DOCSLIB.ORG

Measurement, Validation and Dissemination of Hurricane Wind

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Measurement, Validation and Dissemination of Hurricane Wind MEASUREMENT, VALIDATION, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION OF HURRICANE WIND DATA By LUIS D. APONTE-BERMUDEZ A REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2004 Copyright 2004 by Luis D. Aponte-Bermúdez This document is dedicated to my family for their support and prayers. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Hurricane History .........................................................................................................1 Overview of a Full-Scale Hurricane Wind Measurement Project................................3 2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS .....................................................................................7 Overview.......................................................................................................................7 Deployments Techniques..............................................................................................7 Instrumentation improvements for 2003 season.........................................................10 Deployments participations and tasks ........................................................................11 3 DATA VALIDATION................................................................................................14 Introduction.................................................................................................................14 Methodology...............................................................................................................14 Self Validation............................................................................................................15 Tower CBI vs. Tower XP ...........................................................................................22 Validation - Outside Sources......................................................................................24 NOAA Hurricane Research Division (HRD) Wind Surface Analysis Comparison...26 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................29 4 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS..................................................................31 Introduction.................................................................................................................31 Methodology...............................................................................................................32 Storm deployments overview and data summaries ....................................................33 Lateral length scales analysis......................................................................................37 Conclusions.................................................................................................................45 5 DISSEMINATION .....................................................................................................47 Introduction.................................................................................................................47 Summary of previous WinDLab version....................................................................48 iv WinDLab modifications .............................................................................................49 WinDLab package and distribution............................................................................53 Conclusions.................................................................................................................54 LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................55 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................56 v LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1. Saffir-Simpson Scale ....................................................................................................2 2-1. Tower setup time differences .......................................................................................9 2-2. Tower XP and Tower CBI data acquisition system comparison................................10 3-1. Instrument combinations used to compute MSE........................................................19 3-4. Stations near to FCMP mobile towers during hurricane Isabel (2003) ......................25 4-1. Miscellaneous information added to data records. .....................................................33 4-2. Maximums peak wind speed observed during hurricane Isabel.................................36 4-3. Lateral length scale summary for mobile tower T1 during hurricane Isabel..............45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1. Mobile tower FCMP deployment for hurricane Michelle during 2001 hurricane season (right). Satellite tower testing at Florida Department of Transportation in Gainesville, FL (right)................................................................................................5 2-1. Mobile Tower configuration two. (Wilmington, NC - September, 2003 Hurricane Isabel).........................................................................................................................8 2-2. Mobile Tower computer box after modification for 2003 hurricane season. Testing at the Castillo de San Marcos (St Augustine, FL) with the cooperation of the National Park Service, an FCMP team from the University of Florida tested the new real- time data acquisition system on July 16, 2003.........................................................11 2-3. FCMP Deployment map for hurricane Isabel 2003....................................................12 3-1. Wind Speed time history displaying clear malfunction. (Data collected during hurricane Gabrielle Sept./14/2001) ..........................................................................15 3-2 Wind Speed comparison plot of 15 minutes average speed for mobile tower T3. A