LasbelaIntegrated District Development Vision The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Published by: IUCN Pakistan

Copyright: © 2011 IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Lasbela - Integrated District Development Vision was developed by the Lasbela District Government, with technical assistance of IUCN Pakistan under its project Balochistan Partnerships for Sustainable Development (BPSD) and financial support by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EKN).

Citation is encouraged. Reproduction and/or translation of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan.

The opinions expressed in this document do not constitute an endorsement by the EKN.

Citation: Lasbela District Government (2011). Lasbela - Integrated District Development Vision. IUCN Pakistan, Quetta, Pakistan. xii+153 pp.

Research and development: Abdul Latif Rao

Resource person: Hamid Sarfraz

Facilitation: Zabardast Khan Bangash, Mehboob Ali, Nadeem Mirbahar

Editors: Madiha Aijaz, Zeevar Scheik and Rahal Saeed

Design: Azhar Saeed, IUCN Pakistan

Cover photographs: Nadeem Mirbahar, Shah Murad Aliani and Hingol National Park

Printed by: Rosette Printers

Available from: IUCN Pakistan Balochistan Programme Office Marker Cottage, Zarghoon Road Quetta, Pakistan Tel: +92 (81) 2840450/51/52 Fax: +92 (81) 2820706 www.iucn.org/pakistan Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Contents

Abbreviations, Acronyms and Glossary ...... v Executive Summary ...... viii 1. Lasbela District ...... 1 2. Lasbela Integrated District Development Vision ...... 2 2.1 Context ...... 2 2.2 The Vision ...... 6 2.3 Methodology ...... 8 3. Governance and Institutions ...... 9 3.1 Devolution ...... 10 3.2 Current status of governance and institutions ...... 15 4. Social Development ...... 19 4.1 Education ...... 20 4.2 Health ...... 24 4.3 Population ...... 27 4.4 Gender Mainstreaming ...... 28 4.5 Human Resources ...... 30 4.6 Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods ...... 31 4.7 Social Insurance & Safety Networks ...... 33 5. Housing & Settlements ...... 35 5.1 Housing & Settlements ...... 35 5.2 Water ...... 40 5.3 Sanitation ...... 44 5.4 Environment (and Sustainability) ...... 46 6. Natural Resource and Climate ...... 49 6.1 Land ...... 50 6.2 Water ...... 51 6.3 Forests ...... 57 6.4 Wildlife and Protected Areas (PAs) ...... 63 6.5 Wetlands and Fisheries ...... 68 6.6 Climate ...... 71 7. Agriculture and Livestock ...... 73 7.1 Floriculture ...... 73 7.2 Expansion of Agriculture ...... 74 7.3 Livestock ...... 85 7.4 Rangelands ...... 90 iii Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

8. Coastal Resources ...... 93 8.1 Fisheries ...... 96 9. Economic Development ...... 99 9.1 Commerce and Trade ...... 100 9.2 Industry ...... 100 9.3 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise ...... 103 9.4 Minerals and Mining ...... 105 9.5 Energy ...... 108 9.6 Culture and Ecotourism ...... 111 9.7 Communication and Infrastructure ...... 114 9.8 The Private Sector and Public-Private Partnership ...... 115 9.9 Macro-Economic Situation ...... 116 9.10 Sports and Tourism ...... 117 10. Disaster Management ...... 121 10.1 Disasters ...... 123 10.2 Drought ...... 125 10.3 Flood and Landslides ...... 127 10.4 Fire ...... 128 10.5 Cyclones ...... 128 10.6 Sea Erosion ...... 129 10.7 Tsunami ...... 129 10.8 Oil Spills ...... 129 10.9 Dam Brust ...... 130 10.10 Excessive Heat/Heat Wave ...... 130 11. Information Management and Communication ...... 131 11.1 Means of Communication ...... 132 12. Implementation ...... 137 12.1 Priority Programmes and Projects ...... 137 12.2 Institutional Development ...... 139 12.3 Action Planning ...... 143 12.4 Institutional Arrangements ...... 145 12.5 Investment Trends ...... 145 12.6 Resource Mobilization and Efficient Use ...... 147 12.7 Monitoring & Evaluation ...... 148 List of References ...... 149 Annex 1: UN Millennium Development Goals ...... 153

iv Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank AI Artificial Insemination BCDA Balochistan Coastal Development Authority BCS Balochistan Conservation Strategy BDA Balochistan Development Authority BEMIS Balochistan Education Management Information System BEPA Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency BF&WD Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department BHMIS Balochistan Health Management Information System BHU Basic Health Unit BLGO Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 2001 BPM Best Practices Method C&W Dept. Communication and Works Department CBO Community Based Organization CCB Citizens» Community Board CMI Climatic Moisture Index CSO Civil Society Organization DCO District Coordination Officer DCR District Population Census Report DERA Drought Emergency Relief Assistance DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom DHH District Headquarters Hospital EDO Executive District Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EOBI Employees Old-age Benefit Institution EPZ Export Processing Zone ESR Education Sector Reforms ESRA Education Sector Reform Assistance Program GoB Government of Balochistan GoP Government of Pakistan GB Gilgit Baltistan GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information Systems GST General Sales Tax HITE Hub Industrial and Trading Estate HMIS Health Management Information System v Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

HNP Hingol National Park ICZMP Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan IDDV Integrated District Development Vision IEE Initial Environment Examination IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management IPM Integrated Pest Management IPP Independent Power Producers IPP Independent Power Plant IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCNP International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan KESC Karachi Electric Supply Corporation KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province KPP Khushhal Pakistan Programme Lasbela CC&I Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and Industry LIEDA Lasbela Industrial Estates Development Authority LGOs Local Government Ordinances LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plants MCH Makran Coastal Highway MDGs Millennium Development Goals MPA Member Provincial Assembly MTDF Medium Term Development Framework NCCW National Council for Conservation of Wildlife NCS National Conservation Strategy NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NOC No Objection Certificate NRM Natural Resource Management NRSP National Rural Support Programme NWFP Non Wood Forest Product O&M Operation and Maintenance PAs Protected Areas PAMP Protected Areas Management Project PBM Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal P&DD Planning and Development Department, GoB PCRI Pakistan Cotton Research Institute PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Authority PF Protected Forest vi Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

PFC Provincial Finance Commission PGS Performance Grant System PHED Public Health Engineering Department PIA Pakistan International Airlines PPIB Private Power Infrastructure Board PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSDP Public Sector Development Programme PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited PTDC Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation QDA Quetta Development Authority QESCO Quetta Electric Supply Company RHC Rural Health Centre SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SMI Soil Moisture Index SPO Strengthening Participatory Organization SPOT Satellite for Earth Observation STEP Society for Torghar Environmental Protection SUSG Sustainable Use Specialist Group ToRs Terms of Reference TB Tuberculosis TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration TMO Tehsil Municipal Officer TOI&S Tehsil Officer Infrastructure and Services TOP Tehsil Officer Planning TTC Technical Training Centre UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children and Education Fund UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WatSan Water and Sanitation WB World Bank WCS World Conservation Strategy WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development WWF World Wide Fund for Nature WWF-P World Wide Fund for Nature - Pakistan

vii Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Executive Summary

Formerly a princely state, Lasbela District is the most south-easterly coastal district of Balochistan Province, bordering Karachi and Dadu Districts in Sindh and Gwadar, and Awaran and Khuzdar Districts in Balochistan. It comprises hills and mountains in the east, north, and west, an alluvial plain in the centre and a narrow coastal strip dotted with the mangrove swamps of Sonmiani Hor in the south. The population of the district was 312,695 in 1998;1 it is projected to be 422,000 in 2011 and 511,000 in 2021.2 The land area is 15,1533 sq km.

A range of natural resources including water, agriculture, forests (both terrestrial and mangrove), livestock and rangelands, wetlands and fisheries (both inland and coastal), and wildlife and protected areas exist in the district. The natural resources suffer from lack of land use planning and over-exploitation, resulting in degradation, affecting the subsistence and livelihoods of the local people. A lack of understanding, concern and investment for sustainability is also prevalent. The recent trend of pumping out water for cultivation of banana, other fruit orchards and vegetables is resulting in the rapid depletion of ground water.

While vast tracts of cultivable plain lands exist, water for irrigation is a key constraint in the expansion and development of agriculture. After a long gap since the construction of Hub Dam, the Windar Dam and Hingol Dam initiatives are now being pursued, and there is still more potential for water development. While agriculture and livestock marketing have remained imperfect, a proper Agriculture Market is being established at Uthal.

The climate of the district is suitable for agriculture, livestock and poultry. However, productivity in the agriculture and livestock sectors is low due to low inputs and traditional practices that are an outcome of poverty and isolation. All three aspects of the livestock sector, breed, feed and disease are weak. In the coastal areas, mangroves are over- exploited and consistently degrading. Coastal fisheries, one of the sectors identified by WB4 (2007) for its potential to boost the province»s economy, have suffered due to over-exploitation and unhealthy fishing practices.

Culturally, Lasbela District is very rich, with archaeological sites, religious shrines for both Muslims and Hindus, historical graveyards and graves. It is a peaceful district of hospitable people living in harmony with nature, without ethnic conflict. The natural heritage of the district is also of global importance and includes Hingol National Park (HNP), and two Ramsar Sites, species of wild animals and plants, vast pristine beaches and an outstanding panoramic landscape. The cultural and natural wealth of the district has, however, not yet been exploited though tourism.

The Karachi√Quetta National Highway serves the district and its coastal areas benefit greatly from the Makran Coastal Highway (MCH). The towns and larger villages are linked by roads. To take advantage of their proximity to the industrial and commercial hub of Karachi, the Hub and Windar industrial and trading estates have been developed and the Uthal/Bela Industrial Estate at Zero Point is being developed. Marble City is already processing the marble extracted from Dureji and

1 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. 2 National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS). 3 Survey of Pakistan √ Map of Lasbela District (2004). 4 World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. viii Quetta: GoB, 2008. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

other districts. Ship breaking has evolved into an resources and comparatively advanced in industry, old and large-scale industry that contributes to communication infrastructure and mining. Since it livelihoods and the economy. is adjacent to Karachi, Lasbela is developing very rapidly. Large volumes of industrial wastes, effluents, and emissions are unsafely disposed of and untreated The Integrated District Development Vision (IDDV) for industrial effluents are discharged into water Lasbela was developed through a wide consultative bodies. Workers» safety and occupational health process as a sustainable development agenda using remain of concern. The closed textile, engineering integrated planning for environment friendly and and chemical industrial units need immediate sustainable development, conservation and government attention. Policies and other options sustainable use of natural resources and protection would be needed to restart these units or establish of its environment. It also provides an implementation new ones. The Gadani ship breaking industry framework for implementing the measures listed in all suffers from inconsistency in federal and provincial sectors and cross cutting themes. policies, lack of economic incentives, pollution, and out-dated technology. Understanding how governance has evolved, and responding to the critical challenges associated The district has deposits of important metal and with the transition can help in identifying the way non-metal minerals including lead, zinc, marble, forward for a system of Good Governance. There is limestone, etc. The issues for the mining sector are a strong nexus between governance, development, wastage, low level of exploitation, inadequate poverty and the environment in any administrative exploration, workers» safety and occupational unit, small or large. Poor governance in developing health and pollution. Added to this is the weakness countries has not allowed people to rise above the of the Balochistan Directorate General of Minerals poverty level and safeguard their traditional means and Mining, Quetta which manages mining. This of livelihood or the environment. includes exploring minerals, developing feasibility reports, attracting investors, collecting and Devolution, as one of the options to improve electronically managing data, promoting mining, governance at the local level, did not succeed in facilitating modernization of mining and value changing the status quo in Pakistan due to various addition of minerals, monitoring production of reasons. The devolution system introduced was a minerals, and collecting royalty. compromised one to begin with, and this was further compromised during its implementation. The vision, Unplanned development of settlements has understanding and skills of the elected Nazims and resulted in insurmountable environmental and other councillors to run the system successfully were not issues. Solid waste, hospital waste, air pollution, developed to the desired level. The most important noise pollution, water and sanitation (WatSan) are reason for the lack of success was, however, lack of the pertinent issues for the housing and settlement cooperation and support by the key players, i.e., the sector. There is no safe disposal of solid and bureaucracy, politicians and the provincial hospital wastes. government because of their interest in retaining power, authority and influence. Social indicators relating to health, education, WatSan and poverty are weak. Lack of drinking The local government established under the BLGO water is a critical issue in the coastal areas. The 2001 was reverted in January 2010 to BLGO 1980 potential work force, although a great asset as a in Balochistan and other provinces, and human resource, is unskilled and lacks the aptitude Administrators replaced the Nazims. The revised to engage in industrial and other development system of local government will be decided and activities, which require specific skills. By notified prior to the elections expected in 2011. It is developing the industrial estates of Hub and important that the new law incorporates the Windar, the people of Hub have become well off, positive points of the devolved system, especially while many people in rural areas live in poverty to ensure effective participation of people in local without even basic facilities. government and growth of local leadership.

WB (2007) has identified industry, agriculture, The priority programmes and projects envisioned in livestock, fisheries, minerals and mining, eco- the IDDV are: tourism, transport and trade as the pillars of growth for Balochistan. Lasbela district has all these in 1. Improving coverage and quality of education, significant quantity. It is one of the two coastal health, WatSan, electricity, gas and other districts of Balochistan. It is rich in natural services; ix Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

2. Surface water development by developing 8. Promotion of natural resource-based (e.g. mega and small storage and recharge dams fruits, vegetables, livestock, poultry and respectively, including early completion of fisheries) small and medium enterprises; Windar and Hingol Dams, with environmental safeguards including the environmental flow to 9. Further exploration and expanding estuaries and mangroves; controlling depletion exploitation and value addition of minerals, of ground water by shifting subsidy on and asking for strengthening of the agricultural tube wells to technology-based Balochistan Directorate General of Minerals efficient irrigation systems (drip, bubbler, and Mining as a first step; sprinkler); land levelling; water management including lined channels or PVC pipes; fruit 10. Realizing the huge potential of nature and and crop diversification to include the low delta culture tourism and ecotourism; demanding; and controlling water pollution from municipal discharges and industrial 11. Developing the skills and aptitudes of the effluents; labour force by launching intensive human resource development initiatives for promoting 3. Expanding, modernizing and commercializing SMEs and livelihoods; the agriculture sector including the use of efficient irrigation systems; improved inputs, 12. Protecting and rehabilitating natural forests i.e., seeds, fruit planting stock, manure and and raising and maintaining forest natural and chemical fertilizers, agricultural plantations of multipurpose and low delta machinery and equipment, integrated pest demanding trees on marginal lands or as management (IPM), appropriate agricultural agro-forestry; pre- and post-harvesting practices; expanding floriculture; improving coordination between 13. Conservation and sustainable use of wildlife research and extension and outreach of the and protected areas on scientific lines though latter; improving marketing information and management planning and implementation facilities (early completion and operation of the with community participation; Agriculture Market at Uthal); and facilitating access to credit; 14. Environmental protection including controlling air, water, noise, soil, land, coast and sea 4. Modernizing and commercializing the livestock pollution; safe disposal of sewerage and sector by developing dairy farms; improving industrial effluents, solid waste, hospital waste breeds, health and feed of livestock; and industrial waste; procurement of and cross breeding with high yielding milk, beef and meat breeds (using 15. Master planning and up-gradation of all proven sires and artificial insemination); existing large settlements and proactive expansion of areas under fodder crops; and planning of new medium sized settlements, development of rangelands; managing especially near the industrial and trading sustainable grazing; improving coverage of estates, and centres of commerce and trade; vaccination, de-worming and treatment of livestock; and partnership between the public 16. Reprioritisation of investments for boosting and private sectors and communities with health, WatSan, agriculture, livestock and guaranteed equity in benefit-sharing with rangelands, fisheries, wildlife and protected communities; areas, tourism and watershed and forestry sectors. Currently the five priority sectors in 5. Further developing poultry farming to its the district in accordance with current trends in optimum potential; allocation of funds through PSDP during three years (2008-2011) in descending order are 6. Conserving and sustainably utilizing the Roads, Education, Irrigation, Drinking Water coastal fisheries and mangroves for and Power. subsistence and livelihood of the coastal communities by establishing best practices; 17. Developing natural resource sectors, especially agriculture, livestock and poultry, coastal 7. Further expanding the industrial base with fisheries, mineral and mining, wildlife and greater focus on SMEs and improving the protected areas, tourism, health, WatSan, and environment friendliness of industries at Hub, human resource development for SMEs and x Windar, Zero Point, etc.; livelihoods; Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

18. Improving governance by strengthening participation and equity) and the latter helps in the institutions; enhancing capacities of trickle-down effect, which helps in equity and individuals; turning political interference into poverty reduction. For example, corporate farming positive involvement; improving intra- and uses technology and reduces production, inter- agency coordination and horizontal transportation and marketing costs and can involve information flows, especially to the masses; the community through cooperative farming or establishing effective one-window complaints shareholding in corporate farming programmes. and grievance mechanisms in the office of the Deputy Commissioner/DCO; establishing a The policy and legal framework approved by the comprehensive data base at the district level federal and provincial governments creates an with nodes to all district offices; displaying enabling environment and provides positive or transparency by introducing an effective perverse economic incentives. An example is the monitoring and accountability system; ensuring subsidized flat rate tariff on agricultural tube wells, objectivity and results; curbing corruption, a joint policy decision by the federal and provincial malpractices and delays; promoting governments and WAPDA with short-term benefit participatory and consultative decision making, to agriculturists but long-term repercussions on planning and management mechanisms; and ground water. providing an enabling environment for public sector agencies, the private sector, NGOs, An implementation strategy will consist of a short academia and the media; term Five-Year flexible First IDDV Action Plan coinciding with the Five-Year Plan 2010-2015 of the 19. Undertake a complete overhaul of the government to implement short-term measures; a mandates, priorities, structures, systems and medium-term flexible Five-Year Second IDDV procedures of all public sector agencies at the Action Plan for implementing the medium-term district level, which is informed by their SWOT measures and throw forward in the various sectors analyses and Management and Programme during 2015-2020; and a Five-Year flexible Third Review; IDDV Action Plan to implement the long-term measures and the throw forward during 2020-2025. 20. Seizing the opportunity to develop Lasbela District as a twin satellite of Karachi, as has The implementation of the Action Plan will be happened in case of industry, and proactively monitored annually and major constraints in planning its growth and development implementation will be identified and addressed. Its accordingly. mid-term impact on sustainability of the district will be assessed in the third, eighth, and thirteenth The balanced growth model is appropriate for years of implementation to see its effectiveness and Lasbela District, despite resource and capacity impact, and make adjustments and revisions as constraints. A balance between society, economy required. The IDDV may be revised in 2025, in case and the environment is crucial for sustainable the situation, issues and options to address the development. The balance between population and issues have changed significantly and additional resources is lacking and natural resources are opportunities have been created by that time. depleting due to unsustainable use by the past and present generation, not caring for the needs of the Funds will remain the main constraint to the district future generations. The real issue is of relative in implementation of the IDDV. Lasbela District prioritization and sharing of financial resources. For generates significant revenue and for this to example, the major investments in the public sector continue it needs a major share of the revenue for were on roads and other infrastructure with very maintenance alone, apart from a development low or no investment in natural resources and the budget, which will create additional assets, social sectors. A balanced re-prioritization is capacities and resources. The district has great needed for future investment. potential in this regard. It is therefore, important that it should get adequate allocations from the Improvement in both macro- and micro-economic revenue budget and share from the GST to avoid conditions is important for the sustainability of the degeneration of its capacity to generate revenue district. The former creates an enabling and enough of a development budget for maximum environment for appropriate economic growth (with realization of its development potential.

xi Hingol National Park Q IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

1. Lasbela District

former princely state in India, Lasbela takes its name from two Awords, «las», meaning plain, and «bela», meaning jungle. Lasbela was notified as a district on 30 June, 1954. The district is on the border of Balochistan province and is situated between 24°-54» and 26°-37» north latitude and 64°-02» and 67°-28» east longitude. In the north, it borders District Khuzdar, in the east, Dadu, Karachi East and Karachi West, which are districts in Sindh, in the south, the Arabian Sea, and in the west, the Gwadar and Awaran Districts of Balochistan.

Lasbela»s geography and landscape is diverse and interesting. The district is divided into three distinct geographical regions: the north-eastern mountains and hilly areas, the south-western hilly area and the central plain or the Porali trough. In between the ranges are the important valleys of Windar, Wirahab and Hub. These are the flood plains of the rivers and streams flowing from the hills of Moro and Pub ranges in the north and east of the plain and Haro and Hala ranges lying close to the western boundary of the district. The alluvial plain surrounding Bela Town extends southwards up to Sonmiani Bay, which is flanked by the mud flats of Damb and raised sea-beaches, situated some 15 to 25 metres above sea level. 1 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The plain consists of alluvium deposits of According to the population census of 1998, Porali, Kud and other rivers. The hilly region the population of Lasbela District was situated on the west of the alluvial plain of the 312,695 persons in a land area of 18,254 Porali extends along the Makran coast. sq. km. The National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad projects that the In the south is Sonmiani Hor, a narrow coastal population will increase further, to 422,000 strip dotted with mangrove swamps. It is an and 511,000 in 2011 and 2021, agriculturally underdeveloped zone with respectively.5 untapped water resources.

Map of Lasbela District

Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008)

5 NIPS (2004). Pakistan Population Datasheet and Estimates of Population of Provinces and Districts of Pakistan 2001, 2004, 2011 & 2 2021; National Institute of Population Studies, Population Division, Islamabad. Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

2. Lasbela Integrated District Development Vision

2.1 Context

development vision should be able to mobilise people and resources Aƒ financial, environmental and political ƒ to achieve common development goals. It must be shared by a majority of the people and therefore, it is crucial for it to be developed through a consultative process involving local residents as well as a wide range of stakeholders.

In the context of Lasbela District, stakeholders include the people of the district as well as the local, provincial and federal governments, the private sector, civil society organisations, educational institutions, research organisations, the media, and donors.

Global Initiatives Growing international concern over unsustainable levels of resource use and recognition of the need to combat environmental degradation led to the development of the World Conservation Strategy (WCS), published in 1980 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 3 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

the United Nations Environment Programme UNCED, outlines a comprehensive plan of (UNEP) and the World Wide Fund for Nature action for sustainable development, with (WWF). The main objectives of the WCS were measures that are to be taken not just to maintain essential ecological processes and globally but also at the national and local life support systems, preserve genetic levels (see Box 1). The need to fully diversity, and ensure the sustainable utilisation implement Agenda 21 and to abide by the of species and ecosystems. The WCS commitments of the Rio Declaration were stressed the importance of development reaffirmed by the global community at the within ≈the reality of resource limitation and World Summit on Sustainable Development the carrying capacities of ecosystemsΔ (WSSD) in 2002 (http://anewmanifesto.org/timeline/the-world- (http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21). conservation-strategy). In 1987 Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, Millennium Development Goals was published, providing what has become the standard definition of sustainable The United Nations Millennium Declaration, development: development that meets the adopted in 2000, calls for a global partnership needs of the present without compromising to reduce extreme poverty and ensure the ability of future generations to meet their environmental sustainability. It sets a series of own needs. The concept of conserving time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015. genetic diversity also influenced the These targets have come to be known as the formulation of the Convention on Biological Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Diversity in 1992. (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.sht ml) (see Annex 1). As a signatory to the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 Millennium Declaration, Pakistan has committed to achieving the MDGs by 2015. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Most importantly, for the purposes of the Development, and the Statement of Principles IDDV, many of these goals are to be for the Sustainable Management of Forests, implemented at the local level. were adopted in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development The federal as well as the provincial (UNCED). Agenda 21, also adopted at governments of Balochistan have

Box 1: Local authorities» initiative in support of Agenda 21

Agenda 21 recognises the importance of local-level action (Chapter 28):

Basis for action

28.1. Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling its objectives. Local authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental policies and regulations, and assist in implementing national and subnational environmental policies. As the level of governance closest to the people, they play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote sustainable development. [º]

Activities

28.3. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt ≈a local Agenda 21Δ. Through consultation and consensus building, local authorities would learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. The process of consultation would increase household awareness of sustainable development issues. Local authority programmes, policies, laws and regulations to achieve Agenda 21 objectives would be assessed and modified based on local programmes adopted. Strategies could also be used in supporting proposals for local, national, regional and international funding.

(http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_28.shtml) 4 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

incorporated the MDGs into various policies Role of the State: To encourage freedom of and programmes. At the federal level, for enterprise and innovation in the marketplace example, the Mid-Term Development together with the state»s responsibility for the Framework (MTDF) 2005√2010 and the provision of basic services to all citizens, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) including education, healthcare, water supply provide a policy framework for poverty and sanitation, shelter, and security under reduction and the achievement of MDG law. commitments. The Balochistan Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Policy Employment with special emphasis on incorporates the MDGs at the provincial level. women»s rights: To make employment and employability a central theme in economic and National, provincial and social policies, with special emphasis on the economic rights of women. district-level initiatives Poverty Reduction: To eliminate abject Accepting the recommendations of the World poverty and ensure social protection for the Conservation Strategy (WCS), the Government weak and the vulnerable in society. of Pakistan (GoP) developed and approved, at the federal cabinet level, the Pakistan National Education: To generate, absorb knowledge Conservation Strategy (NCS) that had three and utilise technology for the good of all while primary objectives: (i) conservation of natural promoting the social sciences/humanities as resources, (ii) sustainable development, and an essential branch of knowledge. (iii) improved efficiency in the use and management of resources. Economic Stability: To sustain an average growth of 7 to 8 per cent in the long term Seeing the usefulness of the consultative through effective investment and saving process of development, and that of the NCS strategies while maintaining macroeconomic itself, the Government of Balochistan (GoB) stability. developed the Balochistan Conservation Strategy (BCS), with the technical assistance Economy: To take advantage of globalisation of IUCN, and approved the same in 2000 for through enhanced competitiveness in a global implementation. The BCS aims at the well- economy relating to commerce, manufacturing being of the people and ecosystems in and services, with increased diversity and Balochistan. It provides a framework and a quality of content. strategic plan for the protection of the environment, conservation and sustainable Brand Pakistan: To facilitate the emergence use of natural resources and sustainable of ≈Brand PakistanΔ, which will result in development in the province of Balochistan. several large conglomerates becoming global players, and many more regional hubs and Pakistan in the 21st century: centres established in Pakistan. National Vision 2030 Governance: To re-design the structures of The emphasis of the National Vision 2030 is on: the state and instruments of government in terms of citizens» participation, improved Economic Growth: To build a nation whose delivery of services and good governance. development is measured by economic growth as well as the quality of life enjoyed by Demographic Transitions: To maximise its people. dividends from the demographic transition in the coming years, while avoiding its Society: To evolve into a tolerant and pitfalls. productive society which is at peace with itself and the outside world within a framework of Energy6: To manage the anticipated growing sovereignty and security. competition for access and ownership of resources and energy, both regionally and Law: To establish rule of law as a bedrock globally. principle encompassing all spheres of life.

