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Altered Basement Rocks on the Utsira High and Its Surroundings, Norwegian North Sea

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Altered Basement Rocks on the Utsira High and Its Surroundings, Norwegian North Sea NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Vol 95 Nr. 1 (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.17850/njg95-1-04 Altered basement rocks on the Utsira High and its surroundings, Norwegian North Sea Lars Riber1, Henning Dypvik1 & Ronald Sørlie2 1Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. 2Lundin Norway AS, Strandveien 50D, 1366 Lysaker, Norway. E-mail corresponding author (Lars Riber): [email protected] As part of the recent discoveries on the Utsira High (Edvard Grieg and Johan Sverdrup fields), altered and fractured basement rocks were for the first time shown to act as a reservoir and possible migration paths for commercial hydrocarbon deposits on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Altered basement rocks are underlying the main Upper Jurassic reservoir rocks in Johan Sverdrup and the main Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic reservoir rocks in Edvard Grieg. In the present study, eighteen basement cores from the Utsira High have been classified and investigated for signs of alteration, including subaerial weathering. The results show highly variable basement composition, including metasandstones, phyllites, granites, granodiorites and gabbroic rocks. In core view most of the basement rocks show signs of a medium to high degree of fracturing. Alteration has taken place in most of the cores, ranging from slight discoloration to disintegration along fractures, and to total fragmentation of the rock. The fragmentation of the rock is commonly associ- ated with the dissolution of primary minerals and precipitation of secondary clays in the newly formed pore space. The upwards increasing disinte- gration and increasing amount of clay observed in the basement rocks from two of the wells (16/3–4 and 16/1–15) indicate that subaerial weathering was the main alteration agent. Keywords: Utsira High, North Sea, weathered basement, fractured basement, petroleum Electronic Supplement: Electronic Supplement 1–17 Received 3. November 2014 / Accepted 22. May 2015 / Published online 20. August 2015 Introduction It was not until around 1990 that companies started to specifically target basement rocks when searching for The Norwegian North Sea is a mature hydrocarbon hydrocarbons and in recent years several large discover- province which has been mapped extensively since the ies have been made (Farag et al., 2009; Gutmanis, 2009). discovery of oil and gas in the late 1960s. However, in Onshore Norway, most of previously existing Mesozoic recent years, a new play concept has revitalised oil and and Cenozoic sediments have been removed by Ceno- gas exploration on the Norwegian Continental Shelf zoic erosion following several episodes of uplift (see (NCS), and areas which were earlier overlooked are now Lidmar-Bergström et al., 1999 for full list of references). the subject of renewed interest to industry. However, isolated pockets of deeply weathered rocks have been preserved at several localities (Roaldset et al., In conventional exploration, crystalline and metamor- 1982; Sørensen, 1988; Olesen et al., 2006, 2013). These phic basement is usually regarded as the lower limit remnants have been attributed to chemical weather- of the oil-bearing formations, and most oil compa- ing processes during a subtropical climate in Triassic– nies stop drilling operations as soon as basement is Jurassic time (Lidmar-Bergström, 1982). Researchers reached. Thus, most of the earlier basement discover- have known for decades about the presence of frac- ies were found largely by accident (Landes et al., 1960). tured and weathered crystalline rocks offshore in the Riber, L., Dypvik, H. & Sørlie, R. 2015: Altered basement rocks on the Utsira High and its surroundings, Norwegian North Sea. Norwegian Journal of Geology 95, 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17850/njg95-1-04. © Copyright the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 57 58 L. Riber et al. 2°W 1°W 0° 1°E 2°E 3°E 4°E 5°E 62°N (A) Møre Basin ampen Spur T Norway 61°N Horda Platform N VIking Graben Bergen East Shetland Shetland 60°N Platform Stord Basin Y X 59°N Fladen Ground Utsira High Stavanger Spur iking Graben Egersund S V Basin Fennoscandian Witch Ground Ling depression Shield Graben Sele High 58°N Legend Basin high and Gently dipping Intra graben Terraces Grabens Faults platforms basins highs X Shetland Platform Utsira High Stord Basin Y (B) Basement Zechstein Jurassic Late Eocene salt Cretaceous Rotliegend and Early ?Devonian Triassic Cretaceous Paleocene Figure 1. (A) Regional map of the North Sea area (modified from Gregersen, 1997) with