total of 155 15-minute records were collected with Tower CBI for hurricane Isabel at Frisco, NC. ...........................................................................................................18 3-3 Wind Direction comparison plot of 15 minutes average direction for mobile tower T3. A total of 155 15-minute records were collected with Tower CBI for hurricane Isabel at Frisco, NC..................................................................................................18 3-4. MSE time history between wind monitor and 10 meter gill anemometers using 100 Hz data collected with mobile tower T1 during hurricane Isabel at Wilmington, NC19 3-5. MSE time history between 10 meter gill anemometers and satellite 2 using 100 Hz data collected with mobile tower T1 during hurricane Isabel at Wilmington, NC ..20 3-6. Calibration curve for 10 and 5 meter gill anemometers. Generated using T1 Isabel data. ..........................................................................................................................21 3-7. Wind speed plot for Tower CBI record #45.(Start at 9/18/2003 13:42:41 UTC Time)21 3-8. Comparison plot of 15 minutes mean winds speed readings collected using the wind monitor with Tower XP and Tower CBI during hurricane Isabel at Frisco, NC. ....24 vii 3-9. Wind speed plot for Tower XP record #49. (Start at 9/18/2003 13:40:35 UTC Time)24 3-10. Weather Stations near FCMP towers during hurricane Isabel deployment..............25 3-11. Comparison of FMCP data collected during hurricane Lili with mobile tower T0 at Lafayette, LA., with data from Lafayette Regional Airport during October 3, 2002.26 3-12. HRD Max 1-min sustained surface winds model for hurricane Isabel.....................27 3-13. Maximum 1 min. comparison between HRD model and mobile tower T3 data from Tower XP during hurricane Isabel at Elizabeth City, NC........................................28 3-14. Direction comparison plot between HRD model and wind monitor for T3 during hurricane Isabel. .......................................................................................................29 4-1. FCMP deployment map for hurricane Isabel during 2003 season (left) and aerial view of mobile tower T2 (right)...............................................................................35 4-2. Summary graph of wind speed and direction for Tower T0 during Isabel.................36 y 4-3 Illustration of idealized measurement of Lu ................................................................39 4-4. Cross-covariance between pairs of instruments to get peak values............................41 4-5. Satellite tower deployment configuration for hurricane Isabel (top), and pictures of the actual deployments (below)................................................................................42 4-6. Instruments perpendicular to mean wind direction projection for mobile tower T1 during hurricane Isabel. Each record number on the x-axis corresponds to 15 minutes of data. ........................................................................................................43 4-7. Normalized cross-correlation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Informed System Development Approach to Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasting
    Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertations. No. 1734 An Informed System Development Approach to Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasting by Chandan Roy Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2016 Cover image: Hurricane Isabel (2003), NASA, image in public domain. Copyright © 2016 Chandan Roy ISBN: 978-91-7685-854-7 ISSN 0345-7524 Printed by LiU Tryck, Linköping 2015 URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123198 ii Abstract Introduction: Tropical Cyclones (TCs) inflict considerable damage to life and property every year. A major problem is that residents often hesitate to follow evacuation orders when the early warning messages are perceived as inaccurate or uninformative. The root problem is that providing accurate early forecasts can be difficult, especially in countries with less economic and technical means. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to investigate how cyclone early warning systems can be technically improved. This means, first, identifying problems associated with the current cyclone early warning systems, and second, investigating if biologically based Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are feasible to solve some of the identified problems. Method: First, for evaluating the efficiency of cyclone early warning systems, Bangladesh was selected as study area, where a questionnaire survey and an in-depth interview were administered. Second, a review of currently operational TC track forecasting techniques was conducted to gain a better understanding of various techniques’ prediction performance, data requirements, and computational resource requirements. Third, a technique using biologically based ANNs was developed to produce TC track and intensity forecasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Intense Hurricane Activity Over the Past 1500 Years at South Andros