6 Current per capita energy consumption is low (14 million BTUs as against 92 million BTUs for Malaysia). A target of 162,000 MW of power generation by 2030 is projected in the Energy Security Plan (2005) against the current supply of less than 18,000 MW. 5 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Climate Change: To prepare for climate devolved system of local government. In the change and its likely unfavourable Balochistan Local Government Ordinance implications. (BLGO), the Zila Nazim (head of the district government) was responsible for providing a Natural Resources: To minimise wastage of ≈vision for the district-wise development, natural resources as an important tool for leadership and direction for efficient preserving inter-generational equity. functioning of the District GovernmentΔ (section 18(1)(a)). Similarly, the Zila Mushavirat Urban Growth: To prepare for the dynamics Committee, a consultative body comprising and imperatives of growth of large cities, the Nazims of all local government urban concentrations and expected internal administrative units, was required to ≈to and international migration. crystallise [a] vision for [the] integrated development of the districtΔ (section Education and Employment: To achieve 140(4)(a)). significant breakthroughs in the sectors of education, employment and energy while Although the LGOs were repealed in 2010 and consolidating and expanding, and gathering the devolution system disbanded, the need for momentum in infrastructure and service a district-level framework development plan sectors. remains critical. The IDDV is an important planning tool, serving not only as a road map As the arena of action is mostly district, it is for sustainable development but also as a important that the IDDV contributes towards symbol of political commitment and a assessing the situation regarding these high reflection of the will of the people. objectives and in planning implementation of the national vision at the district level. 2.2 The Vision Rationale for the Lasbela IDDV The Lasbela IDDV aims to contribute to the Following the publication of the NCS, meaningful and sustainable development of strategies for sustainable development were the district, taking into account the needs and prepared by three of the country»s provinces priorities of the people, as articulated by the as well as two specially administered areas.7 people themselves. These include the Since then, districts across the country have following elements: attempted to implement the broad principles and measures outlined in the provincial „ Adequate and efficient provision of strategies by formulating more focused social services including safe drinking district-level integrated development «visions» water, sanitation, health, education (IDDVs). The first to do so was Chitral, in the and energy. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, followed by other districts in KP as well as „ Planned, environmentally-friendly and Balochistan and Sindh.8 IUCN continues to sustainable housing, settlements and play a role in assisting provincial and district communications infrastructure. governments in formulating these development plans. „ Sustainable agriculture comprising:

The importance of district-level development z Low delta fruit orchards, planning has been recognised internationally, vegetables and other ecologically for example, in Agenda 21 (see Box 1).9 In suitable crops Pakistan the policy basis for the preparation of IDDVs comes in part from the provincial z Irrigation development and Local Government Ordinances (LGOs) of efficient water use for the 2001 (now repealed), which introduced a expansion of agriculture.

7 Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP, formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province) and Sindh have published sustainable development strategies, along with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the Northern Areas. The Punjab government is currently preparing its provincial sustainable development strategy. 8 Abbottabad (2004), Chitral (2004) and Dera Ismail Khan (2007) in KP; Badin (2006) in Sindh; Gwadar (2007) and Qila Saifullah (2007) in Balochistan. Integrated development visions for the Balochistan districts of Lasbela, Mastung, Pishin and Ziarat are currently being prepared. 6 9 It is worth noting that the process of IDDV formulation was launched in Abbottabad and Chitral before the LGOs were enacted. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q IDDV consultative process in progress „ Sustainably managed improved Objectives rangelands that support healthy livestock. The objective of the IDDV is to plan, catalyse, promote, support and monitor sustainable „ Conservation and sustainable use of development in Lasbela District. This includes: natural forests and farmland plantation to meet the need for wood and non- „ Conservation and sustainable use of wood forest products as well as natural resources environmental services. „ Environmental sustainability „ Sustainable livelihoods based on improved agriculture, livestock rearing „ Poverty reduction through sustainable and range management, along with livelihoods expanded mining, commerce, trade and transport. „ Human resource development

„ The development of micro, small and „ Strengthening of the institutional medium enterprise in a wide range of framework sectors including fruit and vegetable cultivation and marketing, poultry, „ Improving the quality of life of the animal fattening, milk production, people of the district wool processing and products, bee keeping, sericulture, handicrafts, „ Gender mainstreaming and the automobile workshops and removal of gender disparities agricultural machinery, sale and repair of communication equipment, and „ Improving access to information waste recycling. To achieve these objectives, the following „ Efficient and effective institutions with measures will be required: competent and service-oriented staff. 7 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ Strengthen the natural resource base, „ Joint responsibility curbing and where possible reversing degradation, and promoting „ Long-term sustainability development that is sustainable. „ People- and environment-friendly „ Develop and promote alternative and development sustainable livelihoods aimed at poverty reduction, at the same time „ Integrated planning and management reducing the degradation of natural resources. „ Gender mainstreaming.

„ Create an enabling environment for institutions, communities, the private 2.3 Methodology sector, civil society organisations, academia and the media to participate Development of the Lasbela IDDV included fully in the development process. broad-based consultations with stakeholders. The initiative was launched in Consultative „ Learn from the experiences of Workshops at Uthal and Hub under the chair community-based initiatives of the EDO Finance and Revenue and Tehsil elsewhere in the country, which have Nazim (Hub) respectively. Twenty-four been supported by civil society meetings, with 285 participants, were held organisations. with politicians, secretaries and senior officials from provincial government agencies, LIEDA, „ Avail the training and education Lasbela CC&I, tribal elders, religious leaders, facilities at the provincial and national members of civil society organisations and levels to develop human resources. academic institutions, and representatives from the media. These provided important „ Focus on gender mainstreaming and information as well as direction. Essential eliminating gender disparities. contextual and statistical information was gathered through a survey of published and „ Adapt to the changing globalised non-published materials as well as internet world while preserving positive research. cultural values, norms and traditions. The draft of the IDDV was circulated widely for Principles comments and was discussed and debated in a Consultation Workshop held under the chair The following principles have been used to of the DCO at Uthal. The feedback, comments develop the IDDV and will be equally and suggestions from the Consultation have applicable during implementation: been incorporated in the document.

„ Consultation with and participation of communities and all other stakeholders

8 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

3. Governance and Institutions

overnance covers the different aspects of relations between the Gstate and civil society. It is the process through which societies or organisations make important decisions, determine whom they involve and how they make them accountable. Good governance is about both achieving desired results and achieving them in the right way. According to CIDA, governance means the manner in which power is exercised by governments in the management of social and economic resources. ≈GoodΔ governance is the exercise of power by various levels of government that is effective, honest, equitable, transparent and accountable.

Generally, governance includes the development and working of policy, legal and institutional frameworks. Good governance leads to positive consequences, including trust, clear direction, positive inputs from stakeholders, good decisions, ability to withstand crises and financial stability. The concept and practice of governance of natural resource management (NRM) is emerging as a popular debate in many countries. 9 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

This debate enshrines many aspects including manipulation and corruption have rendered people, processes and structures in a range of Pakistan»s civil service incapable of providing circumstances. Hence, wider participation of effective governance and basic public all civil society segments is crucial. services. The situation needs to be improved, and this forms a part of the IDDV. Some key characteristics of good governance are given in Box 2. Transforming the civil service into an effective, more flexible and responsive institution is The progress in sustainable development required. There is also a need for modernising depends on flawless governance. The global bureaucratic rules, procedures and structures principles, for successful application, may and arranging training programmes for need some prioritisation for improvement in inculcating a spirit of public service among governance keeping in view the local civil servants. Accountability of officials must conditions. The role of the Judiciary and be effective, impartial and transparent. media is critical to monitor weaknesses in Incentives for corruption could be reduced governance. Civil societies can also play a significantly with higher salaries and benefits, vital role in identifying weaknesses and and better conditions of employment. helping in improving transparency and accountability. 3.1 Devolution The government»s ability to ensure law and order and provide services such as education It is critical to increase community and healthcare is vital for winning the trust of involvement in activities that contribute to the the public, and restoring links between social capital and provide a forum for all citizens and the state. However, it is admitted residents to participate in establishing and that decades of mismanagement, political achieving the objectives of sustainable development of the district. The Devolution Box 2: Characteristics of good was the most significant change in the governance governance system towards achieving community participation. GoB enacted the z Efficiency, discipline and accountability. Balochistan Local Government Ordinance (BLGO) 2001 and transferred some of the z Continuous monitoring and a system to functions and powers of the provincial address public grievances. government to the local governments at z Democratic control for police accountability. district, tehsil/town and union council levels. Protection of the police from extraneous pressures. The devolved system of local government created under the BLGO had five main z Overseeing bodies at the district and objectives; (i) devolution of political power, (ii) provincial level to handle complaints and decentralisation of administrative authority, (iii) allied issues. These bodies, comprised of distribution of resources to the districts, (iv) elected MNAs/MPAs and eminent persons de-concentration of management functions, from civil society, in addition to government and (v) diffusion of power and authority. The officers, to provide policy guidance and aim of the BLGO was to create a fully redress complaints against them. participatory, responsible and accountable local government system. This called for a z Suo moto actions by the superior judiciary, writ jurisdiction of courts and checks on the rather fundamental change in governance with working of trial courts. redistribution of economic resources and consequently social power. z Continuous accountability, under an independent media regime. The devolved system was supposed to use a proactive approach to involve people in z Change in the mind-set of public servants development through CCBs as participatory towards performing their duties and serving development institutions for undertaking local the public. community development initiatives. These z Evolving institutional cooperation and could not be, however, formed or registered coordination. during the first term of the district 10 government. Similarly, village and Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q The 813 km RCD Highway passes through Karachi, Bela, Khuzdar, Quetta and Chaman continuing into Afghanistan

neighbourhood councils, as grassroots district office for projects of lower amounts. participatory planning institutions, could not The coordination between the two PHED parts be formed in any district of the country10. and their cooperation with the Tehsil Officer, Planning (TOP) remained weak. The latter was Under the devolved system of local responsible for spatial planning and land-use governments, the district government used to control; building control; and coordination of be headed by the District Nazim and development plans and projects with Union supported by the District Coordination Officer Council Administrations, Village Councils and (DCO). The DCO»s job was to coordinate the other local governments. district level officers for coherent planning, synergistic development, and effective and The local government is a provincial subject efficient functioning of the district under the Constitution but it was included in administration. His other function was to the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution ensure that the official business in the district forbidding the provinces from making any was managed in accordance with the laws changes in the law without prior approval of and defined procedures. District Police the President of Pakistan. The status stands Officers, EDOs of Revenue, C&W, PHE, reversed after 31 December 2009 when the Education, Health, Agriculture, Forests, subject stood transferred to the provinces Livestock and Community Development led under the Constitution. The provinces are now their respective departments. free to devise their own policies for their local bodies. However, the federal government The Tehsil Officer, Infrastructure and Services wishes to develop consensus among the (TO I&S) was responsible for water, sewerage, provinces for a uniform system. drainage, sanitation, LG roads, streets and streetlighting, fire-fighting and park services. The devolved system could survive, against The PHED was devolved partially, the odds, for less than eight years. Major provincial tier»s responsibility being for development projects in Quetta, even during projects of Rs. 5 million or more and of its devolution, were implemented by the federal

10 Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development and World Bank. Devolution in Pakistan: An Assessment and Recommendation for Action. Islamabad: ADB, DFID & WB, 2004, Page 24. 11 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

and provincial governments» agencies without in managing personnel, and allocating or the involvement of the district government. utilising budgets, as EDOs or district officers The district government departments were of education and health, respectively. engaged in their routine activities and were Management structure and functions were sidelined in major developments taking place often mismatched. The government managers in the district. were not responding to the concerns of the representatives of the people. The International Crisis Group (ICG)11 (2010) analysed the structure and functioning of The government managers faced the Pakistan»s civil bureaucracy, identified critical interference of politicians in district affairs flaws and suggested measures to make it more constantly. Local government»s allocation of accountable and able to provide essential budget to the social and natural resource public services. According to ICG, ≈DevolutionΔ sectors was very low and actually precluded of power led to an increase in administrative the delivery of quality services and results confusion and the breakdown of service respectively. delivery at the district level. It led to greater collusion between unscrupulous district officials Few local governments had clearly stated and corrupt police. Low salaries, insecure objectives and priorities, which meant that the tenure, and obsolete accountability resource allocation process lacked direction, mechanisms spawned widespread corruption as did policy priorities of the provincial and impunity. Recruitments, postings and government. Fund allocation was conceived promotions were increasingly made through as a tool for political purposes for winning other channels instead of being based on votes rather than to promote health-care and merit. It identified for Pakistan the issues of education sectors or to sustain natural mismatched skills, undue political interference resources sectors such as agriculture, forest and lack of objectives or priorities during the and wildlife, and livestock and rangelands. No period of devolution. attempts were made to ensure that current budget allocations were sustainable as Prior to Devolution, projects were identified, defined in the ADP. Financial management and selected and developed by the line procurement systems within district departments at the provincial level. The local governments were bureaucratic and not communities were neither consulted in transparent. planning nor involved in implementation. Participation of local communities in planning The councillors and Nazims were elected on a was the main purpose of Devolution. People non-party basis but with active, behind the suggested projects to their councillors, who scene support from political parties, which approached the line departments and the created confusion in the minds of voters. A district government for their funding. lack of basic qualification and necessary experience did not allow the elected The change in the governance system was representatives to perform as expected. very slow as the majority of stakeholders tried to maintain the status quo. The failure of the The Nazims and councillors prioritised the Devolution system had several reasons. It was short-term developments, e.g., streetlights, not supported; rather impediments were pavement of streets, storm water and sewer created in devolution of administrative and drains, water supply, roads etc. even at the financial powers, devolving the function-and- expense of the programmes and activities of activities related budgets, and providing the natural resources sectors. As a result, the technical guidance and supervision to the budgets of agriculture, livestock, forest and devolved staff. wildlife departments were affected negatively and even their regular functions came to a Management skills and professional or standstill. They survived on the budget meant technical skills are of different nature. for projects funded by provincial or federal Generally, professionals were assigned to government or donors during the Devolution managerial positions, e.g., posting of teachers period, even for their regular maintenance and doctors, who had no previous experience works.

11 International Crisis Group. Reforming Pakistan»s Civil Service. Asia Report # 185, 16 February 2010. Islamabad: ICG, 2010. Available 12 http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/185%20Reforming%20Pakistans%20Civil%20Service.ashx. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Though efforts were made to develop 3.1.1 Best practices resulting capacities of Nazims and councillors to run from devolution the business of the devolved local governments, the system lacked continued The devolved governments in various districts, patronage and support of the provincial where the leadership was dynamic, developed government. Even otherwise, any new system best practices. Spatial planning, both rural takes much longer, especially against odds, to and urban, comes under the purview of the show its usefulness and results. The devolved tehsil administration. The experiences of some system changed the established system of TMAs in the country are positive with regard authority and decision-making in the to the use of the GIS facility and information provincial and district governments. management12 in this regard. The replication Obviously, ready acceptance could not be and introduction of such practices in other expected. Adoption and acceptance of the districts is possible. Most of these are new system required continuous support, included as measures. monitoring, adjustment and institutional strengthening, but this did not happen. 3.1.2 Status of key elements of The tenure of local councils in the devolved governance and system expired in October 2009, but there devolution was no legal or constitutional recourse available with the provincial government to Policies and laws dissolve the then existing local councils. Therefore, the Provincial Assembly passed a The federal government makes policies and bill on January 5, 2010 for the enabling laws regarding the subjects on the Federal powers to do so, which became a law on List, and the Concurrent List until the 18th signing by the Governor. Through an Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan. Amendment Bill, a new Section 179-B was The provinces can make policies and laws of inserted in the Local Government Ordinance, the subjects on the provincial and recently 2001. This section empowers the provincial devolved Concurrent List. However, the government to dissolve district, tehsil and provincial governments have been reluctant to union councils. As a result, all Nazims, Naib make policies, even for the subjects in their Nazims and other members of district, tehsil, jurisdiction. town and union councils ceased to hold their respective offices and the Administrators There are a few exceptions, e.g., the Forest replaced Nazims to look after the local Policy (1999) and Forest Law (2002) of Khyber governments at the various levels pending the Pakhtunkhwa and the Forest Statement (1997) elections, which may be held on a political- of Punjab. The provincial governments have, party basis during 2011. however, been legislating on the subjects in their jurisdiction and have been making According to the amended law, the operational policies on specific issues, e.g., government may from time to time issue installation of tube wells to guard against directions to Administrators for performance overexploitation of groundwater. The districts of their functions or exercise of powers. The implement the policies, whatever they may be, amendment drew criticism from Nazims and but do not contribute at all in the making of councillors and a one-day strike was observed policies and provincial laws, although they are in mid-January 2010 in Quetta and some meant for implementation at the district level. other areas in Balochistan. Local governments It is crucial that the district-specific guidelines were dissolved by the GoB on 19 March 2010 are developed for effective implementation of and Administrators replaced the Nazims. federal and provincial policies in the district.

However, now that the BLGO has been The NCS and BCS are policy and strategy repealed, the district should aim for improving documents regarding sustainable the governance and delivery of services to development for Pakistan and Balochistan people with their participation under the new respectively. These cover protection of the system of provincial-cum-local government environment, conservation of natural administration. resources, and socio-economic well-being of

12 TMA Jaranwala, Faisalabad District, 2006. Available http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk/departments/tma_jaranwala.php. 13 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

the people. Similarly, the IDDV fills in the The planning did not devolve to the district policy and strategy gap at the district level level in the true sense even during the and is credible, having been developed devolution period, which lasted from 2001 to through a consultative process. Policy 2009. Planning at the district level is at formulation, law enactments, and IDDV present very weak and short-term, often developments are a major feat but their limited to a one-year period. As a result, implementation remains a real challenge. medium-term and long-term priorities are lost as the horizon of thinking and planning is Legislative cover, in most aspects, is narrow. Generally, the sort of planning done at comprehensive in the country but its the district level is in a responsive way to enforcement is generally very weak. Effective utilise the allocated budget. The concepts of a enforcement will help in implementation of the long-term vision and sustainable development law-related aspects of the IDDV, e.g., pollution need to be introduced at the district level. control; sustainable use of groundwater; environment-friendly mining, water, infrastructure The current 5-Year Plan of the federal and other developments; sustainable use of government was developed with input from natural resources, workers» safety and the provincial governments and other occupational health in the mining sector. stakeholders. However, it appears that the district governments were not able to Need for coordination participate in and provide input to this exercise traditionally as well as due to Coordination is defined as ≈working uncertainty of the system of local bodies. cooperatively to more effectively apply the resources of several organisations for Need to improve transparency achieving targets of common interest.Δ and accountability Coordination among various levels of government, between line agencies and with Good governance and public accountability other stakeholders including civil society are vital for effectiveness of any management organisations, private sector, academia and system but both are generally weak in the media is very weak at present. The public sector, including at the district level. government departments do not usually share These aspects of governance improved to a resources and information with others. The certain extent during the Devolution period vertical links are strong in the current regarding the development works carried out hierarchical structure and horizontal links are through their elected councillors. missing. The coordination mechanisms instituted for specific purposes also fail to Good governance and public accountability meet the objectives. need to move beyond rhetoric in the country, the province and the district. One of the Need for planning at the objectives of the devolved local government district level system was to bring transparency and accountability. The BCS had emphasised Planning in Pakistan is centralised at the devolution of power for accountability and this national and provincial levels. The Medium- was enshrined in the devolved system of local Term Development Framework (MTDF) is a governments. Providing information to the five-year plan for 2005-2010 prepared by the masses about development plans, federal government. The provincial public programmes, projects, funding, sector programme is prepared by the line implementation methodology, process, departments and is consolidated and schedules, monitoring mechanisms and how approved by the provincial Planning and they can participate or contribute can be an Development Department (P&DD). MNAs and important step forward for transparency and MPAs also play an important role in defining public accountability. priorities for the federal and provincial public sector development programmes regarding The provision of non-intrusive monitoring of their respective districts. However, the District government departments in the BLGO by the Development Working Party (DDWP) was the peoples» representatives-led monitoring approval forum for PC-1s for projects committees was a useful instrument for implemented with funds allocated to the accountability but it was not used. The office 14 districts. of the District Ombudsman provided in the Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

BLGO was another measure in the same Need for improved research and direction but it was not set up in Quetta development District, as in other districts. The district government needs to take steps to ensure Innovative approaches and research are accountability and transparency in the required to catch up with the contemporary functioning of line departments, TMAs, etc. global society of the 21st century. Organisations and researchers around the The BLGO made provision for several house world have been creative in working with committees responsible for ensuring good communities living in situations of fragility and governance and accountability of the district remoteness to find solutions to ensure delivery government. The functioning of these legally of basic services, improve governance and mandated committees, especially the create opportunities of livelihoods. Mushavirat Committee and Monitoring Committees, was necessary to ensure Innovation that utilises cutting-edge transparency and accountability of the district technologies and communication tools can government. The District Council formed help in improving service delivery or improving these committees but these remained citizen-government relationships through dormant. enhanced transparency and accountability. The delivery of basic social services (e.g., in Need for information management the health and education sectors) and governance and accountability (e.g., budget Information Management for the district oversight and expenditure tracking) can be administration refers to the effective improved with the use of communication collection, storage, access, use and tools. Innovative research and practical dissemination of information to support approaches for preventing violence and government functions of policy-making, reducing incentives for crime are also planning and meeting the information needs of required. the public, stakeholders and other users. Information management is weak in the public It is important to identify high-impact sector at all levels generally and at the district approaches, and innovative solutions and and lower levels in particular. Inconsistencies models that were tested and have potential for in the available data are common as well as in scale up, and experiences of other places for the data and situation on the ground, partly benefitting, establishing collaboration, and due to lack of updating of data. There are forging longer-term partnerships. Researchers wide gaps in district-related information in universities and research organisations within needed for planning and management for their and outside Balochistan and Pakistan should own needs and for sharing with other be encouraged to conduct research to provide departments and stakeholders. effective responses to the local situations in Quetta District and Balochistan. Proposals A system is needed for information-need should present practical solutions in the short identification, collection, classification, run to address the root causes of issues and documentation and its presentation on an long-term development needs, which is a annual basis in the sector departments or lasting route to achieving the welfare of people, centrally in the province, or in any district. and their peace and security. Management Information Systems were, however, established in the Education and Health Departments at the provincial and 3.2 Current status of district levels and are functioning well. Information is used generally as a tool for governance and holding power and is not shared readily. institutions

Poor information management is the greatest Lasbela is one of two coastal districts in the hurdle in situation analysis and development Balochistan Province. It was accorded the planning. There is a need for capacity building status of a separate district in the Kalat of line departments in collection and Division on 30 June 1954. management, and use and presentation of reliable data about their assets, services and Lasbela and Awaran Districts have a joint sectors. constituency in the National Assembly (NA 15 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

206 Lasbela-cum Awaran). It has two There are nine police stations with the following constituencies in the Provincial Assembly: PB- total strength: DPO (1), DSP/ASPs (2), 44 Lasbela-I and PB-45 Lasbela-II. Inspectors (4), Sub Inspectors (10), ASIs (23), Head Constables (92) and Constables (467). For administrative purposes, Lasbela District is structured into sub-divisions, tehsils and The district head during the devolved system sub-tehsils. The Bela Sub-division comprises was the Zila Nazim, supported by the District of Bela, Uthal, and Lakhra Tehsils and the Coordination Officer (DCO). Since reversal of Liari Sub-tehsil. Hub Sub-division includes the system to pre-devolution status in January Hub and Sonmiani (at Windar) Tehsils and 2010, the DCO is now head of the district Gadani Sub-tehsil. Dureji and Kanraj have the administration. He plays a number of roles status both of Sub-divisions and Tehsils. including District Magistrate, Collector, There are 21 (14 rural and 7 urban) union Revenue, and Coordinator of the functions of councils in the district, and their elected all nation-building departments at the district representatives have formed the Zila, Tehsil level for administrative purposes. The DCO is and Town Councils. also generally the ex-officio head of the various committees and forums in the district. The local government set up at the Tehsil level during the devolved system comprised of 5 Maintenance of law and order is categorised Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs) at into areas ≈AΔ and ≈BΔ. Areas under Category Uthal, Bela, Gadani, Hub and Dureji; and 22 ≈AΔ are urban areas and are managed by the Union Municipal Administrations (UMAs): police department. These include Hub, Bela Windar, Sonmiani, Kanraj, Gadani, Hubco, and Uthal. Areas under Category ≈BΔ are rural Allah Abad, Berot, Patara, Sakaran, Lohi, areas and are managed by levies13 under the Dureji, Uthal, Kahwari, Wara, Lakhara, Lahari, supervision of the Assistant Commissioners Shah, Bela City, Kathore, Wellpat (South), and Tehsildars. Levies have generally been Wellpat (North), and Gador. effective at maintaining law and order in the IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q A glimpse of Bela town

16 13 Local law enforcement agents. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

remote rural areas. In the devolved system, statements, programme frameworks, law and order was supervised by the targets, etc. Superintendent of Police (SP), with a minimal role played by the Zila Nazim and the DCO. „ Weak intra- and inter-agency and stakeholder coordination. The overall security situation in the district is satisfactory, although Hub Town is vulnerable „ Lack of transparency and to disturbance due to its large population and accountability. incidents of ethnic conflict. The crime rate has been increasing slowly as a result of increase „ Lack of Information collection, in population, poverty, and the disintegration management and dissemination. of traditional governance systems. Civil and Qazi courts administer Justice. „ Lack of support for Research and Development (R&D). District courts are functioning at Uthal and Tehsil courts at Hub. „ Low revenue generation and subsequent dependence on external Generally, the district level officers who are resources. based in Uthal Town head the departments. Some others are located in Hub Town such as „ Few departments have clear the Executive Engineer of the Public Health statements of objectives, priorities or Engineering Department (PHED). programmes, as a result of which the resource allocation process, as well as The tenure of local councils in the devolved the policy and programme priorities of system expired in October 2009, but there the provincial government lack was no legal or constitutional recourse direction. available with the provincial government to dissolve the then existing local councils. „ While politicians provide oversight to Therefore, the Provincial Assembly passed a the public sector agencies to assess bill on January 5 to enable the provincial their efficiency, effectiveness and governments to have this power. As a result of delivery, their negative interference in the amendment bill, Section 179-B was administrative matters adversely inserted in the Local Government Ordinance impacts their effective functioning. and subsequently, all Nazims, Naib Nazims and other members of district, tehsil, town „ Financial management and and union councils ceased to hold their procurement systems are bureaucratic respective offices. and lack transparency.