cross-section marked X–Y. (B) Cross-section (X–Y) of the South Viking Graben (modified from Ziegler, 1992). Norwegian sector. Earlier studies of core samples have fractured and brecciated basement rocks (e.g., 16/1–4) suggested the weathering to be of Jurassic or pre-Jurassic (www.npd.no) (Fig. 2). age, probably time equivalent to the onshore remnants (Roaldset et al., 1993). In 2004, Lundin Norway AS acquired the 338 license in the southern part of the Utsira High, and in 2007 The Utsira High is an intrabasinal structural high located the first well, 16/1–8, was drilled in the Luno Prospect 190 km west of Stavanger, in the Norwegian North Sea (later to be the Edvard Grieg Field) (Fig. 2). The well (Fig. 1). The first discovery of oil in Norway was made by encountered an oil column of about 40 m in Norian ESSO in 1967, in well 25/11–1 on the northwestern flank (Upper Triassic) sandstones and feldspar-rich conglom- of the Utsira High, in what is now called the Balder Field erates. Following this discovery, several successful wells (Fig. 2). Since then the central and northern parts have have been drilled in the Edvard Grieg Field. South of been actively explored and encompass several oil and the discovery well, in well 16/1–12, oil was detected in gas fields including Balder, Heimdal, Jotun, Ringhorne altered/ fractured granitic basement (www.npd.no) (Fig. and Grane (Fig. 2B). Early exploration on the southern 2). In well 16/1–15, in the northern part of the Edvard part of the high revealed minor oil and gas shows but Grieg Field (the Tellus prospect), good reservoir condi- was deemed not commercially exploitable. Interestingly, tions were discovered in altered and fractured crystalline hydrocarbons were also reported in well reports from rocks (www.npd.no) (Fig. 2). NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Altered basement rocks on the Utsira High and its surroundings, Norwegian North Sea 59 In the Statoil-operated Ragnarock prospect, just east of present in the sands of the Upper Jurassic Draupne the Edvard Grieg Field, the main reservoir has been dis- Formation (Fig. 3). Subsequent appraisal wells in licence covered in Upper Cretaceous chalks, but minor amounts 501, and in the Statoil-operated Aldous Major (now part of oil have also been observed in fractured basement of the Johan Sverdrup Field) in licence 265 and licence cores (www.npd.no) (Fig. 2). 502, have confirmed one of the largest oil discoveries on the NCS (Fig. 2) (Sørlie et al., 2014; www.npd.no). In 2010, Lundin Norway drilled the Avaldsnes discovery Although the main reservoir is found in Upper Jurassic (later to be the Johan Sverdrup Field) in licence 501, rocks, the altered and fractured crystalline basement has around 25 km east of the Edvard Grieg Field (Fig. 2). an import ant role in the play concept. Porous and perme- Well 16/2–6 was a success, with the main reservoir able basement rocks may have good reservoir properties a) Frøy Terraces and Vale intra-basinal elevations (A) (B) Atla Bergen Basins Peik Vilje Alvheim Platforms Heimdal Skirne Gekko Fault boundaries Utsira High Jotun Stavanger Volund Structural elements Bøyla Jette 25/7-1S Ringhorne Øst Utsira High Balder 25/11-1 Grane 25/10-2 Svalin 25/11-17 Stord Hanz 16/2-4 Basin 16/2-1 Ivar Aasen 16/1-4 PL501 16/3-6 16/1-15/ Gudrun Ragnarock A 15A v 16/3-4/4A Southern Viking Graben Viking Southern a ld n X e s 16/3-2 b n X a 16/1-12 r e Edvard Grieg s G Gudrun d H h l PL338 PL265 Y 16/4-5 a g Y i PL502 i v g Terrace H g u h d A n la Johan Sverdrup a 16/6-1 g u Gina Krog 16/4-1 a 16/5-1 H Sleipner Vest Volve Sleipner Km 0 10 20 30 40 Terrace Ling Depression Sleipner Øst N (C) 16/1-10 16/2-6 16/1-8 16/2-11 Edvard Johan 1 km Grieg Sverdrup Avaldsnes Haugaland High High X Augvald Graben Y 10 km Figure 2. Map of the Utsira High. (A) Major structural elements and wells penetrating basement used in this study. Red line (X–Y) denotes seismic cross-section. Tic marks on the line show projections of well positions displayed on the cross section. (B) The main fields and discoveries, and production licences in the Edvard Grieg and Johan Sverdrup area (ARCGis files from www.npd.no). (C) E–W seismic cross section (X–Y) showing main structural elements on the Haugaland high, Avaldsnes high, and the Edvard Grieg and Johan Sverdrup fields (courtesy of Lundin AS). The positions of four wells is projected on the profile. 60 L. Riber et al. Age Geological Litho- Lith. time stratigraphy strectching 0 Quat. Pleistocene Pliocene Bergen Shale Hutton sst. 10 Miocene Utsira Extrusives 20 Skade Lark Sandstone/siltstone 30 Oligocene Conglomerate 40 Grid Post rift Cenozoic Eocene Horda Chalk/Limestone/ 50 Frigg Paleogene Neogene Odin Balder Marl Hermod Sele 60 Paleocene Heimdal Lista Thermal Ty Vale event Salt Ekofisk 70 Jorsalfare Tor Intrusive Kyrre 80 Shetland Chalk Late Gr.
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