. sesamicola. raise the soil temperature but this was inffective 12 weeks after planting. · 33 376. SUBRAMANIAN, C. V. 1968. Thielaviopsis Province. Iranian J. Pl. Pathol. 21(1/4) basicola. Ccmoonweal th Mycol. Inst. Descr. 23:71. Pathog. Bact. 170:2 pp. * The pathogen was isolated fran stems of wi.lted * Thielaviopsis basicola is characterised. sesame. 3Tl. TABACHNIK, M., J.E. DE.VAY, R.H. GARBER and 384. VASILIEFF, A.A. 1933. Wilt of cultivated R.J. WAI 379. CHilinT, J.E. 1957. Sesame (~. indicum L.), a 386. AGARWAL, U. 1965. Seed disorders of Sesamum host for Verticillium albo-atrum (Reinke & indicum L., Linum usitatissirm.llll L. and Eruca Berth). Plant Dis. Reptr. 41(9):803. sativa L., Ph.D. Thesis, Agra University. * Verticillium albo-atrum caused a severe wilt of * A detailed account of sesame seed disorders. sesame growing in infected soil at the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. This is apparently 387. ANONYMJUS. 1980. Annual Report of Kenana the first published record of the disease in the Research Station, 1976-77. Abu-Naarna, Sudan. United States. An isolate fran sesame infected both Ministry of Agricultural Food and Nutral sesame and cotton soil-inoculated in the greenhouse Resources. 1980:59. and one fran cotton was equally pathogenic. *'The work of the Plant Pathology dept. (1-9) in cludes a survey of seed borne diseases of sesame 380. ENG.WIARD, A.W. 1957. Host index of Verticil and field trials of relative susceptibility of ses lium albo-atrum (Reinke & Berth) (including ame cvs. to xanthaoonas campestris pv. sesami. Verticillium dahliae (IG.eb). Plant Dis. Reptr. SUppl. 244: 23-49. 388. BHARGAVA, S.N., and D.N. SHUKLA. .1979. * Verticillium albo-atrum on sesamum is recorded. Inter-relationship studies on .sane pulses and oil- crop seeds with their seed-borne fungi. 381. ESENI'EPE, M., A. KARCILIOGUJ and E. SE'lGIN. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, B:42(2):81-84. 1972. The first report of verticillium wilt * Seed coat leachates and seed extracts of sesame on sesame and okra in Turkey. J. Turkish decreased spore gennination of Fusarium oxysporum, Phytopath. 1(3):127-129. r. solani and Curvularia lunata (Cochliobolus * Veticillium dahliae was isolated fran sesame. luriatus). CUlture filtrates of the fungi inhibited seed germination of the plants. 382. HAWKSWOR'IH, D.L. and P.W. TALBOYS. 1970. Verticillium albo-atrum. Camoonwealth. Mycol 389. BHARGAVA, S.N. and D.N. SHUKLA. 1980. Losses Inst. Descr. Pathog. fungi Bact. 255:2 pp. of oil content due to fungal invasion. Nat. * Verticillium albo-atrum is characterised. Acad. Sci. letters. 3(5):141-142. * The two roost frequently encountered fungi, 383. KAMRAN, R. 1985. Reports on two diseases Fusarium equiseti and [. o.xysporum casused a slight caused by Verticillium dahliae in Fars reduction in oil content of seeds of sesame when 34 incubated for 45 days. seedling vigour. 390. BOSE, A. and B. NANDI. 1982. Effect of sane 395. DALBIR SING., S~B. MATHUR and P. NEraGAARD. predcminant storage fungi on physico-chemical 1983. Systemic seed transmission of Alternar properties of safflower and sesame oil. ia sesamicola in Sesamum indicum. Trans. Brit. Phytopathologische zeitschrift. 104(4) :357-363. Mycol. Soc. 80(3): 57Q-,-571. * A.spergillus ochraceus and Rhizoctonia solani caused * In further studies, seed infection caused pre and maximum reduction in oil content of sesame seeds. post emergence loss of ycung seedlings and death of Deteriorated oil samples showed change in colour, older plants. In a test sample of infested seed, iodine value and saponification with prolonged in those which failed to genninate were covered with cubation depending on the fungus and substrate. conidia of the fungus. The pathogen .Was isolated f ran nonnal appearing as well as stunted plants in 391. BOSE, A. and B. NANDI. 1985. Role of enzymes dicating that it can invade the whole plant system of storage fungi in deterioration of stored without showing symptans, and that seed fran safflower and sesame seeds. Seed Res. 13 (2) :19- symptcmless plants are not necessarily pathogen 28. free, stunted plants with brown-black lesions bore * Cellulase was produced in culture best by Aspergil no flowers. lus fumigatus, !· candidus and Rhizoctonia solani; endopolygalacturonase and lipase by !· flav-us. Re 396. EL-KADY, I.A., O.M.O. EL-MAGHARABY and S. SAB duction in genninabili ty and oil content and increase ER. 1986. Halophilic or halotolerant fungi of in fat acidity were IOOSt pronowiced in seeds inocu four seeds fran egypt. Cryptogamic, Mycologi lated with !· flavus, ,!. fumigatus, and B_. solani. c. 7(4):289-293. * Asperigillus ochraceus, A. ~. !· 392. CHAUHAN, R.K.S. and S. CHAUHAN. 1984. Seed am.stelodami, !· ~. ,!. IOOiltevidensis, !· ~. borne infection of Myrothecium in sesamum, Penicilluni chr:ysogenum, and ~- jensemi Were tanato, chillies and cowpea and its damage to isolated fran market samples of sesame seeds on 15% seed and seedlinas. Indian Phytopath. 37:401- Nacl-water agar. 402. * The pathogenic potentials of Myrothecium were test 397. OOBELE'l, M. 1960. Observations sur quelques ed in relation to seed viability, gennination and champigons parasites nouveaux ou peu connus de fonnation of seedlings. The toxic metabolities pro la Turquie. (Notes on same new. or little duced by pathogen in cultlire filtrate had phytotaxic known parasitic fungi of Turkey} • Phytopatho effect on seeds and healthy plants. logy. 39(1):94-98. * A description fran lab. Rech. Agron., Fariques a 393. DAFTARI, L.N. AND O.P. VERMA. 1972. Control of SUcre Fskisehir of Alternaria sesami (seed borne) seed borne infection of Macrophanina phaseoli on sesame. (Sclerotium bataticola) on sesamum seeds. Bull. Grain Tech. 10:44-46. 398. HUSAIN, S.S. and M.A. AHMED. 1971. Studies on * Efficacy of seven fwigicides were tested for eradi stored food grain fungi. Part II. E\mgi fran cation of Macrophanina phaseoli on sesamum seeds oil seeds and Plantago. ovata. Pakis. J. under laboratory condition. captan and Agrosan G.N. Scient. Ind. Res. 14(1-2):137-141. (2 gm/kg seed), Mercuric chloride and Ceresan wet * Moisture was highest (15.2%) in sesame. (0.1% for 3 minutes) and Aureofwigin (20 PIE for one Aspergillus spp. were the IOOSt prevalent (56%}. hour) gave the canplete control of seed-brone infec Seed disinfection with 1/1000 HgC!z reduced the tion in affected seeds. In addition to disease con number of organisms isolated. 15 fungal spp. were trol, captan also induced. maximum gennination of isolated fran sesame. seeds and v"igour of the seedlings. 399. JANI, S.M. and M.R. SIDDIIJJI. 1981. Incidence 394. DAFTARI, L.N. and O.P. VERMA. 1973. Effect of and spread of seed-borne fungi of sesamum in aureofungin on seedling oortality and grow"th of Gujrat State. Proc. 3rd Int. Sym. Pl. Path., two varieties of sesame with seed-borne infec I.A.IL!., New Delhi, 14-18th Dec. 1981. 117 tion of Fusarium solani. Hindustan Antibiotics pp •. (Abst). Bull. 15(3):91-92. * It was concluded that Macrophanina phaseolina and * Seed treatment with aureofwigin at 20ppm reduced Corynespora cassiicola are well distributed in the seedling ioortali ty due to K. solani by 90. 2% in a regions from where the seed were collected. susceptible var. and increased gennination and 35 400. KADIAN, O.P. 1972. Testing- Sesamum orientale Bavistin and Vitavax were most effective in L. Seeds for diseases in Haryana. Har. Agric. eliminating the seed brone fungi. Univ. J. Res. 2(1):41-44. * In sesame seeds, species of Alternaria, 405. KUSHI, K.K. 1977. Studies on the seed-borne Phytophthora, Fusarium, xanthcmonas and Pseudomonas pathogens of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) , were most camoonly associated whereas species of M.Sc. {Ag.) Thesis, J.N. Agricultural Univer Cercospora and Asperquillus were detected less fre sity, Jabalpur, India. quently. Seven genera · namely Alternaria, * Three important seed-borne pathogens, 1iiz., Phytophthora, Fusarium, Cercospora, Aspergillus, Macrophanina phaseoli, Corynespora cassiicola and xanthaoonas and Pseudaronas were internally as well Alternaria ~:esami were included for detailed study. as externally seed borne and were also pathoqenic. All the three fungi were able to grow on seven The seed infestations (%) with Phytophthora and media tested. Czapek's medium was the best for Alternaria were canparatively higher than with other growth, while Richards' s medium and Asthana five genera. All these micro-organisms reduced seed Hawker's medium were best for sporulation. In germination and had adverse effect on the seedlings. vitro testing of chemicals revealed that captan and Ceresan wet proved to be superior in vivo studies. 401. KAMALA, T. and R.N. RAO. 1982. Effect of three fungicides on Sesamum indiCl.Ull L. var. ma.dhavi. 406. KUSHI, K.K. and M.N. KHARE. 1979. CCJnparative Geobios. 9(5/6):281-283. efficacy of five methods to detect *In seed treatment tests with Dithane Z-78 (Zineb), Macrophanina phaseolina associated with Difolatin (captafol) and Orthocide (captan), there Sesamum Seeds. Indian Phytopath. 31(2) :258- was a decrease in seed germination, seedling growth 259. and other quantitative growth and yield parameters, * Higher counts of !1_. phaseolina were detected in with increasing fungicide concentration captan proved untreated seasame seeds by the standard blotter the JOOSt phytotaxi.c. method or testing on a selective medium, PDA con 402. KUMAR, K. and J.SINGH. 1984. Effect of taining PCNB (quintozene) than .in the deep freezing fungicides on seed borne fungi in sesame during blotter or blotter method with pre-treated seeds or storage. Seed Res. 12(2):109-111. on plain.FDA. * The mycof lora of seed stored in different types of container is described. Seed treatment with carben 407. KUSHI, K.K. and M.N. KHARE. 1979. Seed borne dazim @ 2g/kg seed performed best in eliminating all fungi of sesame (Sesamum indicum) and their fungi except Aspergillus sesami, Curvularia lunata significance. Seed Res. 7(1):48-53. (Cochliobolus lunatus) and Dreschslera tetramera. * Aloong 26 samples, Macrophaoina phaseolina was captan was next in effectiveness. associated with 23, Corynespora cassiicola with 11 and Alternaria sesami with 10. Isolates of all 403. KUMAR, K. and J.SINGH. 1986. Effect of seed were pathogenic resulting in seed rot, pre- and pos treatment of sesame upon germination and temergence losses, stem rot and leaf spots. seedling emergence. Pesticides. 20(4):30-31. * Bavistin (2g/kg) was better than captan, Thiram or 408. MATHUR, S.B. and F. KABEERE. 1975. Seed borne vitavax in improving germination and seedling emer fungi of sesame in Uganda. Seed Sci. &Tech. gence. 3(3/4):655-660. * Sesame seed samples fran a diseased field at 404. KUMAR, K., J. SrnGH and H.K. SAKSNA. 1984. Sendusu and fran Research Station at Kawanda and Fungi associated with sesamum seeds, their Serere were infected with Alternaria sesami (CMI nature and control. Indian Phytopath. 37:330- Map 410) , Corynespora cassiicola (both new records 332. for Uganda), Cercospora sesami, Fusarium i:oonilifor * Seventeen fungal species were found to be associa me (Gibberella fujikuroi), r. axysporum and ted with the seeds of sesamum varieties T-4 and T-12. Verticillium dahliae. Heavy infections, 67-87% of 'Ihirteen fungal species were found to be pathogenic Alterraria sesami and 25-68% of Cercospora sesami and reduced the seed germination by causing seed rot were recorded in all 4 samples. whereas in the rest under laboratory conditions. Fusarium monilifonne infections were in trace amounts or no::lerate. The and Rhizoctonia bataticola produced brown necrotic blotter method was superior to agar planting. Se lesions on roots and later became seedling invader to ed-borne infection cause heavy seed rot and seedl cause root rot and seedling blight. Helminthosporium ing mortality and the poor germination at Sendusu tetramera and Alternaria sesami produced brown Fann is attributed to high canbined infection by necrotic spots on leaves. The fungicides like Alternaria sesami and Cercospora sesami. 36 409. MISHRA, R.R. and R.S.KANAUJIA. 1973. Studies gei.11lination and infection by field and storage on certain aspects of seed-borne fungi. II. fungi. Seed borne fungi of certain oil seeds. Indian Phytopath. 26(2):284-294. 415. RAMAIAH, K.S. and M.N.L. SASTRY. 1980. Seed * The effects of seed coat leachates and seed ex mycoflora of Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) . tracts on same of the 29 fungi isolated from Brassica Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 14(3):341-344. spp, ~- indictnll, Ricinus cammunis and linseed were * Seed borne fungi of sesame are reported. studied and also the effects of sane culture filtrates on germination and seedling growth. 416. RAMAIAH, K.S. and M.N.L. SASTRY. 1983. Chemi cal control of the seed mycoflora of sesamum. 410. I>DIDAL, G.C., D. NANO! and B. NANO!. 1981. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 17(2):141-143. Studies on deterioration of sane oil seeds in * Maximum seed emergence was noted in seeds treated storage. I: Variation in seed moisture, infec with captan and Bavistin. captan and Duter (Fentin tion and germinability. Mycologia. 73(1) :157- hydroxide) gave a broad spectrum effect. 166. * An account of the effects of storage for various 417. REDDY, A.S. AND S.M. REDDY. 1982. Two un intervals upto one year on the seed of sesame. recorded fungi on seeds of sesami.nn (Sesamum indictnll Linn, Drechslera neargaardi, Phana 411. I>DIDAL, G.C., D. NANDI and B. NANDI, 1985. nebulosa). Curr. Sci. 51(17):844-845. Allyl-isothiocyanate as an effective post * Drechslera neergaardi and Phoma nebulosa were harvest preservative of seeds. Seed Sci. & recorded for the first time in sesamum seed. Tech. 13(3):529-536. * Mustard seed oil was effective as a preservative at 418. REDDY, A.S. and S.M. REDDY. 1982. Changes.in 0.1% against fungal infection of sesame seed in the activity of different enzymes during the natural storage than propionic acid. No ge11lri.nation of sesamu.m seeds under the patho phytotoxicity was recorded for allyl-isothiocyanate genesis of two seed- borne fungi. Proc. Nat. at 0.1%. Seminar, Seed Pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Dec. 30-31st, 1982, 84-87. 412. MOODAL, G.C., D. NANDI and B. IWIDI. 1987. *Activity of Alkaline and acid Phosphatase, F.est Effect of hydrolytic enzymes of storage fungi erase, Peroxidase and Polyphenol axidase in sesamum on seed deterioration. Acta Agro. Hungarica. seed has been studied under the influence of M. 36(1):125-132. phaseolina and Phoma nebulosa. * The production of cellulase and endo-polyga lacturonase (endo-PG) of same storage fungi like 419. REDDY, A.S. and S.M. REDDY. 1983. Elaboration Aspergillus fumigatus, A. funiculosus, ~- niger and of mycotaxins by fungi associated with Til ~- chevalieri isolated from stored sesame was studied {Sesa1m.1i11 indictnll L.·). Curr. Sci. 52:613. on liquid basal and seed media. * Thirty six fungal species were obtained from 105 seed samples of til several species of Asperg:illus, 413. NANDI, D., G.C. MONDAL and B. IWIDI. 1981. Fusarium as well as Penicillium citrinum are capa Studies on deterioration of some oil seeds in ble of elaborating a very wide range of mycotaxins. storage changes in oil content, fat acidity value and genninability. Proc. 3rd Int. Syrn. 420. REDDY, A.S. and S.M. REDDY. 1983. Lipase Pl. Path. !ARI, New Delhi, 14-18th Dec. 1981, activ-i ty of two seed-borne fungi (Macrophomina 175pp. (Abst.). phaseolina, Phoma nebulosa) of sesame (Sesamum * Aspergillus niger and ~- fumigatus caused indicum) . Folia Microbiologica (Czechos deterioration of sesame seeds in storage. lovakia), 28(6):463-466. * Lipase activities of sesame seed-borne fungi was 414. NANDI, D., G.C. MONDAL and B. NANO!. 1982. recorded. Studies on deterioration of some oil seeds in storage. 3. Effects of different storage tem 421. REDDY, A.S. and S.M. REDDY, 1983. Influence peratures and relative humidities on seed of seed moisture of fungal succession of seeds moisture, germination and infection. Seed Sci. of sesamum (Sesamum indicum) . Seed Research Tech. 10(1):141-150. 10(2):120-124. * Seeds of sesame, collected after harvest or from * Fungal succession on sesame seeds with different store houses, and stored under various temperatures moisture levels was analysed rronthly. Incidence and relative humidities were studied in respect of varied with moisture content. Alternaria alternata 37 was abundant only in the initial stages. Aspergillus were free fran fungal associations. At 10.5% mois flavus predaninated wilile Macrophomina phaseolina and ture, many seeds were infested. Rhizoctonia solani were associated only wi.th seeds of high moisture content. The seed mycoflora at first 428. SINGH, B.K. 1987. Oil propertis of sesamum increased with storage time but subsequently, seeds at different relative humidities under decreased. Seed germination increased wi.th storage infestation. Indian Phytopath. 40(3) :356-359. time. * At high RH, percent oil and iodine v-alue decreased while saponificantion value and fatty 422. SACHIDANANTHAM, K., S. PONNIAH., S. NATARAJAN, acids increased. Aspergillus flav11S, Drechslera and S.M. RAO. 1983. Effect of seed treatment hawaiiensis and Fusarium ooniliforme were found with fungicides on the vi.ability of some oil frequently on sesamum seeds. seeds during storage. In Proceedings of National Seminar on Management of Diseases of 429. SINGH, B.K. and T. PRASAD. 1979. Effect of Oilseed crops, Madurai, India, Tamil Nadu seed-brone fungi on the cholesterol of sesame Agricultural University: 92-94. seed. Seed Res. 7(2):165-167. * Result of fungicide seed treatments of groundnut, * Aspengillus flavus·and Aspergillus niger inocula sesame and sunflower are tabulated. Dithane M-45 tions decreased the cholesterol level of the seed. {macozeb) perfonned best. 430. SINGH, B.K. and T. PRASAD. 1983. Effect of 423. SHARMA, K.D. 1981. Biodeterioration of Sesamum seed-borne fungi on the physiccrchemical prcr oil in Situ by fungi. Indian Phytopath. perties of sesannnn seed oil. J. Indian Bot. 34(1):50-53. Soc. 62:48-53. * The 8 most abundant fungal spp. isolated during * A large number of fungi are reported to bring sesame seed storage were selected for further study. about several physiccrchemical changes in sesamum All could reduce the quantity of oil in seeds and the seeds and degrade seeds constituents. quality was also considerably affected. 431. SINGH, B.P., Y.K. SHARMA and B.N. SHUKLA. 424. SHARMA, S.M. and B.N. REDDY. 1983. Research on 1972. Role of seed-borne pathogens in reduc sesannnn makes headway. Indian Frog. 32 (12) : 3- ing nutritive value of Sesamum indicum seeds. 10. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 42B (4): 44D-441. * Seed treatment using Thiram at the rate of 300 g/100 kg of seed is good for seed-borne diseases. * Infected seeds invariabily yielded Macrophanina phaseoli {Macrophanina phaseolina). The oil 425. SHUKLA, D.N. and S.N. BHARGAVA, 1976. Fungi content was greatly reduced. Protein and isolated fran seeds of Oil crops. Proc. Nat carbohydrate v-alues were also somewhat lower. Acad. Sci. India. 