According to the amended law, the government „ Fund allocation is done for political may from time to time issue directions to purposes to win votes rather than to administrators regarding performance of their promote progress in social sectors, functions or exercise of their power. The especially WatSan, health and previously mentioned amendment drew education, and natural resource- criticism from Nazims and councillors and a dependent sustainable livelihoods. one-day strike was observed in January 2010 Budget allocations fluctuate in Quetta and other towns in Balochistan. significantly and are not sustainable, and in fact preclude the delivery of The GoB has appointed Administrators to look quality services and targets. after the local governments at various levels prior to the elections. Two notifications were Measures issued, one for dissolution of local councils and the other for appointment of 1. A Citizens» Committee will be administrators to reduce the administrative established at the district level to vacuum in the municipal services. provide support to the police and hold them accountable. Key Issues „ Lack of provincial sectoral and cross- 2. A system will be established to monitor sectoral thematic policies, priority and address public grievances. 17 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

3. There will be positive responses to suo z Information sharing regarding moto actions by the superior judiciary, writ public sector programmes, jurisdiction of courts and checks of trial projects, roles and responsibilities courts. of public sector agencies and their staff as well as procedures 4. The media will be provided support for on-going accountability. z Establish a one-window operation and complaint redressing system 5. Public sector agencies will be to improve transparency and strengthened and the competence of their accountability staff will be developed. z Include stakeholders in 6. A central information system will be departmental committees and established at the district level with nodes forums to the departments. z Encourage and support senior 7. Intra- and inter-agency and stakeholder officers to be role models with coordination will be improved. their efficiency, conduct, transparency and accountability 8. Efficiency, effectiveness, service delivery, transparency and accountability will be z Discourage negative political improved. interference, which negatively affects merit, efficiency and staff 9. Accountability of service providers will be conduct, encourages favouritism enhanced, and end-users of service and nepotism, and supports delivery will play a formal role through the corruption. involvement of local communities in the management of facilities.

10. The following incentives will be provided to reduce corruption:

z Higher salaries and benefits, and improved conditions of employment

18 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

4. Social Development

ducation rates in Balochistan are lower than in the rest of the country, Eincluding in Lasbela District. Less priority is placed on girls» education and girls are often made to drop out of school to assist with domestic chores, including looking after younger siblings. Schools, similar to the healthcare facilities, are often short staffed, with many teachers remaining absent for long periods, since there is no retribution for absenteeism. They may also be located far away from homes, resulting in children whose families cannot provide transport for them being unable to attend.

The population is widely scattered in small settlements, with difficult access to towns and medical facilities. This presents a problem for both provision and supervision of primary healthcare facilities in rural areas.

In Balochistan it is almost impossible for women to exercise their legal and social rights due to prohibitive local customs and practices. They have a very limited role in decision-making and their rights are generally contravened, rather than recognised. Generally, women are denied their right of inheritance to property, in violation of Pakistani law that grants them this fundamental right. 19 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

They are rarely allowed to own productive Developing a mechanism to ensure effective assets such as land or livestock and representation of local people in all offices; generally have no control over their income from labour. Literacy rates for women are low Skill development and hiring of local labour by due to socio-cultural norms that do not industries, mining and commerce companies, support girls» mobility or education, although contractors and monitoring by the government in the urban areas parents are increasingly for strict compliance of the law of minimum taking an interest in their daughters» wages. education. Medical facilities for women are also limited and many women visit pirs Measures (spiritual leaders), maulvies (religious leaders) and quacks rather than doctors or 1. Participation of people remains a crucial paramedics for medical treatment, and need in any local government system to depend on dais (traditional birth attendants improve governance for effective delivery or TBAs) for delivery of babies. of services. A mixed system of provincial- cum-local government administration will be evolved in the scenario of reversal to a Social Change provincially-led governance system.

Social change is inevitable in any society and 2. The government and civil society Lasbela District is no exception. Positive organizations will raise awareness of changes include awareness due to less communities regarding the need to elect isolation and improvement in mobility, and honest and capable heads and councillors greater emphasis on health, education and of local bodies. Capacity of future heads drinking water. and councillors of local bodies will be developed. Most of the social change in the district appears to be negative. Community 3. Transparency and accountability in the management and control against over working of local bodies will be exploitation of natural resources via forests, incorporated and implemented. rangelands, fisheries, water has been weakening. The size of the land holdings has 4. The government functionaries will been decreasing due to mutation of land cooperate with and involve the heads and based on inheritance. The number of housing councillors of local bodies in planning and units and area under settlements has been decision-making. increasing with the increase in population, which puts more pressure on limited 5. Federal and Provincial governments will resources. The undesirable habit of chewing involve the local governments in policy betel leaves and nuts and Gutka has cropped and law making, and the local government in, especially in the coastal and urban at the district level should participate population, affecting the health of the people proactively in such developments. and sanitation. Bidi smoking is also common in fishermen. 4.1 Education The strategy to overcome resentment and alienation of local population would involve: The vision of the sector is to ensure education and skill development for all, and to develop Preparing and implementing a programme for the people of Lasbela District into an recruitment of local people in Pakistan Coast educated society that meets most Guards and other civilian armed forces and requirements of the district for human security agencies, sooner than later; resources for its development; conserves and sustainably uses its natural resources; and Establishing Citizens Committee at the district protects its environment to improve the quality level to monitor and guide the security of life of the people. situation in the district; Pakistan»s budget for education has never

20 14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 1a: Number of Schools, Enrolment and Teaching Staff in District Lasbela (2004-05 to 2007-08) Financial Year Sex Primary Schools Middle Schools Number Enrolment Teaching Number Enrolment Teaching of schools Staff of schools Staff 2004-2005 Male 366 11450 566 32 3948 362 Female 127 8944 200 6 972 67 2005-2006 Male 367 11833 569 32 4064 370 Female 130 9647 201 7 1368 70 2006-2007 Male 366 12222 561 33 4557 378 Female 125 8908 191 11 2212 130 2007-2008 Male 366 12359 565 33 5163 378 Female 125 8428 193 11 2840 130

Source: BEMIS, 2008

Table 1b: Number of Schools, Enrolment and Teaching Staff in District Lasbela (2004-05 to 2007-08) Financial Year Sex High Schools Intermediate Colleges Number Enrolment Teaching No. of Intermediate Teaching of schools Staff colleges Staff 2004-2005 Male 16 6557 359 1 8 Female 4 3029 95 0 0 2005-2006 Male 17 6486 371 1 10 Female 4 2985 95 1 0 2006-2007 Male 18 6778 395 1 15 Female 4 2863 95 1 10 2007-2008 Male 18 7547 395 1 16 Female 4 2216 95 1 10

Source: BEMIS, 2008 exceeded 2 per cent of GNP14. According to other children of the same age. Consequently, the latest Pakistan Labour Force Survey 2009- their adjustment in school becomes difficult. 10, the overall literacy rate (age 10 years and Lack of parental attention to their children»s above) is 58 percent (70 percent for males and education also has an adverse impact. 45 percent for females)15 which is lower in Generally, teachers in rural areas are untrained Balochistan Province and Lasbela District, at and underpaid, and lack incentives to 27 per cent16 (1998) and 2217 per cent (1998) motivate children»s interest in education. Boys respectively. are considered assets for the family, since they can be sent to work and earn an income, There is a high dropout rate because of while girls are considered liabilities; therefore, poverty. Parents engage their children in girls» education is given little importance. subsistence or income earning activities and There is also a higher dropout rate for girls in such children generally begin school later than rural areas since they are required to assist

15 Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development. Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-11. Islamabad: GoP, 2011. 16 Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Bureau of Statistics. Development Statistics of Balochistan 2009. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 17 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. 21 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

with domestic chores or are constrained by Key issues societal restrictions. „ Public sector education services in The Education Department of the provincial the district are weak and inadequately government is primarily responsible for the organised, managed and monitored, education system. Private sector involvement resulting in: is low but the involvement of international donors has been helpful in creating an z A shortage of schools, colleges enabling environment in rural areas, especially and teachers for primary education and girls» education . z Defunct schools Overall, the literacy rate in the district is 22 per cent (32 per cent male, 10 per cent z Low level of school enrolment, female). Urban literacy is 35 per cent (46 per especially girls» enrolment. cent male, 20 per cent female) and rural literacy is 15 per cent (24 per cent male and 5 „ Schools are unplanned and per cent female).18 The number of schools and appointments, postings and transfers intermediate colleges in District Lasbela and of teachers are not based on merit or their enrolment and number of teaching staff performance. Many posts remain in 2004-5 to 2007-2008 is given in Tables 1a vacant and many teachers, especially and 1b. those posted in remote rural areas and female teachers, do not attend There are 417 boys» schools, 140 girls» their duties regularly. There are single- schools, one male and one female teacher primary schools which are intermediate college (BEMIS 2007-08). There forced to remain shut when the is also one degree college and a university in teacher is absent. the district. In addition, there is one private school with total enrolment of 91 (25 boys, 66 „ Classrooms in schools in urban areas girls) and a teaching staff of six (two male and are often overcrowded, since there are four female teachers). few schools, with an even smaller NRSP, Faizur Rehman NRSP, Q Children at G.G.P.S government primary school, Mureadani Goth, Bela

18 Government of Balochistan. Department of Education (2008). Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS). 22 http://www.bemis.edu.pk/ Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

number of schools for girls than for Measures boys. Many children, especially in the rural areas, cannot attend school 1. The standard of education will be because it is far from home and there improved, accessibility to education for all is no public transport. people will increase, particularly in the rural areas and vocational and technical „ There is a higher dropout rate education will be provided. amongst girls especially after primary school since middle and high schools 2. Areas for vocational training for are even further away. developing human resources through a crash programme as short- and medium- „ There is a dearth of appropriately term solutions will be identified. trained teachers. 3. Local CBOs/CCBs will be activated and „ Many schools do not have adequate, supported for repairing school buildings safe buildings and those that exist are with community participation. in dilapidated condition. 4. Staff performance and absenteeism will „ No boarding facilities are available for be monitored. non-local students in middle and high school. 5. Inspectors and assistant education officers (AEOs) will conduct regular monitoring visits „ Water, toilet facilities and boundary and annual school inspections to assess walls are lacking in many girls» absenteeism and teaching standards. schools, which pose a considerable hindrance in girls» being able to attend 6. The EDO Education will develop simple school. benchmarking tools and guidelines to assess school performance in key areas. „ There is a lack of equipment, furniture This will provide valuable information for and teaching materials, which service providers and managers as well. demotivates both teachers and students. 7. A District Education Plan for regular and technical education will be developed and „ Monitoring, support and facilitation by implemented. senior staff, and adherence to regulations and procedures, is weak 8. Provincial and federal government and or non-existent. donor support will be sought for implementing the Plan, and an enabling „ The District Education Plan has not environment with incentives for the private been developed. sector to collaborate in providing vocational, technical and professional „ BEMIS is an excellent facility but its education and training facilities in the potential for planning and district will be created. management is not being fully utilized. 9. The number of schools and trained „ There is very little data regarding teachers will increase. private educational institutions in urban areas, since according to the 10. Incentives will be provided to parents, data available there is only one private teachers and students to improve access school in the whole district. to quality education.

„ Funding is often restricted to activities 11. A mass awareness campaign will be specified by the government or implemented so that all tiers of local donors who allocate funds without government, CSOs, CBOs, and CCBs taking into account the actual raise awareness among communities requirements at the district level, and about the importance of education and without allowing for flexibility for other the need to enrol all boys and girls of uses. school going age; enrolment in schools 23 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

will increase with the help of the ESRA 16. Key education indicators for five-yearly component on PTMC for community review of progress will be incorporated such as: mobilisation; and enrolment of girls in boys» primary schools where girls» schools „ Net Primary Enrolment Ratio ( per are not provided will be encouraged. cent)

12. Performance appraisal systems will be „ Net Secondary Enrolment Ratio ( per developed to shift the focus of school and cent) health unit inspections towards providing technical skills. Inspectors will provide „ Youth Literacy rate per cent (age 15- service providers with solutions to 24) problems on the spot, which will help inspectors to follow up on inspections and „ Public Expenditure on Education as allow tracking of progress. percentage of GDP

13. The district administration will monitor quality and provision of education at the 4.2 Health district level and provide feedback to the education department at the provincial level. The vision of public health in the district is improved health of the population and 14. Quality, cost-effective new primary school increased life expectancy; decreased infant, buildings may be constructed on the child and maternal mortality rates in line with pattern of the Khairpur model (Box 3), as MDGs 4, 5 and 6 targets. Essential indicators opposed to the current practice in for organising, managing and supporting Lasbela, in which the cost of construction health services will include life expectancy at of school buildings by government birth (in years), infant mortality rate per 1,000 agencies is very high. live births, percentage of population with sustainable access to improved sanitation and 15. A culture of zero-tolerance for staff an improved water source, and public health absenteeism in government institutions expenditure as a percentage of GDP. will be inculcated, with high-level political backing. It is the joint responsibility of the State, employers, families and individuals to ensure that they live a healthy life. Ill health reduces Box 3: Khairpur Experience of Cost efficiency, potential, productivity, income and Effective Construction of School Buildings happiness, incurs a financial burden and adds The Khairpur district government constructs to poverty. ≈Some years ago, issues like air cheaper and higher quality schools through local pollution, exposure to hazardous chemicals councils. Construction cost estimates of and heavy metals, contaminated food and government agencies are based on a composite water, sustainable urban transport, road schedule of rates. On the other hand, local safety, and the contribution of the environment councils procure materials and construction to changing lifestyles were considered luxury labour based on actual rates in the market. For items on the political agendas of developing example, Khairpur government agencies countries. Not anymore,Δ said Dr. Margaret constructed a primary school building for Rs.0.78 Chan, WHO Director-General, at the launch of million. The Khairpur local councils brought down the WHO/UNDP first global project on public the construction cost for similar buildings to Rs. health adaptation to climate change in 2010. 0.2-Rs. 0.25 million. The Khairpur district government experiment in school construction According to the HMIS (2006-2007), the confirms international findings of similar district had a 20-bed hospital, two RHCs of programmes that: the schools are well 30 beds, eight dispensaries, 2 RHCs, 14 constructed; costs are remarkably lower; and BHUs, two MCHs, and one T.B. Clinic in 19 completion time is much shorter. By following the 2006-2007 . During this period, these example of Khairpur local councils the Lasbela facilities handled over 1.5 million cases. The district government can construct a large number type and number of health staff in Lasbela of schools with available funds. District is shown in Table 2.

24 19 Balochistan Health Management Information System. Available http://57.69.14.59/evaldatabase/files/PAK_99-800_Part2.pdf. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 2: Health Staff in Lasbela District (2006-07) Male Female Male Female Pharmacist Drug Health LHVs Dais/ Doctors Doctors Nurses Nurses Inspector Education Mid- Officer wives 37 6 1 3 1 1 - 17 35

Source: HMIS, Office of the Directorate General of Health, Balochistan, at Quetta

3,066 blood slides were examined for malaria „ Health facilities for women are scarce. during 2007 and 428 malaria cases were detected and treated. „ Government health practitioners are poorly paid compared to the private Suspected cholera, meningococcal meningitis, sector. poliomyelitis, measles, neonatal tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, goitre, viral „ Very few funds are allocated for hepatitis, and AIDS are priority diseases but operations, maintenance and medical there is no data available. The locals prefer to supplies for health centres and health use tertiary level health facilities in Karachi workers. City, despite the higher cost of healthcare. Cases reported regarding priority diseases in „ No support is provided to health Lasbela District are given in Figure 1. workers; staff rarely receive adequate professional support from their line Key Issues managers.

„ Weak healthcare infrastructure. „ Medical staff at government health facilities has little or no say in the „ Widely scattered population in small allocation of the medicine supply settlements with difficult access to budget, and, as a result, units run towns and medical facilities, short of required medicines, while presenting a problem for provision receiving medicines they may not and supervision of primary health care need. Delays in procurement also facilities in rural areas. result in irregular supply of drugs.

„ A large number of medical staff „ Some health staff are difficult and positions in the district are vacant. uncooperative with poor patients.

Figure 1: Priority Diseases in Lasbela District during 2007

60000

< 1 yr 1-4 yr 5 yr & above Total 50000

40000

30000 No. of cases 20000

10000

0 Diarrhea Dysentry A.R.I Fever Cough >2 Measles W.C SVH S.B.P D.B Scabies weeks

Source: Balochistan Health Management Information System

20 ARI (Acute respiratory infection), W.C (Whooping cough), SVH (Suspected viral hepatitis), SBP (snake bite poisonous), DB (dog bite) 25 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ A culture of absenteeism, which prevalence of water borne and pervades government health facilities, infectious diseases including especially in rural areas. Hepatitis.

„ Unwillingness of health staff and „ Lack of awareness of HIV/AIDS doctors, especially females, to work in amongst a majority of the population, remote areas, compounded by lack of resulting in cases remaining accommodation and inability to unreported. reverse remote area transfers, which contributes to absenteeism. „ Chewing of betel nut and consumption of Gutka (an addictive „ No good schools for children of health preparation of narcotic drug and toxic staff, and no facilities for private substances, known for causing mouth practice in case of remotely appointed ulcers and mouth cancer), especially doctors. in urban and coastal areas of the district. Reportedly, colours and „ Insufficient medicines and equipment chemicals used for processing of for emergencies. hides are also used for preparation of gutka in Lasbela Town. There is no „ Lack of appropriate sanitation facilities restriction on the sale of gutka in the in healthcare centres including for district, and gutka is brought from unmanaged hospital waste. Karachi as well.

„ Recurrent patterns of disease, due Measures largely to lack of preventive healthcare as well as inadequate solid waste 1. An awareness campaign will be management and the absence of a implemented to promote understanding of sewerage system. the link between a healthy environment and a healthy population. „ Supply of untreated drinking water from dead storage through a 2. Coordination among departments and conveyance system comprising of agencies dealing with various aspects of old pipelines, resulting in a health will be improved. NRSP, Faizur Rehman NRSP, Q 26 Rural Health Center, Uthal, Lasbela Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

3. Four-wheel drive ambulances in hospitals problems faced and actions needed to and BHUs for transportation of patients improve service delivery on the spot, from villages to hospital at short notice rather than taking time to respond. This will be made available. will also help inspectors to follow up on inspections and allow tracking of 4. The senior health administration in the progress. district and province will manage the health staff, in particular doctors, transparently and actively, and help them 4.3 Population to resolve the problem of absenteeism. The population of Lasbela District in 1998 was 5. Simple benchmarking tools and guidelines 312,695 persons (density 21 per sq. km.), with will be developed by the Health an annual growth rate of 1 per cent for the Department to assess health centre period 1981-1998.21 The National Institute of performance in key areas; this will provide Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, has valuable information for service providers estimated the projected population at 422,000 and managers as well. and 511,000 in the years 2011 and 2021 respectively. There is large migration to the 6. Comprehensive legislation and regulations district because of its cultivation potential due covering all factors contributing to to fertile soil, availability of irrigation water, environmental health will be developed and other opportunities for employment and enforced. including industry, mining, poultry, commerce and trade and transport. 7. Emphasis will be placed on primary and preventive health care. Most of the native population is rural and tribal. All tribes other than Baloch, Brahvi, 8. Appropriate medical staff will be Med, Khoja and Hindus settled in Lasbela are appointed on all vacant seats. known as Lasi. The five principal Lasi tribes, collectively known as Panjraj, a sort of tribal 9. Awareness campaigns on health-related confederation, are the Jamot, Roonjhas, environmental issues, preventive Sheikh, Angaria and the Burra. Under each measures, infectious and communicable «raj» are a large number of minor diseases, combating social evils, and heterogeneous groups, such as the Gunjas, changing undesirable attitudes and habits Sinars, Sangurs, Burfast, Chhuttas, Khojas, such as the use of betel nut and gutka, Khaskheli, Baradia, Moondra, Doda, Gujar, and excessive tea drinking will be Brahvi, Baloch, Bandicha, Missan, Achra, implemented. Wahora, Mandra, Gador, Sabra, Wachani and Bakhra. The Meds are fishermen who live 10. A legal ban on sale and use of Gutka will along the coast, mainly at Miani and be imposed. Sonmiani. The Hindus of the district are Arora by caste. Sindhi (Lasi), Balochi and Brahvi 11. An enabling environment will be created languages are spoken in the district. and incentives will be granted to the private sector for providing affordable The people are predominantly dependent on health care, especially tertiary health care. agriculture, livestock and fisheries. The other Effective mechanisms to monitor quality main sources of income are industrial and and ensure reasonable pricing will be mining labour, business, and poultry farming. implemented. The Hindus are mainly traders, and some of them have acquired land, by purchase or 12. Performance appraisal systems will be mortgage, which is cultivated by tenants. developed to shift the focus of health unit inspections away from finding faults, Key Issues towards providing technical support. Those carrying out inspections should be „ Rapid migration to the district may able to agree with service providers on result in depletion of resources.

21 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. 27 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ Health and education facilities are generally contravened, rather than already scarce. If these do not recognised. improve, the increased migration to the district will result in a greater „ The social structure is patriarchal and population that is uneducated and almost all community, political, lacking in access to healthcare. religious and social leaders are men. Generally, women»s» right of Measures inheritance (property) is denied, in violation of Pakistani law that grants 1. Population growth will be managed to them this fundamental right. Women ensure that the area»s natural resources are rarely allowed to own productive do not deplete fast. assets such as land or livestock and generally, have no control over their income from labour. Their economic 4.4 Gender Mainstreaming contribution is excluded in most official statistics. According to the Constitution of Pakistan, all citizens have equal rights. The Constitution „ The literacy rate among women is low authorises the State to make special due to socio-cultural norms that do provisions for the protection of women and not support girls» mobility or children»s rights and labour laws ensure full education, although in the urban areas participation of women in all socio-economic parents are increasingly taking an sectors of life. The law allows women the right interest in their daughters» education. to vote and to hold office. They also have The number of girl students has been reserved seats in the National and Provincial increasing since 2005. Assemblies and local bodies. The Protection Against Harassment of Women at the „ Medical facilities for women in the Workplace Bill (2009) was signed by the area are limited; only three lady- President of Pakistan on 29 January 2010. doctors serve at the District The Bill mandates enhanced punishment of up Headquarters Hospital at Hub. Many to three years» imprisonment, with a fine of up Women visit pirs (spiritual leaders), to Rs 500,000. It also proposes penalties for maulvies (religious leaders) and convicted offenders, such as demotion, quacks rather than doctors or compulsory retirement and dismissal from paramedics for medical treatment and service. This law is seen as a major step depend on dais (traditional birth forward to protect women from harassment attendants or TBAs) for delivery of and help them feel more secure although the babies. test of its effectiveness and impact will be seen once it is implemented. „ Generally, women observe the veil (purdah), but in the rural areas, poor The Benazir Income Support Programme and women work in the fields unveiled. the Smart Card launched by the government Cases of violence against women are are aimed at empowering women and neither reported nor do women lodge eradicating poverty. However, it remains to be complaints or seek any legal remedy. seen whether these programmes will reach all the women who deserve to benefit from them. „ A few NGOs work on gender issues but almost all of these are led by men Key Issues and none of them focus on enhancing women»s participation in social and „ Constitutional guarantees of equality political arenas. are rarely safeguarded. In Balochistan it is almost impossible for women to Measures exercise their legal and social rights due to prohibitive local customs and 1. The Protection Against Harassment of practices. As in other districts of the Women at Workplace Bill 2009 was signed province, women in District Lasbela by the President of Pakistan on 29 have an extremely very limited role in January 2010. The Bill envisages 28 decision-making and their rights are enhanced punishment increased to three Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Local women attending Education for Sustainable Development workshop

years imprisonment with a fine of up to Rs allows convictions to be made based on 500,000. It also proposes penalties, such forensic and circumstantial evidence. as demotion, compulsory retirement and dismissal from service for offenders. This 3. Girls» participation in education through law is seen as a major step forward to community support for girls» enrolment protect women from harassment and help will be expanded. them feel more secure although the test of its effectiveness and impact will be seen 4. Achieving the targets of MDGs 2 and 3 on once implemented. enhancing female literacy will be made a priority. 2. The Women»s Protection Bill which was passed by the National Assembly of 5. Women will be integrated in the Pakistan on 15 November 2006 is an development process through attempt to amend the heavily criticized opportunities to participate in and form Hudood Ordinances,1979, which CCBs and develop projects for women»s governed punishment for rape and development. adultery in Pakistan. The new Women»s Protection Bill brings rape under the 6. Women»s skills will be enhanced through Pakistan Penal Code, which is based on special training programmes aimed at civil law, rather than on Sharia (Islamic providing income opportunities. law). The Bill removes the right of police to detain people suspected of having sex 7. Women will be involved in the outside of marriage, instead requiring a implementation of resource management formal accusation in court. Under the (fruit and forest nurseries, kitchen changes, adultery and non-marital gardening, and environmental consensual sex is still an offence but programmes. judges can now try rape cases in criminal rather than Islamic courts. The Bill also 8. Scholarships will be provided to women does away with the need for the four Male for higher education in universities and Muslim adult eye witnesses that were professional colleges. required by the Hudood Ordinances and 29 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

9. Women will be encouraged to take on sector institutions and civil society new roles in productive sectors such as in organizations, staff performance and poultry and livestock, fish processing, efficiency have not improved. drinking water conservation and protection against pollution; and their „ Lack of exposure, especially for access to training in these skills will be community leaders and ensured. representatives, to the outside world with regard to accessing and availing 10. More opportunities for women»s employment opportunities. participation in government and civil society organizations will be created. Measures

11. High school education facilities for girls in 1. Human resource development for men large villages will be provided and and women will take place in the district adequate boarding houses in girls» high at three levels, i.e. officials of the schools in all tehsil towns of the district governments, CSOs and will be established. livelihoods/SMEs.