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Intense Hurricane Activity Over the Past 1500 Years 10.1029/2019PA003665 at South Andros Island, The Bahamas Key Points: E. J. Wallace1 , J. P. Donnelly2 , P. J. van Hengstum3,4, C. Wiman5, R. M. Sullivan4,2, • Sediment cores from blue holes on 4 2 6 7 Andros Island record intense T. S. Winkler , N. E. d'Entremont , M. Toomey , and N. Albury hurricane activity over the past 1 millennium and a half Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods • Multi‐decadal shifts in Intertropical Hole, Massachusetts, USA, 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Convergence Zone position and Hole, Massachusetts, USA, 3Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA, volcanic activity modulate the 4Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 5School of Earth and Sustainability, hurricane patterns observed on 6 Andros Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, • Hurricane patterns on Andros Reston, Virginia, USA, 7National Museum of The Bahamas, Nassau, The Bahamas match patterns from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico but are anti‐phased with patterns from New Abstract Hurricanes cause substantial loss of life and resources in coastal areas. Unfortunately, England historical hurricane records are too short and incomplete to capture hurricane‐climate interactions on ‐ ‐ ‐ Supporting Information: multi decadal and longer timescales. Coarse grained, hurricane induced deposits preserved in blue holes • Supporting Information S1 in the Caribbean can provide records of past hurricane activity extending back thousands of years. Here we present a high resolution record of intense hurricane events over the past 1500 years from a blue hole on South Andros Island on the Great Bahama Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Variations Aperiodic Extreme Sea Level in Cuba Under the Influence
    Extreme non-regular sea level variations in Cuba under the influence of intense tropical cyclones. Item Type Journal Contribution Authors Hernández González, M. Citation Serie Oceanológica, (8). p. 13-24 Publisher Instituto de Oceanología Download date 02/10/2021 16:50:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/4053 Serie Oceanológica. No. 8, 2011 ISSN 2072-800x Extreme non-regular sea level variations in Cuba under the influence of intense tropical cyclones. Variaciones aperiódicas extremas del nivel del mar en Cuba bajo la influencia de intensos ciclones tropicales. Marcelino Hernández González* *Institute of Oceanology. Ave. 1ra. No.18406 entre 184 y 186. Flores, Playa, Havana, Cuba. [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was sponsored by the scientific – technical service "Real Time Measurement and Transmission of Information. Development of Operational Oceanographic Products", developed at the Institute of Oceanology. The author wishes to thank Mrs. Martha M. Rivero Fernandez, from the Marine Information Service of the Institute of Oceanology, for her support in the translation of this article. Abstract This paper aimed at analyzing non-regular sea level variations of meteorological origin under the influence of six major tropical cyclones that affected Cuba, from sea level hourly height series in twelve coastal localities. As a result, it was obtained a characterization of the magnitude and timing of extreme sea level variations under the influence of intense tropical cyclones. Resumen El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las variaciones aperiódicas del nivel del mar de origen meteorológico bajo la influencia de seis de los principales ciclones tropicales que han afectado a Cuba, a partir de series de alturas horarias del nivel del mar de doce localidades costeras.
    [Show full text]
  • Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017
    Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017 On 16 October 2017 ex-hurricane Ophelia brought very strong winds to western parts of the UK and Ireland. This date fell on the exact 30th anniversary of the Great Storm of 16 October 1987. Ex-hurricane Ophelia (named by the US National Hurricane Center) was the second storm of the 2017-2018 winter season, following Storm Aileen on 12 to 13 September. The strongest winds were around Irish Sea coasts, particularly west Wales, with gusts of 60 to 70 Kt or higher in exposed coastal locations. Impacts The most severe impacts were across the Republic of Ireland, where three people died from falling trees (still mostly in full leaf at this time of year). There was also significant disruption across western parts of the UK, with power cuts affecting thousands of homes and businesses in Wales and Northern Ireland, and damage reported to a stadium roof in Barrow, Cumbria. Flights from Manchester and Edinburgh to the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were cancelled, and in Wales some roads and railway lines were closed. Ferry services between Wales and Ireland were also disrupted. Storm Ophelia brought heavy rain and very mild temperatures caused by a southerly airflow drawing air from the Iberian Peninsula. Weather data Ex-hurricane Ophelia moved on a northerly track to the west of Spain and then north along the west coast of Ireland, before sweeping north-eastwards across Scotland. The sequence of analysis charts from 12 UTC 15 to 12 UTC 17 October shows Ophelia approaching and tracking across Ireland and Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Damage Detection on Four Major Caribbean Islands T ⁎ Kirsten M
    Remote Sensing of Environment 229 (2019) 1–13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Remote Sensing of Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rse Hurricane damage detection on four major Caribbean islands T ⁎ Kirsten M. de Beursa, , Noel S. McThompsona, Braden C. Owsleya, Geoffrey M. Henebryb,c a Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, United States of America b Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, United States of America c Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Tropical cyclones are natural events that transform into natural disasters as they approach and reach land. In Hurricanes 2017 alone, tropical cyclones caused an estimated $215 billion in damage. While MODIS data are regularly used Droughts in the analysis of hurricanes and typhoons, damage studies typically focus on just a few events without providing MODIS a comprehensive overview and comparison across events. The MODIS record is now sufficiently long to enable Disturbance standardization in time, allowing us to extend previously developed disturbance methodology and to remove Tasseled Cap dependency on land cover datasets. We apply this new approach to detect the impact of both droughts and hurricanes on the four largest Caribbean islands since 2001. We find that the percentage of disturbed land on the four islands varies from approximately 0–50% between 2001 and 2017, with the highest percentages coinciding with major droughts in Cuba, and Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. We demonstrate that (1) Hurricane Maria resulted in significant disturbance across 50% of Puerto Rico (4549 km2), and (2) gradual recovery started about 2.5 months after the hurricane hit.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane & Tropical Storm