46(B):442-444. *Six fungi were isolated fran sesamum seed. 432. SINGH, D., S.B. MATHUR and P. NEERGAARD. 1980. Histological studies of Altemaria sesamicola 426. SHUKLA,. D.N. and S.N. BHARGAVA. 1977. Sane penetration in sesame seed. Seed Sci. & Tech. studies on Fusarium solani (Mart.) (Sacc). Iso 8(1):85-93. lated f ran different seeds of pulses and oil * In 3 white-seeded sesame seed samples having vary crops. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 47B (4): high and ooderate incidence of Alternaria 199-203. sesamicola, the donnant mycelium of the fungus * Fusarium solani was associated with seed of sesame usually occured in subepidennal layers of seed coat and pathogenic to seedlings of the crop. Growth and and occasionally in endosperm and embryo. In sporulation were best at pH 5.5-6.5 and at 22-2SoC. severely infected seed it invaded all parts includ Agrosan {Phenylmercury acetate), Benlate {Benanyl), ing the embryo, even sporulating within the seed. Blitox 50 (eoPper oxychl.oride), Ceresan (Mathoxy Heavy aggregation of mycellium in hilum region. sug ethylmercury chloride) , Kirticopper, Plantvax gested that it penetrated through this point wher (mcycarboxin), Thiram and Vitavax (Carboxin) inhibit eas thick inner cuticle of seed coat and outer cut ed growth of fungus in culture. icle of endospenn appeared to resist its inward penetration. 42.7. SHUKLA, D.N. and S.N. BHARGAVA. 1978. Effect of ooisture on seed fungal Flora. Proc. Nat 433. SINGH, T. and D. SINGH. 1983. Seed-borne Acad. Sci. India. 48B (4):199-200. mycoflora of sesame with special reference to * At a low ooisture content {<8.5%) seeds of sesame Rajasthan. Indian J. Mycol. & Pl. Pathol. 38 13(1):32-41. mum and their control. Seed Res. 12 (1) : 93- * Out of 24 fungi isolated fran sesamum seed, 94. Altemaria sesami, Cephalosporium acremonium. , * Seven fungi l1ere found to be associated with Fusarium axysporum f. sp. sesami, ~- solani and sesamum seeds. Carbendazilll, Benanyl, captan, and Macrophanina phaseolina were important pathogens. Thiram increased the germination percentage and The presence of. Phytophthora parasitica var. sesami reduced seed-borne mycoflora. was detected in microtane sections of seeds. 440. VYAS, S.C. and R. SlNGH. 1984. Effect of 434. VAIDmI, B.K., G.V. JAGADAMBA and P. LALITHA. chemical weed control on seed-borne· fungi of 1985. Effect of culture filtrates of sane soybean, sesannnn and peas. Indian Phytopa.th. fungi on germination of.seeds and on seedlings 37:422. of sane oil seeds. Indian Bot. Reporter.• * In Herbicides amended plots, seeds were 4(1):92-94. canpletely free whereas fran control plots ioore * The culture filterates of Aspergillus flavus, number of mycoflora were isolated. When seeds of Fusarium axysporum, Penicellium citrinum, ~- rubrum sesamum were artificially infested with 0.005% and Alternaria sesami reduced germination percentage herbicides, acifluorfin and· Bentazone (Post and root and shoot elongation of sesame with the emergence) ccmplete eradication of seed-borne fungi maxinn.nn on the 30th day. was recorded. The seedlings emerged fran the treated seeds were noilllal. 435. VAIDmI, B.K. and P. LALI'IHA. 1985. F\Jnga]. succession in sesamum seeds. Indian J. Bot. 441. WASNIKAR, A.R., S.M. SHARMA and K.V.V. 8(1):39-48. PRASAD. 1987. Seed borne Microflora of * Aoong the 54 species isolated fran sesame seed sesannnn and their significance. J. Oilseeds Altemaria, Curvularia, Drecbslera, Fusarium and Res •. 4(1) :141-144. Cladosporium were in abundance. * Incidence of 9 fungi and 2 bacteria on seeds of 12 cv. of sesannnn was recorded. 436. VALAND, G.B., N.Y. GAIKWAD and A. J. PATEL. 1983. Seed borne fungi of sane sesame 442. YU, S.H. 1981. Singificance of sesame seed. varieties. Indian J. Mycoi. Pl. Pathol. 13(- borne fungi, with speeial. ·reference to 3): 363-364. Corynespora cassiicola. Korean J. Plant * In all, 16 fungal species were recorded on sesame Prat. 20(4):183-190. seed. Aoong pathogenic fungi Fusarium and * The predani.nant fungi in sesame seed samples were Macrophanina phaseoli were predani.nant. Alternaria sesami, Alternaria sesamicola, Altemaria tenuis (Alternaria alternata) and 437. VEmm, O.P. and L.N. DAPI'ARI. 1974. .AIOOunt of Corynespora cassiicola. All were controlled by seed-borne inoculum of Macrophanina phaseoli pre-treatment with chlorine, with the exception of and its effect on oortality and growth of Corynespora cassiicola. This pathogen caused sesame seed.lings. Indian Phytopa.th. 27:130- severe seed rot and seed.ling ioortality. 131. Corynespora cassiicola induced severe leaf and stem * .AIOOunt of seed-borne inoculum (number of sclerotia blight ;in inoculation experiments resulting in on seed surface) was found to affect the seed.ling death. Alternaria sesami. Alternaria sesamicola, oortality and growth. Depending upon number of Alternaria longissima, and Corynespora sesami also sclerotia per seed, seedling ·oortality of three produced mild to severe leaf spotting . and blight varieties viz., Ex-116, G-5 and Limbdi-93 were 19- when conidial suspentions were sprayed on plants. 56, 7-26 and 26-53 percent respectively. Fusarium axysporum and Macrophanina phaseolina in soil inoculation experiments caused seed rot and 438. VIDHYASEKARAN, p. I D. LALITHA KllMARI and c. v. seeding blight. OOVINDASWAMY. 1972. Role of seed-borne fungi on the deterioration of quality of gingelly 443. YU. S.H. and J.S. PARK. 1980. Macrophanina seeds. Indian J. Microbial. 12(2): 104-107. phaseolina detected in seeds of Sesamum * The 17 fungal spp. isolated frcm Sesamum are indicum and its pathogenicity. Korean J. listed and their effects on oil and free fatty acid Plant Prat. 19(3):135-140. content, germination and seedling growth assessed. * The pathogen was detected in 7 to 12 seed samples tested and is reported for the first time fran 439. VYAS, S.C., I. KOI'WAL, K.V.V. PRASAD and A.C. Korea. Macrophanina phaseolina caused severe red JAIN. 1984. Note on seed-borne fungi of sesa- uction in seed germination and seeding stand of 39 sesame and induced S"ymptoms of charcoal rot in potato 448. AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1955. State in witlch fungi tubers. occur in the rhizosphere naturwissenschaften. 42(18): 515-516. 444. YU, S.H., S.B. MATHUR and P. NEERGAARD, 1982. * At the .botany Lab, Univ. of :raaras, India Taxonany and pathogenicity of four seed-.bome adapting !·1clennan 's method, the author studied a species of Altemaria fran sesame. Trans. fungal population of rhizospheres·of 15 crop plants Brit. Mycol. Soc. 78(3):447-458. including sesame. :Most of fungi named tended to * Altemaria sesami, Altemaria sesamicola, occur in vegetative rather than in the sporing Alternaria tenuis (Alternaria alternata) and. state w'hereas in the soil distant fran the roots 70 Alternaria longissima were detected in Korean seed to 90% of colonies were der1ved fran spores. The samples of Sesamum. Altemaria sesamicola was the ni.nnbers·on desiccated and fresh root samples col predaninant sp. Seed infection in sane samples being. lected during various stages of growth showed 30-68%. Altemaria sesamicola was the predominant similar fluctuations. There was a· high correlation sp. Alternaria sesami and Alternaria longissima coefficient (±0.9) .between the number of spore occured only at 1-3%. . Detailed descriptions are derived colonies and the total of fungi in associa given on habit, characters of the 4 spp. and on the tion with all the plants examined. Desiccated ioorphology of conidia, supported by photographs and roots harboured no Fusarium spp. or Neocosoospora diagrammatic characters. .Based on the original vasinfecta and only 0 to 20% Macrophcajna phaseoli. descriptions and the isolates studied it is concluded that Alternaria sesami and Alternaria sesamicola are 449. BAGYARAJ, J., and G. RANGASWAMY~ 1966. On the 2 distinet spp. Alternaria longissima, generally varieties in Rhizosphere effects of sane crop regarded as a saprophyte, was for the first time plants. CUyr. Sci. 35(9): 238-239. found to be pathogen, producing zonate leaf spot, * When 5. different crops were grown under similar foliage blight, stem necrosis and spots on capsules conditions in the same field and the microflora at of sesame. Alternaria sesami and Alternaria various depths estimated after 20 and 40 days the sesamicola caused severe symptan.s, seed gennination rhizosphere effect varied with the crop, soil and seedling stand were reduced. depth, plant age and type of micro-organism. Legume roots had more organisms particularly D-. PHYLLC>SPHERE FUNGI bacteria than non-legumes. Pigeon pea had the maximum rhizosphere effect on bacteria, cotton on 445. SHARMA, K.R. and K.G.' MUKERJI. 1974. Incidence actinomycetes and sesame on fungi. of pathogenic fungi on leaves. (on Sesame orientale). Indian Phytopath. ·27(4):558-566. 450. MAJIK)JIARACHARY, C. , K. vmKATESHWARLU. , and * Incidence of sane pathogemc species of Candida, P .RAMARO. 1977. Studies on mycoflora of Macrophanina, Colletotrichuin, Alternaria, Fusarium rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. and Phana on ageing, senescing, and decaying.leaves Geqbios 4(2):67-68. of sesamum was investigated. * The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere mycoflora of sesame and other crops is investigated. 446. VmKATESHWARLU, K. and C. MAOOHARCHARY. 1976. Leaf surface microfungi of sane oil yielding 451. MISHRA,B.K., A.MISHRA., and B.PADHI. 1984. E and medicinal plants. Geobios, 3(1):29-30. ffect of defoliation on the · microbial * The number, distribution and frequency of phyl population and enzyme activity in the losphere fungi on sesame·in relation to pH and mois rhizosphere of Sesamum orientale L. J. Orissa ture was investigated. Bot. Soc. 6(1): 31-34. * Defoliation stimulated invertase activity and E:.. RHIZOSPHERE FUNGI increased the fungal, bacterial and actincmycete populations in the rhizosphere canpared with those 447. AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1953. Soil conditions and of ,intact.plants. root diseases. VIII. Rhizosphere.microflora of sane of the important crop plants of South 452. SIRRY, A.R., S .N. SALEM, M.A. ZAYED., and India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. B.37 (1) D.ANWAR. 1981. Rhizosphere microflora of ses :1-13. ame plants infected with root-rot diseases and * Further work in this series showed that Aspergillus their activities in· antagonizing the main spp. and Penicillium spp. predaninated in therhizo pathogens. F.gyptian J. Microb. 16(1-2):65-68. spheres of sesamum·plants. *Antagonistic studies.showed that StreptC:myces sp. was the •IOOSt potent microorganism against both 40 Fusarium @'SPOrum and Sclerotium ba.taticola, the ground. Primary infections on the stems canmonly main pathogen of root-rot disease of sesame plants. occur at the site of insertion of petioles while Antagonism could be effectively realized when the girdling may lead to the collapse of whole plant. incubation temp. ranged 25-350 C and the organisms Sections through the stems reveal the permeation of were grown on Zapek' s medium containing lactose for the cortex by large irregular lacunae in wiri.ch the F. @'SPOrum and arabinose for §_. bataticola. tissue is totally disorganized and filled with Aspergillus sp. was the ioost antagonistic bacteria. In severe case the vascular bundle ring rhizosph.eric fungus tested against the root-rot is disrupted in places and infection advances into pathogens of sesame plants· followed by Penicillium medulla while the vessels may also contain bacteri sp. a, these were isolated in pure culture on potato agar on which they f onned circular slimy to liquid 453. VIJAYALAKSHMI, M., and A.S.RAO. 1988. Vasi lustrous, whitish grey colonies. cular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal associations of sesamum. Proc. Indian Aca. Sci. Pl. Sci. 98- 458. CULP, T. W. 1964. - Race 2 of Pseudanonas sesa (1} :55-59. mi in Mississipi. PLant Dis. Reptr. 48(2):86- * Gloorus, Gigaspora and Sclerocystis spp. were found 87. in the rhizosphere soil of sesame plants. *A race of Psetidaoonas sesami attacked sesame var. Margo previously attacked in Mississipi. '!his is F- BAC"l'ER.IAL DISEASES either race 2 introduced. on seed fran Texas or it developed independently in the nurseries. 459. CURZI, M. 1934. Of African fungi and disease 454. AI'IWIN, J., A.K. ESlJIMI , and A.VAZIRI. 1972. II. Concerning Pseudaoonas parasitic on plants Disease of crops in the Rhujestan Province of in Italian Sanaliland. Bull. R. Staz. Pat. South Western Iran. Plant Dis. Reptr. 56(12}: Veg., N.S. II(1}:173-184. 1067-1069. * '!he sesame bacteriosis caused by Bacterium sesami * Pseudaoonas solanacearum (CMI Map 138} causing is both vascular and parenchymatous and has many bacterial wilt of sesame is aI0011g the many records points in camoon with the disease produced. on vari tabulated. ous hosts by Bacterium solanacearum, it is perhaps identical with the sesame disease attributed to 455. AKHTAR, M.A. 1985. Bacterial new records. latter organism by Komauth and Smith in 1903 and Pakistan. Bacterial blight of sesame. F.A.O. by Honing in 1913. Smith considered both diseases Plant Prot. Bull. 33(2):76. to be identical and due to Bacterium solanacearum * This is the first record of Pseudaoonas syringae which however Nakata and Kov-a.cevski have shown to pv. sesami as a pathogen of sesame in Pakistan. be distinct fran Bacterium sesami. 456. ANSARI, M.M., and T. RAM. 1987. Bacterial wilt 460. DEMEI'RIADES, S.D., D.G. ZACHOS, C.G. of sesamum caused by Pseudaoonas solanacearum - PANAGOPOUWS., and C.D. HOLEVAS. 1959. Rap a new record fran Andaman and Nicobar Islands. port sarmaire sur les maladies des plantes Indian Phytopath. 40:236. cultivees observees en Grece au cours de I' * '!he bacterial wilt of sesamum caused by Pseudaoonas annee. 1959 (Brief report on the plant dis solanacearum was reported fran Andaman and Nicobar eases observed in Greece during the year Islands. 1959}. Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, N.S. 3(2):33-41. 457. BREMER, H., H.ISMm., G.KAREL., H.OZKAN., and * 'liris report canpiled on the usual lines. include M.OZKAN. 1947. Contributions of the knowledge the first record of Pseudaoonas sesami on sesame in of the parasitic fungi to Turkey 1. Rev. Fae. Greece. Sci. Univ. Istanbul, Ser B, 13(2):122-172. * Pseudaoonas sesami is believed to be the causal 461. DUNLAP, A.A. 1943. TWo bacterial diseases in organisms of a wilt of sesame apparently new to Taxas. Plant Dis. Reptr. 27:274. Turkey but possibly identical with the ba.cteriosis * Bacterial leaf spot and blight diseases on sesa described by Malkoff frcm Bulgana. Primary mum were recorded fran Texas. infections on the leaves of ten appear as angular, vein delimited, brown spots with blackish brown 462. DURGAPAL, J.C., P.N. PATEL, and Y.P. RAO. margins, attaining a diameter upto 2 cm. and 1969. Resistance in crops to bacterial. dis coalescing to produce a dark network on a brown eases in India. I. Evaluation of sesamum for 41 for resist-ance to bacterial leaf spot disease was caused by Erwinia sp. ceresan, chiprosan and incited by Pseudcm:mas sesami. Indian polychom @ 0.5% canpletely controlled the seed Phytopath. 22(2):292-294. borne pathogens. * Seventy indigenous and 49 exotic accessions of sesame were evaluated in field trails and lines rated 468. KOVACPVSICT, I.C. 1930. New investigations of as moderately resistant and resistant +14 additional the etiology of black rot of sesame. Annuarie lines were then tested in glass house. Am:>ng 9 .clas Univ. de. Sofia, Fae. Agron. et. Sylvicult. sified as resistant in field, 6 ranained resistant 1929-1930. 8:455-468. and 3 were moderately resistant in glass house in * This is an account of the authors study of the oculations. Final ratings of indigenous and exotic bacterial disease of sesame which was first record lines are given. ed and described fran Bulgaria under the name 'black rot' by Malkoff in 1903 and was attributed 463. OORGAPAL, J.C., and Y.P. RAO. 1967. Bacterial by him to Pseudaoonas (Bacterium) sesami and leaf spot of sesamum (Sesamum orientale L.) in Bacillus sesami, either singly or in canbination. India. Indian Phytopath. 20(2):178-:179. Inoculation experiments in 1929 showed, however, * A strain of Pseudaoonas sesami differing in its that the last named organism is not pathogenic to ability to produce acid fran sucrose and glycerol in sesame seedlings. Malkoff 's results being explained addition to glucose is newly recorded for India by the fact that as indicated by his own descrip causing bacterial leaf spot of sesame (00 map 398). tion, he worked with isolations the purity of which was questionable. Bacterium sesami on· the other 464. OORGAPAL, J.C., Y.P. RAO, and R. SINGH., 1969. hand reproduced all the symptoos observed in Eradication of infection of Pseudanonas sesami nature, which are also described this proving it to fran sesamum seeds. Indian Phytopath. 22(3): be the real cause of the disease. Characters of the 400-402. pathogen are described in detail. * Of the 3 methods of treatment of infected seed canpared, hot water at 51-520 C for 10 minutes and 469. MALKOFF, K. 1903. Eine bakterienkrankheit auf soaking in 0.025% agrimycin solution+ 0.05% wettable Sesamum orientale in Bulgarien, Cont. ceresan were both successful in eliminating the Bakteriol. Abt. 2(II):333-336. pathogen, but seedlings fran seed surface sterilized * Bacterial leaf spot was recorded f ran Bulgaria as with 0.1% HgcL 12 developed the disease 25 days after black rot. sowing. 470. MAU 42 of three bacterias indicated that Bacteritun sesami iment Stations, season 1948-49. 172. Empire and Bacteritun sesamicola are identical but are dis Cotton growing Corporation, 1950 F.arly re tinct fran Bacteritun solanacearum. The correct name sistant white, early maturing strain of of fo:aner is considered to be Bacteritun sesami. sesame is resistant to Marad el Dam disease. Malkoff, syns Pseudaoonas sesami Malk; Bacteritun (Bacteriwn (Pseudoroonas) sesami). sesamicola Takirooto Bacteriwn sesami causes forma tion of dark brawn spots on sesame leaves and stem 479. SAPKAL, R. T. 1980. Studies on control of in Bulgaria India, Japan and Korea. bacterial leaf spot of sesamwn caused by Pseudaoonas sesami Malkoff. M.Sc. (Ag.) 473. OKABE, N and M. 001'0. 1961. Studies on thesis, J .N. Agricultural University, Pseudaoonas solanacearum XI, Pathotypes in Jabalpur, India. Japan Rep. Fae. Agric. Shizuka Univ. 11:25-42. * out of three methods of inoculation of leaves, * Thirteen pathotypes were defined according to infection infiltration method was efficient in differences in virulence for tobacco, sesamum, tan producing typical symptans. out of nine ato, eggplant and groundnut. Many examples were antibiotics tested streptanycin SUlphate, encountered on Japanese soils which were infested Paushamycin and Plantanycin were effective in with oore than one type. Strains differentiated by checking the growth of the pathogen, as well as in biochemical properties, lysis by virulent 6r tempe reducing the seedling infection by seed treatment. rate bacteriophages, production of or sensitivity to Twenty six vars viz., N 63-177-74-145 and Tc 325 bacteriocins and lysogenicity were not always cor remained free fran disease. related with differences in virulence and host range. All strains producing abundant brown pigment 480. SATHYARAJAN, P K., A.NASEl!MA., and T.C. in culture media or diseased tissues failed to RADHAICRISHNAN. 