12. A Degree College for girls will be 2. Large-scale need-based, established in the district with adequate government/donor/private sector funded boarding facilities. industry, SMEs, mining, tourism, agricultural, livestock and fisheries related trainings at various levels, 4.5 Human Resources preferably district, at technical training centres, vocational training institutes According to the Population Census 1998, the and the University at Uthal will be total labour force in district Lasbela was 27 per organized. cent (50 per cent male and 1 per cent female). Most of the working population, i.e. 44 per 3. Briefings will be arranged for tribal elders, cent, was engaged mainly in agriculture and religious leaders, progressive farmers and fisheries with 60 per cent of total employed officials on the potential of SMEs and workers (60 per cent males and 67 per cent employment opportunities in the district, females) self-employed in the district. The Balochistan and other provinces; and overall unemployment rate was 27 per cent (28 prerequisites will be provided for availing per cent male and 2 per cent female). these opportunities.

In Lasbela the literacy rate and level of 4. Technical training for the labour force in education and skills, other than for those line with market requirements in involved in agriculture and traditional livestock vocational and training centres and herding, are low. institutes, or on the job will be arranged. This training will be on industry, mining, There is an urgent need to develop a skilled SMEs, etc., and may be held in the district labour force and use its full potential in and in other parts of the province sustainable development of the district. It is including Hub, Windar, Mable City, Gadani also imperative to focus on poverty reduction, and Quetta, as well as outside the sustainable livelihoods, and development of province, e.g., Karachi. SMEs. 5. The mechanism of employment exchange Key Issues will be revived, with a focus on private sector employment. „ A large section of the work force is unskilled. 6. A market place for skilled labour will be established. „ Public sector institutions have unqualified and untrained staff. 7. Needs-based vocational/technical training centres and training institutes in the „ Despite a number of trainings funded, district will be revived or established 30 organized and conducted by public (where required). Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Community at Phore village in Lasbela 4.6 Poverty Reduction private sectors to develop appropriate skills in the labour force and create appropriate and Sustainable opportunities, as well as on the readiness of Livelihoods the latter to avail these opportunities. The labour force, in turn, will need to be willing to The vision for Poverty Reduction and accept the available jobs and perform them Sustainable Livelihoods is to promote efficiently. alternative sustainable livelihoods such as from tourism; provide value addition for Value addition in agriculture, livestock, poultry agriculture, livestock, fishery, poultry products and mining is not recognized or practised, and minerals; and develop the skills and despite its potential. Development of micro- aptitude of the local labour force in this regard enterprise and SMEs can go a long way in through a crash programme to reduce poverty creating livelihoods and poverty reduction. and enhance the long term social and economic well-being of the people of Lasbela Tourism should be introduced in the district District. Workers with lower education levels since there are important cultural and natural can provide the bulk of the work force in sites and tourism destinations including industrial and commercial establishments and protected areas, beaches and coastal areas, earn their livelihood if their skills and attitudes and religious sites for Muslims and Hindus. towards industrial and mining jobs are improved. Some possible socioeconomic indicators for poverty and income distribution could be GDP The main stay of the majority of population is per capita, per cent population below agriculture, livestock, coastal fisheries, absolute poverty line, income distribution commerce and trade, transport and poultry (preferably using Gini index) and the Gender farming. A fraction of the labour force Development Index (GDI). engaged in industry and mining is local; most of it comes from outside. Thus there is great Key Issues scope for engagement of the local labour force in industry and mining. However, this „ The poor are among the worst depends on the resolve of the public and affected due to: 31 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

z Lack of definition of their rights for 4. Access to micro credit for both men and the use and development of women (following the example of natural resources. Grameen Bank in Bangladesh) will be facilitated to support self-employment. z Negligence in focusing on poverty reduction. 5. Existing micro enterprises such as handicrafts will be supported through z Over-exploitation of dwindling technological and economic incentives. natural resources, resulting in low resource productivity. 6. Setting up of new micro enterprises will be supported, including agriculture and z Degraded and depleted natural livestock related value addition such as resources, including groundwater, food processing (preparation of jams, land, soil, rangelands, livestock, jellies, pickles for home use and for forests, wildlife. marketing, using low quality or surplus fruits and vegetables), and handicrafts „ Wastage of low quality fruits. (knitting, sewing, embroidery).

„ Low literacy rate, lack of appropriate 7. Access to state-of-the-art technology as access to education and poor quality well as to markets will be provided. education. 8. Community development and involvement „ Unskilled, unemployed and under- in planning and management, cooperative employed human resources. enterprise development, management and marketing through social mobilization and „ Natural disasters such as cyclones, capacity building will be supported. tsunamis, floods, droughts, landslides and earthquakes. 9. Women will be encouraged to take up commercial poultry farming, apiculture, „ Limited job opportunities, lack of job- sericulture, and handicrafts; adopt careers hunting skills, and a mismatch of in the education and health sectors and available labour with available jobs. garment or pharmaceutical factories; and will be provided appropriate incentives „ Lack of district-specific data regarding and training. employment. 10. Awareness will promoted and information „ Political interference and lack of will be provided on potential micro consideration of merit in filling in enterprise opportunities and SMEs public sector positions. including sustainable livelihoods based on local resources and traditional knowledge. „ Lack of awareness, expertise, entrepreneurship and micro credit for 11. A District Sustainable Livelihood Plan and micro, small and medium enterprises. a Human Resource Development Plan will be developed and implemented. Measures 12. Technical and vocational trainings for 1. Data will be collected on human resources producing a skilled work force for feasible and existing livelihoods, and the potential small and medium enterprises will be of sustainable alternative livelihoods will arranged. be explored. 13. Training will be provided to farmers on 2. There will be a focus on human resource livestock and poultry farming. development, including skills development and focusing on the poor, keeping in view 14. Processing and use of various local raw existing and potential livelihoods. materials for value addition will be encouraged; and links with markets will be 3. A marketplace will be developed for facilitated. 32 skilled labour in the district. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

15. Merit-based employment in public sector 20. The establishment of small and medium agencies will be ensured. enterprises will be identified, encouraged and supported by creating an enabling 16. Economic incentives for sustainable use environment and facilitating access to of natural resources, e.g., technology- state-of-the-art technology, credit and intensive efficient irrigation systems will be development of a skilled labour force. provided. 21. There will be settlement of land ownership 17. Sustainable collection of wild plants and and usufruct rights. products and cultivation of local medicinal and aromatic plants will be promoted. 22. Value addition will be facilitated and markets will be established for innovative 18. The production, processing, grading and products. marketing of honey on a commercial scale will be encouraged and supported. 23. Ownership or access for the poor to available resources and assets will be 19. The potential of the following SMEs will be enhanced. explored: 24. Appropriate measures will be taken to „ Fruit and vegetable grading, packing, eliminate discrimination based on gender, preservation, processing, other value ethnicity or caste; and ensure equal addition and marketing access to justice regardless of gender or social status. „ Efficient irrigation techniques and related technology, including land 25. Roads from farms to markets will be levelling, on-form water management, developed. drip/bubbler and sprinkler irrigation 26. Measures will be taken to discourage and „ Agriculture engineering including the curtail child labour and facilitate children»s repair of agricultural machinery such access to school. as tube well machinery 27. The Waseela-i-Haq (livelihood) programme „ Cold storage launched by the federal government for poverty reduction will be redesigned and „ Solar, wind, biogas energy, fuel- reactivated. This focuses on employment efficient cooking and heating stoves, and housing projects for the poor and and cheap insulation for houses infrastructure building (e.g. roads and irrigation channels) in under-developed „ Dairy farming; beef and meet areas. fattening, and livestock farming

„ Livestock and poultry feed including 4.7 Social Insurance and urea molasses blocks and urea- treated straw; Safety Networks Pakistan has considerable legislation on „ Handicrafts. including carpets, rugs and other articles; labour laws, but few benefits reach the working class. The important laws include: (i) The Employees Social Security Ordinance „ Upgradating chromite 1965, (ii) The Employees Old-Age Benefits Act 1976, (iii) The Employment of Children Act „ Repair of household equipment; automobile repair; bee-keeping or 1991, and (iv) The Minimum Wages Ordinance apiculture; sericulture; basket making 1961. from mulberry twigs; computer and internet training; composting; cooking Key Issues and baking, interior decoration, trade and commerce including import and „ Workers are usually hired on monthly export wages and are neither registered for 33 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

nor receive social protection benefits, 3. The district administration will pursue even though all establishments registration of establishments and workers employing more than five workers are in the district with EOBI and BESSI for required to register their employees social benefits. Social security provides and pay for their social security health care facilities to all workers and benefit under the Balochistan Social their families and provides wages in case Security Act.22 of some chronic disease that require long- term treatment. EOBI provides pension to „ All establishments employing more workers on retirement and a one-time than 10 workers are required to registration is comprehensive for life, even register and pay old-age pension if the worker changes jobs. benefits for their employees. 4. Offices of the Balochistan Employees Measures Social Security Institution and Employees Old-age Benefits Institution in Gadani and 1. The application of Social Security, EOBI, other places where there is labour force Minimum Wage and Employment of concentration will be established. Children Act in Economic Free Zones, Currently, these are only present in Hub Special Industrial Zones, Export and Windar. Processing Zones and mining areas, and their compliance, enforcement and 5. There will be better and transparent monitoring will be ensured. management of Bait-ul-Mal (government department for collecting and distributing 2. The Balochistan Social Security Institution zakat) and Benazir Income Support and the Employees Old-age Benefits Programmes. Institution will register establishments with more than five and ten workers and their employees.

22 Provincial Employees Social Security Ordinance, 196, and Balochistan ESS (Procedure for Deciding Complaints and Review of 34 Decisions) Regulation, 1994 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

5. Housing and Settlements

5.1 Housing & Settlements

he vision of the sector is to provide safe shelter for all with facilities and Tutilities in upgraded and planned settlements. An affordable housing strategy for the district would increase the supply and diversity of modest-cost housing, eliminate homelessness and respond to the needs of low-income families. The goals of land use planning and transportation would be to create compact urban areas, support a sustainable economy, develop and protect the green zone, develop complete and resilient communities, and support sustainable transportation choices that are environment- and user-friendly, convenient, and affordable.

The goals for solid waste management would be to minimize waste generation; maximize reuse, recycling, material recovery (e.g. compost) and recovery energy production in Hub where the quantity of solid waste is significant; and to extract maximum benefit from the disposed waste. 35 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

In terms of ecological health, the district will cent higher in rural areas than in urban areas. be more sustainable if important ecological The percentage of housing units with 2 to 5 areas are secured, protected, and managed, rooms and the number of rooms per housing pollution and use of energy are reduced, and unit were higher in urban areas than in rural the green lungs of settlements are restored or areas. The level of congestion in terms of created and maintained. persons per housing unit is however higher in urban areas at seven persons per unit, in The word ≈LasΔ means a plain and ≈BelaΔ contrast to six persons per unit in rural areas. mean forest. Surrounded by hill ranges, the Therefore, construction of more housing units greater part of the area is a flat plain, Bela is required in urban areas. being the main town at the apex of the plain about 100 km from Karachi. Uthal Town has 49,171 housing-units were recorded in great potential as a trade centre for all coastal Lasbela District during the 1998 Census: areas of Balochistan and for the south- 33,966 (69 per cent) in rural areas and 15,205 western parts of the province. (31 per cent) in urban areas. 90 per cent of the housing units were self-owned. The There are five urban settlements in Lasbela percentage of rented housing units in urban District.23 Their characteristics and issues are areas was higher. 52 per cent housing units listed in Table 3. were built more than ten years ago, 28 per cent during the last 5-10 years and 19 per There are 288 rural localities in the district. cent during the last five years. Construction of Two localities have a population of 5,000 and new housing units continues in both rural and above; 18 have a population of 2,000-4,999; urban areas, with a higher percentage being 37 have a population of 1,000 to 1,999; 65 built in rural areas. have a population of 500 to 999; 77 have a population of 200 to 499; 63 have less than In urban areas, 52 per cent of the housing 200 people and 26 localities are uninhabited. units had standard pucca (baked brick) walls, made of baked bricks/blocks or stones with Seventy-two per cent of the housing units in cement bonding; the rest, in both urban and the district were single-room; this was 30 per rural areas were kutcha (mud or unbaked IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Information center and rest house at Hingol National Park

23 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics 36 Division, GoP, 2001. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 3: Characteristics and Issues of Urban Areas in Lasbela Key Characteristics Main Issues

1 Hub Chauki Town l Population: 62,763 (1998) l Industrial waste and effluent not treated and l Civil Sub division and Tehsil discharged untreated through a drain in the l Some district-level offices located in Hub Hub River Town, l Strikes and problems with law and order l Regional office of BEPA l Unplanned development and growth l Urban l Traffic congestion due to the Makran Coastal l Industry, trade and commerce Highway passing through the town l Concentration of industrial work force l Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital l Drinking water from obtained from Hub Dam waste through open canal l Overcrowded schools l Comparatively better education and health l High prevalence of disease facilities than in other parts of the district 2 Uthal Town l Population: 13,319 (1998) l Unplanned development and growth l District Headquarters l Traffic congestion in the NHW passing through l Urban the town l Trade and commerce l Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital l Comparatively better education and health waste facilities including the Lasbela University of l Overcrowded schools Marine Sciences l High prevalence of disease 3 Bela Town l Population: 16,705 (1998) - l Unplanned development and growth l Civil Sub division and Tehsil l Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital l Urban waste l Comparatively better education and health l Overcrowded schools facilities than in other parts of the district l High prevalence of disease l Seat of political power and influence 4 Windar Town

l Population: 11,569 (1998) l Industrial waste and effluent not treated and l Tehsil Headquarters of Sonmiani discharged untreated l Semi urban l Unplanned development and growth l Industry, trade and commerce l Traffic congestion in the NHW passing through l Industrial work force the town l Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital waste 5 Gadani

l Population: 11,068 (1998) l Pollution from ship breaking industry l Tehsil Headquarters l Unplanned development l Urban l Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital l Ship breaking industry waste l Concentration of labour l Coastal town l Energy-related and other industries planned to be set up in the surrounding areas brick). 40 per cent of the housing units had a had shared bathrooms and 23 per cent shared separate kitchen, 33 per cent units had latrines. More than 20 per cent of the houses separate bathrooms and about 20 per cent had no kitchen or bathroom facility and more units had separate latrines. The percentage of than 56 per cent had no latrine facility. The shared kitchens was 38; 34 per cent houses position of the rural areas was worse. 37 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Regarding other facilities24, in urban areas, withstand earthquakes, cyclones or 49 per cent housing units got piped water, of floods. which 37 per cent was inside the houses. In comparison, in rural areas, 8 per cent of „ Scarcity of safe drinking water. homes had piped water, of which 2 per cent had it inside the house. Two important „ Lack of drains or sewerage systems sources of drinking water both inside and and treatment of sewerage. outside the houses are hand pumps and wells, which fulfil the need of 51 per cent of „ Incomplete and/or unsafe disposal of housing units in rural and about 20 per cent in waste (solid, hospital and industrial). urban areas. The pond was the single largest source of drinking water outside the houses, „ Pollution (air, water, land, soil, noise). used by more than 16 per cent rural and 6 per cent urban housing units. „ Vegetable cultivation with untreated sewage in urban suburbs. Electricity was available to 29 per cent of the housing units in the district, and was „ Lack of open green spaces and parks significantly higher in urban areas (69 per in urban areas. cent) than in rural areas (11 per cent). More than 87 per cent of the housing units in rural „ Traffic congestion and rural areas used kerosene oil as a source of depopulation. lighting, as against 28 per cent in urban areas. „ Periodically insecure situation in Hub More than 88 per cent of the housing units in Chauki Town due to strikes. the district used wood as fuel for cooking, 95 per cent in rural areas compared to 74 per Measures cent in urban areas. Use of gas was 15 per cent in urban houses as against 0.3 per cent 1. There will be a credible and complete in rural areas. Kerosene oil was used as census of housing units in the district in cooking fuel by 7 per cent of housing units in 2011 as an integral part of the population urban areas as compared to 3 per cent in rural census. areas. 2. The planning tool below will be used for About 14 per cent of the total households in housing and settlements. the district had access to television, 31 per cent to radio and 15 per cent to newspapers. 3. Safe disposal of solid waste, industrial A higher percentage of households in urban waste and hospital waste will be ensured. areas had access to information.25 4. User charges and property tax will be Key Issues levied and collected, and octroi or similar charges will be revived. „ The 2008 population census was not undertaken and is expected to be 5. Transparent working of security networks conducted in 2011. This results in a for the poorest of the poor will be lack of accurate information, which is ensured. a serious constraint in planning facilities and utilities for settlements. 6. A one-window complaint and grievance addressing systems in all urban „ Lack of planning at house, town and settlements will be established. regional levels. 7. Regional planning, master planning of „ The design of houses and the urban areas and potential growth centres, construction materials used, and development planning control will be especially in the rural areas, cannot ensured.

24 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. 25 Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics 38 Division, GoP, 2001. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 2: Housing and Settlements Strategy

District Vision

Role and Mission

Values

Sustainability Principles

Service and Plans, Policy Political Delivery and Regulations Leadership Sustainability in Suite of Plans Collaborative Action Governance

- Water - Master Plan - Sewerage - Drinking Water - Solid Waste Disposal - Solid Waste - Consultative - Zoning - Liquid Waste Mechanism - Parks and Sports - Air Quality - Outreach Complex - Growth Management - Advocacy - Housing - Housing - Education - Commerce and - Parks and Sport Trade Areas Complex - Non-polluting - Ecological Health industries - Transport

Measures and Targets

8. A drainage or sewerage system will be 12. Environment-friendly development in constructed where needed and treatment and around settlements will be of the sewage and industrial wastes of ensured. Hub Chauki, Windar, Bela, Uthal and Gadani Towns will be implemented. 13. There will be good governance, transparency and accountability in 9. Smaller settlements will be clustered and managing settlements and all public readjusted for provision of facilities and services. utilities. 14. Pollution control (air, water, land, soil and 10. Risks, especially in urban areas, will be noise) will be ensured. reduced by providing manhole covers, fire brigades, civil defence and disaster risk 15. Access roads, inter-city and intra-city management. vehicle stands, street pavements and lights will be provided. 11. Security in Hub Chauki will be improved. 39 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

16. Supply of adequate and environment- on a small sample and is unreliable. This friendly transport by the private sector will target is challenging and needs maximum be ensured. effort if it is to be achieved. Containing demand, efficient use, enhancing water 17. Adequate and quality facilities (health, recharging and controlling water pollution are education, WatSan, livelihood and utilities some of the important related aspects of (electricity, gas) will be provided wherever water supply that need to be addressed. possible. Drinking Water

5.2 Water PHED and municipal committees are responsible for supplying safe drinking water in The vision of the district is safe drinking water rural and urban areas respectively. Some and sanitation for all. The goals of the drinking people get drinking water from hand pumps; water resources strategy are to provide clean, others are dependent on agricultural tube wells. safe drinking water, ensure sustainable use However, the majority of the rural population and efficient supply of water, and manage and does not have access to safe drinking water. protect the watersheds that provide the They fetch water from ponds or other sources district»s water. The goals for liquid waste of stagnant water, which is not clean enough to management include protecting public health drink. In urban areas, water in broken pipelines and the environment and managing liquid sometimes mixes with the sewage water, waste affordably and effectively. causing diseases among people.

Safe drinking water is a basic human need Canal water, which is stored in open tanks and the government is committed to halve the through open drains and is used for drinking, proportion of people without sustainable as in Hub Town, needs filtration according to access to safe drinking water within two the World Health Organization»s health kilometres or 30 minutes (return) and basic standards. The incidence of hepatitis, typhoid sanitation under MDG 7 by the year 2015. and other infectious diseases has been Only one third of the population of the district increasing in the district and is due primarily has access to safe drinking water. The MICS to drinking polluted water. This is a significant (2004) estimate of higher coverage is based problem that needs immediate attention. IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 40 Community-managed well at Kund Malir, Hingol National Park Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 4: Water Filtration Plants Installed in Lasbela District under Phase 1 of the CDWI Project 2005-06 S.No. Tehsil Locations

1. Hub S/Tehsil Under the overhead Reservoir at Hub Water Works

2. Bela Tehsil Under OHR near Chutki Road PHE Water Supply Scheme, Tehsil Bela

3. Uthal Near Jamote Street & Civil Hospital, Tehsil Uthal

4. Lakhra Near Main Bazaar & Police Station, Tehsil Lakhra

5. Liari S/Tehsil Liari Bazaar near Moolchand House and Shop, Tehsil Liari Lasbela

6. Gadani S/Tehsil Near Township Wadera Khuda Baksh Abbad and Ship Breaking Road, Fire Brigade Station, Fadani City

7. Dureji Mohallah Kacho, Near Cattle Barah, behind Sardar Saleh Bhotani House, Tehsil Dureji

Source: Deputy Project Director: CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives Islamabad

Table 5: Water Filtration Plants, installed in Union Councils of Lasbela District in Phase II of the Clean Drinking Water for All (CDWA) Project 2007-10 Union Council Locations Bela Uthal Dureji 1. Rural Health Centre, 1. Uthal City 1. Dureji Town Area Bela city 2. Kheer Golai Mauza Chotra 2. Goth Haji Saddiq Jamali 2. Goth Saleh chib 3. Goth Haji Sidiq Shaikh 3. Chotair Rest House 3. Jam Yousafabad Danda 4. Jamia Masjid 4. Baghow stoc 4. Goth Mossiani 5. Near Buldia Rest House 5. Poi bazaar 5. Goth Issa 6. Near Fire Brigade Office 6. Rigurah cross 7. Gujar Goth, near Bhawani Madrasa 8. Gaddani Bazaar 9. Bhria Sonmiani

Source: Deputy Project Director: CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives Islamabad

Clean Drinking Water programme: Water ≈According to the relevant federal agency, almost filtration plants have been installed in the all installed plants are operational and being tehsils of Lasbela district under the Clean maintained by the Public Health Engineering Drinking Water Initiatives (CDWI) Project. The Department (PHE Dept.), as the executing scheme consists of three phases. The first agency, in the Government of Balochistan. phase, which was planned for the tehsil level, started in 2005 and was completed in 2006. ≈The PHED has contracted two firms for The second phase is under execution at the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the Union Council level. So far, 390 plants have installed plants at tehsil level, but the firm that been installed in different part of the Province. installed the plants at the UC level is Phase III is for villages with populations of responsible for their O & M for a period of 1,000; the scheme is expected to start after three years post installation. The O& M completion of the current phase. Water requires change of media, change of filtration plants installed under Phase 1 are membrane (filter), chlorine-dozing, hourly given in Table 4. backwash system (installed for every plant).

Water filtration plants installed in the union ≈The federal government»s commitment for councils of the district in Phase II of the Clean funds for O & M of the installed plants is for Drinking Water for All (CDWA) Project 2007-10 three years, thereafter the provincial are given in Table 5. government is expected to take on this 41 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 6: Issues, Policies and Strategies for Drinking and Sanitation Water Water for Drinking and Sanitation

Issue Policy Strategy Lack of access to safe drinking Provision of safe drinking water Set annual plans and targets to water to be respected as a fundamental increase percentage of right population with access to safe/piped water Reduce the proportion or people without sustainable access to Provide adequate budgetary safe drinking water progressively allocations to achieve targets (halve by the year 2015)

Inadequate availability of water Ensure provision of adequate Identify new schemes and for drinking and sanitation water to meet the needs of rural additional sources of water and urban populations supply

Separate arrangements for Conduct technical and economic supply of potable water should feasibility studies for transporting be encouraged wherever feasible water through pipes and pumps, even over long distances, and to higher elevations

Ensure adequate investment through PSDP and promote public-private partnership

Dilapidated state of water supply Improve maintenance of Effective rehabilitation and systems (wherever these exist) infrastructure to reduce wastage improvement in efficiency of of water through leaking pipes existing water supply systems.

