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Lithium Testing Tests & Techniques

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Lithium Testing Tests & Techniques MINERALS Geological Sources of Lithium Pegmatites Pegmatites are thought to form from: 1) granitic magmas at the final stage of Suggested analytical methods crystallization, or 2) due to partial melting of crustal rocks. In either case, it is a MA270 requirement that the source/parent rock composition must contain residual fluids, Multi Acid ICP-ES/MS, 41 elements rich in elements including fluorine, phosphorus, and boron, which are not easily MA370 incorporated into melts. These elements, in the presence of high water content, Multi Acid ICP-ES, 23 elements reduce the solidus temperature, viscosity, and density (Bradley and McCauley, PF370 2013). The conditions lead to the relatively rapid formation of megacrystic igneous Peroxide Fusion ICP-ES, 17 elements rocks. Lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites commonly host Li-bearing ore minerals such as spodumene, petalite, and lepidolite. The LCT pegmatities are usually associated with peraluminous S-type granites. Tin and rubidium are also frequently associated with Li deposits. The most common and economic lithium-bearing minerals in pegmatitic deposits are shown in the table below. MINERAL FORMULA MEMBER Li (%) Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 Pyroxene 3.7 Lepidolite K2(Li)3-4Al8-5Si6-8O20(F,OH)4 X2Y4-6Z8O20(OH,F)4 X = K, Na, Ca, Ba, Rb, Cs Mica 1.4 - 3.6 Mica Group Y = Al, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, Li Z = Al, Si Petalite LiAlSi2O10 Feldspathoid 1.6 - 2.3 Amblygonite (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) Amblygonite 3.4 - 4.7 Triphylite-lithiophilite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 Triphylite 4.4 Hectorite and other clays Hectorite is a magnesium lithium smectite associated with bentonite. The largest Suggested analytical methods known deposit is in the McDermitt caldera complex on the Nevada/Oregon, USA AQ250-EXT border, where it occurs in a series of elongate lenses. Hectorite clays can also be Extended Pkg, 53 elements, 0.5 g found in several other parts of the western United States and Mexico. The mineral MA270 is believed to form via hydrothermal alteration of volcaniclastic sedimentary units Multi Acid ICP-ES/MS, 41 elements rich in lithium. MA370 Multi Acid ICP-ES, 23 elements Other Li clay deposits include: 1) The Macusani supergene volcanic-hosted deposit in Peru. The mineralization PF370 Peroxide Fusion ICP-ES, 17 elements is hosted in altered tuff and contains Li grades up to 0.75% Li2O, (along with up to 1% U3O8). 2) The Rhyolite Ridge sedimentary deposit in Nevada, USA. The lithium is hosted in searlesite, a sodium-boron-silicate mineral, as well as other clay minerals. Brines Suggested analytical methods ■ CONTINENTAL ICPTV-W Brine sample analysis Brines are highly saline solutions often elevated in Li, Mg, Ca, K, Na, SO4 and other for total or dissolved metals elements that commonly form soluble salts. The source of the lithium in continental brines is believed to be due to meteoric groundwater interactions with volcanic rocks. These waters are contained within an enclosed drainage basin and upwell to the surface at the lowest point within the basin. Brine lakes (playa or salar) form in arid climates where evaporation is greater than precipitation. They will precipitate Li as a chloride and concentration will be dependent upon the rate of evaporation relative to freshwater recharge. The most prolific Li brine resources are located in the high-altitude salars of the northern Atacama desert in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. Lithium is also mined from brines in China and Tibet and from subsurface brines in California and Nevada. Grades from producing brines vary greatly from 3000 to 100 mg/L. The mineral is typically mined where the brines are and are pumped to the surface and concentrated by evaporation. ■ GEOTHERMAL Hot saline solutions driven by geothermal heat circulate through host rocks leaching trace amounts of alkali metals including Li. Extraction of Li from geothermal brines is currently limited, but given the popularity of the metal, production from this source is likely to increase. As an example, brine from the Salton Sea geothermal power plant contains Li grading to 200 pm. Analytical method and descriptions Bureau Veritas can support and advise in the selection of appropriate analytical metals for a variety of Li-bearing sample mediums. ■ MULTI-ACID DIGESTION (MA270 + MA370) The sample is digested to complete dryness with an acid solution of H2O-HF-HClO4-HNO3. 50% HCl is added to the residue and heated using a mixing hot block. After cooling, the solutions are made up to volume with dilute HCl in class A volumetric flasks. Samples are run by ICP-ES and ICP-MS to determine analyte concentrations. ■ SODIUM PEROXIDE DIGESTION (PF370) The sample is fused with sodium peroxide in a zirconium crucible. The melt is dissolved in dilute HCl and the solution is analysed by ICP-ES. ■ AQUA REGIA DIGESTION (AQ250-EXT) Prepared sample is digested with a modified Aqua Regia solution of equal parts concentrated HCl, HNO3 and DI H2O for one hour in a heating block or hot water bath. Sample is made up to volume with dilute HCl. ■ BRINE WATER ANALYSIS (ICPTV-W) ICP-ES/MS analysis for high TDS water samples. Analysis would include major and trace elements. Mineralogy Lithium may be distributed within in a range of minerals within the one deposit, greatly influencing economic potential and investment decisions. Additionally, purity and knowledge of impurities is of critical importance in lithium when seeking markets. ■ X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) The XRD pattern of a hard rock exploration sample containing 0.24% Li (by chemical assay) is shown below. XRD clearly identifies the primary Li bearing mineral (spodumene) at a concentration of 4 wt.%. However it should be noted that XRD cannot accurately detect elements in solid solutions, such as Li in micas. Spodumene Mica-Group K-Feldspar Plagioclase Quartz ■ QEMSCAN/MLA In most cases, automated mineralogy using QEMSCAN/MLA will be able to determine element deportment, however, it is not possible to detect elemental Li due to the limitations of the detector. ■ LASER ABLATION In the table below, the deportment of Li was determined by Laser Ablation ICP-MS spot analysis. The Laser Ablation results indicate that up to 30% of the Li content is deported to micas. This was undetectable by QEMSCAN, XRD or chemical assay, and is critical information for determining appropriate metallurgical processes. MINERAL Li (%) Cs (ppm) Rb (ppm) Ta (ppm) Al (%) Fe (%) K (%) Si (%) Spodumene 4.0 0.4 1 30 14.9 0.1 < 0.1 29.4 Mica-Group 1.5 1340 27600 112 16.7 1.3 8.4 22.1 K-Feldspar < 0.1 620 16300 < 0.1 0.2 < 0.1 13.6 29.2 Plagioclase < 0.1 < 0.1 6 < 0.1 11.2 17.3 < 0.1 31.2 Quartz < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 46.8 Metallurgical Testing and Flow Sheet Development Brines and evaporites ■ Characterisation of brines and evaporites (chemical analysis, QXRD, QEMSCAN) ■ Crystallisation trials – controlled crystallisation of salts ■ Flotation testwork – upgrade of key Li minerals by flotation or reverse flotation ■ Beneficiation methods – pilot plant test work Pegmatites ■ Mineralogical characterisation – XRD, QEMSCAN, Laser Ablation ICP-MS ■ Comminution testwork ■ Head assay and size fraction assays – potential to reject sub-economic fractions based on size ■ Gravity beneficiation – separation of impurities based on mineral density ■ Flotation beneficiation – upgrade of key Li minerals by flotation or reverse flotation Lithium Processing from Clays ■ Systematic process development studies for upgrading and recovery of lithium from dry lake bed deposits; ■ Minerals characterization by Laser Ablation ICP-MS spot analysis and XRD; ■ Head chemical assay and size fraction assay; ■ Process optimization: roasting; water leaching of calcine and precipitation. The limestone-gypsum roast process is applied to convert lithium in the clay to water soluble lithium sulphate. Impurities from leach solution are removed by precipitation and ion-exchange. High purity lithium carbonate is precipitated by soda ash addition. Lithium recovery of over 80% has been demonstrated. References Bradley, Dwight, and McCauley, Andrew, 2013, A preliminary deposit model for lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites (ver. 1.1, December 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1008, 7 p. 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  • A Review of Rare-Element (Li-Cs-Ta) Pegmatite Exploration Techniques for the Superior Province, Canada, and Large Worldwide Tantalum Deposits