1985 Bacterial wilt of Sesamum f ennent lactose and classified as pathotype 4 which indicwn L - A new record. Curr. Sci. India was avirulent for sesamum. Pathotype 3 was virulent 54(6):288. to Sesamum and tana.to only. * Pseudanonas solanacearum on sesame is newly re ported 474. PERIDRINE, W.T.H. and D.R.W.WATSCE. 1964. Annual Report of the Plant Pathology Section. 481. SJNGH, R.N. 1970. out breaks and new Deptt. of Agriculture, Tanganyika. records. Plant Prat. Bull FAO. 17(6) :138- * Pseudaoonas sesami was found causing bacterial 142. leaf spot of sesame but is not at present of econo * He reports an epidemic of bacterial leaf spot of mic importance. sesame caused by PseUdomonas sesami. The disease symptoms of which are described was present in all 475. PERimA, A.L.G. 1967. A study of Pseudoroonas 47 districts of Uttar Pradesh. sesami, causal agent of a bacteriosis of ses ame. Arq. Inst. biol., S.Paulo. 34(3): 113-. 482. SlTI'IC, D , and W.J. :OOWSON. 1962. Bacterial 125. leaf · spot of sesamwn in Yugoslavia. * Morphological, cultural and biochemical characters Phytopath. Z. 45(1):57-65. of this pathogen are described. It attacks many * Pseudomonas sesami is reported for the first time varieties, in Brazil, where it was first noted in in Yugoslavi.a. At Fae. Agri. Zemun Belgrade and 1942. bot. School, cambridge. A canparative study was made of the morphological, cultural, biochemical 476. PCX)LE, D.D. and C.D.HEATHER. 1956. A pre and patjlogenic characteristics of bacteritun liminary note on a duo-canplex of sesame isolates proved very vi.rulent to sesame. Phaseolus bacterial leaf spot in Texas. Plant Dis. Rep vulgaris appeared to be a useful differential host, tr. 40:236. typical stem spots developed at inoculation sites *Bacterial leaf spot_and blight disease of sesamwn enlarging to 4x8 mm, at first reddish they later were recorded fran Texas. turned violet, middle part being covered by a rich bacterial whitish exudate. Spots on inoculated 477. RATHAIAH, Y. 1984. Bacterial wilt of sesame. pods were ver:y similar but round. F.A.O. Plant Pro. Bull. 32(4): 143-144. * Pseudanonas solanacearwn on sesame is newly reco 483. TAKIMOTO, K. 1927. Sesame bacterial disease rded in India. J. Pl. Prot. Tokyo. 8:433. * A bacterial disease on sesame was described. 478. ROSE, M.F. 1950. Progress Reports fron Exper- 43 484. THOMAS, C.A. 1956. Control of bacterial leaf more severe in a field with hiqher rainfall. spot of sesame by streptanycin seed treatment. Phytopathology. 46:29. 489. VAJAVAT, R.M., and B.P. CHAKARAVARTI 1978. * Seed of Palmetto sesame soaked for 30 minutes in Yield losses due to bacterial leaf spot of solutions of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 PJm1 streptanycin Sesamum orientale in Rajasthan. Indian J. were free from bacterial disease in comparison to Mycol. &Plant Path. 7(1): 97-98. witreated ones. Concentrations hiqher than 500 PJmJ. * Field experiments indicated that Pseudanonas reduced the rate of seeding- qrowth wider certain sesami caused 21.07% loss in yield in a local conditions. susceptible sesame CV. during- 1972 and 27.12% loss in 1973. 485. 'I'IDIAS, C.A. 1965. Effect of photoperiod and nitroqen on reaction of sesame to Pseudananas 490. VAJAVAT, R.M. and B.P. CHAKARAVARTI. 1978. sesami and Xanthaoonas sesami. Plant. Dis SUrvi val of Pseudanonas sesami and effect of Reptr. 49(2):119-120. an antag'bnistic bacterium isolated fran seed * A short photoperiod of 12 hrs. liqht day with sup on the control of the disease in the field. plemental N was the most favourable for the Indian Phytopath. 31(3 :286-288. development of Pseudarona.s sesami vars. Venezuela 51 *Pseudanonas sesami survived for 96 and 30 days in and Early Russian (field susceptible and field re autoclaved and unautoclaved soil respectively and sistant respectively) .both proving- susceptible with 11 months in sesame seed which appear to be the out supplemental N the fonner was susceptible or long primary inoculum source. The - antaqonistic (16 hrs.) photoperiods. Susceptibility of Venezuela bacterium inhibited the qrowth of the pathoqen in 51 to Xanthomonas sesami was increased under short vitro. When field qrown sesame leaves were photoperiod whereas that of early Russian was in inoculated with Pseudomona5 sesami mixed with the creased by N under short but little affected under antaqonistic bacterium in the cell to cell ratios long- photoperiod. 1:14, 1:9 and 1:4 the disease control was respectively, 100% C. 100% and C.50% as canpared to 486. THOOAS, C.A. and R.G. ORELLANA. 1962. control. Resistance of sesame varieties and patho qenicity of strains of Pseudanonas sesami in 491. VAJAVAT, R.M., B.P. CHAKARAVARTI. and K.L. relation to amino acids and reducing- suqars. JAIN, 1985. Inoculum concentration on symptan Phytopathology. 52(1):1-34. developnent, pathological chanqes after in * A new strain of Pseudomonas sesami attacked the fection and multiplication of Pseudair:>nas hiqher to resistant var. Marqo in commercial fields syringae pv. sesami field qrown sesame of dif in Texas. In qreenhouse and field tests, early ferent aqes. Indian J. Mycol. & Pl. Pathol. Russian was resistant to .both the old and the new 15(2):141-144. strains. Varietal reaction depended on differences * Min. Concn. of 1 x 10'! and 1 x 1()1 cells/ml. were in the concentration of certain amino acids and in necessary for symptom develo1Ee11t by spray and the ratio of reducing- suqars to these acids. The carborundum inoculation method. Young-er plants strains were oorphological.ly distinct. eq. their were more susceptible-than older once. qlucose; asparqine requirements. 492. VERMA, O.P., and L.N.DAF'l'ARI. 1976. Cheanical 487. 'I'IDIAS, C.A., R.G. ORELLANA., M.L. Ia:NMAN. and control of bacterial leaf spot of sesamum in G.W.RIVERS. 1962. A second pathoqenic race of Rajasthan. Indian Phytopath. 29(1):59-61. Pseudaoonas sesami. Plant Dis. Reptr. 46 * Treatment of sesame seed with aqrimycin (4):248-250. canpletely controlled seed borne Pseudaoonas sesami * Contains a oore detailed aCCOWlt of work on this and 94% qennination occured. Tetracycline sesame pathoqen. hydrochloride g-ave goo:l control of seed infection but reduced qennination to 57%. The best field 488. URDANETA, U.R. and B.MAZZANI. 1976. Varietal control was qj.ven by aqrymcine seed treatment difference in susceptibility to bacterial followed by a spray when the disease first appeared diseases of sesame (§_. indicum L.) in in the field. Venezuela. Aqron. Trap. 26(4):311-320. * Susceptibility to various bacterial leaf spot (Wl 493. ZACHOS. D.G. and C.G.PANAGOPOOWS. 1960. The gpecified) was evaluated in 14 vars. Incidence was bacterium Pseucl.aocinas sesami Malkoff in Gree lower in Maporal, Morada, Ajimo, Atar 5-5 and local ce. Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, N.S.3 (2) :Ger sesame A-15-13 introduced fran Africa. Damage was 64. 44 * Bacterial leaf spot (Pseud.Oioonas sesami) of sesame Phytopath. Soc. 6:10-23. reported for first time in Greece is described, it * Symptans were more severe on young than on old was found in several districts in stumner 1959. leaves and late sowing (July) resulted in plants remaining stunted due to the disease whereas growth was good after June sowing. Bacteria multiplied rapidly in the leaves until the 3rd day when their 494. AKHTAR,M.A. 1986. outbreaks and new records nUlllber ·was maximum but they were xlO oore numerous Pakistan. Bacterial leaf spots of sesame and in young than in old leaves. Seed treatment with pepper. F.A.O. Pl. Prot. Bull. 34(3) :163. ceresan wet and streptocycline considerably reduced * Xanthaoonas campestris pv. sesami was recorded on primary infection. but 24 days after sowing all sesame. plants were infected, indicating a very rapid secondary spread. 495. ANONYMJUS. 1965. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Indian Institute of 501. CHAND, J.N. I s.c. M1\NDIDI., and S.N. SUgarcane Research. Lucknow. Central Coconut KULKARNI. 1970. Bacterial leaf blight of Research Station, Kayangulum, Jabalpur Agric. sesamum in Madhya_Pradesh. Indian Phytopath. Res., New Delhi, 5(3) :181-182, 197-198; 225- 23: 156. 226; 249. * Xanthaoonas sesami the blight pathogen causes * Xanthaoonas sesami (map 398) infected 28 sesame considerable losses in Madhya Pradesh. Seed soaked vars. in Jabalpur in 1963-64. for 30 min. in a mixture of ceresan wet (0.1%) and streptocycline (1000 ppm) and ceresan wet alone 496. ArmYM:XJS. 1964. CMI: Descriptions of gave least seedling infection. Pathogenic fungi and Bacteria. Set 2-sheets 11-20, CaIIoon wealth .Mycological Institute, 502. DURGAPAL, J.C. 1972. Albinism in Xanthcmonas Kew, Surrey, England. sesami. Curr. Sci. 46(8):274. * This 2nd set prepared by Hayward, A.C. and J.M. * An account of the occurrence of an achraoogenic Waterson contains descriptions of 10 bacteria, in fonn of Xanthanonas sesami in a culture originating cluding Xanthaoonas sesami and Pseudaoonas sesami on frcm an isolate obtained fran sesame, followed by a sesame. discussion of the taxonanic implications. 497. .MDlYMOOS. 1980. Annual report of Kenana Re 503. HABISH, H.A. and A.H. HAMMAD. 1969. Seedling search Station, 1976-1977. Abu Naama, SUdan, infection of sesame by Xantharonas sesami. Ministry of Agric. Food and Natural Resources. Sabet and Dowson and the assessment of re 59 pp. sistant to the bacterial leaf spot disease. * The work of the Plant Pathology Dep. (1-9) inclu Phytopath. Z.64(1): 32-38. des a survey of seed-borne diseases of sesame and * Seed or soil inoculations produced small, water field trials of the relative susceptibility of ses soaked, dark green, marginal spots on the lower ame cvs. to Xanthanonas campestris pv. sesami. surface of cotyledons. In severe infections the lesions spread over the whole cotyledon, which be 498. Al'DmDJS. 1984. New disease found in previ came dry, mild attacks resulted in scattered dry ous years in Ethiopia - in coffee, tea, oil brown spots. Infection of growing point caused crops, trees, shrubs and sane other crops. seedling death, especially in 100re susceptible EPC, Newsletter. No. 12:8 •. vars. Comparison with leaf inoculation and natural * Bacterial disease on sesame was recorded. field infection showed that seedling infection could be used as a valid test for grading 499. A?OMmS. 1980. Annual report of Kenana Re resistance of a large number of vars. within a search Station, 1980-81, SUdan. Ministry of short period under unifonn conditions. Agric. I 30-33. * A survey report of Bacterial blight caused by 504. HABISH, H.A. and A.H. MAMMAD. 1970. Effect Xanthaoonas campestris pv. sesami on sesame of certain soil conditions and atioospheric culti vars. humidity on seedling infection by Xanthanonas sesami. Sabet and Dowson. SUdan Agric~ J. 500. CHAND, J.N., S.C.!WIDIDI. and S.N. KULKARNI. 5(1): 30-34. 1970. Studies on bacterial blight of sesamum * Seedling infection of sesame was most severe at (Sesamum orientale L.) caused by Xanthomonas soil temperatures of 20-26° c and also occurred at sesami. Sabet and Dowson. Bull. Indian 3So C but not at 40! • The incidence of leaf spot was 45 slightly affected by variation in soil moisture blight (Xanthanonas sesami). between 20 and 40% and in R.H. between 70 and 85% but the disease ·was most severe at 30-40% and 75-80% 511. POPOV, P. , J. Dil1ITPOV and S. GIDRGIEV. 1980 2 respectively. Seedling resistance was increased by new praiiri.sing sesame cultivars. Resteniev'd the applications of N at 45 kg/ha but at 90-135 kg, Nauki. 17(2):19-23. germination and grOiY1:h were retarded. * Resistance to bacterial disease has been incorporated in these cultivars. 505. HABISH, H.A. and A.H HAMMAD, 1971. Silvi.val and chemical control of Xanthanonas sesami. 512. RAO, Y.P. 1962. Bacterial blight of sesannnn Plant Prot. Bull. FAO. 19(2): 36-40. (Sesamum orientale !.!_.) • Indian Phytopath. * Xanthanonas sesam, causing leaf spot of sesame 15:297-298. survi.ved in soil for 4-6 months (longer than other * A Xanthanonas sp. isolated fran sesamum plants in closely related spp) and on seeds for upto 16 months, 1957-58 with severe stem blight appears to distinct givi.ng infected seedlings. Of 15 chemicals tested strain of Xanthaoonas sesami in causing light for seed treatment Abavi.t B and Formalin were the brown spots on leaves and stems but not affecting most effective followed by Fertix 6704. the capsule. This is the first record of the bacterial disease on this host in India. 506. HAYWARD, A.C. and J.M. WA'I'ERST 46 which the other bacteria hydrolyse, in 5 days, in its days in sterilized soil and 7 days in unsterilized ability to liquify IDfflers blood serum, in its soil. The pathogens in the seed were eradicated by moderate growth on potato plugs canpared with the treating seed in hot ·water at 52'l C for 10 minutes or luxuriant growth of other 2 spp~ and in sane other by soaking the seeds in a mixed solution of minor characters. The sesame bacteri\.llll pro:iuces acid agrilllycin-:-100 -(0.025%) and wet ceresan (0.05%) at fran mannitol wiri.ch is not utilized by xanthaoonas roan temperature for 9 hr. Secondary infection in ma1 vaceannn. the field was prevented by spraying streptocycline (0.3 gm in 2.5 gallons of water) as a prophylatic 516. SHUKLA, B.N., J.N. CHAND, and S.n. KULKARNI. measure on 25 days old seedling followed by 3 ioore 1972.Chanqes in sugar content of Sesamum applications at an interval of 15 days. leaves infected with xanthaoonas sesami (on sesame). Indian Phytopath. 25(1) :150-151. 522. URDENE:l'A, U.R. and B.MAZZANI 1976. Effective * In diseased leaves all the sugars were markedly ness of different chemicals for the control of reduced, max:imuffi reduction was in glucose indicating bacteriosis of sesame (Sesamum indiC\.llll L.) in that the organism utilizes all types of sugars and Venezuela. Agronanica Trop. 26(1):47-54. prefers glucose. * In field trials against xanthaoonas sesami .. using 5 fungicide sprays were .begun 44 days after 517. SHUKLA, B.N J.N. CHAND and S.N.KUU fran Uttar Pradesh. '!he Fyzabad strain caused a 524. WCi'lDJl1AG.mE, E. , A.P. KOROBKO. I M.A. higher incidence and was more pathogenic than the CHUMAEl/SKAYA and C. DILBO. 1986. Bacterial ·Kanpur strain. The disease has already been reported leaf spot and stem maceration of sesame fran Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. (Sesamum indiC\.llll L.) in sane areas of Ethiopia. Sesame and Safflower NeWsletter 2:- 519. SmGll, R.N. 1969. Effect of antibiotics against 11-14. xanthcm:mas sesami. (Sabet and Dciwson) and *Bacterial leaf spot caused byXBnthaoonas sesami Pseudamonas sesami (Malkoff) in vitro. Indian and Pseudcm:mas sp. and stem maceration caused by J. Microbiol. 9(4) :123-124. Erwinia sp. were most damaging diseases of sesame * Of 3 antibiotics tested against xanthaoonas sesami in Ethiopia. and Pseudaoonas sesami on sesame, streptocyline at 400 PJJD proved the most effective. 525. YOONG, J.M., D.W. DYE, J.F BRADBURY, C.G. PANAGOPOOIDS and C.F. ROBBS. 1978. A proposed 520. SINGH, R.N. 1969. Control of bacterial diseases nanenclature and classification for plant pat of sesame (Sesamum orientale L.) by hogenic bacteria. N.Z.J. Agric. Res. 21:153- streptocycline. Telhan Patrika. 1(2): 1-2. 177. * In field trials against xanthaoonas sesami and * The valid species of bacterial pathogens on sesa Pseudaoonas sesami streptocycline at 0 3/2.5 gel m\.llll are listed as Pseudanonas syringae pv. sesami sprayed on 25 days old seedlings followed by 3 more (Malkoff, 1906) Comb. Nov, syn ~. sesami (Malkoff, applications at intervals of 15 dyas kept the crop 1906} and XBnthcmonas campestris pv. ~esami (Sabet free frcm the diseases. and Dowson 1960) Comb. nov syn. ~- sesami (Sabet and Dowson 1960). 521. SINGH, R.N. 1970. Integrated control _of bacterial diseases of sesamum in India. Indian G- VIRAL DISEASES Phytopath. 23:155. * Both the bacterial leaf spot (Pseudanonas sesami) leafcurl and leaf blight (Xanthamonas sesami) pathogens of sesamum failed to survive in debris for more than 45 526. DEIGH'IW, F.C. 1938. Mycological work. Rep. 47 Dep. Agric. Sierra Leone: 45-47 decreased. in all varieties. * Tobacco leaf curl was observed in three localities and is probably ·widespread as leaf enations were 532. RHEENEN, H.A.V. 1973. Major problems of grow noted on numerous wild plants particularly ing sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Nigeria. stachytarpheta. At Najala, Malayan varieties of beni Mededelingen Landboywhogeschool (Netherlands) . (Sesamurh sp.) and Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) shoed 73(12): 1-30. similar sympotans. * Changes in light intesity, disease incidence and possibly temperature during the season influence 527. DEIGHTON, F.C. 1932. Mycological work. Arm. the relation between sowing date and crop growth. Rept. Agric Dept. Sierra Leone for the year The leaf-curl virus is transmitted by white flies. 1931:20-25. Delays of sowing after the onset of the rainy * Sesamum in Sierra Leone is CCllilOill.y attacked by season first result in increased infection, but chlorosis, the plants apparently becaninq affected sowing after August 15th gives healthy crops. after passing the seedling stage. Slightly affected leaves are ioottled the part along the veins being 533. SINGH, B.P 1963. StrainS of sesamum resistant yellow, while the leaves on severely diseased· shoots to leaf curl virus. Indian Oilseeds J. are yellow, and are often curled and dwarfed with (4):339-340. turned up edges. Badly chlorosed leaves bear * The characteristics are presented of 5 sesame enations, frequently seen as minutes foliar vars. found to be resistant to tobacco leaf curl structures on the lower surface generally over the virus following and accidental contamination of 121 net veins but of ten over the primary branch veins or vars. On the Durgapura experimental fann fran mid-rib. Diseased plants are stunted and do not sesamtm1 seeds introduced fran the SUdan. One of the flower. The disease appears belong to virus group. resistant vars. was also drought resistant. 528. DEIGH'Im, F.C. 1940. Tobacco leaf curl in 534. STOREY, H.H. 1933. Report of the Plant Sierra Leone. Pap. '!bird. W. Afr. Agric.Conf Pathologist. Fifth Arm. Rept EAst. African 1938:7-8. Agric. Res. Stat. Amani: 13-17. * Leaf curl of tobacco appears to be widespread in * The green flower (leaf curl) disease of sim-sim Sierra Leone where alternative hosts of virus include (Sesamum indicum) important in Uganda and sesame. Tanganyika is also suspected to be due to a virus. 529. JANI, S.M. and R.K. BHARODA. 1978 Varietal 535. WALLACE, G.B. 1934. Report of the Mycoiogist, susceptibility of sesamtm1 (Sesamum indicum L.) 1933. Arm. Rept. Dept. Agric, Tanganyika to leaf curl disease. Gujrat Agric. Univ. Res. TerritoIY, 1933: 76-78. J. 4(i):28-29. * leaf curl of sesame was less severe at Morogoro * In field trials with 10 cvs. during 1976-78, the than in 1932 and was present also on Mafia Island. sesame cvs. Patan-64, B-90 and M. T. 67-52 were The affected leaves borne enations similar to those tolerant to sesame leaf curl virus while T-4 was the seen in tobacco leaf curl which may indicate that most susceptible. the diseases are related. 