Poor quality and microbially Improve water quality in Establish laboratories for water hazardous drinking water accordance with quality testing within convenient national/international standards distances. Laboratories should be equipped properly, maintained and operated by qualified field staff

Lack of testing, monitoring and Ensure regular testing of water Creation of appropriate Water enforcement of standards Quality Monitoring Authorities in regarding quality of water Provide hygienic sanitation provinces and Federal Territories facilities for 100 per cent of the and enforcement of quality Lack of operational sewage urban and rural population by standards treatment facilities and direct 2025 through the provision of effluent disposal, polluting fresh appropriate waterborne sewerage Create water and Sewerage water bodies (streams, lakes, etc) system and sewerage/ Agencies/Boards in major wastewater treatment plants cities/towns and provide Unaffordable water charges and adequate financing to cope with subsequent consumers» concern Promote water metering and the problem demand-based affordable water charges Enhance water use efficiency through mass awareness. Provide subsidy to keep the water rates at affordable levels

42 Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 7: Issues, Policies and Strategies Regarding Water Pollution Water for Drinking and Sanitation

Issue Policy Strategy Deterioration in water quality due All users of water, public or Implementation of monitoring to salt contamination from private, shall have the right to programme to: agrochemicals, municipal and receive water of specified quality industrial effluents. at their premises of use; and they l Establish quality standards shall concurrently have the for water for different uses obligation not to degrade the and for surface and quality of water beyond what is groundwater. acceptable. l Develop and implement a Maintenance of water quality in comprehensive programme rivers, reservoirs, lakes, canals, for water quality monitoring. water bodies and coastal areas including groundwater shall be a Standards of NEQS be reviewed, national priority. updated and enforced for agricultural drainage, municipal, Strengthen, promote and support rural and industrial wastewater public and private research treatment and safe effluent organizations and universities to disposal undertake research to develop appropriate technologies for Undertake, encourage and issues related to saline water support Research and agriculture, hydraulic Development (R&D) in improving performance of channels, salinity water management. modelling, etc.

Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006. responsibility. The monthly expenditure of one arrears accumulate or the deficit is plant is Rs 12,500/, which includes the covered by mainstream revenues or operator»s monthly salary of Rs. 5000/.Δ26 the regular budget. However, tube wells run by village development The issues, policies and strategies regarding organizations (VDOs) in rural areas water pollution are given in Table 7. lack a safety net and are often forced into disuse when the revenues Key Issues collected are insufficient to pay electricity bills and other maintenance „ Despite scarcity of drinking water, expenses. there is considerable wastage due to loss during transportation and unwise „ Wastewater treatment systems do not use for domestic purposes. exist in urban centres in the district. Untreated sewerage causes many „ PHED and municipal authorities are problems including large-scale water often reluctant to collect water bills pollution and disease. The same water regularly given the high political cost of is also used for growing vegetables, cutting off water supply to defaulters. which are unhealthy and pose a significant public health risk. „ In both rural and urban schemes, water supply costs are high as Measures compared to income from payment of water bills. Electricity bills and staff 1. It will be ensured that the surface water overheads are also high. used for drinking in towns such as Hub, Consequently, either large electricity through water supply schemes, is treated

26 Personal conversation with the Deputy Project Director, CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives, Islamabad 43 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

and the sand filters on dead storage are 12. Quality of and easy access to water supply, maintained properly. especially for women will be improved.

2. An integrated approach will be adopted, 13. Quality of the water supply for drinking with rational resource use, and water purposes will be maintained in conformity efficient techniques will be introduced. with WHO recommended standards.

3. Performance and utilization of local 14. Studies will be conducted to develop systems through better planning, alternative sources of water supply in the management and community participation district. will be improved. 15. There will be a focus on institutional 4. Understanding of linkages between strengthening, capacity building and hygiene and health through community human resource development. education campaigns, especially among women and children will be improved. 16. Water desalination units will be established in coastal areas for drinking 5. Simple benchmarking tools and guidelines purposes. will be developed to assess the quality of operation and maintenance of water 17. Water storage dams will be developed supply schemes. with designs based on careful study of water flows and flood data. 6. Water supply pipelines will be maintained and replaced if old, leaking or damaged, 18. Proper structural maintenance of storage to avoid danger of contamination. dams will be ensured.

7. PHED and municipal committees will establish strict controls on security of 5.3 Sanitation pipelines to prevent installation of unauthorised water connections of suction The vision for sanitation is toilets in all houses, pumps on main supply pipelines. and complete coverage, safe disposal and treatment of sewerage and industrial 8. A Drinking Water Management Plan will be discharge in urban and rural areas of the developed and implemented for adequate district. water supply for all urban centres and large villages with populations of more than Wastewater treatment systems do not exist in 2,000, to contribute to a healthy the urban centres of the province (only one sustainable district through wise wastewater treatment plant has been recently stewardship of its drinking water resources. installed in Quetta City and work on another two is on-going). Untreated sewerage causes 9. A Code of Conduct for Drinking Water many problems including large-scale water Conservation will be developed and pollution and disease and is used for growing promoted, which is essential in the wake vegetables, which is unhealthy and creates a of rapid growth in population and the significant public health risk. consequent increase in demand. The National Sanitation Policy (NSP- 2006)27, 10. The effectiveness of WatSan and waste approved by the federal government in 2006, disposal activities will be regularly focuses on safe disposal of excreta through monitored through credible citizens» the use of latrines, the creation of an open, monitoring committees and their defecation-free environment, safe disposal of recommendations will be implemented. liquid and solid waste, and the promotion of safe health and hygiene practices. In order to 11. Coverage of communal filtration plants will support implementation of the guidelines, be extended and regular maintenance of effective institutional and financial water filters, etc will be ensured. frameworks are envisaged. Sanitation

27 Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment (September 2006). National Sanitation Policy. 44 http://www.Pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/environment-division/media/Sanitation%20Policy.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision NRSP, Faizur Rehman NRSP, Q Poor sanitation √ a sore sight in the district

programmes are linked with environment, reuse in agriculture, city parks and housing, water and regional planning policies lawns. and programmes. „ Open defecation in rural areas due to The federal government provides incentives lack of latrines in many houses. for the implementation of the NSP such as rewards for open, defecation-free tehsils and „ Used polythene bags thrown in the towns, the cleanest tehsils/towns with 100 per open, which are a hazard to cent sanitation coverage, and the cleanest cleanliness, safe water, and human industrial estates or clusters. health; aggregate the problem of solid waste and choke sewer lines and Key Issues drains.

„ Lack of proper sewerage or „ Illegal water connections, which are a inadequate drainage system menace to PHED and the municipal throughout the district. committees in terms of theft of water, loss of revenue, poor sanitation, etc. „ Throwing of garbage in sewer drains, wherever they exist, e.g., in Hub Measures Town, and lack of maintenance of the drains to control ground water 1. The production and use of polythene bags pollution. will be restricted and the use of reusable cloth bags or biodegradable bags will be „ Discharging untreated sewerage and promoted. industrial effluents in water bodies, such as in Hub and Porali Rivers and 2. Hygiene kits to students will be supplied the Arabian Sea. periodically.

„ Lack of treatment of sewerage and 3. The sewerage system in towns and large recycling of treated sewerage for villages will be provided and/or maintained. 45 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The same will be reused for agriculture, various sources. Open defecation is practiced lawns and grassy grounds; the expertise in by the inhabitants of houses without latrines. the field of wastewater irrigation will include Similarly, hand washing before meals is a mix of agronomists, engineers, social generally neglected. scientists and public health experts. Climatic Change and Rising 4. Construction of latrines in households and Sea Level: public places where non-existent will be supported, open defecation will be The mean sea level is rising slowly but discouraged, and public toilets will be gradually due to global warming at a rate of kept clean through a user fee system. about 1.1 millimetres per year. This will have an impact on the low-lying coastal areas of Lasbela District, especially the beaches, 5.4 Environment (and lagoons and estuaries of the rivers, and the rivers for which there are plans to build dams, Sustainability) such as the Hingol and Windar Rivers. The rising sea level will increase salinity of the The vision of the environment in the district is water and change the ecological character of of being NEQS-compliant and engaging in these water bodies. Rising of the sea level environment-friendly development and may also increase the salinity level of production, safe disposal of all kinds of freshwater surface reservoirs and groundwater wastes and effluents, and developing and in coastal areas. maintaining green lungs in all urban centres. Key Issues The goals of environmental improvement include reduction in air, land, soil, noise and The deteriorating environment is a major issue water pollution and creation of a healthy in Lasbela District, in particular in Hub, environment for better quality of life and Gadani, Windar and Bela Towns and other optimum productivity. The goals of air quality urban areas. The issues faced in the district management would be to minimize the risk to include: public health from air pollution and minimize the district»s contribution to climate change. „ Emissions from transport, industries, dairy farms and human population in The discussion in this section focuses on urban areas are polluting the air and overall environmental health in the district, its impacting people»s health. impact on the people and a broader approach to address environmental issues. „ Unsafe disposal of untreated industrial effluents and sewerage. Most of the district is free from pollution. However, the industrial cum urban areas of „ Improper and unsafe disposal of solid Hub, Gadani, Windar, and Marble City are waste, hospital waste and industrial polluted because of industrial emissions, waste including used polythene bags. wastes, effluents and municipal wastes and discharge. The mining areas in the district are „ Occupational health and workers» polluted due to waste and alteration of safety issues in industries, SMEs, and landscape. The furnace oil-based Hub Power mines are affecting workers. Plant is also a source of pollution, resulting in a serious pollution in Hub Town. „ Incomplete or no coverage for workers of services in terms of social The municipal effluents and solid waste of security, old age benefits, etc. Bela Town are disposed of in Porali River. Similarly, the untreated industrial and „ Spraying vegetables and orchards municipal effluents and wastes from Hub with pesticide, which is polluting the Gadani Towns are discharged into Hub River soil, the air and the water. and the Arabian Sea respectively. „ Lack of or uncoordinated The quality of drinking water in most parts of development planning and 46 the district is low mainly due to pollution from implementation. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Box 4: Functions of the BEPA Regional Office √ Hub Town BEPA has established its Regional Office in Hub Town in January, 2010, to perform the following functions:

l Seek compliance and enforcement of NEQS;

l Ensure, guide and assist advocates for new projects to submit an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)/ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the Director General, EPA, for approval;

l Ensure implementation of environmental protection and preservation measures for all development projects at the district level

l Sensitize government agencies on environmental issues;

l Identify the need for legislation in various sectors on environmental matters;

l Provide information and guidance to the public on the environment;

l Regulate motor vehicles according to the provisions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997;

l Encourage the establishment of non-governmental organizations, to work on pollution control and sustainable development;

l Undertake regular monitoring of projects and submit progress reports to the DG, EPA, for publication in the EPA»s Annual Report;

l Ensure timely publication of Annual Reports.

„ Inadequate housing and development Hub and Porali Rivers and the Arabian of slums (kachi abadis) as well as mud Sea. houses in rural areas and slums in urban areas, which are vulnerable to „ Noise pollution on highways and destruction by earthquakes, cyclones, roads passing through urban centres. floods and even strong winds. „ Smoke and emissions from industries „ Weak compliance and enforcement of and transport (due to lack of tuning, laws. use of old vehicles and traffic congestion) are polluting the air and „ Low quality (from ponds and open impacting the health of people living stagnant sources) and scarcity of near industries and roads. drinking water due to mismanagement of freshwater resources and „ The southern suburbs of Hub Town groundwater recharge problems. are the backyards for some of the waste from Karachi City. „ Contamination of water supply due to mixing of sewage with drinking water Measures because of leaking sewer lines, and broken conveyance and distribution 1. There will be awareness raising on pipes for drinking water in urban environmental issues among teachers, areas, e.g., Hub Town. students, policy makers, planners and the general public. „ Growing of vegetables with untreated sewage in some urban suburbs. 2. Participatory planning, management and implementation for addressing „ Pollution from untreated industrial environmental issues, and achieving effluents and sewerage is affecting the environment-friendly development and 47 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

environmental sustainability will be 10. Leakage of sewer and drinking water lines introduced. will be repaired and steps will be taken to ensure that the lines do not get mixed 3. BEPA will monitor air and water pollution in industrial and urban areas and monitor 11. Silencers of rickshaws, motorcycles and water quality throughout the district. other vehicles will be checked periodically and their repair will be ensured to reduce 4. BEPA will seek compliance of and enforce the high noise levels in urban areas. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for air, water and other 12. Hospitals, courts, educational institutions, environmental parameters in municipal government and private agencies» offices effluent, industrial discharge and and public parks will be designated as development projects. silent zones (blowing of horns will be banned) and this provision will be strictly 5. BEPA will issue environmental orders for enforced. all violations of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, and 13. BEPA will periodically survey new sources pursue cases in the Environmental of pollution. Tribunal. 14. A combined industrial and sewerage 6. Public and private sector projects will treatment plant in Hub will be installed. comply unequivocally with the requirements of the IEE and EIA under the 15. WatSan coverage to all large settlements EIA Guidelines of the Pakistan will be extended. Environmental Protection Agency, irrespective of emergency or priority. While 16. Auto-rickshaws will be switched to CNG BEPA will review these through a wide or phased out to reduce air pollution and consultation process, unnecessary delays noise. New licenses for petrol rickshaws in the EIA review process will be avoided. will not be given.

7. There will be periodic checking of vehicles 17. Urban planning with implementation will jointly by BEPA and police staff for air and take place for all towns. smoke emissions. 18. Landfill site development for proper 8. Stringent annual/bi-annual checking of management and safe disposal of vehicles for safety and emissions by the municipal waste and non-hazardous Motor Vehicle Examiner will take place. industrial waste will be ensured.

9. There will be regular cleaning and 19. Safe collection, transportation and disinfection of overhead water tanks in incineration of waste produced in all houses. hospitals in the district will be ensured.

48 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

6. Natural Resource and Climate

≈Expanding human requirements and economic activities are placing ever increasing pressures on land resources, creating competition and conflicts and resulting in suboptimal use of both land and land resources. If, in the future, human requirements are to be met in a sustainable manner, it is now essential to resolve these conflicts and move towards more effective and efficient use of land and its natural resources,Δ emphasizes Agenda 21.28

Integrated physical and land-use planning and management are an eminently practical way to achieve this. By examining all uses of land in an integrated manner, it makes it possible to minimize conflict, to make the most efficient trade- offs and to link social and economic development with environmental protection and enhancement, thus helping to achieve the objectives of sustainable development.

28. Agenda 21 is one of the outcomes of United Nation»s Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992, which was attended by the Heads of States including the Prime Minister of Pakistan, as the leader of the Group of 77. 49 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The integrated approach to planning and Key Issues management requires reorganization and, where necessary, strengthening of the „ Statistics for the reported area are not decision-making structure, including existing reliable. About 17 per cent of the policies, planning and management geographical area is still un-reported, procedures and methods that can assist in which means its land use is unknown. putting in place an integrated approach to natural resource and socioeconomic „ Although livestock grazing is a major development. activity in the district, the exact area and location of rangelands are not The operational aspects of planning and available. management are more appropriately dealt with under the relevant sectoral „ Details of the cultivable waste area are programmes in this chapter. However, not available. cross-sectoral consideration is also necessary in decision-making for „ The forest cover area, notwithstanding sustainable development. the notified forest area, is not known, making planning and supporting forest management in collaboration with 6.1 Land communities difficult.

The total geographical area of the district is „ Some forest areas were transferred to 1,515,30029 ha. The reported area is industrial estates and some to the 1,255,39030 ha (83 per cent) of which 71 per Prison Department. cent (893,190 ha) is cultivable waste. The cultivated area comprises 83,356 ha (7 per „ There are no land use planning or cent) i.e., 50,203 ha current fallow land development planning controls in the (abnormally large) and 33,153 ha net sown district. (comparatively low). 0.2 per cent is waterlogged and 10 per cent (grossly under „ Land records are maintained manually estimated) is not available for cultivation due and are not computerised. to topography and lack of irrigation facilities. Thus, the total area available for cultivation is Measures 976,546 ha (64 per cent of the total geographical area), which is considerably 1. Mutation of the state land of Hingol over-estimated.31 A large area of the district National Park in the name of the can be cultivated if water can be developed Balochistan Forest and Wildlife for irrigation, although this too, is an optimistic Department will be done. It will be estimate. All these figures need validation by ensured that there is no delay since that determining existing and potential land use may cause litigation, especially in the with the help of GIS-based maps developed wake of development of Hingol Dam. from satellite images. 2. GIS-based maps of land use in the district Expansion of cultivation through public- will be prepared with the help of private-community partnerships needs to be appropriate land satellite images. This will explored. Land use planning of the district is a provide an accurate and comprehensive priority in order to maximise benefit and inventory of natural resources and land reduce conflict. The market prices of the land use in the district for planning and policy need rationalisation; at the minimum decisions, as well as for use as relevant. provisions of the Land Acquisition Act 1894 should be applied and speculative buying 3. Land settlement in the remaining area, should be discouraged. wherever administratively possible, will be

29 Survey of Pakistan map of Lasbela District 30 Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 31 Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 50 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Tube well at a farm in Uthal

undertaken. This is an important drinking and domestic needs; for food prerequisite for development of land for (agriculture, fisheries); for development agriculture. (energy, industry, transport, tourism); and for nature (wetlands, water birds and other 4. Land consolidation, and completion and aquatic life, mangroves and plantations). It is computerisation of land records will be also a source of power and often leads to ensured. conflict of interests and identity battles. Fresh water has great significance for arid districts such as Lasbela. 6.2 Water In addition to traditional water use for The vision for the water sector in the district is: domestic purposes and irrigation, its wider aspects include an array of political and „ To become a provider of water for ecological processes that influence water WatSan, agriculture, industry, governance, water rights, fisheries, nature conservation, tourism hydropower/irrigation dam construction, water and other uses, mainly through pollution, water organizations, participation, surface water development river basin management, water policy implementation and judicial decision-making „ To be a controller and regulator in water conflicts. against inefficient use, ground water mining and water pollution; and Social participation in water management and governance exists traditionally in tribal societies „ To provide coordination for all water such as Lasbela but has not evolved as use and stakeholders regarding effectively in case of new developments such as participatory policy-making, canal irrigation in Hub Tehsil. The key compliance and enforcement of laws, dimensions of contemporary water planning, management and monitoring. management relating to participation are indigenous water governance, gender dynamics Water is key for livelihood, sustenance, in water management, river basin governance, economic development and conservation of implementation of water management, and the nature. The main uses of water are for politics of water governance. 51 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The complexity of current water resource implementation and monitoring of management poses many challenges. Water Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). managers need to resolve a range of interrelated water dilemmas, such as As mentioned earlier, the situation of ground balancing water quantity and quality, ground water in most parts of the district is better, water depletion, flooding, drought, and with the exception of the coastal areas, but maintaining biodiversity and ecological rapid depletion of ground water has started functions and services, in a context where where intensive tube well irrigation is human beliefs, actions and values play a practiced for cultivation of banana, vegetables central role. Furthermore, the growing and other high delta crops. Ground water uncertainties of global climate change and the depletion and pollution have emerged as long-term implications of management actions recent concerns in the industrial areas of Hub, make the problems even more difficult. Windar and Marble City. The new Uthal-Bela Industrial Estate being developed at the Zero In terms of inland surface and ground water Point of the Makran Coastal Highway is also resources, the district is much better than likely to face these issues if adequate many other districts in the province. In environmental safeguards are not taken. addition, this is one of two coastal districts in Balochistan. Despite its arid climate, Lasbela The use of irrigation water is generally high District is endowed with many water bodies per unit area and is quite inefficient due to including rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, significant wastage. This has implications not estuaries, the famous Sonmiani Bay and only for ground water depletion but also for lagoons. The important rivers in the district extra consumption of electricity or diesel for include Hub, Porali, Hingol and Windar. tube wells and increase in cost of production.

The Mor range and Khude are surrounded by This allocation is quite inadequate considering Sman Branch of Kolachi River on the south, the potential for water development through Hub River on the east and Gidar Dhor River mega projects in the district. on the west. Valleys of the Kharari or Kanrach and the Mithri, Mohbar and Chebechi torrents Key Issues are situated in the south. From its entrance into Lasbela district, the Porali River runs over „ Increasing demand for water due to a stony course and has low banks as far as increasing human and livestock Mangia, where it passes through clay soil. A populations, expansion of agriculture, dam has been constructed at Shah Lakhra. industrial use of water, and indiscriminate About 89 km downstream of the dam, a abstraction of groundwater resources branch of the Porali River, known as the Titian with tube wells for high delta orchards, River, takes off and eventually flows into the e.g., banana and vegetables. Siranda Lake. There are numerous streams and water channels at the head of the valley „ Lack of water conservation (reduced above Bela. recharge, ground water mining, inefficient use and water pollution). The two current new mega developments in The reduced recharge of groundwater the water sector in the district are the is due to destruction of vegetation construction of Windar Dam and Hingol Dam. cover and degradation of forests, The feasibility and planning of the former is rangelands and other watersheds. complete and the same is being worked out for the latter (the earlier feasibility was rejected „ Inefficient irrigation practices and due to negative impact on Hinglaj Maata/Nani water use (high efficiency irrigation Mandar). There is additional potential for water systems not adopted). There is also development. However, such developments inefficient use of water for Sailaba have diverse social, economic and (flood irrigated) and Khushkaba (rain environmental negative impacts upstream and fed) farming systems. downstream. It is important that the negative impacts are eliminated or mitigated and the „ Economic incentives through subsidised benefits are maximised by conducting and flat rate electricity tariffs for agricultural evaluating environmental impact assessments tube wells, which encourage excessive 52 (EIAs), and through the development, pumping, create a financial resource Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

gap to the provincial exchequer, and „ Lack of an integrated approach to inequity in favour of the ≈havesΔ. natural resource management and project planning and implementation. „ Pollution of water bodies and ground water due to untreated discharge of „ Inadequate and ineffective monitoring sewerage and untreated industrial and evaluation of projects. effluents. „ Lack of political will to conserve, „ Brackish ground water in the coastal develop and manage water resources areas and severe problem of water sustainably. supply for drinking. „ Lack of recovery of user charges for „ Long drought periods, such as from water for drinking, irrigation and industry. 1998-2004, which result in negative impact on the availability of water and „ Lack of or inadequate and ineffective livelihood of rural communities. participation of stakeholders, especially water users, in planning, „ Inadequacy and unreliability of data is managing and using water. one of the major factors affecting the planning, development and „ Institutional set-up and constraints management of water resources. that restrict effective management of water resources. „ Lack of coordination among water, housing and planning. municipal, „ The issues, policies and strategies for agriculture, forest, wildlife and the water sector are extracted and rangeland, fisheries, and tourism adapted from the draft National Water agencies and industry. Policy for the district in Table 8:

Table 8: Issues, Policies and Strategies for the Water Sector Issue Policy Strategy Drainage and Reclamation Water logging. Drainable surplus at source will Waterlogged areas will be be minimized through improved properly identified and better irrigation practices and reuse of irrigation practices will be drainage effluents wherever adopted. feasible. Line water canals will be built On-farm drainage on agriculture with priority given to saline areas. lands, salt leaching, use of chemicals (e.g. Gypsum) and Participation of beneficiaries in biochemical techniques will be cost-effective technologies will promoted. be encouraged and financial support will be provided Build-up of salts in irrigated Promote salt-tolerant crops. wherever feasible. areas. Feasibility studies for the disposal of saline effluent, Inadequate drainage preferably locally, and to the sea interventions only when unavoidable will be expedited, and the requisite infrastructure will be constructed.

No project shall be undertaken in saline ground water areas, unless safe disposal of effluent is possible. 53 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issue Policy Strategy Equity and Water Rights

Inequitable distribution of water Water rights as specified in Stakeholders» participation in various laws and agreements will distribution through formation of be fully respected and enforced. Farmers» Organizations (FOs), Lack of managerial efficiency etc. will be encouraged Training, capacity building and institutional reforms in the water Periodic water audits will be Lack of transparency and sector will be supported. conducted. accountability in provision and withdrawal of water Equitable distribution of water to facilitate authorized supply at canal tails will be ensured.

Research and Development

Adoptive and problem oriented research will be encouraged.

Integrated Planning and Development of Water Resources There will be a non-integrated The principles of Integrated and Water budgets for basins, sub- approach towards water resource Unified River Basin Development basins and each canal command planning and development. will be adopted to ensure that all will be prepared to ascertain aspects of decision making for availability for all requirements water resource development are and additional development taken care of on a holistic basis. potential for surface water, groundwater and rainfall It will be ensure that water harvesting. resource plans take a balanced approach to integrated Development Plans for each area development across all sectors. for all water uses will be prepared. The Development Plans will also take into account environmental aspects.

Traditional means of irrigation such as karezes, wells, ponds, small dams, check dams, etc. will be rehabilitated and sustained.

Improving Water Management

a) Water related Laws Lack of updating of water related Tube well installation regulations Tube well installation regulations Acts and Laws. to check groundwater depletion will be reviewed and revised. will be updated. b) Training

Lack of human resource training All categories of personnel and The plan will cover training in in water management. farmers involved in water information systems, sectoral management and use will be planning, project planning and trained. formulation, project management, operation of projects and their physical structures and systems, and the management of water distribution systems. 54 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issue Policy Strategy c) Stakeholders» Participation Lack of stakeholders» An enabling environment for A strategy will be developed to participation in development, active stakeholders will be engage stakeholder participation management, operation and created, with consultation and in all aspects of the water sector. maintenance of water resource participation at all levels and in all development and management aspects of water resources Management practices will be projects including irrigation, drainage, promoted that will enable domestic water supply, flood community participation in the protection, drought mitigation, construction, operation and waste water treatment and maintenance of water pollution control. infrastructure.