    5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/01/21 04:51 PM UTC JULY 2003 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1455
    1454 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 131 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001 JOHN L. BEVEN II, STACY R. STEWART,MILES B. LAWRENCE,LIXION A. AVILA,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, AND RICHARD J. PASCH NOAA/NWS/Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 19 July 2002, in ®nal form 9 December 2002) ABSTRACT Activity during the 2001 hurricane season was similar to that of the 2000 season. Fifteen tropical storms developed, with nine becoming hurricanes and four major hurricanes. Two tropical depressions failed to become tropical storms. Similarities to the 2000 season include overall activity much above climatological levels and most of the cyclones occurring over the open Atlantic north of 258N. The overall ``lateness'' of the season was notable, with 11 named storms, including all the hurricanes, forming after 1 September. There were no hurricane landfalls in the United States for the second year in a row. However, the season's tropical cyclones were responsible for 93 deaths, including 41 from Tropical Storm Allison in the United States, and 48 from Hurricanes Iris and Michelle in the Caribbean. 1. Overview of the 2001 season cycleÐsimultaneously exhibiting characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones (Hebert 1973). The National Hurricane Center (NHC) tracked 15 No hurricanes struck the United States during 2001. tropical cyclones (TCs) that achieved tropical storm or The season thus joins the 2000, 1990, and 1951 seasons hurricane strength in the Atlantic basin during 2001 as years in which eight or more hurricanes occurred (Table 1). Nine of these became hurricanes and four without a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Hyperactive End to the Atlantic Hurricane Season: October–November 2020
    1 A Hyperactive End to the Atlantic Hurricane Season: October–November 2020 2 3 Philip J. Klotzbach* 4 Department of Atmospheric Science 5 Colorado State University 6 Fort Collins CO 80523 7 8 Kimberly M. Wood# 9 Department of Geosciences 10 Mississippi State University 11 Mississippi State MS 39762 12 13 Michael M. Bell 14 Department of Atmospheric Science 15 Colorado State University 16 Fort Collins CO 80523 17 1 18 Eric S. Blake 19 National Hurricane Center 1 Early Online Release: This preliminary version has been accepted for publication in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, may be fully cited, and has been assigned DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0312.1. The final typeset copyedited article will replace the EOR at the above DOI when it is published. © 2021 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/26/21 05:03 AM UTC 20 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 21 Miami FL 33165 22 23 Steven G. Bowen 24 Aon 25 Chicago IL 60601 26 27 Louis-Philippe Caron 28 Ouranos 29 Montreal Canada H3A 1B9 30 31 Barcelona Supercomputing Center 32 Barcelona Spain 08034 33 34 Jennifer M. Collins 35 School of Geosciences 36 University of South Florida 37 Tampa FL 33620 38 2 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/26/21 05:03 AM UTC Accepted for publication in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0312.1. 39 Ethan J. Gibney 40 UCAR/Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science 41 San Diego, CA 92127 42 43 Carl J. Schreck III 44 North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System 45 Studies (CISESS) 46 North Carolina State University 47 Asheville NC 28801 48 49 Ryan E.
    [Show full text]
  • Summit Moved Closer to Cuban Positions LADB Staff
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiCen Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 12-13-2001 Summit Moved Closer to Cuban Positions LADB Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen Recommended Citation LADB Staff. "Summit Moved Closer to Cuban Positions." (2001). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen/8913 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiCen by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 53244 ISSN: 1089-1560 Summit Moved Closer to Cuban Positions by LADB Staff Category/Department: Cuba Published: 2001-12-13 Havana is confident that, at the XI Ibero-American Summit in Lima, Peru, Nov. 23-24, delegates from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain, and Portugal moved closer to Cuban views on terrorism and the globalized economy. Adopting wording almost identical to the Cuban proposal on terrorism they rejected at the previous summit, the delegates then focused on poverty and economic development. Cuban President Fidel Castro did not attend the summit because of the crisis in Cuba caused by Hurricane Michelle (see NotiCen, 2001-11-29). Vice President Carlos Lage represented Cuba. The tenth summit, which took place last year in Panama, split apart over the terrorism issue. A heated exchange occurred after Castro accused Salvadoran President Francisco Flores of harboring known terrorist Luis Posada Carriles, who was living in El Salvador and traveling on a Salvadoran passport. In Castro's view, states that did not arrest known terrorists like Posada Carriles contributed to the history of terrorist attacks on Cuba carried out by Cuban exiles living in the US.