530. PRASAD, B., O.P.VERMA and L.N. DAFI'ARI. 1985. Mosaic Effect of leaf curl disease on seed and oil quality of sesame (Sesamtm1 indicum L) • Curr. 536. .ADYIUJS 1967. Plant Virology. Procceddings Sci. India. 54(6):388-389. of the 6th Conference of the Czechoslavak * Tobacco leaf curl virus infection greatly reduced plant Virologists, Olanic, 1967, 346pp. plant yield and oil content of seeds but the protein Academic Publishing ln1se of The Czechoslovak content was increased. Academy of Sciences. Prague: 1969. * F. AJOOng the new virsus disease outlined by 531. PRASAD, B., O.P. VERMA· and L.N. DAFTARI. 1985. I.Kobachovski (250-252) was sesame nDSiac. Effect of leaf curl virus infection on metabolism of sesame leaves. Indian Phytopath. 537. BRAIKOVA, B. 1980. Sesame, a new differnetial 38 (2) : 343.:.. 344. host of potato virus X. Rasteniev dni Navki. * Chlorophyll and protein content of the infected 17(3): 96-100. leaves were increased whereas ascorbic acid content * Sesame was found to be a host of potato v-irus X, was decreased in all the five varieties. Sodium and potato aucuba mosaic virus and alfalfa JOOSaic vir potassium contents were increased where as calcium us. After 4 days incubation cv-s. susceptible to 48 PVX reacted with local necrotic spots and rings or and a var. of kidney bean (Phaseolus v1.1lgaris) . spots but not systemically. Sesame was not however susceptible to (citrus) tr:isteza and vein enation viruses, .both canmon on 538. CH11NG, M.U. and C.V. LEE. 1988. A virus dis Satstuna orange. Young sesame plants were rather ease of sesame (Sesamtun indietun L.) ·caused by better than old as indicators for Satsuma dwarf. wa.tennelon virus (WMV) • Korean J. Plant. Prot. such plants exposed to > 34°C immediately after in 19(4): 193-198. oculation generally developed to _symptan5 or some *- Virus isolates fran 27 to 32 samples fran plants times systematic infection 10 days later but if with symptans of stunting, yellow roosaic, necrotic kept 8 hrs. at 25~ they showed marked symptoms even spots and malfoilllation were identified as WMV. if exposed later to > 36° C. Details are given of host-range and physical and biological properties of the isolates. 545. ROEX:HAN, M~ I M. IWAKI, s. NASIR, D.M. TANI'ERA AND H.HIBOO. 1978. Virus diseases of legume 539. CHIN, W. 1968. Strains of cucumber mosaic virus plants in Indonesia. 4. peanut irottle virus. on tobacco in Talwan. A Rep. To.b. Res. Inst. Contributions of the Central Research Talwan. 1968:191-197. Institute for Agriculture. No. 46:11. * Five isolates of CMV considered to represent 6 * Sesame was susceptible to groundnut IllOttle virus strains induced local lesions on sesame. when inoculated mechanically. 540. COOPER, W.E. 1949~ Top necrosis,- a virus 546. THOUEVNEL, J.C., A. !OlSARRAT and C.FAUCJJRI'. disease of Guar. Phytopathology, 39(5): 347- 1982. Isolation of cowpea mild mottle virus 358. fran diseased soybeans in the Ivory Coast. * The virus was transmissible through the sap to Plant Disease. 66(4):336-337. sesame. * The virus was isolated fran soybeans showing severe I110Saic to which sesame plants were also 541. COSTA, A.S. and E.W. KITAJiMA. 1970. Veinal susceptible. necrosis of Malva caused by a member of the potato virus x group. Bragentia 29:51-55. H- MYCOPLASMA DISEASE * Ve:inal necrosis of Malva paryiflora and other Malva spp. was found associated with particles 15 x 525 mu. Phyllody Sesame was one of the susceptible hosts. 547. ABRAHAM, E.V., K. NATARAJAN and S.JAYARAJ. 542. GANGOPDHAY, S. 1967. Leaf mosaic disease of 1977. Investigations on the :insecticidal Sesamum. or:ientale in West Bengal. Sci. & CUlt., control of the phyllody. Madras Agric. J. 33(12):537-538. 64(6):379-383. * A new type of v-irus disease causing a yellow mosaic * Five sprays of sevithion (carbaryl 40%, parathion and stunted _growth of sesame is reported. · The methyl 10%) at 1.5 kg/ha or of monociotophos 0.025% disease is sap and graft transmissible. were found to be significantly superior to sprays of dimethoate 0.05%, methyl demeton (demephion) 543. NXJYE, T. 1964. A virus disease of pea caused 0.025%, fenthion 0.1% and endosulfan 0.07% for-the by Watermelon mosaic virus. Bar. Ohara. Inst. control of sesame phyllody vector. With sevithion, Landw. Biol. 12(2):133-143. however, a heavy build-up of aphids (~ * An isolate of the virus, causing a wide spread gossypii) took place, causing substantial loss of disease of peas in West Japan was also pathogenic to yield, sevithion, monocrotophos and endosulfan also sesame. controlled the shoot webber-cum-capsule borer. With monocrotophos significantly higher yields were 544. ICTSHI, T. and S. TANAKA. 1964. Studies on the obtained. indicator plants for citrus viruses. II. Mechanical transmission of the virus causing 548. ~S 1949~ Progress reports fran satsuma dwarf to sesame (Sesamtun indicum L.) experiment stations, 1947-48. Empire cotton Ann. Phytopath.Soc. Japan. 29(3): 142-148. growing Corporation, London, 137 pp. * Of 27 spp. non-legtunes (of 12 families) inoculated * In Sudan, Red variety of sesamtun was severely af with satsuma (citrus) dwarf v-irus only sesam proved fected with phyllody which eventually swept through susceptible (white sesame most, brown less and black the crop giving almost 100 per cent infection. only systematically without local lesions) and the v-irus was transmissible from this to black eye cowpea 549. ANONYMOOS. 1962. Indian Agricultural Research 49 Institute, New Delhi. Agric. Res. , New Delhi. 556. DESMIDTS, M. and J. LABOUCHEIX. 1974. 2(3):147-159. Relationships between cotton phyllody and ·a * Sesame phyllody virus w-as transmitted to groundnut smilar disease of sesame. FAO Plant Prot. by the Jassid Orosius sp. Bull. 22(1): 19-20. * The disease was transmitted by Orosius cellulosus 550. ANONYMOUS. 1964. Indian Agricultural Research fran sesame plants with phyllody symptoms (RPP. 50, Institute, New Delhi. Central Rice Research 2471) to cotton. The symptoms produced were Institute, CUttack, Jute Agricultural Research identical w"ith those obtained in transmission tests Institute, Barrackpore , Central Coconut fran diseased to healthy cotton. Sesame may play Research Station, Kayangulam. Agric. Res. New an indirect role in the disease cycle as an Delhi. 4(2):81-90; 96-99., 108-116; 125-126. alternate host for the vector, but is unlikely to * A sesamum phyllody virus was successfully trans be a direct natural source of inoculum for cotton. mitted to Lupinus albus and Amaranthus edulis, its latent period in the vector .beinq extended to 60 days 557. DEY, P.K. 1948. Plant Pathology. Adm. Rept. in winter as compared with 11-13 days in summer. Agric. Dept.· U.P., 1945-1946:43-46. * Phyllody and Alternaria sesamicola were recorded 551. BnIDRA, O.S. and D.R.C. B.AKHrn:A. 1967. A note for the first time on til (sesame). on the natural incidence of Sesamum ·phyllody virus in Brassica spp. at Ludhiana. 558. KASH! RAM. 1930. Studies on Indian Oilseeds. P.A.U.J.Res. Ludhiana. (4): 406-408. 4. The types of Sesamum indicum. OC. Mem. De * The v"irus has been observed to infect sunn hemp pt. Agric. India. Hot. Ser. 18:°144-148. (Crotolaria spp) and various Brassica spp. at * Sesamum phyllody was reported as sepaloidy. Ludhiana. N and P fertilizer applications had no effect on disease incidence which was much higher in 559. KAUSHIK, C.D., P.P. GUP1'A and G.S. SAHARAN. Brassica campestris var. toria than in var. sarson. 1986. Multiple disease resistance sources in sesamum. (Sesamum indicum L.). Sesame & 552. CHOOPANYA, D. 1972. Mycoplasma like bodies Safflower Newsletter. 2:18-22. associated with sesame phyllody in Thailand. * out of 175 genotypes tested over three years, Thai, J. Agric. Sci. 5(2):127-133. cv-s. Phule Til No. 1, B-67, HT-12, HT-16, Jabalpur * Mycoplasma like bodies were seen by the electron local, RCR-3 and TC-229 were found to possess microscope for the first time in diseased sesame multiple resistance to Phyllody (MW), root rot tissue but not in healthy tissue. In the field 2 of (Macrophanina phaseoli) and leaf curl virus 14 cvs. showed no symptoms. No phyllody was observed diseases of sesame. on plants grown fran nonnal seed or phyllody infected plants. 560. KLEIN, M. 1977. Sesame phyllody in Israel. Phytopath.Z. 88(2): 165-171. 553. CHOOPANYA, D. 1973. Mycoplasma like bodies * Affected plants usually showed a syndrane similar associated with sesame phyllody in Thailand. to that of sesame phyllody as described f ran India Phytopathology, 63(12): 1536-1537. and Upper Volta. Mycoplasma-like organisms were * The presence of mycoplasma like particles in phyl associated with the disease. The relationships lody affected sesame plants suggested that these are between the asstuned pathogens of the disease in the the cause of the disease and not the virus as three cotmtries are discussed. prev"iously reported. 561. KOONER, B.S., H.S. SIDHU and O.S. BINDRA. 197- 554. COOSIN, M. T., K.K. KARTHA and R.DELA'ITRE. 1970. 8. Effect of sesamum phyllody disease on the On the presence of mycoplasma like organisms in longevity and fecundity cum fertility of its the sieve tubes of sesame affected by phyllody. leaf hopper vector Orosius albicinctus, Cotton Fibr. Trop. 25(4):525-526. Cicadellidae, Haooptera. J. Agric. Sci. 91(2}: * The ultra structure of mycoplasmas found in affect 509-510. ed plants fran the Upper Valtas between phyllody and cotton virescence are discussed. 562. KRISHl!NSWAMY, V. and R. JAYARAJAN. 1982. Stu dies on phyllody disease of Gingelly (Sesamum 555. DEIGHTON, F .c. 1932. Mycological work. Ann. indicum L.) • 1. Amelioration of symptoms by Rept. Dept. Agric. Sierra leone, 1931-32. antibiotics. Madras Agric. J. 69(5): 321-325. * Sesamum phyllody is also known to occur in Uganda, * Prophylactic sprays with antibiotics of the Tanganyika, Sierra leone. tetracycline and macrolide groUps of benanyl were 50 inefective against this disease. When applied to by Jassids and Deltocephalus sp. has been obtained diseased plants by wick feeding through the stem, between sesamum plants but attempts at sap trans tetracycline hydrochloride and axytetracycline hydro mission to other test spp. in Iran failed. chloride ameliorated the symptans by inducing elonga tion -Of the intemodes. Increase in leaf size and 569. .MUHEm', A. and L.S. CHAUHAN. 1975. Control of production of flowers which set capsules. These phyllody of sesamum (Sesamum orientale L.) • antibiotics were· not effective wilen applied as soil ~1adras Agric. J. 62(4):219-220. drenches. * The incidence of phyllody (RAM 47, 2800) in sesame was reduced significantly by all the 563. KRISHNASW!MY, V. and R.JAYARAJAN. 1983. Effect insecticides tested, th:imet + metasystox being the of growth regulators and age of plants at IOOSt effective. infection on phyllody disease of Gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.) ~ In Proceedings of the 570. MURUGESAN, S., C. RAMAKRISHNAN, T.K. National Seminar on the management of diseases KANDASWAMY and M.MURUGESAN. 1973. Forecasti.nq of oilseed crops, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. , phyllody disease of sesamum, Madras Agric. J. Madurai, India. 66-68 pp. 60(7): 492-495. * 'lbe effects of gibberllic acid and indole acetic * Incidence of the · disease was studied in acids and of plant age at symptan appearance on fortnightly sowing of sesame over one year and in sesame phyllody are described. relationship with the vector Orosius albicinictus and weather conditions was established. The mean 564. MATIRJR, Y.K. and J.P. VERMA. 1973. Relation minimum night temp 30-60 days after sowing was between date of sowing and incidence of sesamum important in forecasting phyllody on the 90th days. phyllody and abundance of its Cicadellioi A fall of lOC caused a 5-7% increase in incidence. vector. Indian J.Entaool. 34(1) :74-75. * Maximum disease intensity was on sesame crops sown 571. PAL, B.P. and P. NATH. 1935 Phyllody: a pos in early (28.60%) and mid-July (29.93%), the minimum sible virus disease of Sesamum. . Indian J. (16.94%) on a crop sown in early August. Population Agric. Sci. 5(4): 517-522. of the vector . Orosius albicinctus decreased with * Sesamum plants at Pusa were affected by a delay in sowing date. 'Phyllody'. Affected plants bear flowers in which the stamens are transformed into leaf like organs 565. MAZZANI, B. and G• .MALAGUI'I. 1952. Phyllody in or show a marked tendency to .becane leafy. The lochnera and sesamum. Agron. Trop. , Maracy. stamens seldan contain fuctional pollen· and the 2(1):59-63. plants may be canpletely sterile. The condition *Since 1949 phyllody has been observed in wild and may begin with the first flower, all subsequent cultivated plantings of Vinca rosea in Venezuela in flowers then becaning affected, or it may occur the states of Araguna Carabobo, Barinas Faclon, later in which case the flowers formed previously Anzoategui, SUcre and Monagas and in Maracy on Sesa are noilllal, but the tips of the branches and main mum indicum, -Sesamum radiatum and on the progeny of axis and the new growth fran the base are phylloid. matrocline diploids Obtained by pollinating Sesamum Shortening of the upper intemodes always occur, so radiatum with Sesamum indicum in India. that the abnoilllal_flowers are crowded together, the foliage .leaves are_ dwarfed, and in the floral 566. MCGIBBOO, T.D. 1924. Annual Report of the region they may be pale. Phylloid flowers are F.conanic Botanist, Burma, for the year ended radially symmeterical. Glandular hairs are found 30th June, 1924:5 in parts where they are normally absent, while * Occurrence of phyllody in sesamum was reported. varieteis which develop normally develop only one flower/axil. The _calyx is polysepalous, and the 567. MEHROI'RA, R.S. 1980. Plant pathology. Tata primary veins of the sepals are thick and prom Mcgraw-Hill Pub. canp. ltd. New Delhi. 703-704. inent, the apices of the petals are rounded. A * Sesamum phyllody is described. fifth (anterior) stamen is usually developed while the ovary is enlarged, the style is reduced, and 568. :r-DSTAFAVI, M. 1970. Green flowering of Sesamu. the carpe_llary well transformed into folliaceous Iran .Pl. Path. 5(4):36-37. structures. The results suggest that the disease *-Phyllody in sesame results in all the floral organs is systemic and may be due to a virus. Sane evi except stamens being transformed into green leaf like dence was obtained that early sowi.ngs develop a structures. Intemodes .becane shortened and leaves large_proportion of affected plants than late ones. small and discoloured. Transmission of -the disease 51 572. PRASAD, S.M. and H.S. SAIW!BI 1980. controlling the disease. Biochemcial changes brought about by sesamum phyllody. Indian Phytopath. 33(4):617-618. 579. REGUPATHY. A. and S. JAYARAJ. 1973. * The sugars, N and other chemcial constituents of Physiology of Sesamum phyllody disease and its healthy and phyllody-affected sesame plants are influence on the infestation of the leaf hop tabulated. per vector Orosius albicinctus. Dist. Phytopath.Z. 78(1):86-88. 573. PRASAD, S.M. and H.S. SAIW!BI. 1982. Sesamum *The leaf-hopper preferred diseased sesame plants, phyllody, sane new host records. Indian which were nutritionally favourable since they had Phytopath. 35:159. higher moisture, N, Mg and Fe contents and lower * The new hosts include Lathyrus odoratus, Pis\llll carbohydrates and C:N ratio. The markedly low ca sativum, Portulaca Trianthema portulacastr\llll, F.clipta content may allow easier penetration of the stylet alba, Lactuca sativa, Lamaea nudiculis, Vernonia and ovipositor. cinerea, Peristrophe bicalyculata and Cannabinus sativa. 580. RIIDID,D., F.D. ODELL and U.T. SU. 1937. Ob servations on phyllody of Sesamum in Burma. 574. PUROHIT, S.D., K.G. RAMAWAT and H.C. ARYA. Indian J • .Agric. Sci. 7(6):823-840. 1978. Light microscopic detection of * Investigations carried out in Burma since 1923 mycoplasma-like organism. (MID) in Sesamum into phyllody or green flowering disease of sesame phyllody •. Curr. Sci. 47(22):866-867. failed to daoonstrate. The condition is seed-borne * When old and severely affected stems of sesame and indicated that if the cause is a virus, early plants showing phyllody symptans were sectioned and sowing gave a high percentage of affected plants. stained _with Feulgen's procedures the MLO in the High susceptibility was associated with white seed phloem elements were detected by light microscopy. coat, Wlbal.anced habit and short life period. Affected plants have a higher mineral metabolism 575. PUROHIT, S.D. and H.C. ARYA. 1980. Phyllody: an then unaffected. In conclusion, the suggestions is alarming problem for sesamum growers • .Agric. made that phyllody may be due to failure of re Digest. 4(12):5-7. productive phase to progress normally, owing to * Phyllody of sesamum is described in detail. various environmental factors acting on canplex, widetermined genetic groupings, the reproductive 576. PUROHT, S.D. and N.S. SHEKAWAT. 1979. Role of tissues returning to the vegetative condition. The sane mdative enyzymes and metabolites in possibility that the condition may be due to a sesamum phyllody. Indian J.EKp.Biology. virus is not entirely exclused. 17(7):714-716. * Sesamum phyllody in relation to enzymes and other 581. ROBERTSCN, H.F. 1928. Annual Report of the metabolites was studied. Mycologist, Burma, for the year ended 30th Jwie, 1928. Rangoon, SUpdt. Govt. Printing and 577. PUROHIT, S.D., N.S. SHEKHAWAT and H.C. ARYA. Stationery, Burma. 10 pp. 1983. Ascorbic acid metabolism in phyllody of * The so called · pothe' or ·green flowering' sesamum induced by mycoplasma. like organisms. disease of sesamum was exceptionally severe in the Inst. J. Trop. Pl. Disease. 1(11): 107-110. Sagaing and lower Chinwin Districts where upto 90% * In diseased tissues ascorbic acid content increased of plant were affected. At Tatkon the disease was and ascorbic acid oxidas was less active than in milder. Alloost all the local varieties of sesame healthy tissues. Availability of precursor sugars in are affected. 'lbe symptans becane noticeable only diseased tissues may enhance ascorbic acid synthesis, at the flowering stage when the floral parts are these factors leading to -proliferation of the transfonned into green leaf like structures and tissues. branching is abnormally abundant. Affected plants seldan fruit. 'lbe disease is stated to be the nost 578. PUROHIT, S.D., N.S. SHEKHAWAT and H.C. ARYA. severe during prolonged drought or when sowing is 1980. Antibiotics in the· control of sesamum very early. Several other plants showing similar phyllody. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 10 (2) : symptans have been observed. 51(Abst.). * out of five antibiotics only tetracycline-HCL abd 582. ROSE, M.F. 1949~ ProQress Reports from Ex oxytetra-cycline-HCL at the concentrations of 100, periment Stations, session 1947-48, 137 pp. 200 and 300 when sprayed and 500 and 750 PJill when London Empire Cotton Growing Corporation, applied to root zones by drenching were effective in 1949. 52 * The Red and 'White var. of sesame were attacked just 587. SmGH, R. and D.D. NARANG. 