    A Review of Rare-Element (Li-Cs-Ta) Pegmatite Exploration Techniques for the Superior Province, Canada, and Large Worldwide Tantalum Deposits

    Exploration and Mining Geology, Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, pp. 1-30, 2005 © 2006 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. 0964-1823/00 $17.00 + .00 A Review of Rare-Element (Li-Cs-Ta) Pegmatite Exploration Techniques for the Superior Province, Canada, and Large Worldwide Tantalum Deposits JULIE B. SELWAY, FREDERICK W. BREAKS Precambrian Geoscience Section, Ontario Geological Survey 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5 ANDREW G. TINDLE Department of Earch Sciences, Open University Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK MK7 6AA (Received February 16, 2004; accepted September 20, 2004) Abstract — Rare-element pegmatites may host several economic commodities, such as tantalum (Ta- oxide minerals), tin (cassiterite), lithium (ceramic-grade spodumene and petalite), and cesium (pollucite). Key geological features that are common to pegmatites in the Superior province of Ontario and Manitoba, Canada, and in other large tantalum deposits worldwide, can be used in exploration. An exploration project for rare-element pegmatites should begin with an examination of a regional geology map. Rare-element pegmatites occur along large regional-scale faults in greenschist and amphibolite facies metamorphic terranes. They are typically hosted by mafic metavolcanic or metasedimentary rocks, and are located near peraluminous granite plutons (A/CNK > 1.0). Once a peraluminous granite pluton has been identified, then the next step is to determine if the pluton is barren or fertile. Fertile granites have elevated rare element contents, Mg/Li ratio < 10, and Nb/Ta ratio < 8. They commonly contain blocky K-feldspar and green muscovite. Key fractionation indicators can be plotted on a map of the fertile granite pluton to determine the fractionation direction: presence of tourmaline, beryl, and ferrocolumbite; Mn content in garnet; Rb content in bulk K-feldspar; and Mg/Li and Nb/Ta ratios in bulk granite samples.