Initial focus will be placed on Farmers» Organizations will be water users» involvement in: organized and involved.

l Water distribution to ensure that all members receive their due share of water

l Periodic maintenance

l Assessment and collection of water charges

l Monitoring water and soil quality

l Controlling pollution and wastage

l Resolution of local disputes among members

l Coordination of participatory programmes with policies and programmes of all other public and private bodies to encourage partnership and avoid conflict. d) Sustainable Water Infrastructure Lack of physical and financial Water-related infrastructure will Existing water right disputes will sustainability of infrastructure have physical and functional be settled by improving the design sustainability. of water distribution structures, especially in Lakhra Tehsil.

Engineer, construct and operate Field investigations and required the accessory infrastructures of studies will be carried out before the Hingol and Windar dams so designing any project. The safety that each component serves its and sustainability of all new purpose without undue wastage infrastructures will be a of water. prerequisite. The existing infrastructure will be evaluated for its sustainability and undertake necessary remedial work will be undertaken. 55 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issue Policy Strategy

The National Dams and Barrages Safety Council will carry out periodic inspections of all vital infrastructures

Each agency in charge of infrastructure will carry out relevant, periodic inspections.

Each relevant agency will prepare and update Inspection Manuals specifying the interval of each inspection, inspection procedures for each type of infrastructure and the authorities responsible for remedial action. e) Financing for Water Sector Inadequate budgetary allocation PSDP allocation and other fiscal All resources including donor for water sector measures will be enhanced. financing will be tapped.

Water charges/service fees will be introduced and rationalized to reduce resource gaps.

Recovery rates will improve.

The Integrated Water Resources Management and maintenance of water schemes will (IWRM) Policy32 provides a solution to the be addressed. problems and issues in the short, medium and long terms. 16 policy areas have been 4. Excessive irrigation will be avoided and identified by the Balochistan Resource irrigation will be adjusted according to the Management Programme (BRMP) for the specific crop requirement. Cropping IWRM Policy (Box 5). patterns and practices, e.g., promotion of low delta crops and fruit plants in areas Measures affected by ground water depletion will be adjusted. 1. Awareness of water conservation against pollution, wastage, inefficient use and 5. Irrigation and Agriculture Departments and over exploitation will be raised. beneficiary communities will work together to discontinue inefficient irrigation and 2. Staff competencies will be developed and promote high efficiency irrigation systems water-related public sector agencies, for agriculture by raising awareness, NGOs, and CBOs in various aspects of providing technical support service and water conservation, planning, economic incentives, developing rainwater management and monitoring will be harvesting, and harnessing torrents on strengthened. scientific grounds for agriculture and other uses. 3. Institutional weaknesses such as sectoral isolation, e.g., inadequate planning and 6. Watershed and water recharge IWRM Policy implementation, and lack of programmes will be launched in the involvement of relevant public sector catchment areas of water stressed basins agencies and communities for operation and sub-basins, and the appropriate

32 Government of Balochistan. Department of Irrigation and Power. Integrated Water Resources Management Policy. Quetta: GoB, 56 2005. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Box 5: Areas of Balochistan IWRM Policy 1) Water availability and potential for development

2) Water resource assessment and monitoring

3) Managing water demand

4) Linking water development with IWRM approaches

5) Applying IWRM to agriculture

6) Adjusting crops and cropping patterns with water availability

7) IWRM for other sub-sectors (non-agricultural) of water use

8) Environmental water management,

9) Cost recovery of irrigation infrastructure

10) Electric tariff for tube wells

11) Cost-effectiveness of water conservation interventions

12) Promoting inter-provincial cooperation,

13) Fostering participation

14) Institutional restructuring and strengthening

15) High efficiency irrigation systems

16) Groundwater development and management

design of delay action dams (DAD) for an important role in the supply of wood and effective and long-term recharge will be non-wood products including water, grazing, used. medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP); maintaining watersheds, wildlife habitats and 7. Sewage and industrial effluents will be the dependent species of wild animals and treated before dumping or discharging plants, control of erosion and conservation of into water bodies. soils, sequestration of carbon and provision of countryside recreation and ecotourism. 8. The potential of Porali River for developing dams for water storage and water Mangrove forests are critical components of development for agriculture will be the deltaic ecosystem and provide a complex explored. habitat structure for numerous juvenile fish species. In addition to providing an essential 9. Watershed management programmes will habitat, they stabilize near shore sediments be extended to all other river basins and and help mitigate coastal erosion. They also sub-basins. interrupt freshwater discharge, and are sinks for organic and inorganic materials as well as pollutants. Highly dense mangrove forests 6.3 Forests also play a protective role against sea surges and coastal storms. Awareness about the The National Forest Biodiversity Vision 2030 ecological functions and value of mangrove states that ≈By 2030, Pakistan will be ecosystems is low among decision-makers managing all types of forests on the and communities. ecosystem approach, enabling them to perform potential functions of conserving Generally, the terrestrial vegetation of Lasbela biodiversity, providing sustainable livelihood to District is scanty and consists of xerophytes dependent communities....Δ including the thorny Euphorbia nerifolia, Caragana polyacantha, and Convolvulus Forests are vital for the environmental and for spinosus. Seasonal rivers, streams, and maintaining the ecological balance. They play gorges as in the mountain areas of Hingol 57 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

National Park (flora described in Section ha). The area of mangrove forests in Miani 5.9.1), and small valleys, such as Bilawal in Hor, which has been designated as protected the Pub mountains have more vegetation forest is 8453 ha (details in Table 12). including tree species. Their lifeline is rainwater or water springs. Fagonia arabica, This tidal lagoon is about 50 km long and 20 Acacia rupestris, Astragalus spp., capparis km wide and its total area is 363 km2. The aphylla, bushy and leafy Salsola spp., the stiff Porali River and its distributaries drain into it. leaved fan palm or mazri palm, and the rigid The lagoon changes greatly between high and tamarisk (kirri) also grow naturally in the low tides and typically the area comprises of district. Mesquite, an exotic species that is narrow twisting channels with steep mud bushy in shape, has spread over large areas in banks visible at low tide, surrounded by the south-eastern parts of the district. These numerous flat islets of mud covered with plants are exceptions in the prevailing barren mangrove trees. Avicenia marina (Timmer), landscape. Rhizophoras mucronata (Kumri) and Ceriops tagal (Kain) are three common species of The coastline of Pakistan spans a total length mangroves present in the lagoon. In fact, the of 990 km, of which 241 km is in the province lagoon is the only area on the coast of of Sindh and 660 km in the province of Pakistan that can boast of a naturally existing Balochistan (IUCNP 2005), spread in Lasbela stand of R. mucronata. The enhanced satellite and Gwadar Districts. Mangrove swamps are colour image of Miani Hor is shown in Figure only found in Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hor. The 3. On this map, dense mangroves are shown SUPARCO study in 2003, using SPOT in magenta, normal mangroves in green and imagery, suggests that Miani Hor contains sparse vegetation in orange. about 3,409 ha of mangrove forest, i.e., about 84 per cent of the total mangrove area (4,059 The legally designated forests in Lasbela District ha) in Balochistan, which in turn is 4.68 per are listed in Table 9. Most of these are tropical cent of mangrove forests in Pakistan (86,731 thorn forests followed by rangelands, 2000

River Basins of Balochistan

58 Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008) Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 3: Mangroves Cover in Sonmiani Bay (2003)

Legend

Dense Mangroves Normal Mangroves Sparse Mangroves Natural Vegertation Dry Mud Flats Wet Mud Flats Sandy Area Saline Area Deep Water Shallow Water Turbid Water Highly Turbid Water

Satellite Image by SUPARCO acres of mangroves forests, and riverine (bela) and sustainability of forests do not receive any forests. Some of these, including Dureji (a game consideration by the communities. Forest reserve) and Sonmiani Bay (a Ramsar Site), Management is exercised by the Forest have also been designated as wildlife areas. Department through ≈protectionΔ as per the Pakistan Forest Act, 1927. There are three villages along the Bay, namely Sonmiani, Bheera and Damb. A synopsis of Problems hindering the Department are low the forests in Lasbela District, designated as pay and insufficient training for their staff. The ≈Protected ForestsΔ, is given in Table 9. biodiversity and environmental aspects (water recharge, soil conservation, safeguard against Some forest areas in Quetta, Sibi and Lasbela floods, sea erosion, fish nursery function, Districts were de-notified for conversion to protection against cyclones and tsunamis, other land use in the province.33 81 ha of countryside recreation and tourism, carbon Chichai Protected forest (PF) and 405 ha of sequestration) and meeting the subsistence Joria PF were transferred to Industrial Estate needs of local communities are more and 22 ha of Gadani State Forest were important than developing wood and non- transferred to the Prison Department. The wood forest products (NWFPs) for commercial Province did not accept the demand of two exploitation or even for local livelihoods. Defence agencies for transfer of a large area Nevertheless, these aspects could receive of Hingol NP in the recent past. priority, attention and acceptance if the communities have access to alternative None of the forests in the district or even in sources of wood and NWFPs from forests to the province (state owned, communal or meet the consistently increasing demand. privately held) are capable of sustained exploitation of wood on a commercial scale. Key Issues Rather, these are serving to meet the subsistence requirements of local „ The reduction of freshwater and silt communities for forest products, irrespective flow downstream the proposed dams of legal rights. Conservation of biodiversity (Windar Dam and a dam on the Porali

33 WWF-P. ≈Conversion of Forests to Non-Forestry Uses in Pakistan.Δ (http://www.wwfpak.org/newsroom/250610_shockingforestland.php) 59 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

River) will impact the health of „ Ineffective law enforcement and low mangroves in the Sonmiani Bay and penalties for forest offences. the construction of Hingol Dam will have serious adverse impacts on the „ Charcoal-making is practiced in the ecology of the Hingol estuary and the district, which is adding pressure on related subsistence fisheries. the existing vegetation.

„ The changing patterns of marine Measures deposition will cause encroachment by sand of mangrove forest areas and 1. It will be ensured that all forest reduction in coastal productivity. management is centred on participatory planning and decision-making. „ Pressure on mangroves will be enhanced due to the rapidly growing 2. Capacity of forest staff and all other population in the three villages along stakeholders will be developed to orient the Bay to meet their requirements of them to the new approaches of forest fuel wood, fodder, timber, grazing, management. thatching material, etc. 3. Capacity of forest staff and local people „ Over-exploitation of forests and will be developed on participatory vegetation in the rangelands and outer management, through site specific and countryside, resulting in their de- needs-based training programmes. forestation and degradation. 4. Capacity of farmers and fishermen in „ The processes of regeneration, agro-forestry, mangrove planting and for reforestation and new plantations are nursery raising will be developed. very slow, if any.

Table 9: Designated Forests in Lasbela District Sr. Forest/ Legal Status Notification Area 1 Wingoi PF34 No. SOFT-XI(167)63 dated Oct.2, 1963 7,040 acres Rights: Free from rights 2 Awara PF No. SOFT-IV(Agri)-XVIII-2/ WP-I dated Dec.3, 1964 30,080 acres Rights: The Existing rights of communities and individuals over the said lands shall not be abridged or affected. 3 Chichai PF (Hub) No. SOA/FST/1-14/70 dated Nov.3, 1970 30,710 acres 4 Pir Sawai PF (Uthal) No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 63,360 acres 5 Khurkhera PF No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 45,312 acres (Sonmiani) 6 Porali PF (Bela) No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 2,000 acres 7 Dombi PF (Uthal) No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 47,550 acres 8 Joria PF (Uthal) No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 16,000 acres 9 Dureji PF No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 63,200 acres 10 Catchment area of No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 87,040 acres Hub River and its embankments (Dureji) 11 Pir Hayat PF No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 530 acres Mangrove (Sonmiani) 12 Guru Chela PF No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965 20,350 acres Mangrove (Sonmiani)

Source: Balochistan Forest & Wildlife Departments

60 34 Protected Forest Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

5. Social mobilisation will be encouraged earmarked, with adequate water and village-level organizations will be allocation. supported for participatory forest development through a consultative, 17. The ecology of degraded forests will be participatory process. restored by planting the maximum number of trees of appropriate native species, and 6. Communities will be involved in the their maintenance and protection will be protection and management of state ensured by using improved techniques of forests including control on illegal cutting, regeneration. grazing, etc., through legal cover and formal agreements. Village participatory 18. Appropriate concepts and practices for forest management plans for the areas ecosystem approaches for forest outside state forests will be developed management will be promoted. and implemented. 19. Energy efficiency will be enhanced 7. Institutional reorientation and through promotion of fuel-efficient stoves strengthening of the Forest & Wildlife and provision of alternate energy sources Department and capacity building of such as biogas. Department staff will be ensured. 20. WAPDA and the Karachi City District 8. Early enactment, compliance and Government/Sindh Government will be enforcement of the new Draft Forest law approached to fund watershed that was developed through a consultative management programmes in the process will be ensured. catchment areas of Hub Dam.

9. The role of the private sector, NGOs, 21. Landowners will be motivated to retain CBOs and communities with adequate sufficient numbers of trees (about 70 per legal coverage will be enhanced. acre) while converting forested areas for agriculture or other purposes. 10. Two management plans will be developed and implemented, one for all terrestrial 22. Charcoal making will be discouraged by forests and the other for mangroves in the bringing it under the tax regime. district. 23. A provincial forest, wildlife, wetlands and 11. Alternate sources of livelihood for forest- ecotourism policy will be developed to dependent communities will be promoted. support forests and forestry, and conservation and sustainable use of 12. Import of timber from outside the district wildlife and wetlands in the province. without imposition of local taxes will be encouraged. 24. All forests will be managed for biodiversity values and environmental functions, and 13. Alien invasive species will be eradicated subsistence use by local communities will wherever possible. be accommodated to the extent of sustained productive capacity. 14. Watershed management will be launched in the catchment areas of Hub Dam, 25. It will be ensured that the major share of Windar Dam, Hingol Dam and other future revenue from natural forests is generated mega dams in the district; the from non-wood forest products, ecotourism, construction cost of the dams will include water production, carbon sequestration and the cost of watershed management. income from protected areas.

15. Farmland planting will be promoted with 26. Sustained supplies of timber and fuel- economic incentives and technical wood from commercial plantations and support, and farming communities will be farm forestry will be obtained from mobilized. appropriate native species.

16. A percentage of land in the command 27. Commercial forestry will be limited to areas of new dams for planting will be farmlands and commercial plantations. 61 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 10: Protected Areas in Lasbela District Established to Protect Current Status Remarks Hingol National Park (HNP)

All native flora, fauna, habitat, The original area of the park was l Important fishery in its ecosystems and landscape, in 165,000 ha. Park boundaries marine area particular the marine/ estuarine were extended in 1997 by the and terrestrial fauna such as Government of Balochistan under l Ranked as a protected area Marsh crocodile, Olive Ridley and the Balochistan Wildlife containing globally important Green Turtles; Marsh crocodile, Protection Act, 1974, to cover ecosystems and species, Masheer fish, houbara bustard, about 619,043 ha. It includes the excellent lowland and Dalmatian pelican, Spot-billed Hingol Estuary and offshore mountain desert panoramas. pelican, Plumbeous ad other sea waters to a depth of 5 fathoms. About 3,000 people live dolphins, Sindh Ibex, Urial, Limited law enforcement by inside or in villages adjacent Chinkara, Pangolin, Leopard, etc. Forest Department and Coast to park boundaries. Guards. Management Plan is being finalized. Significant l Indiscriminate hunting of Ibex, improvement has been seen in Urial, Chinkara and Crocodile the management of key species by influential persons and (e.g., Sind Ibex) of HNP due to government officials has implementation of PAMP by the reduced significantly during BF&WD. the implementation of the Hingol NP component of the GEF/WB/GoB funded ≈Protected Areas Management Project (PAMP)Δ. Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary Chinkara Notified. No wildlife in the area.

Dureji Game Reserve

Sindh Ibex, Blandford»s Urial, Area was never managed as a l Viable wild animal Chinkara Gazelle, and Marsh game (wildlife) sanctuary. It was populations still exist. crocodile. re-designated as a game reserve in 1998 by the Government of l A large area is in use for Balochistan under the grazing, agriculture, Balochistan Wildlife Protection settlements, communication Act, 1974. infrastructure, and mining.

l The Forest Department has de jure ownership. Sonmiani Ramsar Site

Dry tropical mangrove ecosystem Notified as a Ramsar Site by the l Largest mangrove including mud flats with Government of Pakistan on 10 ecosystem on the associated species including sea May, 2001 Balochistan Coast with more dolphin species, waterfowl and diversity in mangrove other wildlife species than the mangroves on the Sindh coast Hub Dam Ramsar Site

Migratory waterfowl and Notified as a Ramsar Site by the l Reservoir built on Hub River, Mahsheer fish species Government of Pakistan on 10 mainly to supply drinking May, 2001 water to Karachi and Hub town. Water also used for agriculture and industry. 62 Source: Ramsar Convention Publications Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani Q Marsh Crocodile at Hingol National Park

6.4 Wildlife and Protected which it had enjoyed since 1972. This was to accommodate exploitative uses of oil Areas (PAs) and gas exploration, trophy hunting, mining, cultivation, presence of a large Lasbela District is rich in biodiversity including settlement, and a significant area that was terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine privately held and cultivated. species. The protected areas (PAs) include Hingol National Park, Dureji Game Reserve, 4. Sonmiani Ramsar Site √ a coastal wetland Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary, and the of international importance for migratory Ramsar sites of Sonmiani Bay/Miani Hor and birds. Hub Dam. The key species found in these protected areas are listed in Column 1 of 5. Hub Dam Ramsar Site √ a fresh water Table 13. reservoir wetland of international importance for migratory birds. Protected Areas in Lasbela Some important information regarding these is 1. Hingol National Park (HNP) was provided in Table 10 below. established in 1997 over 619,043 ha by including the area of Dhrun Wildlife There is no specific provincial biodiversity, Sanctuary (since 1988). It is situated in wildlife and PAs policy for comprehensive Lasbela, Gwadar, and Awaran Districts direction or guidance. The Biodiversity Action and comprises terrestrial and marine Plan for Pakistan (2000) and the National areas. Forest Biodiversity Vision 2006 of the Ministry of Environment are, however, useful. Their 2. Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary was implementation in Lasbela District is established in 1972 over 18345 ha. comparatively better due to implementation of PAMP in HNP. The 1974 wildlife law is 3. The Dureji Game Reserve3 was established outdated but it has been revised recently and over 178259 ha in 1998 by downgrading is expected to be enacted by the Provincial its previous status of Game Sanctuary, Assembly in the near future. 63 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The punitive wildlife protection approach has of major concern is Mesquite (Prosopis failed to halt the decline of wildlife and juliflora). degradation of PAs due to the alienation of local communities, the punitive nature of the 6.4.2 Fauna wildlife law and its lack of enabling provisions, as well as weak enforcement. However, the The situation regarding the species of wild successful community conservation initiative animals found in Lasbela District can be of the Society for Torghar Environmental understood from the information documented Protection (STEP) and SUSG is an example of in the Management Plan of HNP for two community involvement in public sector reasons wildlife initiatives such as PAMP. „ It has been studied comprehensively; 6.4.1 Flora and

The vegetation of Lasbela District is Saharo- „ The park has the maximum diversity Sindian type. Overall species diversity is of habitat and species in the whole generally low but better in the relatively moist, district. deeply incised mountain valleys and northern slopes of mountains and higher altitudes. The Mammals: About 30 mammal species are total number of plant species so far listed in present, indicating that the park has a HNP is about 150. Several endemic species relatively high diversity of species given its and species with limited distribution belong to desert environment. However, the population the general Tamarix and Heliotropis. of a number of species is critically low including for Wolf, Leopard, Hyena, and The floral species include Tamarix sultanii; possibly Caracal and Honey Badger. The Arthrocnemum sp., Urochondra setulosa, populations of Chinkara are also vulnerable, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia and there has been no recent sighting of the nilotica, A. jacquemontii, Capparis deciduas, Desert Wolf in the park. The status of urial, Haloxylon sp, Aerva javanica, Suaeda sp., chinkara, desert wolf, leopard, caracal, hyena, Heliotropium sp. Grewia domaine, Alhaji wild boar, and honey badger needs to be camelerum, Salvadora oleoides, Zizyphus studied in more detail. nummularia, Acacia jacquemontii, Calligonum polygonoides, Rhazya stricta, sp., The IUCN Red List of mammals for Pakistan Heliotropium sp. and Aerva javanica, includes many mammals of HNP. A list of Euphorbia caducifolia, Haloxylon sp. (two threatened (status on the IUCN Red List) types, one with white flowers and the other mammals found in the district is given in with pink flowers), Commiphora mukal (gugul), Annex III. Heliotropium sp. (merin), Aerva javanica (Gujo), Inula montaine (kulumurak), Grewia Many species in HNP have become vulnerable domaine (chill), Myro (A leguminous small due to fragmentation of habitats. The range of bush), Rhazya stricta, Acacia senegal, species has also reduced due to construction Capparis aphylla, Aerva javanica, Inula of the Makran Coastal Highway (MCH), since grantoides, Alhaji cameleron, Leptodenia sp. highway crossings pose a threat to the Lasiurus sp. Cymbopogon sp., Panicum sp. animals» lives. Their access to the water and small leguminous bush. The main grass points located in the vicinity and across the species were Panicum spp., Lasiurus sp., MCH has been jeopardized and their Cenchrus sp., Aristida sp. (Nadak) and vulnerability to hunting has increased due to Chrysopogon sp. (Boch). the easy access provided to hunters by the MCH. The threats to the species and their The species endemic to Makran coastal areas habitats will grow with more and more and found in the HNP in Lasbela District are development along the MCH. Cadaba farinosa ssp. Rariflora, Gypsophylla mekranica, Heliotropium alii, H. Ophioglossu, Fortunately, many culverts and bridges H. remotiflorum, H. Lamondiae, Lotus constructed on the MCH in HNP for storm mekranicus, Matthiola macranica, water drainage serve as crossing passages for Psammogeton stocksii, and Viola mekranica. wild animals, although their vulnerability to The invasive alien species in the HN P are predators increases while crossing. Some 64 relatively very few so far, and the only species culverts, however, require broadening for Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

providing ease of crossing to wild animals, The Brown-headed Raven Corvus rufficollis is especially in the 1.4 km section of the MCH a restricted range species and HNP is its from Kund Malir Fish Market towards Ras extreme limit. The Sooty Falcon may be Malaan. breeding in HNP. At least half of the bird species listed for the park are migratory; the Birds: According to the HNP Management Park is part of the ≈Asian FlywayΔ. They arrive Plan, the total number of species listed thus in autumn (Aug-Nov) and return in spring far for HNP is 185. The species diversity of (Feb-May). Egrets and Herons stay in the park the Park is relatively high for a desert area due for the entire winter. to the diversity of habitats including sea, coast, estuaries, mudflats, desert, riverines The largest concentrations of migratory birds and mountains up to 1580 m. The largest can be found at the Hingol estuary35 and number of species is found on the seacoast, lower Hingol River plains. The species include the estuary and along the Hingol River and its great white pelicans, spot-billed, Dalmatian tributaries. The major groups among these are pelicans, great cormorants, little cormorants, seagulls, terns, pelicans, flamingos, herons, western reef egrets, little intermediate and egrets, plovers, lapwings, stints, sandpipers, great egrets, purple and grey herons, black godwits, shanks, coots, curlews, kingfishers, ibis, spoon bills, ducks (Eurasian wigeon, osprey, etc. The typical desert-related bird gadwall, common teal, and northern shoveler), groups (low populations) include wheatears, and 40 other species including great stone common babblers, larks, sand grouses, plover, whimbrel and Eurasian curlew. Terns partridges, the houbara bustard, some shrikes and gulls can also be found in large numbers. and buntings. Birds of prey include eagles, vultures, hawks, buzzards, and falcons. Spot-billed and dalmatian pelican, the Pallas fishing eagle, the eastern imperial eagle, Bee-eaters, hoopoes, seed eaters such as sociable plover, houbara bustard, vultures, pigeons and doves, birds with a more varied saker falcon, black ibis and black-tailed diet such as white-eared bulbuls, sparrows, godwit are the bird species of major the brown-headed raven, shrikes, pigeons, conservation interest, and are listed in the owls, nightjars, woodpeckers, rollers, IUCN Red Data Book. swallows, martins, wagtails, chats, robins, warblers, white-throats, flycatchers, sunbird, Amphibians and Reptiles: A total of 64 drongo, mynas, sparrows, and buntings are amphibian and reptiles are listed from a part also found. of the HNP, close to MCH. These included 2 toad, 1 frog, 4 sea turtle, 30 lizard and 27 Some bird species, such as house sparrows, snake species of which 9 are sea snakes. silver bells, white-eared bulbuls, buntings, There are no tortoises. common babblers, white throated and brown- headed raven, profit from cultivation. Trees of The reptilian fauna of Hingol shows good Kandi (Prosopis glandiflora), Kikar (Acacia representation of the restricted range species nilotica), and Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) attract (e.g., Laudakia melanura liratusnasiri black fruit-seed eating birds such as the white-eared rock agama, Trapilis agilis brilliant agama), bulbul, lesser white-throats, house sparrows Crossobamon orientalis yellow sand and others. They also provide nesting sites for gecko/Sindh gecko, Cyrtopodion kachhensis many bird species. warty rock gecko/kachh spotted ground gecko), Bufo olivaceus olive toad, Laudakia Blossoms and fruits of trees such as fusca yellow-headed agama and Salvadora spp. and Capparis decidua usually Acanthodactylus micropholis yellow√tailed attract several bird species including the sand lizard). purple sunbirds Nectarinia asiatica. These trees are however scarce and have decreased The snakes are represented mainly by in number as a result of cutting for domestic poisonous kraits and snags (16 species) and needs. It is assumed that the MCH had non-poisonous coluber snakes (8 species). significant negative impact on flora due to The kraits and snags include 7 terrestrial cutting of trees while it was being snake and 9 sea snake species. The terrestrial constructed. snakes include the common krait, cobras (the

35 Will be impacted adversely due to Hingol Dam 65 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

common cobra and the brown or oxus cobra) adverse impacts on biodiversity, and four species of viper. The Echinatus wildlife and protected areas (PAs) is carinatus sochurecki saw-scaled sand viper ignored. and the Pseudocerastus persicus horned viper are both common in the Park. „ The Federal Government has exempted the Makran Coastal The park harbours large reptiles including the Highway (MCH) from the EIA, though ≈vulnerableΔ marsh crocodile or mugger it was a mega project that has Crocodyles palustris and two monitor lizards, impacted on the Hingol National park the Bengal Varanus bengalensis and the grey in Lasbela and Gwadar Districts. monitor lizard Varanus griseus. „ Several other mega developments Four of the worlds» five globally endangered sea envisaged in the district, which will turtles including the loggerhead turtle, green have a negative effect on habitats and turtle, hawksbill turtle and olive ridley turtle have species. been reported from the beaches in the park. „ Over exploitation of species, Amongst the amphibians are two toad (Bufo especially due to illegal and unwise stomaticus, Bufo olivaceus) and one frog hunting, killing and trapping. species (Euphlyctis c. cyanophlyctis). „ Excessive use of agro chemicals in The reptile species of major conservation orchards and vegetables and the interest in the park include sea turtles and the introduction of invasive alien plant Marsh crocodile. Probably only two species, species (e.g., mesquite). the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the endangered olive ridley (Lepidochelys „ Wetland-related issues such as olivacea) visit the Sohor Chakuli beach reduction in environmental flows with between Kund Malir and Malan. One colony of construction of dams (Hub, Windar about 20 endangered Baloch Spiny-tailed and Hingol); sedimentation of Lizards (Uromastyx hardwicki) is known to wetlands (Hub) and turbidity of water exist in the park in the Sangal coastal plains. due to soil erosion in the catchment Monitor Lizards (Varanus species), Russels» areas; water pollution due to industrial Viper/Royal snake and cobras are of National effluents and sewerage (Hub and Conservation Interest. These are trapped for Porali); eutrophication from detergents their skin; the latter also for its poison to make in sewerage, e.g., from Hub Town and anti-snakebite serum. The terrestrial reptiles agrochemicals in run off waters; and are vulnerable when crossing roads, and the introduction of exotic fish species as MCH may pose life threats to these. in the Hub Reservoir.