1982. Insect before flowering by a disease known locally as Marad pests of sesamum and their control. Prag. el Dam. which eventually swept through the Red giving Fai.1Ding~ 19(1):13. 100% infection. It had every symptan of a virus * Jassids, the green coloured nymphs and the adults disease and was marked by a darkening and thickening suck the leaves_ and transmit a mycoplasmi.c disease of leaf lamina and a reduction in width with stunting the inflorescence. Control is possible by convexing along mid-rib, flower buds were replaced by spraying at an interval of 2-3 weeks with 750-1000 vegetative shoots with sterile green flowers. g DIYI' 50 WP or with 375-500 ml melathion 50 EX: in Infection of Red strain was 100% and seed yield 45 375-5001 water per ha. lb, the figures for white being 43. 7% and 354 lb respectively. Fran white strain 98 single plants 588. SU, M.T. 1933. Report of the Mycologist, Bur showing no symptans were selected. ma, Mandalay, for the year ended upto 31st March, 1933: 12. 583. RO'f, S.C. 1931. A preli.mi.nary note on the * It is stated in connection with the green flower occurrence of sepaloidy and sterility in til ing disease of Sesamum that a similar cbndition in (Sesamum indicum}. Agriculture and livestock in Justica gendarussa has been found to be transmiss India. 1:282-285. ible by grafting and is therefore probably due to a * Phyllody was reported as sepaloidy and sterility in virus. Sesamtnn indicum. 589. SUNDRARAJU, D. and S.JAYARAJ. 1977. The 584. SAHAMBI, H.S. 1958. Virus diseases of Sesamtnn biology and the host range of Orosius and their control. Indian Council of Agri albicinctus dist. (Hanoptera Cicadellidae}, cultural Research. Mycological Research the vector of_ sesame phyllody disease Madras Workers' s conference, Simla, India, 1958: 81-85. Agric. J. 64(7) :442-446. _ * Occurrence of phyllody in Sesamum has been * The mean duration of egg stage varied fran 6 to mentioned. 11 days, the total nymphal period 14 - 17 days and longevity of adults fran 20 - 67 days in different 585. SAHAMBI, H.S. 1970. Studies of sesamum phy seasons. The sesame MW (Mycoplasma-like-organism) llody virus-vector relationship and host-range. did not have any adverse effect on the longevity In Plant Disease Problems. First Inter. Symp. and fecundity of the vector. The vector bred Plant Path: 340-351. successfully on 17 species of plants. * Sesamum phyllody multiplies both in the plant and in the insect vector. The v"irus is perpetuated by 590. SUTABumA, T. 1978. Plant disease due to the leaf hopper vector fran season to season wi.th the mycoplasma- like organisms- in Thailand and help of the large v-ariety of host plants of the attempts at chemical therapy. Food and virus. Fertilizer Technology, Book series Center (EITC}. Taipei, Taiwan, 13:78-83. 586. SAHAMBI. H.S. and S.M. PRASAD. 1977. * Symptans resembling those caused by mycoplasma Association of Rickettsia like organism with like organisms (MI.D's) have been observed on many sesamtun phyllody disease. Indian Phytopath. crops of econanic importance including sesame phyl 30:154 (Abst}. lody. * Electron microscopy of Ultra-thin sections of (Ph yllody affected} leaf of Crotalaria junicea L.which 591. 'I'ANIXXIJ', I.N. and A.K. BANERJEE. 1988. Control was infected with sesamtnn phyllody agent through the of phyllody and leaf curl of Sesamtnn orien leaf hopper vector I Orosius albicinctus I (Distant r} tale. Plant Dis. Reptr. 52(5):367-369. showed bodies resembling rickettsias in the phloem * Weekly sprays of all insecticides tested (except cells. These bodies appeared roughly spherical, with methyl demeton) against sesame phyllody and DIYI' a diameter of C. 160-270 mm and most probably re (WP) + BHC (WP) against leaf curl reduced infection presented transverse or same what oblique reactions by the viruses and 2 soil applications of phorate of elongated form. These bodies contained ribosomses granules canbined with endrin sprays are recom and faint strands of DNA- like material. In addition mended. of 26 vars. of sesamum tested. T13-3/2, to havi.ng a limiting unit membrane, these bodies were 65-1/H and 67B-1/2-1 were moderately resistant to bounded by a second membrane considered analogous to bJth diseases, 50 A/2 - 2/3 and 5917-1/2 to phyl a wall. F.ach of these membranes measured C. 2. 5 rrnn lody and Kanpur local and 15/1-1 to leaf curl. in thickness and were separated in between by a space of C. 30 mm. 592. TURKMEOOGLU, Z. and U. ARI. 1959. A virus 53 disease-phyllody virus noted on sesame in the days from first feeding were identical with those Aegean region. Plant Prat. Bull 1(2): 12-17. on naturally infected plants. * It is reported from the Bornova Agric. Disease control Inst., Turkey, that sesame phyllody virus has 598. Vasudeva, R.S. and H.S. SAHAMBI, 1959. Phyl been noted sporadically in recent years on local lody diseases transmitted by a species. of sesame vars. In West Turkey. Foreign vars. imported Deltoceph.alus. Bunneister. Proc. Fourth Inst. in 1957-1959 were upto 50% infected but local vars. Congr. Crop Prot. Hamburg. 1: 359-360. growing nearly resistant. other symptoms such as * Transmission of sesamum phyllody was mentioned. severe distortion, fasciation and leaf crinkle have appeared in the imported vars. and have not been 599. VASUDEVA, R.S. and H.S SAHAMBI. 1958. Inter diagnosed with certainty. Destruction of diseased relationship and perpetuation of phyllody plants is advocated. diseases of sane oilseed and other camnon plants. Indian Central Oilseeds Ccmnittee. 593. VASUDEVA, R.S. 1954. Report of the Division First conference of oilseed research workers of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Sci. Rep. in India, Chandigarh. Agric. Res. Inst. New Delhi, 79-89. * Host range of sesamum phyllody was discussed. * The sesame phyllody virus was more severe in the early crop than in the late. Leaf curl of sesame was 600. vmKATA RAO, A. And S. KRISHNASWIMI. 1983. An transmitted by grafting and !h_ tabaci. approach towards breeding for resistance to phyllody disease in sesamum. National Seminar 594. VASUDEVA, R.S. 1955. overseas news. Common on breeding crop plants for resistance to pe wealth. Phytopath. News. 1(3):41-45. sts and diseases. Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. * He reports from India that a Jassid, Deltocephalus Coimbatore, India, 25-27 May, 1983. {Abst.). sp. has been shown to be a vector of Sesamum phyllody * Study of some released varieties and of genotypes virus, which also causes phyllody of Brassicas and from the all India Coordianted Reseach Project on sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea). Twenty varieties of Oilseeds and from gennplasm maintained at the Tamil Sesamum orientale, as well as Sesamum occidental Nadu Agricultural Univeristy led to the Sesame indicum and Sesamum radiatum proved sus identification of plants (fran Co.1) showing late ceptihel. occurrence and low incidence of phyllody. 595. VASUDEVA, R.S. 1960. Reports of the Division 601. VERMA, O.P. and L.N. DAFTARI. 1985. Effect of of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Rep. Agric. phyllody on plant yield, gennination, test Res. Inst. New Dellri; 85-104. weight and oil content of sesame· seeds. * In the plant viruses section cross inoculation Indian Bot. Reporter. 4(1):62-63. tests are reported to have shown that phyllody in * Sesame phyllody reduced plant yield, test weight, sesame and Crotolaria juncea are caused by the same gennination percentage and oil content of seeds. A virus. In the Institute, Fann incidence in sesamum transformation of 25% of the productive length into vars. was 4.5 - 15.8% and 25% in Sesamum alatum. phyllody caused 39.73%reduction in seed yield. 596. VASUDEVA. R.S. 1963. Report of the Division of 602. VERMA, O.P. and L.N.DAFl'ARI. 1976 Phyllody Mycology and Plant Pathology. Sci. Rep. agric. disease of sesamum. Intensive Agric. 14(5):24. Res. Inst., New Dellri, 1959-60: 91-102. * Symptanatology of the disease is described in the * All 14 sesame vars. tested by grafting or article. Phyllody generally appears at flowering viruliferous· Jassids {Deltocephalus sp) were stage. Wann weather during flowering stage favours susceptible to sesame phyllody virus. the disease. Jassid, Orosius albicinctus an insect vector is the carrier of the virus. U>sses in the 597. VASUDEVA, R.S. and H.S. SAHAMBI. 195?. Plant yield, germination and oil content in infec Phyllody in Sesamum (Sesamum orientale L.) • ted plants may be as high as 93.36, 37.77 and 25.92 Indian Phytopath. 8(2): 124-129. percent respectively. * Results of studies at !ARI, New Dellri, on phyllody of sesame showed the causal agent to be a virus 603. VIR, S., C.D. KAUSHIK and T.P. YADAVA. 1974. transmitted by the Jassid Deltocephalus sp. Various Incidence of root rot, leaf curl and phyllody insects were collected from naturally infected plants in sesamum varieties in Haryana. Madras Agric. in the field and refed on sesame, the transmissions J.61(1/2):47-48. being obtained {on 11 out of· 13 plants) only vd.th * All 18 sesame vars. observed were infected by Deltocephalus sp. Symptoms which appeared in 33 - 59 these diseases. Var. NP-6 was least susceptible to root rot (Macrophanina phaseoli) , Macrophanina th, a sparse root system with bunchy appearance and phaseolina and leaf curl. Phyllody infection was deficient pod-production. The nematode attached to least in 'IMV-1 and No. 128. root-system (including rootlets) were found as deeply enbed.ed and.when removed fran a root portion I- NEMATODE DISEASES left a crater-shaped hollow on it. The developed cysts of nematode are brown on average size 576 x 604. FERNl!ND~, E., E. lJINENgl' and A. VIERA 1984. 361 u (length: breadth ration being 1.59:1) these Sesame (Sesamum indicum) a crop resistant to ambifenestrate cysts have bullae away fran vulva Meloidogyne incognita. Ciencia y Tecnica in la -and the subcrystalline layer absent. F.gg sac is Agricultura, Hortalizas, Papa, Granus y Fibres, large having upto 100 eggs inside. The nemaotde 3(1):13-21. larvae are average 418.1 u long with a stylet 23.4 * Sesame is resistant to Meloidogyne incognita. u size and knobs anteriorly pointed. Lateral lines are four clear portion or tail is equal to stylet 605. TRIVEDI, P.C. and A. BHA'INAGAR. 1978. Control length. Male adults of spp. are 1.2 nm in length, of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita on having 23 u · long spear and 28 . u long bidentate capsicum annuum · (bush redepedders) by spicule. application of oilcakes of peanut, sesame, mustard and garden rocket. Indian Phytopath. J_ ~SCELLANEDUS 31(1):75-76. * Sesannnn oil cake is useful for the control of root 609. MDM1CXJS. 1934. Vegetable oils as spreaders lmot nematode. for Bordeaux mixture. Mysore Cciffee. Exper. Stat. Circ. 2.3. 1984. 606. vmMA, A.C., A.K. PATHAK and B.S. YADAV. 1983. * When coffee in Mysore was spr:ayed with Bordeaux Population level studies of pigeon pea cyst mixture to which cheap locally · obtainable, Nematode Heterodera cajani on sesame. Indian J. vegetable oils made fran sesamum was added as Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 13(1): 101-102. spreaders at the rate of 0.5 to 1 %, the protection * The length and fresh weight of plants significantly afforded against leaf disease canpared favourably reduced when inoculated with 16, 32, and 64 cysts or with that given by Bordeaux mixture plus vesin-soda 1000 and 10,000 larvae. Reduction in root weight of casein, linseed oil or alumor by fish oil soap, plants at higher levels was highly significant. The Burgundy mixture. rate of multiplication of nematode was indirectly proportional to the inoculum density though it multi 610. AZERI, T. 1973. First report of Statsuma dwarf plied at all densities tried maximum reproduction virus disease on Satsuma mandarines in Turkey. potential was at the initial level of 10 larvae per Plant Dis. Reptr. 57(2):149-153. plant (70.5) and maximum at 10,000 (0.55) level. * Satsuma dwarf virus causes leaf defonnation in sesannnn. 607. YADAV, B.S., M.K. VERMA and S.M. NAIK 1970. A note on the prevalence of Meloidogyne incognita 611. DARWOOD, N.A. 1980. Pathogenicity of Nigro (Kafoid and White, 1919) (Chitwood 1949) in ~ ~ (Berk & Br.). Petch· to maize. various plants of Rajasthan. CUrr Sci. 39:470- Agr. Res. Rev. 58(2):1-14. 471. * Sesamum was one of the hosts infected with N_. * A syrvey in the cultivated fields, orchards and oryzae ·causing yellowing and wilting to rice and gardens in different parts of Rajasthan for root-knot seed·rot to sesame. nematode infestations was started in 1966. Various host plants, locality, and degree of infestation is 612. JOHNSOO, H. W. , U.M. MEANS AND F .E. CLARK. different. Sesannnn (Til) family pedaliacease showed 1959. Responses of seedlings to extracts of meditun infection rates at Alwar and light infection soybean nodules bearing selected strains of rates at Udaipur. This family is noticed to be less Rhizobium japanicum. Nature. l.Dnd., 183:308- susceptible. 309. * Source material consisted of nodues from 608. YADAV, B.S. and A.C. VERMA. 1971. Cyst forming chlorotic soybean plants inoculated with chlorosis nematode (Heterodera sp.) attacking Sesamum inducing Rizobium japanicum strain 76 referred to orientale in India. CUrr. Sci. 40:612. as c and fran nonnal plants inoculated with strain * The association of sesannnn with a Heterodera spec 31 referred to as N. Severe Chlorosis appeared in ies is new to nematological studies. The cyst in sesame. fected sesamtun plants showed a_relat~ve stunted grow- 55 613. KM1ALA, T. and R.N. RAO. 1982. Effect of * Toxicity of iron to sesame crop is described. three fungicides on Sesamum indicum L. var. Madhavi. Goebios. 9(5/6):281-283. 619. PUROHIT, S .D. , S. PUROHIT, N. S. SHEKHAWAT and * Seed treatment with Zineb, capitafol and captan H.C. ARYA. 1980. Sane biochancial changes reduced seed germination, seedling growth and yield. induced .b-t Curv-ularia prasadii in Sesamum captan was most ph:ytotoxic. indicum leaves. Comparative Physilogy & Ecology. 5(4): 238-241. 614. KUMAR, K. and J. SINGH 1983. Effect of fung icidal seed treatment, duration and types of 620. SHARMA, T.R. 1978. Grow sesamum this way. container on viability of sesame during stor Intensive Agric. 16(5): 14-15. age. Indian J.Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 13(3):354-356. * Control of important diseases of sesamum is sug * Storage of sesame seeds treated vdth Bavistin in gested. polythene bags and glass .bottles was found superior than any other canbination of fungicidal seed 621. SIDDARAMAIAH, A.L., U. V. OOLLE., G.K. KULKARNI treatment and storage container, closely followed by and R.K. HEXIDE. 1981. Effect of fungicides on Vitavax and captan treated seeds stored in polythene the viability of sesamum pollens. Curr. Res. bags and glass .bottles. 10(5):85-86. * On tests on sesame with - a fungicide calixin 615. MARTIN, H. and E.S. SAUDl, 1930. Vegetable (trideirorph) had the greatest effect reducing oils as fungicides. Nature, CXXVI:58. viability to 63-25%, follwed by Dithane M-45 * Absolute control of powdert mildew hop (Mancozeb), Daconil (Chlorothalonil) and Bavistin {Sphaerotheca humuli) was given in expts. at the (carbendazim) • South-Eastern Agricultural college, Wye, by sesame oil at the rate of 0.5 per cent. 6.22. SIMONESCU, C.I. 1962. Studies in the field of depression of the processes of plant tumour 616. NARASilWIAN, M.J. 1934. Report of the work develoJ;illent. C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS. 143:239- done in the Mycological Section during 1932-33. 241. Admin. Rept. Agric. Dept. Mysore for the year * Postitive results fran the use of non-toxic 1932-33:53-56, 1934. inhibitors for .blocking the enzyme processes of * Good results in the control of mildew (Oidium sp.) cancerous cells suggested that crown gall might be of Betle (~ betle) were obtained by spraying with inhibited by anti-oxidizing agents. At the Iasi Bordaeux mixture (1/2 percent) with casein, 1 percent Polytechnic Ranania, Nordihydroguaiacic acid hydro oolite sulphur,. Emulsions of honge (Pongamia glabra) quinone, Gallic acid and Ethyl propyl, octyl and or castor soap and 0.5 percent Gingelly (Sesamum Doedcyl gallates as 0.05--0.5% solutions inhibited indicum) , Groundnut or (Pongamia glabra) oil and half galls produced in sesame by inoculation with percent Bordeaux mixture with 1 percent of the same Bacterium (Agro.bacterium tumerfaciens). There is oils. considerable lignification of tissue and a cor responding reduction in cellulose content. Gallic 617. NARAS:rnHAN, M.J. 1934. Oil Bordeaux mixture acid and Octylgallate (0.2% solutions) had the against Koleroga of Arecanut. Mysore Agric maximum effect. Lignification being a.lmst the same calender, 1934: 21-'25. as in healthy plants. * Areca (Areca catechu) palms in Mysore sprayed ex perimentally with Bordeaux mixture to which cheap 623. SRINIVASAN, N.· 1982. Simple diagnostic local vegetable oils were added as spreaders remained technicque for plant diseases of mycoplasmal alloost free fran Koleroga {Phytophthora arecae) etiology. Curr. Sci. 51(18): 883-885. though others in the same garden sprayed with casein * A technique to diagnose MID diseases is given. Bordeaux mixture became affected. The mixture was made by adding 1/8 gall Gingerlly (Sesamum indicum), K- BOOKS/BULLETINS/JOURN groundnut or Safflower {carthamus tinctorius) oil to ALS/CHAF'T'ER CH SESAME 1211 2 galls Copper sulphate and slowely pouring the DISEASES fluid (with oil floating on surface) into an equal volume of milk of lime, stirring vigorously. 624. ABOOU, Y.A. and O.M. MOOSSA. 1982. Mechanism of infection in sesame sclerotial wilt disease 618. NASSERY, H. and G. OGATA. 1979. Sensitivity of caused by Macrophanina phaseoli (Maubl) sesame to various salts (Iron toxicities). (Ashby). Research Bul., Ain Shams University, Agronany J. 71(4):595:597. Faculty of Agric., Cairo. 25P. 56 * Mechanism of !1_. phaseoli infection in sesame has 630. BEF.CH, D.F. 1981. Phyllody- its impact on been described in detail. yield and its possible control measures. In Sesame: Status and Improvement, Proceedings of 625. ASHRI, A. (ed.) 1981. Sesame: Status and a'J)ert consultation, Rome, Italy, 8-12 Decem Improvement, Proceedings of eA-pert ber, 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, consultation, Rome, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. Rome, 1981 (edited by A. Ashri): 73-80. F.A.O. of the United Nations, Rome. * Incidence of phyllody in India and Burma is as * The contents are divi.ded in to 9 sections having high as 100 percent and 90 percent respectively. papers by different experts fran many countries. Phyllody in sesame has been shown to be associated Major problems of sesame growing in different regions with the presence in the phloem of a mycoplasma and countries have been discussed. Section 3 is like organism (MID) which is transmitted in India devoted to major diseases and pests of sesame and and Australia by leaf hoppers (Orosius). The sources of resistance. Section 9 has conclusions and sesame MLO can be transmitted to a range of other recamnendation of plant protection working group. crops. In multiple-cropping situations the incidence is often high. For the control of 626. ASHRI, A. (ed.). 