    [Show full text]
  • Space-Time Assessment of Extreme Precipitation in Cuba Between 1980 and 2019 from Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation Dataset
    atmosphere Article Space-Time Assessment of Extreme Precipitation in Cuba between 1980 and 2019 from Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation Dataset Gleisis Alvarez-Socorro 1, José Carlos Fernández-Alvarez 1,2 , Rogert Sorí 2,3 , Albenis Pérez-Alarcón 1,2 , Raquel Nieto 2 and Luis Gimeno 2,* 1 Departamento de Meteorología, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana 10400, Cuba; [email protected] (G.A.-S.); [email protected] (J.C.F.-A.); [email protected] (A.P.-A.) 2 Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Campus As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (R.N.) 3 Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo Grande, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Precipitation extremes such as heavy rainfall and floods are of great interest for climate scientists, particularly for small islands vulnerable to weather phenomena such as hurricanes. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal evolution of extreme rainfall over Cuba from 1980 to 2019, separating the dry and rainy periods. In addition, a ranking of extreme precipitation events was performed, which provides the number of events, the area affected, and a ranking of their magnitude Citation: Alvarez-Socorro, G.; by considering the magnitude of anomalies. The analysis was conducted using daily data from the Fernández-Alvarez, J.C.; Sorí, R.; multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation (MSWEPv2). In determining the extreme precipitation Pérez-Alarcón, A.; Nieto, R.; Gimeno, ranking, the daily extreme precipitation anomaly was calculated with respect to the 95th percentile L.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Risk in Jamaica : Recent Damage and Loss Due to Tropical Cyclones in Jamaica
    Flood Risk in Jamaica : Recent Damage and Loss due to tropical cyclones in Jamaica. Report prepared as part of the Climate Change and Inland Flooding in Jamaica: Risk and Adaptation Measures for Vulnerable Communities : Disaster Risk Management and Policies in Jamaica. David Smith1and Arpita Mandal2 Caribbean territories are highly vulnerable to the impacts of hazards, which may be natural, resulting from hydro-meteorological, seismic or geologic triggers or anthropological. Studies of damage and loss due to floods in the Caribbean are few and studies relating damage to intensity of the event are even fewer. For example, the EM-DAT database indicates that 119 floods occurred in the Caribbean since 1983. This resulted in 49833 deaths, 3,963,286 people affected and damage of 866,325,000 US dollars4. Of this figure, 3353 (67%) deaths occurred in a single event in Hispaniola in 2004. The figures for damage are missing for 99 of the 119 events. It has been suggested that disaster risk reduction requires good data not just on the impact of hazards, but also on the nature, magnitude and extent of hazards to be effective. In the Caribbean, assessments of damage and loss have been carried out by the governments of affected countries or by UN ECLAC. While these studies may indicate the severity of the event; few non-economic data are quantified, nor are data presented so that damage can be related quantitatively to the severity of events or compared quantitatively between events, though some qualitative analysis is possible. Notwithstanding this, economic damage and loss due to tropical cyclones in the Caribbean are significant proportion of GDP with some events causing damage and loss of more than 100% of GDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Sea Surface Inflow Angle and an Observation-Based
    NOVEMBER 2012 Z H A N G A N D U H L H O R N 3587 Hurricane Sea Surface Inflow Angle and an Observation-Based Parametric Model JUN A. ZHANG Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, and NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida ERIC W. UHLHORN NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 22 November 2011, in final form 2 May 2012) ABSTRACT This study presents an analysis of near-surface (10 m) inflow angles using wind vector data from over 1600 quality-controlled global positioning system dropwindsondes deployed by aircraft on 187 flights into 18 hurricanes. The mean inflow angle in hurricanes is found to be 222.6862.28 (95% confidence). Composite analysis results indicate little dependence of storm-relative axisymmetric inflow angle on local surface wind speed, and a weak but statistically significant dependence on the radial distance from the storm center. A small, but statistically significant dependence of the axisymmetric inflow angle on storm intensity is also found, especially well outside the eyewall. By compositing observations according to radial and azimuthal location relative to storm motion direction, significant inflow angle asymmetries are found to depend on storm motion speed, although a large amount of unexplained variability remains. Generally, the largest storm- 2 relative inflow angles (,2508) are found in the fastest-moving storms (.8ms 1) at large radii (.8 times the radius of maximum wind) in the right-front storm quadrant, while the smallest inflow angles (.2108) are found in the fastest-moving storms in the left-rear quadrant.
    [Show full text]