Invertebrates of the HNP „ A long-term vision, goals and management objectives for these The invertebrate fauna species of HNP resources with a view to conservation includes beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, and sustainable use are lacking. Use butterflies and several species of scorpions. of these resources currently is, at best, ad-hoc and unscientific. Key Issues „ No specific provincial biodiversity, „ Rapid human population growth and wildlife or PA policy to provide consequential land use change with comprehensive direction or guidance. expansion of settlements and agriculture. „ The institutional framework is generally inadequate, inappropriate „ Industrialisation and development, and weak. The capacity of the leading to threats to habitats and BF&WD to undertake education, species. training, research, survey, assessment, planning, management, and „ The vital need to plan and manage monitoring of biodiversity, wildlife and 66 these inevitable changes with least PAs is weak as well. It is Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

comparatively better in Lasbela 3. It will be ensured that BF&WD plays a District, again due to PAMP proactive role in collaboration with BEPA implementation, but the staff lacks and development agencies. mobility and other facilities to perform their envisioned roles. 4. A comprehensive education and awareness programme will be developed „ Inter- and intra-agency coordination and implemented. and interaction with non-state stakeholders (non-government 5. The successful models implemented in organisations, communities, private Torghar, KP, Gilgit-Baltistan and Dureji on sector, research and educational community participation through social institutions, and the media) are weak. mobilisation, organisation, awareness raising, capacity building and provision of „ The current management of the HNP economic incentives (community-based is not in accordance with the trophy hunting) will be replicated and Baluchistan Wildlife Protection Act, institutionalized. 1974 and the existing categories of PAs are insufficient to address such 6. Institutional strengthening and capacity legally invalid but otherwise building of staff, communities and other acceptable uses, within sustainability stakeholders will be ensured to plan, limits, for ensuring community manage and monitor biodiversity participation and support. conservation.

„ The current and potential social, 7. The Management Plan of HNP will be economic, environmental and cultural implemented. value of biodiversity, wildlife and PAs is not widely recognised. 8. Efforts will be made to ensure enactment of the new Wildlife and PAs law. „ Provincial funding is low and there is lack of political will, resulting in low 9. Funding and replication of successes for priority given to wildlife. the work undertaken with PAMP will be ensured in order for it to be sustainable. „ The terms ≈biodiversity and PAsΔ are still unfamiliar to most people as well 10. The Community Fund established for HNP as to politicians and thus have not will be managed transparently and an attracted the attention of decision active role for the community to conserve makers and investment planners. the wildlife of HNP will be guaranteed.

Measures 11. Hunters» associations will be formed and supported and their cooperation in 1. Environmental and biodiversity safeguards sustainable hunting will be encouraged. in land use change will be institutionalized to arrest further loss or degradation of 12. Development and implementation of the species and habitats as the landscape management plans of Sonmiani Bay can change significantly due to rapid Ramsar Site and Dureji Game Reserve will population growth, industrialization, and be pursued. deteriorating food security. 13. A GIS-based database will be established. 2. Environmental assessment tools such as strategic environmental assessment (SEA) 14. A biodiversity database will be developed of policies, plans and programmes; and along the lines of the GIS-based wetland initial environmental examination (IEE) will database, to be maintained by the be used; and environmental impact National Council for Conservation of assessments (EIA) will be conducted of Wildlife (NCCW) with support from the projects and developments that may Pakistan Wetland Programme. This will be impact wildlife and PAs adversely. It will used to promote sound scientific be ensured that any potential negative planning, management and monitoring of impacts are mitigated or eliminated. conservation resources. The management 67 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

plans of PAs and the recovery and re- and PAs into the BF&WD to ensure proper introduction plans for endangered and planning, implementation and extinct species will be developed and management. implemented. 22. A Management and Programme Review of 15. Over-exploitation and other detrimental the BF&WD will be conducted so that it practices will be minimized and ultimately can revisit its mandate, develop a long eliminated through raising awareness of all term vision, goals, objectives and Action user, stakeholder and development Plan for 5-10 years. The required human agencies; local communities; teachers, and financial resources will be identified students and academia; media, so that it can fulfil its mandate. politicians, decision makers and planners.

16. Best practice field models for replication 6.5 Wetlands and Fisheries through documentation and dissemination will be established and promoted with The vision of the sector is to restore, develop economic incentives and technical and sustainably use fisheries, in particular support. Inter-and intra-agency coastal fisheries, as a fundamental source of coordination will improve by changing the economic growth of the district and province composition and mandate of the Wildlife as mentioned in a World Bank Report36; and Management Board and making it enhance the livelihoods and delivery of social functional to support these efforts. services to fishing communities.

17. The Provincial Biodiversity, Wildlife, PAs Coastal fishery is widely practiced in and Ecotourism Policy will be developed Balochistan; freshwater fishery has only been and adapted, which will significantly done in the Hub Reservoir by WAPDA, for support wildlife and PAs conservation, which Balochistan is a co-beneficiary with sustainable use and management. A new Sindh. Exotic fish for commercial netting has Wildlife and Protected Areas Law has been introduced here. This contradicts the already been developed by the BF&WD principle of preserving native fish fauna, which for consideration of approval by the includes the popular Mahsheer fish from Balochistan Assembly. Karachi.

18. The Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan Commercial fishery of exotic fishes is also in and the National Forest Biodiversity Vision conflict with the objectives of managing this 2030 will be used to develop the action wetland of international importance (formerly plan for this sector. Both documents designated as a Ramsar site by the provide roadmaps to addresses government of Pakistan), as the wintering of biodiversity issues including promoting migratory water birds and the fishing period conservation and sustainable use of coincide. As a result, water birds, especially biodiversity. ducks and coots, get disturbed and occasionally caught in nets by fishermen. 19. The management of the marine area of Potential sites for development and Hingol National Park will be strengthened. management of fisheries resources in the district include the proposed Hub Dam, 20. A strong and effective set up for wildlife Windar Dam and Porali River, Malir Nadi, and PAs will be established to conserve Hingol River, Siranda Lake (seasonal but very the unique natural heritage of the district, important for water birds), etc. with participation of local communities. The potential of freshwater fisheries in Lasbela 21. The conservation-related institutional District has not been studied yet and should framework will be strengthened and the be the first step in developing inland fisheries. competencies, commitment, motivation, Development of fish hatcheries and stocking objectivity and accountability of staff at all the potential waters with local fish species levels will be enhanced. Specialists will be also needed to be looked into. Meanwhile, inducted on biodiversity, wildlife, wetlands further conflict such as commercial fishing 68 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Trash fish in Dam Bundar

with nets during the wintering period of dredging for fishmeal and other malpractices migratory water birds and introduction of have significantly reduced the amount of fish exotic species should be avoided. in the sea. Fisheries have suffered the most in the coastal waters of Gadani, affecting the Coastal and Marine Fisheries subsistence and livelihood of its local communities. District Lasbela»s location on the coast enables it to exploit coastal and marine Lasbela District»s coastal waters have a lot of fisheries. The estuaries of all of the rivers shrimp, which are in high demand and fetch a mentioned above, Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hoar good price. However, there is considerable and the coastal waters up to 12 nautical concern among local fishermen and mole miles, provide fisheries-related subsistence agents about the gradual decline in the shrimp and livelihood for the people living in the catch over the past several years due to coastal areas of the district. overexploitation.37

Only Gwadar District shares this advantage, Shrimp farming can further be developed at since the location of the fish landing sites is appropriate locations in the Sonmiani Bay and either close to Karachi (e.g., Sonmiani) or is on the banks of estuaries, however, the lands connected to it (Sumar Bandar, Phor Bandar, under mangrove cover must not be used. Sapat Bandar, Wadh Bandar, Kund Malir, Malan Shrimp farming has been attempted by the Bandar) since the fish catch is sent to Karachi private sector in the past, albeit haphazardly, by the Makran Coastal Highway for sale. in the coastal areas of Sindh, because of the high mortality of juvenile shrimp. In 1995, the In Gadani, a coastal town of Lasbela District, Marine Fisheries Department implemented a the primary local profession is fishing, but this project for fish and shrimp seed production for is declining because use of wire nets (Gujja), private farms but this was unsuccessful,38 due

37 Government of Pakistan, WWF and IUCN. Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan. Islamabad: GoP, 2008. Page 20. 38 Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority. Agriculture, Food Cooperatives and Fisheries Department. Prospects of Shrimp Aquaculture on Balochistan Coast. GoB. Page 5. 69 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

mainly due to lack of appropriate expertise. In „ Perishable nature of catch and the recent past, Sri Lankan experts have been urgency in selling, notwithstanding the invited to share their expertise on potential low rates offered at times. shrimp farming, which has yielded positive results. „ Use of traditional fishing facilities and techniques by the poor fishermen, IUCN is funding a demonstration project on which enhance their catch effort and shrimp farming on the Lasbela coast that may yield less catch. pave the way for commercial shrimp farming. Lobster farming is another possibility and „ Acute shortage of drinking water in needs to be explored. the villages of fishing communities.

In order to support fisheries, the Balochistan „ Poor hygienic conditions in the Coastal Development Authority (BCDA) has coastal villages and in handling the launched a project ≈Construction of Jetty and catch. Fish Harbour at DambΔ costing Rs. 536 million through the Public Sector Development Measures Program (PSDP) 2008-2009, with an initial allocation of Rs. 17 million. 1. The Balochistan Fisheries Ordinance will be reviewed for required amendments. Key Issues 2. All bottom trawling in coastal waters will „ Over-exploitation of fisheries and use be banned and the ban on all fishing of unsustainable fishing practices. crafts including those registered in Balochistan will be enforced. Significant „ Pollution from industrial effluents, penalties will be imposed including municipal discharges and solid wastes confiscation of fishing craft and gear to disposed of from Hub, Gadani, Bela control bottom trawling and prosecution and other towns and settlements in of all offenders. Offenders will remain in Lasbela District and also from the oil judicial custody in case of grave offences and air emissions of boat engines. until completion and submission of case (in a reasonable period) in the court. „ Deforestation and degradation of mangroves, which are the nursery 3. All other practices that deplete fisheries, grounds of shrimps and many fish stop rehabilitation and sustainable use, species. and affect the livelihood of local fishermen in the long term will be stopped. „ Lack of jetties and other facilities at catch landing sites (Bandar). 4. The mobility of fisheries staff in coastal waters will be improved by providing „ Damages from cyclones e.g. Phet funds for repairing and maintaining Cyclone in 2010 and droughts existing patrol boats and providing (reduces fresh water and additional ones to control bottom trawling sedimentation input into the estuaries in the provincial waters. and mangroves). 5. The Balochistan Fisheries Department will „ High costs of boats, machinery, be strengthened for controlling bottom equipment , nets and other fishing trawling, use of illegal nets by fishermen, gear. and fishing in Balochistan waters by boats registered in Sindh, and with vessels „ Exploitation of fishermen by money registered for deep sea fishing by the lenders and middlemen due to lack of Marine Fisheries Department. credit facilities, which forces the fishermen to take loans from money 6. Access to credit for procurement of lenders at very high interest rates and fishing gear and engines will be improved. obliges them to sell the catch to them at very low rates. 7. The warning system will be improved and 70 preparedness for cyclones, tsunamis, oil Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

spills and earthquakes for fishermen at records higher temperatures. The average sea will be enhanced. monthly climate data from 1960-2004 is presented in Figures 3 and 4. 8. New jetties will be constructed in consultation with mole agents and Rainfall is low and unreliable with periodic fishermen. droughts for short and long periods, which negatively affects natural resources and 9. An enabling environment will be created livelihoods. Average total annual rainfall is less for import of items required by than 20 cm., most of which is during the subsistence fishermen. monsoon season. However, very heavy downpour has taken place occasionally, such as in the summers of 2005 and 2009. Cyclonic 6.6 Climate showers were also experienced in 2010. During the rare periods of heavy rains, The vision for climate is to reduce air storm/flood water drains away, scouring and emissions and manage comprehensive damaging protection embankments and weather and climate data in usable form for diversion structures. In addition, District Gadani, Bela and a hilly area. This will be Lasbela, like other areas in Balochistan, has done for different applications such as experienced long periods of drought as from weather forecasts and long-term trends and 1998-2004. The district is vulnerable to a rise projections for agriculture, water, drought, in the sea level due to global warming. The floods, windstorms, heat waves, relief and weathering process in the mud rocks is rehabilitation, post-disaster situations, etc., accelerated by these climatic elements. and the information will be posted on the Meteorological Department»s website. The climate of the district is dry and temperate in most parts and humid in the The area suffers from low rainfall and hot, dry coastal areas. Except for the peak summer summers. The coastal areas of the District months, which are very hot, there is not much have a more moderate and moist climate than variation in climate in the remaining months of that of the interior, which ranges from warm to the year. The daylight hours are long and solar hot. The temperature ranges from 3≥C radiation is very high, indicating strong minimum to 17≥C maximum in January and potential for generation of solar energy. The 24≥C to 38≥C in June. Bela Town often wind velocity in the coastal areas and in the

Figure 439: Average Monthly Climate Data for District Lasbela √ 1961-2004

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Mean Max. Temp.(≥C) Mean Min. Temp.(≥C) Rainfall (mm)

Reletive Humidity (%) Daily Sunshine (hrs) ETo (mm/d)

Source: IUCN Study: Water Requirements of Major Crops for Different Agro-climatic Zones of Balochistan (2006).

39 ETo √ Daily reference evapotranspiration 71 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 5: Average Monthly Wind Speed Data for District Lasbela √ 1961-2004

300 Wind speed

250

200

150 km/day

100

50

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg.

Source: IUCN Study: Water Requirements of Major Crops for Different Agro-climatic Zones of Balochistan (2006).

valleys is also high, with potential for „ Management practices in natural generating wind energy. resource sectors have not adapted to global warming and climate change, These climatic conditions are suitable for a despite the threat these pose to the wide range of agricultural crops and fruit sustainability and productivity of orchards, especially tropical fruits such as natural resources. banana, mango, dates, jujube (bair), jambu fruit (jamun), coconut, chico, custard apple Measures (sharifa), lemon, and guava, provided irrigation water is available. There is also potential for 1. A comprehensive network of poultry farming, warm water and coastal meteorological stations will be established fisheries, and biodiversity including both flora based on the standards of the World and fauna. Meteorological Organization that are geared to the province»s requirements The winter climate and the productive using Remote Sensing Technology. wetlands in the district host diverse large populations of migratory water birds. 2. Two additional stations will be established, one in Gadani and the other in a suitable Key Issues hilly place away from Bela Town, to cover all areas of the district. These stations will „ There is only one weather station, in be located at representative sites and will Bela Town, even though the weather take advantage of seasonal satellite conditions in the coastal and hilly images. areas of the district are often different.

72 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

7. Agriculture and Livestock

7.1 Floriculture40

loriculture encompasses the growth and use of cut flowers, raising Fnurseries of ornamental plants, ornamental gardening and landscaping. It is a comparatively new agricultural activity in the province although research and promotion for this began in the 1980s. The private sector also has come forward in this business but this enterprise is still in its infancy in Balochistan.

The Agriculture Department is growing flowers for demonstration and sale at Quetta and setting up floral shops in towns with divisional headquarters. However, it is essential to develop and promote a floriculture strategy for potential districts including Lasbela. Promoting techniques for growing flowers in plastic tunnels is also required.

Lasbela District is located close to the supply catchment area of Karachi, which is the largest cut flower, ornamental plant and rose petal market in the country and is also an outlet for export of flowers to foreign markets.

40. Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 73 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The district also hosts a large number of „ Technical advice and service will be Muslim shrines and Hinglaj Maata Hindu provided regularly to growers. pilgrimage sites, which are visited by a large number of devotees who like to purchase and „ Access to credit from financial offer flowers there. development institutions will be facilitated. Floriculture has the potential to improve farmers» socio-economic conditions if they 7.2 Expansion of grow cut flowers, and raise nurseries of forest, fruit and ornamental plants on farmlands. Agriculture However, the floriculture effort in the district is limited. For example, roses were grown on Lasbela is one of the most fertile and 3.24 ha41 of land during 2009-2010, which productive districts of Balochistan with the produced 215,420 cut flowers. majority of the local population engaged in agriculture. The main staple grain is wheat Key Issues while other crops include castor, sesame, guar seeds and fodder. Vegetables grown in „ Floriculture is not a traditional practice Lasbela include onions and red chillies and in the district, and farmers do not fruits include bananas, chico, and papayas. know the techniques of growing, harvesting and marketing, or its Soil: The soil in Lasbela District is alluvial and economics. is composed of light loose clay, mixed with fine sand. In some parts of the district, the soil „ Floriculture expertise in the contains saline ingredients and preserves a department, especially its extension hard smooth surface, in others, it crumbles to staff, is limited as is the scope, which fine dust. The ground in many parts is covered is confined to cut flowers. with large round stones. The best soil is a light loam mixed with a moderate amount of sand, „ Flowers are a perishable commodity known as the cultivator»s milk. Next in fertility and require swift and certain markets. and most common in the district is aawari, clay overlaid sand. „ Floriculture requires exacting inputs, investment, skills, intensive work, and Crops42: The Rabi crops include wheat, turnover, which needs a progressive vegetables, fodder and rapeseed, and mind-set and a willingness to take mustard. The Kharif crops are sorghum (jawar), risks. millet (bajra), sesame, caster seed, maize, vegetables, melons and cotton. In cereals, Measures wheat is the main crop producing 15018 tonnes from 7591 ha (1978 Kg/ha), followed by „ A Floriculture Promotion Strategy will 1405 tonnes of sorghum (jawar) grown on be developed and implemented for 2011 ha and 564 tonnes of maize from 567 ha. the province including Lasbela Moong is cultivated on 1310 ha, producing District. 880 tonnes (672 Kg/ha) while oil seeds include castor seed grown on 6030 ha, producing „ Exposure visits for interested farmers 2412 tonnes (400 Kg/ha) and sesame (til) on will be arranged from the district to 317 ha with production of 138 tonnes (435 ornamental nurseries and cut flower Kg/ha). In 2005-06, rice was produced in the growing fields in Karachi, Pattoki and district but it has been replaced by other crops other places. since then. Cotton is being promoted through research and extension. „ Procurement, multiplication and marketing of flower seeds, bulbs, and Tomato crop is cultivated on 95 ha with ornamental plants such as herbs, production of 1,415 tonnes (14,895 Kg/ha) shrubs and trees will be facilitated. during Rabi season while 4,854 tonnes of

41 Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 74 42 ibid. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

tomato was produced on 640 ha (7,584 Currently, vast cultivable areas are lying Kg/ha), total production and yield being 6,269 barren in the district due to non-existence of tonnes and 8,529 Kg/ha respectively. It is irrigation facilities. Agriculture depends largely followed by 2,246 tonnes of ladyfinger on sailaba and khushkaba systems of produced on 400 ha (5,615 Kg/ha) and 1,072 cultivation and tube wells installed by the tonnes of bitter gourd on 152 ha (7,053 owners of large land holdings to irrigate Kg/ha). Other vegetables include radish, orchards and vegetables. Generally, the land cauliflower, bottle gourd, spinach and is cultivated by the local people. Sorghum, cucumber. guar seed, castor seed, melons and wheat Figure 6: Area, Production and Yield of Major Rabi Crops in Lasbela District during 2008-0943

40000

Area (ha) 35000 Prod (tonnes) Avg. Yield (kg.ha) 30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 Wheat Barley Mutter (Peas) Vegetables Fodder Total

Figure 7: Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Lasbela District during 2008-0944

60000

Area (ha)

50000 Prod (tonnes)

Avg. Yield (kg.ha)

40000

30000

20000

10000

0 Guar Seed Sorghum Fodder Melons Sesamum Castor seed Cotton Millet (Bajra) Maize Moong Fruits Onion Vegetables Chillies Coriander Sugarcane (Jawar)

43 Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 44 ibid. 75 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

are cropped on the khushkaba or sailaba A comparison of the average yield of Rabi system. Generally, spate irrigated areas crops for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09 for support low value agriculture. The crops Lasbela District is given in Figure 7. yields are low. Even if optimal rainfall is received, the income from crops is lower than A comparison of average yield of Kharif crops from competing alternate livelihoods, where for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09 for available. Lasbela District is given in Figure 8.

The area, production and yield of major Two agriculture research and demonstration Rabi and Kharif crops in the district during farms in Lasbela District are maintained by the 2008-09 are given in Figures 5 and 6 Department of Agriculture; a Coconut Farm respectively. over an area of 81 ha at Uthal and the

Figure 8: Comparison of Average Yield of Rabi Crops for the Year 2007-08 and 2008-09 for Lasbela District

35000

2007-08 2008-09 30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 Wheat Barley Mutter (Peas) Vegetables Fodder Rape Seed

Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09

Figure 9: Comparison of Average Yield of Kharif Crops for the Year 2007-08 and 2008-09 for Lasbela District

60000

2007-08 50000 2008-09

40000

30000

20000

10000

0 Guar Seed Sorghum (Jawar) Fodder Cotton Millet (Bajra) Maize Sesamum Castor seed Moong Mash Fruits Onion Vegetables Melons Chillies Coriander Sugarcane

76 Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 10: Agriculture Machinery in District Lasbela (2008-09) 1600

Govt. Private Total 1400

1200

1000

800 No.

600

400

200

0 T.Well (elec) T.Wells (Diesel) Trctors Threshers Reapers Bulldozers Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09

Figure 11: Source of Irrigation and Area (ha) Irrigated in Lasbela District

Canal Wells Tube wells

4408; 21%

13503; 63%

3421; 16%

Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09

Agriculture Research Fruit Experiment Station of mangoes and 1,749 tonnes of guava. A Wayaro Farm of 67 ha. Fruit nursery plants demonstration agriculture farm for fruits has produced at these farms are supplied to been established at Uthal. The other fruits farmers at subsidized rates. produced in the district include banana, mango, jujube (bair), jambu fruit (jamun), Orchards45: Banana is the major produce but coconut, dates, chico, custard apple (sharifa) its water requirements are very high. Being a and lemon. coastal district, the coconut produce is over 9,567 tonnes; followed by 5,382 tonnes of The agricultural machinery in the district is banana, 5,082 tonnes of papaya, 1,924 tonnes shown in Figure 9.