1981. Sesame in Israel. In phyllody use of crop hygien, insecticides, varietal Sesame: Status and Improvement. Proceedings of resistance to both the }fi.JJ and the jassid and expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 Decem cultural practices are suggested. ber, 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, Rome, 1981 56. 631. BEECH, D.F. 1981. Sesame - An agronomic * In Israel the major diseases are soil-borne approach to yield improvement. In sesame: Fusarium and Macrophanina. Varieties as Oro, Status and Improvement. Proceedings of expert Aceitera and Renner (idid) proved extremely consultation, Rome, Italy, 8-12 December, susceptible. 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited by A. Ashri): 121-126. 627. ASHRI, A. (ed. ) • 1985. Sesame and Safflo-wer * There are also several serious diseases, the mJSt Newsletter (edited), F .A.O. G.I.F .R.I.O. No. important are bacterial leaf spot (Pseudomonas 1:97 pp. sesami), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria sesami), * It contains reports, news, research papers, abstra phyllody and leaf curl vi.ruses whose vector is a cts and references on sesame diseases. wiri tefly. Considerable progress has been made wi. th disease resistance, e.g., against Pseudomonas 628. AUCKLAND, A.K. 1981. Breeding objectives and sesami with the cultivar early Russian, against assessment of principal canmercial strains of Fusarium wi. th Acei tera and Glauca and . possibly sesame in Tanzania. In sesame: Status and other diseases. Improvement. Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. 632. BILGARAMI, K.S., JA11ALUDDDl' and M.A. RIZWI. F .A.O. · of the United Nations, Rome, 1981 1979. Fungi of India, Part I and II. Today (edited by A. Ashri): 127-128. and Tomorrows Printers and Pub. New Delhi. * In Tanzania Breeding objectives include resistance * On sesamum 20 fungi species recorded at different to Pseudanonas sesami, Cercospora sesami and Alter places of India are listed. naria sp. 633. BRAR, G.S. AND K.L., AHUJA. 1980. Sesame 629. BEECH, D.F. 1981. Sesame in Australia. In (Sesamum indicum) its culture, genetics, Sesame: Status and Improvement, Proceedings of breeding and biochemistry, (edited by expert consultation, Rome, Italy, 8-12 C.P. Malik), Ann. Rev. Pl. Sci. Kalyani Pub. December, 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, New Delhi. 1:414 P. Rane, 1981. (edited by A. Ashri): 27-29. * Information on sesame disease resistance is gi * The previ.ous year, sesame did not require ven. quarantine in Australia and several diseases may have been unwittingly introduced with seed of this crop. 634. BUTLER, E.J. 1918. Fungi and Diseases in The diseases recorded are, leaf spots (Alternaria Plants. Thalker Spink & Co., Calcutta sp., Cercospora sesami, ~facrosporium sp.), wi.lt (India). (Fusarium sp., Verticillium dahliae) , powdery mildew * Bacillus solanacearum, Phytophthora and, (Oidiurn sp.) , damping off (Pythium debaryanum) , crown Rhizoctonia sp. have been reported on sesai11um. rot (Rhizoctonia sp.), wi.tches broan (.Mycoplasma-like organism) and bigbud (.Mycoplasma-like organism) . 635. BUTLER, E.J. AND G.R. BISBY. 1960. The 57 of India, Revised by R.S. Vasudeva. The breeding objectives and agricultural prac Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New tices for Indian conditions. In Sesame Stat Delhi. us and Improvement. Proceedings of expert * On sesamum 14 fungal species recorded at different consultation, Rome, Italy, 8-12 December, places of India are listed. 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited by A. Ashri): 118-119. 636. CAPOOR, S.P. 1967. Important virus diseases * Breeding for varieties resistant to wilt, of field and garden crops in India and their phyllody and Macrophomina rot as well as blight control. Indian Council of Agricultural Phytophthora and bacteria) and Cercospora leaf Research, Tech. Bull. (Agric.), No. 12:33. spot, is the only solution for econanic production. * Occurrence, symptoms, transmission and control of The wi.ld species found in India Sesamum prostratum, sesamum phyllody is described. §_. laciniatum, §_. grandiflorum, and ssp. mlaba.ricum have resistant to phyllody. Sane resistant sources 637. CHAND, J.N. AND D. SlNGH. 1972. Bacterial are, TC-25, TC-30. TC-45 (Punjab) and ur-43 blight of sesamum. In Plant Bacteriology. (Gujarat) for wilt, Sel-R (M.P.), S-1749 (IARI) for Vol. I. Bacterial diseases of plants in India phyllody and M-3-1, M-3-2 (Bihar), No. 2-39, No • (edited by P.N. Patel). ICAR, Surmner .66-193 (M.P.), for phytophtora blight. Institute on Plant Bacteriology, gt h May - 71 h June 1972. I.A.R.I., New Delhi: 169-172. 643. FERNANDE:Z-MARTINE'Z, J. 1986. Sesame and * Bacterial blight of sesamum caused by xanthanonas ·safflower Newsletter (edited). The center of sesami has been reviewed in tel'.lllS of its occurence, Agrarian Research and DevelOiltlellt, CIDA, symptcms, disease cycle and control. Cordoba, D.G.I.E.A. Junta de Andalucia, Apartado 240, Cordoba, Spain. No. 2: 127pp. 638. CHAND, J.N. and D. SlNGH. 1972. Bacterial * It contains reports, news, research papers, leaf spot of sesamum. In Plant Bacteriology abstracts, references and all types of information Vol. I. Bacterial diseases of plants in India related to sesame and its diseases. (Elited by P.N. Patel). ICAR, Surmner Institute on Plant Bacteriology. gtn May - 71i 644. HIRATA, K. 1966. Host range and geographical June, 1972. I.A.R.I., New Delhi: 173-177. distribution of the powdery mildew. Faculty * Bacterial leaf spot of sesamum caused by of Agric. Niigate University, Niigata, Pseud0100nas sesami has been reviewed in tei.111S of its Japan. 309 pp. occurrence, symptoms, causal organism, disease * The distribution of Erysiphe cichoracearun, ~ cycle, host range, pathogen v-ariability, varietal camnunis, Leveillula taurica, Sphaerotheca and Oid reaction and control measures with references. ium sp. on sesamum has been included. 639. CHUPP, c. 1953. A monograph of the fungus 645. KHIDIR, M.O. 1981. Major problems of sesame genus Cercospora. Ithaca, N.Y. 667 pp. growing in East Africa and the Near East. In * Cercospora species on sesamum are characterised. Sesame: Status and Improvement. Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 640. ~. P.K.S. 1961. Field recognition of December, 1980. F.A.O. of the United plant disease in Tailganyika. Dept., Dar-es Nations, Rome, 1981 (Elited by A. Ashri): Sallam, Tanzania. Bull. No. 8. 36-43. * Symptans of sesamum diseases occurring.in Tanzania * Sesamum is susceptible to Pseudanonas sesami, are described alongwith others. xanthaoonas sesami, Cercospora sesami, Alterriaria spp., powdery mildew, leaf curl and phyllody dis 641. COOK, A.A. 1981. Diseases of tropical and eases. subtropical field, fiber and oil plants. Mac Millan Pub. Co., New York. 285-291. 646. KHIDIR, M.O. 1981. Sesame production in the * On sesamum bacterial leaf spot, Phytophthora stem Sudan. In sesame: Status and Improvement. canker, Al ternaria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot, Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, Corynespora blight, Cylindrosporium leaf spot, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. F.A.O. of the Drechslera (Helminthosporium) blight, Fusarium wilt, United Nations, Rome, 1981. (edited by A. charcoal rot, red rot (Thielaii'iopsis) , Verticillium Ashri): 45-49. Wilt and phyllody diseases are discussed. * In Sudan bacterial leaf blight is the major prob lem for sesame production. 642. DESAI, N.D. and S.N. GOYAL. 1981. Integrating 58 647. KOLTE, S.J. 1985. Diseases of Annual F.dible applied 20-25 days after germination. Black stem oilseed crops. Vol. II. Rapeseed-Mustard and disease (Pseudcmonas · spp.) appears in poorly Sesamum. diseases. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, drained, wet soils. Florida, USA. 83-122. * Major and minor diseases of sesamum are described 653. NEERGAARD, P. 1979. Seed Pathology, Vol. 1. in detail with references. The Mac Millan Press Ltd., London. 840 PP. * Se€d-borne diseases caused by Alternaria sesami, 648. KOVACHEVSKI, I. 1969. Sane new virus diseases Cercospora sesami, CorynespOra cassiicola, Drench in crops. In: Plant Virology (edited by Blan slera rostra, Drenchslera sesami, Drenchslera tny, c. SWets and Zietlinger), Amsterdam, The sorokiniana, Macrophanina phaseolina, Phytophthora Netherlands. 250-252 P. nicotianae v-ar. sesami, PseudClllOllas sesami and * Sesame roosaic disease is described. xanthcmnas sesami are described with losses caused, embryo/seed coat infection and control 649. LEAKEY, C.C.A. 1970. Diseases of sesame. In: through seed treatment. Agriculture in Uganda, (ed. Jameson), J.D.O.U.P. 654. PUROlllT, S.D., N._s., SHEKHAWAT., U.KANI'. and * Major diseases of sesame have been described. H.C. ARYA. 1980. In v"itro studies' of MID (Mycoplasma-like organism) infected sesamum. 650. MAZZANI, B. 1981. El Cultivo del llg"onyjoli en and Sclerospora graminicola infected pearl Venezuela. In Sesame: Status and Improvement. millet. Proc. Nat. Symp. Plant Tissue Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, 1981. culture. Genetic Manipulation and· Sanatic (edited by A.Ashri): 61-63. Hybridization of Plant Cells. (edited P .s. *Occurrence of main diseases on sesame in Venezuela RAO, etal). Bhabha Atanic Research Centre, are listed as, Fusarium, Phana. sp., Phytophthora sp., Baobay. Feb. 27-29th. 1980. Alternaria, Cercospora, Cylindrosp:>rium, xanthcmonas and Pseudaoonas sp. 655. RANGASWAMI, G. 1961. Pythiaceous fungi (a review). I.C.A.R., New Delhi, India. 87 pp. 651. MAZZANI, B., c. NAVA. I G. MALAGUTI. I D. MONTI * Phytophthora parasitica on sesamum. is rev"iewed. LLA and U.R. URDANE:I'A. 1981. Major diseases of sesame and sources of resistance in Venezuela. 656. RANGASWA!1I, G. 1979. Diseases of crop plants In sesame: Status and Improvement. Proceedings in India. Second Edition, Prentice-hall, of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. 339-342. December, 1980. F .A.O. of the United Nations, * On sesamum., phyllody and cercospora leaf spot Rane. 1981. (edited by A. Ashri}: 69-70. diseases are described. Among the minor diseases * The IOOSt important sesame diseases in Venezuela are of sesamum. reported in India are listed as: foliar and soil-borne ones. Ccl!llnon foliar diseases Alternaria blight (~. sesami), root and stem rot are: Roundish white leaf spot (Cercospora sesame), Wi.acrophanina phaseoli}, w"ilt (Fusarium vasinfectum angular leaf spot (Alternaria sesami), bacterial leaf var sesami) , stem rot (Phytophthora parasitica v-ar. spots xanthanonas sesami and Pseudaoonas sesami) • A sesami), leaf spot (Cercospora sesamicola), anthra plant blight (Corynespora cassiicola) was also cnose (Colletotrichum sp.), bacterial leaf spot and described. More dangerous and a permanent threat in blight (Pseudaoonas sesami and xantha!k)nas sesami), the main sesame producing regions in Venezuela are powdecy mildew (Leveillula taurica) and leaf cur1. soil-borne pathoqens such as -Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora sp. and Macrophanma phaseoli, Sesamum 657. RAYCHAUDHURI, S.P. and T.K. NARIANI. 1977. radiatum plants were resistant to f. sesami, ~ Virus and mycoplasma disease of plants in sesamicola, Phytophthora sp. and Fusarium wilt. The India. Oxford and IBH, Pub. Co., New Delhi. "Improved Aceitera" cultivar is resistant to Fusarium 102 pp. wilt, Phytophthora stem rot and Macrophanina black * Symptcms, traismission and control of leaf curl stalk diseases. disease of sesamum is given. Distribution, symp tans, transmission and control of phyllody is also 652. MYlNI', U.T. 1981. Sesame in BU111la. In Sesame: described. Status and Improvement. Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. 658. RICHARDSON, M.J. 1979. An annotated list of F .A.O •. of the United Nations, Rane, 1981. seed borne diseases. 3rc F.dition. Proc. :i:nt. (edited by A. Ashri): 22-24. Seed Test. Assoc. 23:1-320. * Phyllody is controlled by Endrin (75-100 CC/ha) * Seed-borne diseases of sesamum are listed. 59 659. SACCAROO, P.A. 1931. Sylloge fungonun. 25:829. spot (Pseudcmonas sesami), bacterial blight * On sesame Botcyoba.sidium rolfsii (Saccardo) (Xanthomonas sesami) , Phyllody (MW) , and leaf curl (Venkatarayan), Gloeosporium macrophomoides diseases have been described. In addition 39 other (Saccardo), Phana sesamina (Saccardo), and pathogens reported on sesamum have been listed. Vennicularia sesamina (Saccardo) are characterised. 665. SINGH, R.S., 1968. Plant Diseases. Oxford 660. SATOUR, M.M. 1981. Fungi, bacteria, vi.ruses, and IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi, India. 130-131. mycoplasma, nematodes and insects attacking * The importance, symptans, pathogen, disease cycle sesame. In sesame: Status and Improvement. and control measures of Phytophthora blight of Proceeding of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, sesamum are described. 8-12 December, 1980. F.A.O. of the United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited by A.Ashri): 81- 666. SINGH, S.A. and P ~K.S. GUPTA. 1982. Major 83. diseases of oilseed crops and their control. * Information on the diseases of sesamum in 12 Plant Protection in West Bental, Bidhan countries obtained fran participants is surmnerized. Chandra KriShi Viswavidyalaya, Kalayani, West There are 13 fungi, 2 bacteria, 1 virus, Bengal, India, 52-58 pp. 1 mycoplasma.-like organism (MW) and 2 nematodes on * This revi.ew includes details of sane diseases sesame. affecting oilseed crops (sesame) in India, with current control recamnendations. 661. SERRY, M.S. AND M.M. SATOOR. 1981. Major diseases of sesame and sources of resistance in 667. SINGH, T. and D. SINGH. 1980. AnatanY of F/;M>t. In sesame: Status and Improvement. penetration of Macrophanina phaseoli in seeds Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, of sesame. In: Recent Researches in Plant Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. F .A.O. of the Sciences. (edited by S.S.Bir). 603-606 PP. United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited A.Ashri): * Anatoori.cal studies on the mechanism of 71-72. penetration by !1_. phaseolina in sesame seed is * The m:ist prevalent causal organisms are, described. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium bataticola, (Macrophanina phaseoli), Fusarium oxysponun and 668. SURYANARYANA, D. 1978. Seed Pathology. Vikas Phytophthora parasitica. Seed treatments with Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India: 80-81. vi.tavex and captan proved to be effective in * On sesamum root and stem rot (Macrophanina controlling seedling diseases. phaseoli) , bacterial blight (Xanthaoonas sesami) , and bacterial leaf spot (Pseudaoonas sesami) , are 662. SAHARAN, G.S. and J.N. CHAND. 1988. Diseases described in term.s of symptans and control. of oilseed crops (in Hindi) • Directorate of Publication, Haryana Agricultural University, 669. THANGAVEW, s. 1981. Intensification of Hisar, India. 269 PP. research on sesame in Tamil Nadu (India). In * Important diseases of sesame has been described in sesame: Status and Improvement. Proceedings detail along with a list of minor diseases. of expert consultation, Rane, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. F .A.O. of the United Nations, 663. SHARMA, S.M. 1984. Future prospects of sesamum Rane, 1981. (edited by A. Ashri): .15-16. and niger as oil yielding crops in India. In * In Tamil Nadu (India), main diseases of sesame Souvenir, Directorate of Oilseeds Research, are phyllody, root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) and Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. 38-46. powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) • * Production and productivity of sesamum can be increased by breeding for resistance against diseases 670. ~, H.A. 1981. Breeding objectives viz., Phyllody, Xanthaoonas, Pseudaoonas and and assessment of principal carmercial strains Macrophanina. of sesame. In sesame: Status and Improvanent. Proceedings of expert consultation, Rane, 664. SINGH, B.P., B.N. SHUKLA, K.G. NEMA. and A.C. Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. F.A~O. of the JAIN. 1977. Diseases of oilseed crops. Bull. United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited by A. J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.), Ashri): 113-114. India. 104 pp. * In Kenya major diseases o~ sesame are listed as: * On sesamum Cercospora leaf spot, Phytophthora stem Cercospora sesami, Cylindrosporium sesami, canker, root or stem rot (Macrophanina phaseoli, Pseudaoonas sesami, Alternaria sesami, Fusarium Rhizoctonia solani), Fusarium wilt, bacterial leaf ox.ysponun sesami, Helminthosporium, l'iacrophoori.na 60 phaseoli, phyllody and leaf curl. 676. WEISS, E.A. 1983. Oil crops. Longman, London and New York. 332-336. 671. VASUDEVA, R.S. 1961. Diseases of sesamum. In * Fungal, bacterial, vi.ral and rnycoplasma diseases Sesamum (by A.b. Joshi). Indian Central of sesame are described with reference to their Oilseeds Camri.ttee, Hyderabad, India. 92-109. distribution, econanic importance, symptans and * Phyllody, leaf curl, leaf spot (Cercospora Sesami), control. Fourteen Common sesame diseases are also stem rot (Pbytophthora parasitica), Anthracnose listed. (Colletotrichum sp.) , wi.lt (Fusarium vasinfectum var sesami, root and stem rot (Macrophanina phaseoli and 677. Westcott, C. 1971. Plant disease hand hook. Rhizoctonia bataticola), and bacterial leaf spot and 3rd Edition, Van Nostrand Beinhold Co., New bliaht diseases of sesamum have been listed and York. 710 pp. described in detail. Minor diseases have been listed * On sesame bacterial leaf spot (Pseudanonas along with references. sesami), bacterial wi.lt (Pseudanonas solanacearum), blight (Corynespora cassiicola), leaf spots 672. VYAS, S.C., K.V.V. PRASAD, and M.N. KHARE. (Alternaria sesami, Cercospora sesami, 1983. Disease of sesamum and niger and their eylindrocladium, Hel.minthosporium sesami), charcoal control. Directorate of Research Servi.ces, rot (Macrophanina phaseoli) and wilt (Verticillium J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabaipur (M.P.), albo-atrum) diseases are listed. India. 16 pp. * Important fungal, bacterial, vi.ral and mycoplasma 678. WOPINDI, H.A.E. 1981. Sesame growing in diseases of sesamum have been described along with a Ken:y-a.. In Sesame: Status and Improvement. check list of 26 diseases with selected references. Proceedings of expert consultation Rane, Italy, 8-12 December, 1980. F.A.O. of the 673. VYAS, S.C., K.V.V. PRASAD. and M.N. KHARE. United Nations, Rane, 1981. (edited by A. 1984. An annotated bibliography of sesamum Ashri) . 50-53. diseases, 1918-1983. J .N. Krishi Vishwa * The important diseases of sesame in Kenya are: Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.), India.·57 pp. leaf spot which is serious at Mtwapa during the * It contains 282 abstracts of papers on sesamum humid and warm period; ooth Cercospora and diseases. Alternaria spp. have been isolated from the leaves. Wilts caused by Verticillium or Fusarium are 674. WEBER, G.B. 1973. Bacterial and fungal suspected but not confinned. diseases of plants in the tropics. University of Florida Press., Gainesvi.lle. 673 pp. 679. YADAVA, T.P. 1984. Present status and future * On sesame leaf spots (Pseudaoonas sesami, strategies of oilseed research, In Souvenir, xanthaoonas sesami, Cylindrosporium sesami, Directorate of Oilseed Research, Cercospora sesame, £. se5amicola, Cocynespora Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. 17-22. cassiicola), blights Phytophthora parasitica, * Important diseases of sesamum listed are: leaf Alternaria sesami), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina spot (Cercospora sesami, leaf blight (Phytophthora phaseolina) and stem rot (Hel.minthosporium sesaajJ parasitica var sesami), bacterial leaf spot & diseases are described in terms of sylnptan.s and blight (Pseudaoonas sesami and xanthanonas sesami), etiology. Fourteen other fungi associated with and phyllody (Mycoplasma). sesame are also listed with references. 680. YADAVA, T.P. AND A.L. BHOLA. 1980. Research 675. WEISS, E.A. 1971. Castor, Sesame and achievements, 1970-1977. Oilseeds Section, Safflower. Leonard hill Books, I..oodon. Dept. Plant Breeding, Haryana .Agricultural 495-505. Univ. , Hisar. 49-50 pp. * Fungi, bacterial and vi.ral diseases of sesame are * Results on germplasm screening against diseases described in terms of importance, symptan.s and and seed treatment are tabulated. Root rot, control measures adopted. phyllody and leaf curl were major diseases. 61 ABBAS, H.K., 227, 228 BANERJEE, A.K., 591 ABDALLAH, S.M., 262 BANIHASHEM, z. I 176 ABD-~wad, M., 262 BARRO'lA, C.N. I 294 ABD-EL-4any, A.K. , 170 BARRO'lA, M. I 048 ABIXXJ, Y.A., 227, 228, 304, 624 BARcmAS; v.c. I 117 ABRAHAM, E.V., 001, 276, 547 BARTARIA, A.M. I 232, 233 ABSID1E, c. I 047 BATES, G.R. I 295 ABUELGASIM, E.A. I 385 BAUER, L.I.D. I 268 ACEVEOO I T. I 020 BEECH, D.F., 629, 630, 631 ADAMS, p .B. I 375 BEHERA, B.C. I 075 AGARWAL, u. I 386 BEKHIT, M.R. , 170 AGNIHOTIIRUDU, V., 447, 448 BERRY, S.Z., 049 AHMED, L., 247 BHARGAVA, S.N., 178 to 180, 234, 355, 366, 388, AHMED, M.A. I 398 389, 425, 426, 427 AHUJA, K.L. I 633 BHARODA, R.K. I 529 AmmN, J., 454 BHAT I R.P. , 090 AKHTAR, M.A. I 455 I 494 BHA'INAGAR, A., 605 AL-AHMAR, B.A., 202, 343, 344 BHA'INAGAR, M.P. I 315 AL-ANI, H.Y., 229 BHOLA, A.L., 680 AL-BELDAWI, A.S., 230 BIAS, B.S. I 152 AL-IWIDANY I M.A. I 330 BlliJRAMI, K.S., 632 AL-HASSAN, K.K., 354 BINDRA, O.S., 551, 561 AL-HASSAN, S.A., 354 BISBY, G.R., 635 AL-HASHIM!, M.H., 230 BIYIKOGW, K. , 182 ALI, A.A., 238 BOHOVIK, I. V. , 007 AMER, M.A. I 262 BOSE, A. , 390, 391 ANDHARIA, J .H. I 165 BRADBURY I . J .F. I 525 ANIL KUMAR, T.B., 373 374 BRAIKOVA, B. I 537 AIOMWS., 002, 003, 004, 098, 157, BRAR, G.S., 633 171, 275, 293, 387, 495, to 449, BRn1ER, H., 181, 182, 457 536, 548, 549, 550, 609 BRI'I'CI'l-JOOES, H.R., 331 ANSARI, M.M., 456 BULDED, A.N., 183, 278, 356 ANWAR. D. I 345, 452 BUTLER, E.J., 184, 634 APPADURAI, R.,166, 279 CAPOOR, s .P. I 636 ARI, U., 592 CARRASCO I A. I 045 I 210 ARMSTROO, G.M., 172, 173·, 174 CASTELLANI, E., 185, 277 1\RMS'lRCWG, J.K., 173, 174 CASTILU>, A. I 142 AROKIARAJ I A. I 251 CHAE, Y.A. , 298 ARYA, H.C., 574, 575, 577, 578, 619, 654 CHAKARAVARTI, B.P., 373, 374, 489 to 491 ASHBY I S.F. I 231 CHAND, J.N., 500, 501, 516, 517, 637, 638, 662 ASHRI, A., 625, 626, 627 CHANDRASEKARAN I p., 285 ASLAM, M. I 254 CHANG, M.U., 538 AS'IHANA, K. s. I 005 CHAUDHARY, K.C.B., 140 AUCKLAND, A.L. I 628 CHAUHAN, L.S. I 569 AWGICHEW-KIDANE. I 006 CHAUHAN, R.K.S., 050, 065, 066, 392 AZAB, M.W., 187, 333 CHAUHAN, S., 392 AZERI, T. I 610 CIIlLTCJ'ol, J.E. I 379 BAGYARAJ I J. I . 449 CHIN, W., 539 BAKHETIA, D.R.C., 551 CHOHAN., J.S., 008, 030 BALAKUMAR, M. I 053 CHO, D.J., 193 BALAKUMAR, M.S., 175, 337 CHO, E.K., 296, 297, 299 62 CHO, W.D., 300 DWIVEDI, K., 151, 156 CHO, W.T., 299 DYE, D.w., 525 CHOI, B.H., 013, 145, 192, 314 EL-ALFY, K.A., 187, 333 CHOI, E.K., 300 EL-DEE, A.A., 238 CHOI, C.Y., 186 EL-DIB, A.A., 203 CHOI, S.H., 296 to 300 EL--EEHADLI, D. H. , 229 CHOOPANYA, D., 037, 552, 553 EL-GHANY, A.K.A., 187, 204, 332, 333 CHOODHURY, S. , 099 EL-GAWWAD, M.A.A., 187, 203, 333 CHUMAEVSKAYA, M.A. , 524 EL-HASSAN, S.A., 227, 228 CHUNG, B.J., 009 EL-KADY, I.A., 396 CHUNG, H.S., 009 EL--MAGHRABY, O.M.O., 396 CHUNG, H.W., 009 EL--MARZOUK, H.G., 344 CHUPP, C., 100, 115. 639 EL-NUR ELMIDJ, 108 CICCAR~, A., 161 EL-RAFE!, M.E., 332 CIF'ERRI, R., 101, 105, 301 EL-SHAMMA, W.S., 239 CLARK, F .E., 612 EL-SHEHEDI, A.A. ,304 CLINl"'l:W, p. K. s. I 640 EL-WAKIL, A.A., 203 COOK, A.A. , 235, 641 EL-YAMY, T., 170 COOPER, W.E., 540 ELEWA, I.S., 262 CORTZAS, C.B., 260 ELLIS, M.B., 058, 143, 144 COSTA, A.S., 541 ENGELHARD, A.W., 380 COUSIN, M. T., 554 ESENI'EPE, M., 059, 381 CRANDALL, B.S., 302 ESLAMI, A.K., 454 CULP, T.W., 051, 458 EZZ EL-RAFEL, M., 170 CURZI, M., 102, 459 FAKIR, G.A., 244 DAFI'ARI, L.N., 236, 362, 393, 394, FERNANDE'Z, E., 604 437, 492, 530, 531 FERIWIDE'Z-MARTINE'Z, J. , 643 DARWOOD, N.A., 611 FARR, M.L., 158 DASTUR, J.F., 303 FAu:m;T, C. , 546 DAVIDE, R.G., 010 FRE'ZZI, M.J., 350 DAVID~, G.G., 011 GAIKWAD, N.Y., 436 DEIGHI'CJJ, F.C., 526, 527, 528, 555 GAIKWAD, S.J., 278 DELATIRE, R. , 554 GJINGOPADHAY, S. , 542 DELGAOO, M., 020 GARBER, R.H., 377 DELPRAOO, H.L.V.V., 103 Gn1AWAT, P.D., 023, 083, 084, 209 to 212, 240, 241, DH!'RIADES, S.D., 460 306 to 310, 318, 328, 363 DF.SHPANDE, G.D., 052 GIDRGIEI!, S., 511 DESAI, N.D., 642 GIDRGOPOOIDS, S.G., 357 DESAI, S.A., 090, 091, 092, 093 GHODESWAR, K.S., 334 DESMIDTS, M., 556 GOBELE'Z, M., 397 DEVAY, J.E., 377 GOKSEL, N., 182 DEY, P.K., 557 GOKULAPALAN, C., 335 DHAMU, K.P., 053, 120, 131, 257 GOLATO, C. , 012 DHRUJ, I.U., 165 GC!1EJ, N., 069 DIAZ, C.H., 287 ~FRAGOSO, R., 101, 105 DIAZ-POLLANCO, C., 045, 270 GOOZALE'Z, M.C., 242 DIAZ-POLANCO, H.C., 226 GOTO, M., 473 DIEGUEZ, J., 302, 311 GOOR, H.N., 237 DILBO, C., 524 GOVINDASWAMY, C.V., 088, 089, 438 DIMITROV, J. , 511 GOYAL, S.N., 188, 642 DOLIE, U.V., 054, 055, 056, 057, 621 GRANDALL, B.S., 311 DOI, T., 110 GRANITI, A., 225 DOWSCW, W.J., 482, 515 GROVER, R.K., 350 DUBE, H.C., 237 GUPTA, P.K.S., 666 OONLAP I A.A. I 461 GUPTA, P.P., 060, 061, 282, 559 DURGAPAL, J.C., 462, 463, 464, 502, 513 GUPTA, S.C., 367 63 GUPI'A, S.K., 060, 061 KASHI, RAM., 558 HABIB, A.F. I 063 KAUSHAL, P.K., 111, 126, 326 HABISH, H.A., 503, 504, 505 KAUSHIK, C.D., 060, 061, 282, 351, 559 RADWAN, H.A., 349 KA'WAi'1URA, E. I 064 HAMMAD, A.H., 503, 504, 505 KHAN, A.L. 244 HAI'{SFORD, C.G., 062, 104, 105, 159, 160, 189, 190, KHARE, H.N., 222, 359, 406, 407, 672, 673 336 KHATI, D.V.S., 178, 179 HASSAN, M.M. , 304 KHIDIR, M.O. I 645, 646 HAWKSWORTH, D.L., 382 ICTIPATRICH, R.A. , 109 HAYWARD, A.C., 465, 506 KINMAN, M.L., 200, 487 HEATHER, C.D. I 476 ICTSHI I T. , 544 HEGDE, R.K., 056, 057, 091, 093, 094, 621, ICTTAJIMA, E. w. I 541 HELLrnGER, E. I 360 ICTEIN, M., 560 HEO, N.Y., 296, 297, 300 KOCHUBABU I M. I 257 . HIBINO; H., 545 KODMELWAR, R.V., 213, 334 HILAL, A.A. I 238 KOLTE, S.J. I 647 HIRATA, K. I 644 K IRJSAIN, S.S., 398 KOVACHE\TSICT I I.c. ' 468 IBRAHIM, F .M. , 108 KOVITHEVAVONGS I p. , 037 INOUYE, T. I 543 KRANI'IKUMAR, 315 IS!'l:EN, H. I 457 RRANZ J., .163 IVANOFF, B. , 466 KRISHNASWAMI, S., 166, 279 IWAKI, M. I 545 KRISHNASWA!-1Y, V., 562, 563 JAGADAMBA, G.V., 434 KULKARNI, G.K., 621 JAIN, A.C., 243, 439, 507, 664 KULKARNI, N.B., 245 to 247 JAIN, K.L., 491 KULKARNI, S., 091, 092 JAMA, A.N. , 277 KULKARNI, S.N., 243, 500, 501, 507, 516, 517 JA1'1ALUDDIN, 632 KULSHRESTHA, B.M., 050, 065, 066 JANI, S.M., 188, 399, 529, 589 KUMAR, K., 402, 403, 404, 614 JAYARAJ, s., 547, 579 KUROZAWA, C., 110 JAYARAJAN, R., 053, 280, 337, 562, 563 KUSHI, K.K., 405, 406, 407 JAYARAMAIAH, H., 063, 092 KUSHWAHA, U.S. I 111 JOFFE, A.Z. I 191 KVASHNINA, M.E.S., 067 JOHNSClll, H.W., 109, 612 LABOUCHEIX, J., 556 JOOES, J.P., 153 LACY, R.C., 368 JOSHI, A.B. I 671 LAKHANI, G.B. I 165 JOSHI, L.K., 255 LALITHA, P., 434, 435 JOSHI, M.S. I 063 LALITHA KUMAR.I, D., 438 KABEERE, F. I 408 LAWRENCE, E., 364 KADIAN, O.P., 400 LYRISSE, A. I 251, 252 KAIMEE, S., 125 LEAKEY, C.C.A., 649 KALE, G.B., 312, 313 LEE, c.v. I 538 KAMAL, 137 LEE, E.J., 248, 298 KAMALA, T., 401, 613 LEE, J.I., 013, 145, 192, 194, 248, 314 KAMAT I M.N. I 130 LEE, S.C., 296, 297, 300 KAMRAN, R. I 383 LEE, S.T., 194 KANDASWAMY, T.K., 570 LEE, Y.S. I 193 Kl!NAUJIA, R.S., 409 LEPPIK, E.E. I 068 KArJG, c.w., 012, 145, 192, 194, 248, 314 LIKHITE, v.N. I 249 KANG, S.W., 193 LING.AM, T.S., 085 KAI\lT I u• t 654 LITZEmERGER, S.C., 112 KARCTLIOGIU I A. 381 MADUMAROV, T. I 206 KAREL, G., 182, 457 MAHMOUD, B.K., 204, 333 KARTHA, K.K. I 554 MAITI, S., 014, 015, 016 64 MALAGUTI, G., 017, 048, 069, 161, 195, 196, 252, 287, MURUGESAN, M., 257, 570 294, 316, 508, 565, 651 MURUGESAN, S., 570 MALIK, F. I 327 MYINT, U.T., 652 MAI.KOFF I K. I 469 I 470 NAAZAR, A., 254 MANDIDI, S.C., 500, 501 NAIK, S.M. I 607 Ml!OOFF I F. I 471 NAIR, M.C., 335 MAOOHARACHARYA, c. I 446, 450 NAKAGAWA, J. I 110 MARil1lJl'HU I T. I 018 NAKATA, K. I 472 MARTIN, H., 615 NANDI, B., 410 to 414 MARTIN, J.A., 200 NANDI, D., 390, 391, 410 to 414 MARTINEZ, A., 251, 252 NARJ\NG, D.D. I 587 MATHUR, S.B., 095, 096, 395, 408, 432, 444 NARASIMAN, M.J., 117, 616, 617 MATHUR, Y.K., 564 NARAIN I B. I 005 MAURER, A.R., 250 NARIANI, T.K., 657 MAZZANI, B., 196, 251, 252, 294, 488, 522, 565, 650, NASmlA, A. I 480 651 NASIR, S., 545 MAZZANI, I.A.B., 113 NASS, A.M., 226 MC!Xl'Wl), D., 070 NASSERY, H., 618 MCGIBBOO, T.D., 566 NATARAJAN, K., 547 MCRAE, w. I 358 NA.TRAJAN, s., 001, 077, 078, 167, 276, 283, 422 MEANS, U.M. I 612 NATH, P., 571 MEHROTRA, R.S., 567 NATOUR, R.M. I 229 MEHTA, P.P. , 071 NAVA, C., 251, 252, 651 MEHTA, P.R., 018, 139 NAYAK, M.L. I 509 MEIR! I A. I 253 NEERGAARD, P., 095, 096, 395, 432, 444, 653 MEW, G.S., 072, 164 mm, K.G., 664 MWJITO, E., 110 NGABALA, A.Z., 079 MENDE'l, R. I 013 I 214 NAUSBAUM, C.K. I 118 MEZOI, P.P.V., 257 ODELL, F.D., 580 m:NZ, G., 074 OGATA, G. I 618 MIRZA, M.S., 254 OH, S.G., 194, 248 MISHRA, A. I 451 OKABE, N. I 473 MISHRA, B.K., 451 OORAN, A.O., 021, 361 MISHRA, C.B.P. I 338 DRELIANA, R.G., 162, 486, 487 MISHRA, R.P., 255, 359 OSMAN, H.E., 510 MISHRA, R.R. I 409 OZKAN, H., 457 MITRA, M. I 256, 317 OZKAN, M., 457 MI'ITER, J.N., 019, 138 PADHI, B., 451 MIYAKE, J., 215 PAL, B.P., 571 mHAMED I H.A. I 238 PAI.TI, J., 191 MOHAN'IY, A.K., 076 PANAGOPOUIDS, C.G., 460, 493, 525 IDHANI'Y, N.N., 075, 076, 113, 146 PANDEY, R.S., 178, 179 MJHANTY I v.N. ' 146 PAPAVIZAS, G.C., 378 IDHAPATRA, A. I 076 P.ARAKHIA, A.M. I 165 ?UIDAL, G.C., 410 to 414 PARASHAR, R.D., 022, 258 MOOSARRAT I A. I 546 PARISI, R. I 216 MCM'ILLA, D., 020, 651 PARAK, J.S., 197, 198, 443 :r-DIZOO', D., 142 PARK, M. , 119 MOREAU, C. , 272 PARRA., R.E.J., 226 MOREAU, M. , 272 PATEL, A.J., 436 MOSTAFAVI, M. , 568 PATEL, M.K., 130 MOUSSA, O.M., 624 PATEL, p .K. I 188 MUHEEI', A. , 569 PATEL, P .N., 462 MUKHERJI, K.G., 290, 291, 445 PATHAK, A.K., 606 MUKHARJEE, N. I 338 PATIL, B.C., 245 to 247 MULLER, A.S., 115, 116 PATIL, B.G., 356 65 PATINO, H.C., 147 RHm'ID'J', H.A.V., 532 PAVGI, M.S., 121, 122, 123, 370, 371, 372 RHIND, D., 026, 341, 342, 580 PEAR!, R.T., 339 RIOO.RDSOO, M.J., 658 PEREGRINE, W. T.H., 474 RIVAS, N'., 252 PERIERA, A.L.G., 475 RIVERS, G.W., 200, 487 FERRER, J.B., 104 RIZWI, M.A. , 632 PERVEEN, S. , 046 ROBBS, C.F., 525 PEI'RAK, F., 182 ROBERTSOO, H.F., 581 PEI'ERSOO, E.R., 149 RODRIGUEZ, M., 259 JlCi.nll!AH, s., 422 ROEX:HAN, M., 545 POOLE, D.D. I 217' 476 ROMERO, N. , 027 PO'POV I p • I 511 ROSE, M.F. , 478, 582 rorHIRAJ I p • I 053 ROSIGME, R., 269 PRASAD, B., 530, 531 ROY, A.K. , 281 PRASAD, K.V.V., 222, 439, 441, 672, 673 ROY, S.C., 583 PRASAD, N., 023, 081, 082, 083, 084, 308, 309, 313, SABER, S., 396 318, 321 to 325, 328 SABEI', K.A., 514, 515 PRASAD, R.N. I 011 SABLEY', J.E., 278 PRASAD, S.M., 572, 573, 586 SACCARIX>, P.A., 124, 220, 289, 659 PRASAD I T. , 429 SACHIDANANI'HAM, K., 167, 422 PURKAYASTHA, R.P. , 327 SAHAMBI, H.S., 572, 573, 584, 585, 586 PUROHIT, S. 619 SAHARAN, G.S., 028, 029, 030, 060, 061, PUROHIT, S.D., 574 to 578, 619, 654 282, 559, 662 RABINDRAN, R., 280 SAKSENA, H.K., 031, 148, 404 RADHAKRISHNAN, T. C. , 480 SALEM, S.H., 345, 452 RADHY, H.A., 354 SALIH, M.M., 330 RADWIIN, I.A., 238 ~. E.S., 615 RAJPUROHIT, T.S., 080, 081, 082, 083, 084 SAMUEL, G.S., 088, 089 RAM, T., 456 SANGAWOOGSE, p. I 037 RAMAIAH, K.S., 415, 416 SAPKAL, R.T., 479 RAMAKRISHNAN, C., 570 SARFJANNI, J.A,, 260 RAMAKRISHNAN, G., 001, 276, 283 SASTRY, K.S., 015, 016 RAMARO, P. , 450 SASTRY, M.N .L. , 415, 416 RAMAWAT, K.G., 574 SATHYARAJAN, p .K. I 480 RANE, M.S., 183 SA'IOUR, M.M., 032, 202, 304, 343, 361, 660, 661 RANGASWAMY, G., 449, 655, 656 SATYAPRASAD I c.' 086 RANI, V.U., 085, 086, 087 SCARAMUZZI, G., 033 RAO, A.S. I 453 SCHILLER, J.M., 125 RAO, A.V., 120, 167 SCHMt1ITERER, H. , 163 RAO, D.S., 199, 288 SEAMAN, W.L. I 149 RAO, R.N., 401, 613 SEARS, R.D., 200 RAO, S.M., 167, 422 SEHGAL, S.P., 318, 320 to 325, 362 RAO, V.G., 024 SELIM, A.K., 202, 343, 361 ·RAO. Y.P., 462, 463, 464, 512, 513 SDlG, N.S., 194, 248 RAOOF, M.A., 015, 016 SEXXJD, M.B., 187, 202, 203, 333 RATHAIAH, Y., 025, 121, 122, 123, 319, 477 SERRY, M.S., 202, 343, 361, 661 RAYCHAUDHURI, S.P., 657 SE'lGIN, E., 381 REDDY, A.S., 417 to 421 SHAFSHllK, S., 344 REDDY, B.N., 424 SHAIK-REDDY, H.M. I 230 REDDY, D.B., 169 SHANMUGA, M.N., 001, 039, 077, 078, 168, 175, 257, REDDY, M.N., 199, 288 276, 283, 337 REDDY, S.M., 417 to 421 SHARi.'1A, K.D., 423 REGUPATHY, A. I 579 SHARMA, K.R., 290, 291, 445 REICHERT, I., 340, 360 SHARMA, R.K., 509 REINKING, O.A., 218, 219 SHARMA, S.M., 424, 441, 663 REITSMA, J., 346 SHARi.'1A, T.R. , 620 66 SHARMA, Y.K. , 431 SUBERO, L.J., 069, 154 smcHAWAT, N.S., 576 to 578, 619, 654 SUBERO, L., 027, 142 SHEKHAWAT, P.S., 373, 374 SUBRAMANIAN, C.V., 376 SHINDE, D.D., 052 SUBRAMANIAN, M., 285 SHIVANI'HANA, p. , 034 SUNDARARAJU, D. , 589 SHOEMAKER, R.A., 149 SUNDARARAMAN, S., 263 to 265 SHOOKR, S. , 344 SURYANARY11NA, D., 258, 668 SHREn1111!, J.L., 292 SUTABUI'RA, T., 590 SHRIVAS, S.R., 126, 326, 431, 516, 517, 664 SUI'IC, D., 482 SHUKLA, B.N., 097, 126, 150, 261 TABACHNIK, M. , 377 SHUKLA, D.N., 178 to 180, 355, 366, 388, 389, 425, TAKIMO'I'O, K. , 483 426, 427 TALBOYS, P.W., 382 SHUKLA, P., 151, 156 TAMAYO, F. , 128 SHUKLA, V.N., 355 TAMIMI, K.M., 349 SIDDARl!MAIAH, A.L., 063, 090 to 094, 621 TANAKA, S. , 544 SIDDIQUI, M.R., 399 TANIX!il, I.N., 591 SIDHU, H.S., 561 TANDON, R.N., 019, 138 SILVA, G.S., 164 TANEJA, M. , 350 SJ:MlllESCU, C.I., 622 TANI'ERA, D.M., 545 SINGH, A.K., 140 TARR, S.A.J., 365 SINGH, B.K., 428, 429, 430 TAYSUM, D.H., 036 SINGH, B.P., 126, 255, 261, 326, 431, 533, 664 TEIXEIRA, C.G., 132 SINGH, D., 095, 096, 266, 395, 432, 433, 637, 638, TER.VI, M., 207 667 'I'EXERA, D.A., 116 SINGH, D.B., 271 THANASOUIDPOUI.DS, C.C. 208, 357 SINGH, D.R., 152 THANGAVELU, s. I 669 SINGH, D.V., 148, 152 THIRATHOO, A., 125 SINGH, J., 402, 403, 404, 614 THIRUM1!LACHAR, M.J. I 244 SINGH, N., 180, 366 THIRUPATHAIAH, V., 085, 086, 087 SINGH, R., 440, 464, 587 THOMA, A.T., 203 Sn-lGH, R.N., 481, 518 to 521 THOMAS, C.A., 051, 329, 378, 484 to 487 SINGH, R.S., 665 THOUVENEL, J.C., 546 SINGH, S., 137 '!'HUNG, T.H., 346 SINGH, S.A., 135, 666 TITATARAN, S., 037 Sn-lGH, S.B., 152 'IOOTVAPORN I s •r 031 SINGH, T., 266, 430, 667 TORTOLERO, 0., 044 SINGH, V.K., .035 TRIPATHI, N.N., 351 SINHA, A.B., 369 TRIPATHI, S.K., 222 SINHA, S., 366 TRIVEDI, P.C., 605 SIRRY, A.R., 262, 345, 452 'IU, L., 038 SIV1!NESl\N, A.O., 127, 623 'IDRKMENOGLU, Z. , 592 SWFF, W.C., 346 TURNER, C.J., 129 SMALL, W., 347, 348 UOZUMI, T., 286 SNELL, K., 205 UPADHYAY, S.M., 315 OOWDEN, J.D., 284 UPP.AL, B.N., 130 SOLEL, z. I 014, 253 t.JRD.ANgI'A, U.R., 267 to 269, 488, 522, 651 SOIJJVERA, A.I., 2.06 VAIDEHI, B.K., 434, 435 SOWEU., G. , 068 VAISHNAV, M. V. , 165 SRIVASTAVA, H.S., 271 VAJAVAT, R.M., 489 to 491 SRIVASTAVA, R.C., 369 VAKHRUSHEVA, T.E., 011 STEVENSOO, J.A., 112 VALAND, G.N., 436 STallE, W.J., 153, 221 VAN-RHEENEN, H.A., 670 S'IDRtY, H.H., 534 VARI.AR, M., 370, 371, 372 SU, M.T., 588 VARMA, M.K. , 607 SU, U.T., 580 VASILIEFF, A.A. , 384 SUBERO, M.L., 242 VASUDEVA, R.S., 523, 593 to 599, 671 67 VAZIRI, A., 454 WEBER, G.E., 674 VENKATARAO, A., 039, 131, 166, 279 WEI, C.T., 155, 352 vmKATESHWARLU, K., 446, 450 WEISS, E.A., 675, 676 VERMA, A.C., 606, 608 WEI.JES, C.G., 133 VERMA, J.P., 565 WESTCO'IT, c. , 677 VERMA, M.L., 040 WICKENS, G.M., 353 VERMA, O.P., 023, 236, 240, 241, 310, 363, 393, 394, WINGARD, S.A., 201 437, 492, 530, 531 WOLF, F .A. 134 VERMA, R.K., 043 W 'WATSCN, D.R.W., 474 ZEIDAN, A.B. I 385 68 [. equiseti, 178 [. monilifonne, 404, 408, 428 Alternaria sp., 001, 027, 048, 053, 067, 072, 078, F. m.ysporum, 032, 170, 185, 187, 191, 202, 203, 080, 113, 329, 628, 629, 641, 650, 678 204, 206, 333, 349, 364, 388, 651, 661 !- alternata, 085, 086, 087, 094 [. oxysporum f. sp. dehaliae, 206 !- lini, 093 [. m.ysporum f. sp. sesami, 175, 176, 183, 185, ~- longissima, 442, 444 196, 197, 200 to 213,- 238, 251, 670 !· macrosp::ira, 074 [. m.ysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, 186, 193, 197, 198 !· sesami, 047, 049, 050, 051, 052, 054, 055, 056, [. sernitectum, 070 057, 058, 059, 060, 061, 063, 065, 066, 068, 070, [. solani, 050, 179, 180, 181, 182, 191, 199, 288, 071, 075, 076, 077, 079 to 084, 088 to 093, 161, 388 276, 631, 651, 653, 656, 670, 674, 677 [. vasinfectum, 174, 184, 205, 207 !· sesamicola, 017, 062, 069, 095, 096, 557, 651 [. vasinfectum var. sesami, 174, 188, 274, 656, 671 !· solani, 073 Gloeosporium macrophanoides, 659 Aspergillus niger, 050, 213 Glamerella cingulata, 070 Botryobasidium rolfsii, 659 Gibberella fujikurio, 408 Botryosphaeria ribis, 097 ~- zeae, 009 Cercospora sp., 027, 046, 100, 117, 120, 134, 167, Helmintosporium gigesporum, sub sp. javanicum, 223 177, 284, 639, 641, 642, 650, 678 !!_. halodes, 070 £. sesami, 017, 030, 048, 098, 099, 101, 105 to 120, !!_. sesami, 073, 214 to 221, 224, 670, 674, 677 124 to 134, 147, 161, 168, 628, 629, 651, 670, 671, !!_. tetramera, 050 674, 677 Hypochnus centrifugus, 141 £. sesami var. sanalensis, 102 Leveillula taurica, 030, 225, 226, 644, 656 £. sesamicola, 070, 104, 114, 121, 122, 123, 656, 674 Macrosporium sesami, 075, 629 Cercoseptoria sesami, 127, 135 ~facrophomina, spp., 027, 231, 251, 626, 651, 663 Choanephora cucurbitarum, 137 }!. corchon, 284 Cladosporium sp., 138 !'!_. phaseoli I 018 I 022, 032 I 038, 044 I 070 I 139 I £. cladosporioides, 050 181, 183, 227 to 231, 234 to 236, 240, 241, 242, Cochliobolus lunatus, 388 243, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 258, Cochliobolus specifer, 222 259, 260, 261, 262 to 265, 267, to 270, 284, 336, Colletotrichum sp., 018, 139, 284, 656, 671 348, 349, 354, 358, 559, 603, 624, 651, 661, 670, £. capsci, 050 671, 677 £. gloeosporioides, 070 !:!_. phaseoli sub sp. sesamica, 245 Corticium centrifuges, 141 tl· phaseolina, 170, 203, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, Corticium rolfsii, 140 241, 242, 244, 252, 254, 255, 257, 261, 262, 266, Coryne.spora sp., 027, 143, 156, 194, 641 330, 350, 351, 361, 385, 603, 674 £. cassiicola, 051, 142, 144 to 155, 651, 653, 674 !:!_. phillippinensis, 260 Curvularia lunata, 050, 388 Macrosporium sp., 007 £. macularis, 070 !1_. sesami, 007, 064 Cylindrocladium sp., 677 Mycosphaerella sp., 123 Cylindrosp::irium sp., 027, 160, 641, 650 tl- rabiei, 050 Cylindrosporium sesami, 017, 107, 157, 158, 159, 161 !'.!_. sesami, 127 to 165, 670, 674 !:!_. sesamicola, 127, 136 Didymella minuta, 158 Myrothecium roridum, 271 Drechslera spp., 222, 641 Nectriella spp., 273 Dreschelera neergaardi, 417 Neocosmospora vasinfecta, 272, 273 Erysiphe cichoracearum, 166 to 169, 644 N· va.sinfecta var. nivea, 272 ~- communis, 644 !'I· va.sinfecta var. sesami, 272, 274 Fusarium sp., 007, 044, 113, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, N_. vasinfecta var. tracheiphila, 272 189, 190, 191, 195, 200, 251, 301, 330, 626, 629, Neurospora sitophila, 349 631, 650, 651, 678 Nigrospora ~. 611 69 Qidium sp., 018, 028, 139, 275, 276, 278, 282, 283, 1'._. herzianlh'T1, 349 284, 286, 616, 629, 644, 669 Verticillium albo-atrum, 238, 379, 380, 382, 677 Q. acanthospenn:i,_, 279, 280 Yerticillium dahliae, 190, 380, 381, 383, 384, 629, Q. erysip~oi4_~, 277, 281 641 Cospor~ sp. , 223 Pestalotio~is mayumbensis, 070 Phyllosphere Fungi Phoma sp., 287, 294, 650 E· exigua, 290, 291 Alternaria spp., 445 E. nebulosa, 417 candida spp. , 445 ;E. sesamina, 288, 289, 659 Colletotrichum spp., 445 ;E. variosporeae, 292 Fusarium spp., 445 Phyllosticta sesami, 007 Macrophanina spp., 445 Phytophthora sp., 113, 187, 204, 251, 293, 294, 296, phana spp. 445 298, 300, 306, 307, 311; 312, 314, 318, 320, 322, 634, 641, 642, 650, 651 E· arecae, 617 Rhizosphere Fungi ;E. cactorum, 302 E· drechsleri, 295 Aspergillus spp., 447, 452 E- hibernalia, 044 Fusarium spp., 448 E· nicotianae, 301 [. oxysporum, 452 ;E. nicotianae var. parasitica, 252, 297, 299, 304, Gigaspora spp. , 453 308, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328 Glomus spp., 453 ;i:. palmivora, 316 Macrophomina phaseoli, 448 E- parasitica, 028, 030, 032, 303, 305, 313, 315, Neocosmospora vasinf ecta 448 316, 317, 326, 655, 661, 671, 674 Penicillium spp. 447, 452 ;E. parasitica var. sesami, 002, 308, 309, 310, 319, Sclerocystis spp., 453 321, 323, 324, 325, 328, 656 Sclerotium bataticola, 452 ;i:. parasitica var sesamum, 313 Strept001Yces spp., 452 Pseudoc~rcosporella sesami, 327 Phythium altimum, 329 Seed Borne Fungal Pathogens ;E. aphanidermatum, 328 E· debaI'yanum, 629 Alternaria sp., 400, 435, 645 E- oligandrum, 044 ~- alternata, 421, 442, 444 Ramularia sp., 121, 122 ~- longissima, 442, 444 B_. carthami, 123 ~- sesami, 397, 402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 433, 434, Rhizoctonia sp., 044, 177, 194, 251, 331, 337, 339, 442, 449, 653 352, 629, 634 ~- Sesamicola, 395, 432, 442, 444 B_. bataticola, 231, 336, 338, 340, 347, 348, 350, ~- tenuis, 442, 444 351, 361, 669, 671 Aspergillus sp., 398, 400, 419 B_. grisea, 346 ~- amstelodami, 396 B_. solani, 032, 170, 187,· 203, 204, 238, 262, 330, ~- candidus, 391 333, 335, 349, 350, 661 ~- chevalieri, 412 Rhizopus stolonifer, 050 ~- fumigatus, 391, 412, 413 Sclerotium bataticola, 032, 044, 170, 187, 203, 204, ~- funiculosus, 412 229, 235, 239, 253, 333, 354, 358, 360, 361, 661 !· montevidensis, 396 ~- rolfsii, 355, 356, 357, 359 !· niger, 396, 412, 413, 429 Sphaeronerna sesami, 002, 362 ~- ochraceus, 390, 396 Sphaerotheca spp., 644 !· ~' 396 Sphaerotheca fuligenea, 363, 364, 365 !- sydowi, 396 ~- humuli, 615 Cephalosporium acremonium, 433 Synchytrium sp., 367, 369 Cercospora sp., 400 Synchytrium sesami, 280 f. sesami, 408, 645, 653 ~- sesamicola, 366, 368, 370, 371, 372 Cladosporium spp., 435 Thielav-ia terricola var. minor, 373, 374 Codtliobolus lunatus, 388, 402 Thielav-iopsis basicola, 375 to 378 Coryn.espora cassiicola, 399, 405, 407, 442, 653 Trichodenna sp., 044 Curvularia spp., 435 70 ~· lunata, 388, 402 Pseudomonas spp., 650, 652, 663 Drechlera spp., 435, 653 E· sesami, 017 I 329 r 365, 457 I 458, 460 to 475, ;Q_. neergaardi, 417 478, 479, 481, 482, 485, 486, 487, 489, 490, 492, !!· hawaiiensis, 428 493, 496, 519, 520, 521, 525, 628, 631, 638, 645, !!· tetramera, 402 651, 653, 656, 664, 670, 674, 675, 677 Fusarium sp., 400, 419, 435, 436 E· syringe pv. sesami, 455, 467, 491, 525 [. equiseti, 389 E· solanacearum, 454, 456, 473, 477, 480, 677 [. moniliforme, 404, 408, 428 xanthomJilas sp., 650, 663 [. oxysporum, 388, 389, 408, 433, 434, 442 !· capestris pv. sesami, 387, 467, 494, 497, 499, [. axysponnn f. sp. sesami, 433 525 [. solani, 388, 394, 426, 433 !· malvacearum, 515 Gi.bberella fujikuroi, 408 !· phaseoli, 515 Helminth05p2rium tetramera, 404 !· sesami, 017, 163, 485, 495, 500 to 525, 638, !1_. phaseoli, 393, 405, 431, 433, 436, 437, 668 645, 651, 653, 656, 664, 674, 675 !'.!_. phaseolina, 385, 399, 406, 407, 418, 420, 431, 433, 442, 443, 653, 667 Viral Pathogens Myrothecium, 392 Pencillium chrysogem.nn, 396 Alfalfa mosaic virus, 537. E· citrinum, 419, 434 Citrus dwarf virus, 544. E· jensemi, 396 Cowpea mild mottle virus, 546. E· rubnnn, 434 cucumber mosaic virus, 539. Phana nebulosa, 417, 418, 420 Groundnut mottle virus, 545. Phytophthora, 400 Peanut mottle virus, 545. E· parasitica var. sesami, 433, 653 Potato aucuba. mosaic virus, 537. Rhizoctonia solani 390, 391, 421 Potato virus x., 537, 541. B_. ba.taticola, 404 Satsuma dwarf virus, 610. Sclerotium ba.taticola, 393 Sesamum leaf curl virus, 529. Verticillium dahliae, 408 Sesamum mosaic virus, 536. Tobacco leaf curl virus, 530, 531, 532, 534. Seed Borne Bacterial Pathogens Tomato big bud virus, 275. Top necrosis virus, 540. Pseudcm:mas, 400 Watermelon mosaic virus, 538, 543. E· sesami, 653, 668 xantharonas sp., 400 Mycoplasma Pathogens !· campestris pv. sesami, 387, 653, 668 Mycoplasma-like organism, 257, 552, 553, 554, 560, Bacterial Pathogens 623, 629, 630, 654, 660, 664, 679 Rickettsia-like organism, 586 Bacillus sesami, 466, 468 !!· solanacearum, 634 Nematode Pathogens Bacterium sesami, 459, 468, 470, 472, 478 !!· sesamicola, 472 Heterodera sp., 608 !!· solanacearum, 459, 472, 677 !!_. cajani, 606 Enrinia spp. 467, 524 Meloidogyne incognita, 604, 605, 607 ~- herbicola, 467 Rhabitoid sp., 366 71 DISEASE INDEX: Alfalfa roosaic, 537. Mosaic, 536, 538, 542, 648 Angular leaf spot, 164, 651. Peanut rr~ttle, 545 Anthracnose, 018, 139, 656, 671. Phyllody, 018, 030, 040, 046, 053, 257, 285, 547, Bacterial blight, 042, 365, 455, 461, 476, 499, 50,, to 603, 629, 630, 631, 636, 641, 642, 645, 652, 501, 507, 512, 513, 517, 521, 637, 656, 664, 668, 656, 657, 663, 664, 669, 670, 671, 676, 679, 680 671, 674, 675, 679, Potato acuba mosaic, 537 Bacterial leaf spot, 007, 017, 329, 461, 462, 463, Powdery mildew, 001, 018, 028, 030, 040, 139, 166 469, 470, 474, 476, 479, 481, 482, 484, 488, 489, to 169, 225, 275, 276 to 286, 363, 364, 365, 615, 492, 493; 503, 504, 505, 508, 514, 515, 521, 524, 616, 629, 644, 645, 656, 669 631, 638, 641, 646, 651, 664, 668, 671, 674, 675, Red rot, 375, 378, 641 676, 677, 679 Root rot, 022, 026, 032, 035, 040, 042, 170, 187, Bacterial wilt, 454, 456, 457, 477, 479, 480, 676, 203, 204, 227, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 248, 258, 677 261, 262, 304, 332, 333, 334, 338, 339, 340, 343, Big bud, 629 344, 345, 347, 353, 355, 356, 361, 373, 375, 404, Black rot, 468, 469 452, 559, 603, 656, 664, 668, 669, 671, 680 Black stalk, 038, 651, 652 Seed rot, 147, 404, 407, 408, 442, 611 Blight, 001, 002, 028, 030, 042, 053, 055, 056, 069, Seedling blight, 194, 213, 248, 404, 442 071, 075 to 078, 084, 086, 087, 088, 094, 097, 099, Seedling rot, 044, 147, 178, 179, 337 118, 125, 145, 148, 151, 153, 154, 165, 194, 221, Sesamtnn mosaic, 536 296 to 300, 306, 307 to 326, 328, 352, 356, 442, Stem rot, 018, 032, 035, 042, 069, 139, 217, 236, 641, 642, 656, 665, 674, 675, 676, 677, 679 241,w,m,m,~.s.m,~.~.m. Brown spot, 017, 163, 177, 514 656, 664, 668, 671 Chlorosis, 612 Stem canker, 302, 641, 664 Charcoal rot, 053, 229, 230, 234, 235, 239, 240, 253, Target spot, 146, 150. 257, 268, 351, 354, 641, 674, 677 Tobacco leaf curl, 526 to 535. Citrus dwarf, 544 Tanato big bud, 275. Collar rot, 113 Top necrosis, 540 Cowpea mild m:>ttle, 546 Watermelon mosaic 538, 543 Crown rot, 304, 629 Wet rot, 137 cucumber mosaic, 539 'White spot, 017, 116, 161 Damping off, 040, 049, 317, 329, 330, 373, 374, 639 Wilt, 007, 032, 040, 042, 113, 147, 170, 172, 174, Foot rot, 140, 180, 182 175, 176, 177, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, Gall disease, 366, 369, 371, 372 190, 191, 192 to 213, 227, 228, 238, 248, 250, leaf curl, 040, 223, 526 to 535, 559, 591, 593, 603, 264, 273, 332, 333, 334, 341, 344, 349, 379, 381, 631, 645, 656, 657, 664, 670, 671, 680 mi•.~.~.641,642,~,~.m,m, leaf m:>Saic, 542 678 leaf spot, 002, 007, 017, 030, 040, 042, 046, 060, Zonate leaf spot, 069, 644 061, 072, 073, 097; 104, 107, 113, 114, 126, 135, ~.m,w,™,w,m,m,~,~,~. 631, 641, 642, 651, 656, 664, 671, 677, 678, 679 72 achranogenic, 502 662, 664, 666, 670 to 680 amendments, 375 disease cycle, 637, 638, 665 anatanical study, 369, 667 disease distribution, 027, 040, 068, 163, 268, 269, antagonism, 345, 452, 490 272, 481, 644, 657, 676 antibiotics, disease incidence, 001, 005, 026, 027, 046, 048, agr:i.mycin, 464, 492, 521 056, 140,"180, 193, 195, 222, 240, 257, 279, 297, aureofungin, 374, 393, 394 488, 518, 532, 551, 564, 570, 629 paushamycin, 479 disease management, 014, 040 plantanycin, 479 disease occurrence, 004, 010, 038, 040, 134, 163, streptocycline, 500, 501, 519, 520, 521 176, 318, 360, 584, 632, 637, 638, 640, 650 streptcmycin, 329, 484 disease occurrence, 004, 010, 038, 040, 134, 163, streptanycin sulphate, 479 176, 318, 360, 584, 632, 637, 638, 640, 650 tetraeycline hydrochloride, 492, 562, 578 disease severity, 004, 030, 038, 073, 131, 212, aphids, 547 282, 574, 575, 581 bibliography, 673 daninant resistant genes, 202, 344 bioassay, 065, 473, 475, 482, 515 electron microscopy, 552, 553, 554, 586 biochemical changes, 060, 061, 156, 232, 390, 391, enzymes, 081, 212, 232, 237, 258, 391, 412, 418, 418, 419, 428, 429, 430, 431, 473, 475, 482, 515, 421, 451, 576, 577, 622 516, 531, 572, 576, 577, 579, 619 epidemiology, 004, 012, 017, 034, 037, 040, 055, biology of the pathogen l:ooks 277, 473, 475, 482, 057, 071, 140, 181, 195, 259, 299, 300, 316, 318, 515, 538, 589, 625, 626, 628, 629 to 635, 637, 638, 570 639, 641, 642, 644 to 663, 664 to 671 etiology, 040, 468, 674 breeding for disease resistance, 202, 252, 285, 315, extrancts, 388, 409 361, 443, 511, 600, 628, 633, 642, 663 exudates, 228 bulletin, 624, 636, 640, 664, 672 field testing, 044, 054, 063, 077, 086, 110, 111, classification, 108, 245, 525 167, 187, 204, 211, 241, 243, 254, 279, 282, 283, control, 001, 004, 008, 010, 012, 013, 015, 023, 026 304, 309, 320, 329, 351, 375, 462, 486, 520, 521, 029, 033, 034, 037, 039, 041, 043, 045, 055, 057, 522, 529, 559, 595, 603 068, 073, 078, 079, 089, 099, 118, 145,168, 185, forecasting, 570 187, 192, 203, 204, 230, 236, 238, 240, 261, 272, fungicides: 276, 277, 282, 283, 314, 329, 334, 337, 338, 351, actidione, 374 357, 374, 375, 393, 402, 403, 405, 416, 422, 424, agrosan G.N. 393, 426 442, 467, 479, 484, 490, 492, 505, 519, 520, 521, albertane, 49, 54, 187 522, 547, 569, 578, 584, 587, 591,592, 609, 615, antracol, 152 616, 617, 620, 630, 637, 638, 653, 657, 660, 661, bavistin, 337, 403, 404, 416, 614, 621 662, 664, 666, 668, 672, 674, 675, 676 baycor, 168 cultural characters, 472, 475, 482, 502, 515, 636, bayleton, 168 652 benomyl, 013, 145, 230, 236, 238, 259, 283, 350, culture filtrate, 186, 198, 237, 388, 392, 409, 434 351, 426, 439, 562 culture medilllll, 071, 076, 082, 083, 088, 091, 093, benoram, 013 109, 183, 197, 206, 207, 209, 210, 224, 237, 265, blitox, 232, 426 291, 323, 405, 406, 412, 426, 452, 457, 463, 472, lx>rdeaux mixture, 073, 089, 308, 609, 616, 617 473, 502, 515 brassicol, 204, 374 damage, 012, 015, 034, 075, 089, 392, 488, 508, 524, calixin, 168, 621 575, 581, 630, 676 captafol, 351, 401, 613 diffusate, 050 captan, 203, 259, 261, 351, 393, 401, 402, 403, diseases, 003 to 008, 010, 012, 014, 015, 016, 020, 405, 416, 439, 613, 614, 661 021, 023, 024, 025, 029, 031, 033, 036, 037, 038 to carbendazim, 110, 350, 351, 402, 439, 621 041, 043, 046, 070, 117, 194, 203, 204, 211, 223, ceresan, 152, 393, 405, 426, 464, 467, 500, 501, 240, 257, 269, 276, 284, 620, 625, 626, 627, 634, 521 635, 639, 641, 643, 645, 647, 649, 650, 660, 661, chlorine, 442 73 chlorothalonil, 238, 621 inoculation method, 479, 491 cuman, 071, 232 insecticides: cupramar, 374 BHC, 591 cuprasan, 467 carbaryl, 001, 547 cupravit, 50, 522 DDT, 587, 591 cusandoz, 152, 374 dimethoate, 547 daconil, 203, 621 endosulfan, 001, 547 deroosan, 232 endrin, 591, 652 dichlone (phygon), 187 fenthion, 001, 547 difolatan, 522 melathion, 587 dithane M- 001, 045, 057, 078, 168, 232, 276, 422, metasystax, 569 621 methyl demeton, 547, 591 dithane Z- 78, 078, 089, 232, 374, 401, 613 ll¥)Ilocrotophos, 547 duter, 416 parathion methyl, 547 fonnaline, 026, 240, 505 phorate, 591 fytolan, 374 savithion, 547 gennisan, 026 thimet, 569 Karathane, 282 integrated control, 013, 236, 276, 521 Kirticopper, 426 in-vitro study, 081, 084, 090, 209, 210, 212, 213, metasyl, 013, 314 232, 258, 320, 349, 351, 357, 371, 393, 426, 490, miltax, 001, 276, 283 654 orthocide, 329, 357, 401 in-vivo study, 212, 258 oxydong, 013, 192 jassid, 549, 556, 561, 564, 568, 570, 579, 585, plantvax (axcarbaxin) 426 586, 587, 589, 594, 596, 597, 598, 602, 630 polychcm, 467 journal, 627, 643 quintozene (PCNB), 406 latent period, 550, · 561 sulfex, 282 leachates, 388, 409 sulphur dust, 283 losses in oil content, 389, 390, 391, 413, 423, thiophanite methyl, 110, 350, 351 428, 430, 431, 438, 530, 601, 602 thiram (arosan), 187, 337, 351, 403, 424, 426, 439 major canplementary genes, 166 tillex, 071, 236 mode of infection, 079, 233 tridemefon, 277 JOOderately resistant, 054, 077, 111, 162, 170, 171, vitavax (carbaxin), 203, 236, 403, 404, 426, 614, 194, 278, 462, 591 661 monograph, 100 Wettable sulphur, 283 mulching, 375 ziram, 374 multiple disease resistance, 559 gennplasm screening, 126, 131, 162, 166, 167, 173, necrosis, 069, 161, 165, 178, 198, 316, 404, 444, 174, 188, 200, 211, 221, 229, 241, 294, 298, 309, 541 325, 333, 462, 559, 680 nematode control, 605, 660 glasshouse testing, 063, 149, 221, 230, 262, 304, nematode resistance, 604, 660 309, 329, 375, 462, 486 new records, 074, 087, 097, 098, 103, 104, 106, growth regulators, 563 115, 116, 117, 119, 124, 127, 129, 130, 135, 136, herbicides, 440 137, 138, 140, 148, 150, 154, 158, 159, 162, 164, histopathology, 233, 432, 433, 457, 552, 553, 554, 165, 169, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 189, 195, 574, 586 199, 201, 205, 208, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, host range, 234, 235, 244, 246, 249, 256, 267, 286, 220, 225, 271, 274, 275, 281, 284, 287, 288, 289, 317, 331, 335, 337, 352, 378, 380, 384, 473, 482, 292, 293, 295, 301, 302, 303, 305, 311, 312, 316, 509, 528, 537, 541, 543, 544, 546, 550, 551, 556, 319, 327, 336, 339, 341, 347, 348, 356, 358, 362, 565, 573, 585, 589, 590, 595, 599, 610, 611, 630, 364, 365, 367, 368, 379, 380, 381, 383, 408, 417, 638, 644 443, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 463, 466, hot water treatment, 521, 531 468, 469, 470, 471, 476, 477, 480, 481, 482, 483, humidity, 071, 073, 075, 116, 140, 154, 165, 170, 493, 494, 499, 512, 523, 526, 527, 528, 534, 535, 221, 222, 259, 414, 428, 504, 508 536, 548, 552, 555, 557, 558, 566, 571, 580, 583, hypertrophy, 085 608, 610 imnune, 007, 046, 241, 325, 479 nanenclature, 525 inheritance of resistance, 166, 343, 344, 361 nutrition, 221, 262, 324, 452, 485, 486, 504, 551, 74 579 sowing time, 239, 564, 570, 571, 580, 581, 593 pathogen, 011, 012, 017, 019, 027, 037, 040, 044, spore gennination, 050, 071, 084, 226, 370, 371, 069, 071, 075, 096, 102, 112, 132, 140, 220, 223, 388 n~m,m,~,~.~.~.a.~.~. sporulation, 082, 083, 088, 093, 109 560, 665 spraying, 078, 145, 192, 277, 282, 308, 492, 547, pathogen m::>rphology, 079, 080, 108, 124, 140, 144, 562, 587, 591, 616 lli,W,l~W,~,~.m,~,~'~' spreader, 609, 617 231, 260, 271, 302, 360, 382, 444, 472, 475, 482, storage fungi, 390, 391, 402, 410, 412, 413, 414, 505, 639, 659 421, 423 pathogenesis, 022, 070, 087, 091, 141, 149, 174, 232, susceptible varieties, 007, 046, 06Q, 061, 069, 267, 356, 360, 444, 468, 518, 543, 595, 611, 624, 071, 111, 142, 236, 238, 241, 294, 309, 372; 507, 638 626 pathogenic isolates, 049, 052, 090, 091, 149, 174, symptam;, 010, 029, 037, 040, 043, 067, 068, 069, 191, 212, 245, 246, 247, 308, 321, 323, 350, 377, 071, 085, 097, 102, 104, 107, 114, 139, 140, 147, 538 150, 161, 163, 165, 176, 178, 180, 181, 185, 195, pathogen perpetuation, 099, 118, 121, 122, 140, 151, m,m,m,~,m,m,m,m,m,m, 243, 263, 318, 322, 490, 505, 509, 521, 585, 599 307, 316, 355, 362, 363, 365, 444, 457, 466, 479, pathogenic specialization, 049, 225, 286, 313, 318 481, 482, 491, 500, 503, 514, 515, 526, 527, 538, pathogenic strain, 070, 091, 196, 198, 206, 225, 244, 544, 556, 560, 562, 563, 567, 571, 580, 581, 582, ~,~.~.m,m,m,E,m,~,ill, 590, 592, 602, 610, 636, 637, 638, 639, 657, 664, 518, 539 668, 672, 674, 675, 676 pathogenic variation, 318, 321, 473, 487, 638 taxonany, 080, 133, 245, 444, 502 JlhYlosphere fungi, 445, 446 technique, 298, 623 phytoalexin, 050, 065, 066 tel~rph.s, 127, 136 phytotax:i.c, 374, 392, 401, 613, 618 temperature, 071, 082, 141, 162, 183, 193, 207, race, 458, 473, 487 221, 222, 229, 259, 308, 324, 329, 370, 375, 414, recessive resistant genes, 202, 343 426, 452, 464, 504, 513, 532, 544, 570 resistant vad.ety, 009, 042, 051, 061, 063, 070, 086, tolerant varieties, 020, 060, 188, 202, 221, 236, 092, 11Q, 111, 167, 174; 185, 195, 200, 211, 243, 241, 309, 343, 344, 354, 529 ~.~.~.~.s,m.~.~,m,m, toxin, 175, 392, 419 378, 462, 478, 485, 486, 507, 511, 533, 559, 631, use of cakes, 240, 338, 366, 605 642 varietal reaction, 005, 007, 020, 042, 044, 046, rh:i.zosphere microflora, 345, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 048, 051, 054, 057, 060, 063, 073, 077, 086, 092, 452, 453 110, 111, 120, 126, 170, 171, 185, 200, 211, 236, seed-brone pathogens, 251, 253, 264, 266, 322, 385, m,~,~,m,m,~.~.m.~,m. 387, 388, 396, 397 to 444, 467, 490, 492, 497, 505, 354, 354, 372, 458, 479, 485, 486, 488, 495, 497, 580, 626, 629, 651, 658 507, 529, 533, 591, 594, 595, 596, 603, 638 seed-disorder, 386 vascular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, 453 seed-infection, 110, 118, 151, 153, 185, 227, 253, vector, 547, 556, 561~ 564, 568, 570, 579, 585, 392, 393, 395, 400, 408, 418, 420, 433, 437, 444, 586, 589, 593, 594, 596, 597, 598, 602, 630, 631 464, 492, 513, 653 virulence, 052, 070, 263, 323, 458, 473, 482 seed-mycoflora, 396, 398, 400, 402, 404, 409, 415, virus,. 526 to 546, 610, 656, 657, 660, 672, 675 ~,m,m,m,~.~.m.e.~.~. virus and MID transmission, 532, 540, 542, 544, 439, 440, 441, 442 545, 550, 556, 568, 587, 588, 593, 594, 596, 597, seed transmission, 047, 059, 095, 096, 099, 104, 110, 598, 602, 630, 636, 657 118, 185, 226, 227, 395, 432, 433, 437, 513 white flies, 593, 631 seed treatment,_ 026, 073, 099, 118, 203, ~. 236, yield increase, 026, 145, 168, 170, 192, 261, 282, 238, 261, 329, 337, 374, 393, 394, 401, 402, 403, 283, 299, 314, 522, 547 422, 464, 479, 484, 500, 502, 505, 513, 521, 613, Yield losses, 013, 015, 040, 048, 051, 053, 092, 614, 653, 661, 662, 680 099, 116, 125, 137, 257, 264, 342, 365, 489, 501, soil treatment, 203, 204, 238, 374 530, 547 t 601, 602, 65_3 sources of resistance, 004, 023, 559, 625, 642, 651. 661, 662 75