45 Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. 77 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The major sources of irrigation in the district There is a need to develop a feasible model of are tube wells, wells and canals. The area public√private-community partnership based irrigated by each of these sources is shown in on equitable benefit sharing that can be Figure 10. replicated and scaled up within the district and province, as well as elsewhere in the Lasbela has the highest potential for wheat country. The partnership model should focus production in the province after the eastern on joint planning, implementation and Indus system»s canal irrigated districts, monitoring, and provinces and communities provided the surface water resources are can contribute state or communal land. The developed. The district has also high potential federal and provincial governments and a for growing fruit orchards (for example consortium of private investors can share the banana), early and late summer vegetables cost of mega water development and other and other high value cash crops, which are long-term infrastructure projects. In addition, usually preferred by farmers. Therefore, it is the private sector can invest in appropriate important to choose crops that suit the and efficient technology and management, the farmers (economic return) as well as the latter in partnership with communities. The province (food security) through price cost of water development can be recovered incentives or subsidies. In either case, through water charges paid by users at development of surface water resources is an different tariffs. Manual labour can be essential requirement. provided by the community and the consortium of private investors can ensure Corporate Farming: Corporate farming, skills development of suitable community with the involvement of and financing by the members. Flexibility in this partnership will be private sector, can promote the essential. Once the model has been development of commercial agriculture in developed, lessons learned should be the district. This will result in the documented so that it can be replicated and introduction of technology and will provide scaled up. the advantage of scale and marketing, thus revolutionizing traditional agriculture in the Other Facilities: A large area of the land is district. It can merge well with the surface cultivable waste, which can be transformed water development initiatives of Hingol Dam into arable land with appropriate inputs, and Windar Dam. especially irrigation water. Introduction of IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 78 Cotton fields in Winder, Lasbela Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

modern technologies with regard to the use of perishable commodities such as tomatoes, water, timely supplies of quality seeds, and other vegetables, onions and fruits). However, other agricultural inputs such as machinery, forecasting future demand to guide farmers in equipment, fertilizers, pesticides and credit, their production planning is a more difficult would contribute to increasing yields. An task and will need sophisticated working, time improved marketing system (that reduces the and effort. involvement of middlemen) will also benefit the farmers. Providing price information about bigger markets and through radio and newspaper BPM Cotton Growing: Pesticide use on has limited use as the farmers are interested cotton is highest amongst crops in the cotton mainly in local market prices, which is where growing areas in Punjab and Sindh, which is they sell their goods. Market information undesirable in terms of environmental damage services, therefore, need decentralization at and cost of production. The best practices the regional or district level. The AGMARKET method (BPM) that will evolve for cotton in Balochistan has decentralized the growing in Bahawalpur by WWF-P will help marketing information system to improve the cotton growers in the district. It is, access to information in districts. therefore, critical that the current cotton promotion project of the Pakistan Cotton A modern vegetable and fruit market is being Research Institute (PCRI) incorporates the established at Uthal. While it is strategically BPM concept in its research and promotional located for servicing the coastal up-country work. areas, it faces strong competition from the Karachi market and will have to be managed Pesticide use: Local adapted varieties of well for sustainability. cotton are grown in the flood-irrigated areas. The timing of the flood determines the choice Water issues, policies and strategies relating of the crop and there is little room to to agriculture are given in Table 11. manoeuvre, resulting in monoculture and vulnerability to attack by plant pests and Key Issues diseases. The use of pesticides is almost negligible due to farmers» lack of awareness of „ The district lacks a canal irrigation Integrated Pest Management (IPM), limited system despite having the potential technical knowledge about various aspects of for one. plant protection, and the high costs of pesticides, spraying and dusting equipment. „ Traditionally weak agricultural Cotton, among crops, requires the use of practices including layout, levelling maximum pesticides, which is being promoted and tilth due to uncertain and erratic in the district by a project of the Pakistan rainfall conditions, as a regular Cotton Research Institute (PCRI). cropping calendar is difficult to follow. This affects seed germination, crop Agricultural Marketing: Accurate and timely stand, health and productivity. marketing information is vital in helping farmers make profitable marketing decisions, „ The Agriculture Department arranges such as what to produce, where to market the improved seeds of major crops at produce, and what price to expect. The GoB»s Uthal Town and recommends the seed Directorate of Agriculture, Economics and rate. However, farmers generally use Marketing Balochistan, Quetta, is planning to local seed of low quality at low seed develop a database system of this information rate, with poor germination. at the provincial level. „ Lack of irrigation and credit facilities In Balochistan, the Directorate of Agriculture constrains the planting of fruit plants Services for Crop Reporting has set up an on- and development of orchards. line information system. The Directorate is now analysing supply and demand of the „ The soil is deficient in organic matter; various agricultural produce in order to the use of chemical fertilizers for distinguish those crops that continuously face crops is low and limited to vegetables marketing problems (i.e., more or less and orchards; and the use of farmyard production than demand, especially of manure is low. 79 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 11: Water Issues, Policies and Strategies Related to Agriculture for Surface Water Issues Policy Strategy a) Enhancing Availability of Water Depleting reservoirs Capacities of existing reservoirs l A study will be undertaken (such as Hub Dam), mitigation of on enhancing capacity of sedimentation, etc. will be existing reservoirs improved. l A Watershed Management Programme will be launched, dams will checked, soil conservation measures will be implemented and sluicing devices in new dams will be incorporated.

Inadequate storage l There will be construction of l There will be education, new multipurpose storage dissemination of knowledge facilities, e.g., Hingol Dam, and creation of awareness Windar Dam, and a dam on about the need for additional Porali River water reservoirs

l Rainwater harvesting and l Major storages and small other conservation measures dams will be constructed will be undertaken. wherever feasible.

Seasonal variations l There will be judicious l Studies and measures will be regulation of water storage. undertaken to conserve water and offset seasonal l For sustainability of effects. groundwater, groundwater recharge will be promoted l The Watershed Management wherever technically and Programme will be launched. economically feasible (pumping will not exceed recharge).

b) Improving Irrigation Practices

Traditional methods of irrigation, l Better irrigation practices at l Pilot projects will be e.g., flood irrigation farm level will be promoted prepared; timely such as furrow and border implementation and irrigation, land levelling and adequate funding will be use of technology-based ensured. high efficiency irrigation systems l Research and development in improved irrigation l Flexibility will be introduced practices will be undertaken. in the system and re- regulation capability will be improved.

Lack of demand-based irrigation, l Water allowances on various l Awareness raising and e.g., fixed ≈wara bandiΔ rather canal commands will be education of farmers will be than need-based withdrawal in rationalized. undertaken. distribution system. l Studies will be conducted to 80 rationalize water allowances. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issues Policy Strategy

l Pilot demonstration projects will be developed for replication by farmers.

Low crop yields and cropping l High delta crops will be l Availability of quality inputs intensity discouraged and better at affordable prices will be operational practices, e.g., ensured, with easy seed certification, farm accessibility to farmers. mechanization, adequate use of IPM, fertilizers, etc., will be promoted, coupled with judicious use of water.

Lack of modern irrigation l Use of high technical and l High tech irrigation systems techniques and low irrigation modern irrigation techniques, will be indigenized at efficiency e.g., sprinklers, drip irrigation affordable prices with easy system, etc. will be access to farmers. promoted. l Low cost laser levelling l Laser levelling of agricultural equipment will be lands will be encouraged. manufactured/marketed. c) Enhancing Irrigation Infrastructure and Sustainability

Low efficiencies in conveyance of Higher efficiency in conveyance Preference will be given for water (conveyance losses). and use of irrigation water, e.g., concrete over brick lining. lining, rehabilitation, silt clearance, re-sectioning, etc. will Lining and rehabilitation of water be promoted and supported. conveyance infrastructure will be promoted, giving priority to saline zones, high filling and sandy reaches

Periodic rehabilitation and remodelling of canal systems will be implemented. Commitment will be given by the Sustainability of infrastructure will provincial government to ensure be ensured through adequate adequate budget allocation as funding for O&M. per yardsticks for O&M, and periodic revision of yardsticks.

Inadequate maintenance and l There will be better vigilance l Annual and periodic safety deterioration of canal and monitoring of irrigation inspections of dams and infrastructure. infrastructure. canals will be carried out.

l Performance-based O&M l Mechanized maintenance will contracts will be introduced be introduced wherever on a pilot basis. feasible.

l Beneficiaries» participation in l The province will commit to maintenance will be allocate adequate funds. promoted. l Formation of Farmers» Organizations for O&M of tertiary irrigation systems will be encouraged. 81 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issues Policy Strategy

l The existing canal system l Subject to availability of will be remodelled and new water, new canals will be infrastructure will be constructed and periodic constructed to increase remodelling will be carried cropping intensities in out wherever required. existing commands. New areas will be brought under l Appropriate financing will be irrigation. ensured to undertake required projects.

l Satellite imageries/aerial photography will be used to support field assessment.

l Availability of credit incentives will be supported, such as allocation of land in new areas.

Lack of private investment in l Pilot private sector project l Reasonable return on equity infrastructure. on development of water will be facilitated by infrastructure based on the recovering charges from land pattern of highways, users. telecommunications, etc. will be developed and implemented.

Insufficient cost recovery l The assessment and l Existing assessment and collection system for abiana collection system will be (water rates/charges) will be reviewed through improved improved. management, modern technology and incentives. l Abiana rates will be rationalized in phases to l There will be phased ensure full O&M recovery. enhancement of abiana rates and elimination of subsides.

Improving Groundwater irrigation

Excessive Pumping (Lop-sided l Excessive pumping will be Groundwater regulatory pumping). avoided. framework will be strictly enforced to avoid over l A Groundwater Regulatory exploitation. Framework will be developed for the district to control and optimize groundwater exploitation in conjunction with surface water.

l Pumping of water will be rationalized.

Provinces will develop a l Areas with falling water table Groundwater Management Act. will be delineated for restricting uncontrolled 82 abstraction. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Issues Policy Strategy

l Monitoring efforts to determine sustainable groundwater potential will be strengthened.

l Groundwater budgets for sub- basins and Canal Commands will be prepared for improved aquifer management.

l All sources of recharge/discharge and their interaction with the groundwater reservoir will be evaluated.

Poor quality groundwater in some l Skimming wells will be Various technologies being used areas, contamination/ up-coming promoted through education for undisturbed extraction and (upward vertical movement of of farmers. skimming of fresh groundwater saline interface), and poor layers overlying saline water will drainage. l Bank credits will be provided. be evaluated.

Land deterioration, i.e., Fresh groundwater bodies will be Optimal groundwater pumping in secondary salinisation, protected from contamination by waterlogged areas to lower water sodicity, etc. lateral and/or vertical movement tables in fresh groundwater of saline groundwater. areas, while restricting pumping in saline areas, giving due regard to safe and acceptable disposal of effluent will be promoted.

Depletion of ground-water in Mining of ground water will be The Provinces will prepare a certain areas. prohibited. groundwater Atlas for each Canal Command and sub basin and enact groundwater control regulations, which will be enforced at the district level.

Harnessing Hill Torrents Irrigation

Under-utilization of potential of The potential of hill torrents fully l The Master Plan/Feasibility Hill Torrents. to supplement surface water for Harnessing of Hill irrigation will be exploited. Torrents will be developed and updated.

l Projects in Hill Torrent Areas will be developed to supplement water availability, improve and extend agriculture and alleviate poverty.

Lack of investment to harness Resources will be generated for Funding will be arranged from the flood flow of hill torrents. harnessing the flood flow of hill indigenous and international torrents. resources to construct Hill Torrents management structures for flood control and maximum utilization of flows. Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006, Adapted by R-SDCS (2010) 83 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ The lack of irrigation facilities, high that drain water from the mountains, costs of inputs such as improved hills and uplands. The fast moving seeds, tube well water, fertilizer and waters or flash floods cause soil pesticides, poverty, and lack of erosion on agricultural land adequate and appropriate credit facilities are major constraints in the „ Disasters such as droughts and floods. development of agriculture, improved farming practices, and productivity. Measures

„ Lack of provincial responsibility 1. A plan will be developed to increase the including for research and extension, availability of surface water for agriculture, institutional strengthening and WatSan and other purposes. competency development, because of which the needs of the district are not 2. Water will be conserved and wastage will met. be controlled through efficient use.

„ Banana requires a very large amount 3. Installation of new tube wells in ground of water and is dependent on tube water stressed areas will be controlled. wells. 4. Cropping patterns and fruit orchards will „ Rapid depletion of ground water. be reviewed for incorporating low delta crops and fruit plants. „ No system of monitoring tube well installation; the increase in the number 5. A corporate farming model of public- of installed tube wells is very high. private community partnership will be developed. „ Agriculture is still being done using 6. Middle-men in marketing will be old practices. eliminated.

„ There are streams all over the district 7. Supply of agricultural inputs will improve. IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 84 Wheat threshing at Uthal Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Livestock grazing at Kandraj, Hingol National Park 8. Capacity building for farmers will be 7.3 Livestock implemented. The vision of the livestock sector in the district 9. Check dams will be conducted over small is to develop it as a pillar of growth through streams to help decrease the speed of improvement of breeds, feeding and health flood water, trap soil, recharge ground facilities; dairy development; commercializing water and stabilise with planting. management of range dependent livestock for beef and meat; value addition of livestock 10. Organic farming and marketing of products; and taking advantage of Karachi»s vegetables will be promoted. proximity to supply livestock products and develop a livestock market near Hub Town for 11. The BPM concept in the research and Karachi. promotional aspects of the current PCRI cotton project will be incorporated. 68 per cent of the households own livestock and the mean value of the owned livestock 12. Human resource in commercial agriculture is Rs. 50,000/-.46 A significant percentage of will be developed. the workforce and households in the district are engaged in livestock rearing. Though the 13. Success of the new agriculture market at district has great potential for this, the Uthal Town will be ensured. sector has not received any attention so far. The importance of livestock as a major 14. Small, medium and mega dams will be source of livelihood has decreased due to constructed over seasonal and perennial growing of orchards and vegetable cropping rivers and streams. with irrigation. The district also suffers from periodic droughts. The recent long drought 15. Technology-based efficient irrigation of 1998-2004 resulted in livestock mortality systems with subsidies, technical support and loss to livestock-dependent and maintenance mechanisms will be households. introduced and promoted.

46 Government of Pakistan. Agriculture Census Organisation. Livestock Census 2006. Islamabad: ACO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2007. 85 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The subjects of livestock and rangelands are potential of livestock resources has not yet kept separate for administrative purposes, been realized. and come under the Livestock and Forest and Wildlife Departments respectively. Lasbela District ranks 12th for percentage of Coordination between the two is almost non- households keeping livestock (68 per cent) existent. The livestock sector is informal and among 26 districts (MICS-2004). disorganized in the district as elsewhere in the province. The concept of In 2006, the total number of livestock47 in commercialisation, which is being discussed Lasbela District was 1,331,797 and poultry at the provincial level, has not yet been was 226,710. This includes 101,084 cattle, translated on the ground. As a result, the full 7,980 buffalo, 367,262 sheep, 794,296 goats,

Figure 12: Livestock Population in Lasbela District (2006)

900000 Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camel

800000 Horse Mule Asses Poultry

700000

600000

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

0

Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006

Figure 13: The Number of Cattle by Sex and Breed in Lasbela District (2006)

35000

Male 30000 Female Total 25000

20000 No.

15000

10000

5000

0 Sahiwal Red Sindhi Thari Bhag Nari Rojhan Dhanni Kankraj Lohani Achai Gabrali Foreign

Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006

86 47 Government of Pakistan. Agriculture Census Organisation. Livestock Census 2006. Islamabad: ACO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2007. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 14: Number of Buffaloes by Breed in Lasbela District (2006)

8000

7000 Male Female Total

6000

5000

No. 4000

3000

2000

1000

0 Nili/Ravi Hundhi Azakhale Othes

Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006

Figure 15: Number of Sheep by Breed in Lasbela District (2006)

30000

Male 25000 Female Youngstock Total

20000 No. 15000

10000

5000

0 Lohi Kajli Thalli Buchi Harnai Balochi Bibrk Damani Kaghani Rakhshani Kooka Kachhi Kail

Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006

32,202 camels, 1,857 horses, 581 mules, slaughterhouses. 19,210 animals (2028 26,535 donkeys and 226,710 poultry birds. buffalo/cattle, 994 sheep and 16,188 goats) Goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys were slaughtered in the open in 2006. predominated. Other livestock was 62,542 (25,494 male and 37,048 female). These are The number of cattle by sex and breed in the also shown in Figure 11. district is given in Figure 12.

There were 5 veterinary hospitals and 13 The number of buffaloes by sex and breed in veterinary dispensaries in Lasbela District in the district in 2006 is given in Figure 13. 2006. 251,072 animals were treated, 338,417 vaccinated and 785 castrated in 2006. 16,911 Majority of the sheep are local breeds animals (496 buffalo/cattle, 994 sheep, 15,282 comprising of 43431 males, 162483 females, goats and 139 camels) were slaughtered in and 120991 young stocks below 1 year with 87 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

3,269,051. The improved breeds and their Annual veterinary coverage of livestock in the numbers are shown in Figure 14. district in 2006 is shown in Figure 16.

The majority of the goats are local breeds Only one livestock project, Research Centre comprising 73,011 male, 335,599 female, and Dairy, costing Rs. 49.2 million, was included in 136,010 young stocks, making their total the Public Sector Development Programme number 544,620. The improved breeds and (PSDP) 2008-09 and 2009-10. their numbers are shown in Figure 15. Key Issues Artificially inseminated cows and buffaloes during 12 months in the district prior to the „ The three main elements for livestock, census 2006 were less than one per cent. breed, feeding and health are weak,

Figure 16: Goat Improved Breeds and their Numbers in Lasbela District

200000

180000 Male 160000 Female Youngstock 140000 Total 120000

100000 No. 80000

60000

40000

20000

0 Teddy Beetal Kamori Kaghani Damani Daira din panah Nachi Jatan Barbery Pateri Lehri Chappar

Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006

Figure 17: Annual Veterinary Coverage of Livestock in Lasbela District (2006)

30000

Vaccinated 25000 Fallen Sick Treated 20000 No. 15000

10000

5000

0 Adult Cattle Cattles YS Buffaloes Buffaloe YS Sheep Sheep YS Goats Goats YS Camels Camel YS

88 Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

as a result of which productivity of the products, e.g., wool, hides, skins, animals is low. horns and hooves.

Breeds „ Lack of commercial production of „ Large numbers of less productive meat for marketing within the country animals. and outside.

„ Inadequate facilities for artificial „ Lack of biogas production from insemination (few insemination centres livestock dung and urine and using that are distantly located). the slurry as manure.

„ Poor results of artificial insemination Measures (AI) in the past and social reservations about AI. 1. Breed, feeding (including range management), health disease/parasite „ Not culling less productive animals control, commercial meat and beef since they are considered to be status production, and marketing improvement symbols and handy cash. programmes in the district will be launched. „ Lack of conscious gene pool conservation. 2. Awareness raising and capacity building programmes for relevant staff of public „ Lack of sires of better breeds for sector agencies and livestock farmers will improved breeding. be implemented.

Feeding 3. Institutional strengthening of relevant „ Low fodder production due to low agencies and organizations will be cultivation and small cultivated ensured. holdings. 4. Preventive health cover including „ No introduction of high yielding fodder vaccination against infectious and varieties. communicable diseases, control ticks, and curative treatment including de-worming „ Forage yield in rangelands less than will be provided. its potential due to overgrazing, degradation and no grazing 5. Use of water from Hub Dam for WatSan management (rotational and deferred and industry, livestock and fodder will be rotational grazing, early spring and prioritized. late grazing at the time of seed ripening), and lack of investment in 6. The use of diclofenac will be discouraged, reseeding, seeding, development of which has been found fatal for vultures water points, placement of salt licks feeding on dead animals» carcases and grazing management. containing its residue.

Health 7. Livestock management will be „ Inadequate preventive (vaccination) commercialized on a sound scientific and curative health facilities for basis with involvement of local livestock. communities.

Damage to Forests 8. Integrated planning and management of „ Camel browsing and lopping of livestock, rangelands, forests, agriculture mangroves for fodder. and water will be implemented.

„ Trampling and foraging by livestock. 9. Reliable data collection and its interpretation at the village level for Value addition planning and management will be „ Lack of value addition of livestock implemented. 89 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

10. Public-private-community partnership in 15. Close coordination between the livestock and range improvement, livestock, forest and wildlife, agriculture management and marketing programmes and irrigation departments will be will be implemented. ensured for improvement of livestock and rangelands; and joint livestock and 11. Breeds will be improved while ensuring rangeland projects, interventions and conservation of the indigenous gene pool activities, for implementation by joint of livestock in the district, from amongst teams. the best animals. 16. The number of low productive animals will 12. Dairy farming will take place in the canal be reduced. command areas of Hub Dam and under- construction Windar Dam, Hingol Dam, and other future dams. 7.4 Rangelands

13. A regular livestock market near Hub The vision of rangelands in the district is to Chauki will be established and operated enhance their productivity to their optimum that is large enough to be developed as potential with investments in range one of the livestock markets for Karachi, improvement and grazing management. Local especially for Eid ul Azha. communities should be aware of the links between livestock productivity and health of 14. Rangelands will be improved, the rangelands; their capacity for rangeland improved/high yielding fodder crops with improvement and grazing management should more varieties, grown over a larger area, be built; and planning and management of will be cultivated, and use of animal feed livestock, rangelands and agriculture should (urea molasses blocks, urea treated straw be integrated. or feed from mills) to provide adequate quantities of quality feed for animals will Though a significant proportion of the district increase. population is engaged in livestock rearing, this IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 90 Rangeland at Kanraj, Edu village area Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

sector, particularly rangelands, has not „ Overgrazing and grubbing of bushes received any attention so far. for fuel.

The importance of rangelands has decreased „ Lack of coordination among range due to growing of orchards and vegetable resource related agencies, especially cropping with irrigation. Periodic droughts the Forest and Wildlife Department have also affected rangelands √ the recent and the Livestock Department. long drought of 1998-2004 resulted in degradation of rangelands. „ Lack of investment for maintaining productivity. There are vast rangelands in the district. The major land use in Lasbela District is livestock Measures grazing on rangelands, on which most of the livestock in the district depends. They are 1. There will be mobilization, organization also the principal watersheds for the water- (including revival of local institutions), starved lands. Other products of the motivation, participation and capacity rangelands include medicinal plants, fuel building of communities in planning, wood and wildlife. Large areas of rangelands improvement and management of were converted to land use for agriculture, rangelands. housing and settlements, industry, and the communication sectors. Conversion of more 2. Advocacy will be conducted to prioritize areas is planned for mega developments in rangelands for investment and create the water and other sectors mentioned awareness of their sustainable use, i.e., above. avoid overgrazing.

The rangelands have degraded due to 3. Water recharge/storage/harvesting will be overgrazing and lack of inputs and promoted and best practices for fodder management. Any focus of the Forest cultivation and improvement of rangelands Department on rangelands in the province will be disseminated. has remained limited to the central and northern parts of the province, with little 4. Close coordination between the Livestock, consideration for Lasbela District. The six- Forest and Wildlife and Agriculture year long drought from 1998-2004 departments, and communities and other aggravated the situation since there was stakeholders will be encouraged for livestock mortality and weight loss. The improvement of livestock and sustainable productivity of rangelands has declined, their management of rangelands. water-recharge capacity has reduced and the ecological character as a wildlife habitat has 5. There will be investment in rehabilitation deteriorated. (increase productivity) of rangelands, provision of economic incentives to Key Issues communities and promotion of sustainable management through integrated planning „ Low forage yield due to low and management. This will also help precipitation and degradation. enhance recharge of water and conserve biodiversity, especially the palatable plant „ Periodic droughts. species and dependent species of all forms of wild animals. „ Disappearance of traditional community institutions for natural 6. Replicable models of livestock and range resource management, resulting in management will be established and the unmanaged grazing of livestock. same will be documented and disseminated for scale up and replication. „ The general perception of rangelands as wastelands and lack of awareness 7. The pressure of camel browsing and of communities, political leaders and forage collection on mangroves in decision-makers regarding their loss Sonmiani Bay will be reduced and and degradation and its management of mangroves for non- consequences. exploitative uses, as a nursery of coastal 91 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

fisheries, especially for shrimp, and for 9. Free grazing of livestock will be tourism will be prioritized. There are vast discouraged and gradually reduced, and alternative areas for camel browsing in the replaced with rotational and deferred district. rotational grazing in accordance with the carrying capacity of the rangelands and 8. Joint livestock and rangeland projects, forests. A moratorium will be imposed on interventions and activities by relevant grazing/browsing in regeneration areas public sector agencies will be and plantations until rotational and implemented, that can also be deferred rotational grazing is fully implemented by joint teams of veterinary established. and animal husbandry specialists, foresters, agriculturists and sociologists.

92 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

8. Coastal Resources

he vision of coastal resources is of their integrated planning and Tmanagement for rehabilitation and sustainable use, primarily for the welfare and social development of the coastal communities; controlling over-exploitation and pollution of coastal resources; enhancing alternate sustainable livelihoods of communities including from non-exploitative uses of resources such as ecotourism; accommodating environment friendly industrial development along the coastline; and proactive planning to minimise losses from disasters.

The key coastal resources of Lasbela District include mangroves, fisheries, wildlife and protected areas, bay, estuaries, beaches and mud flats. The existing developments and further potential include ship breaking, harbour, jetties, power plants, oil refineries and ecotourism. Integrated panning and management are appropriate tools for sustainable development of coastal zone and marine areas. 93 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Integrated Coastal Zone „ Solid waste (municipal, industrial and Management Plan (ICZMP) hospital) also added into coastal waters. ICZMP of the entire coastal zone of „ Degradation and depletion of Balochistan needs development, using mangroves and fisheries respectively modern planning and resource management in coastal areas due to over methods, as well as interdisciplinary expertise. exploitation e.g. camel browsing and Agenda 21 has recommended that each lopping of mangroves and fire wood coastal state should develop a policy and removal, and harmful fishing practices planning framework and establish a high level e.g. use of Gujja and wire net. planning body involving local populations for integrated coastal management48. „ Reduction in the flow of fresh water and sediment in the estuaries due to The ICZM Plan of Balochistan will include the construction of dams e.g., Hub Dam coastal districts of Lasbela and Gwadar. The and the future dams such as Hingol planning will involve the setting of national, Dam and Windar Dam with adverse provincial and district policies and goals; impacts on their ecological characters inventories of resources; identification of and sustainability, e.g., effects on stakes, stakeholders, conflicts, issues, mangroves, breeding and nursery challenges and statistics; identification, areas of marine fauna, erosion of selection and implementation of management coastline. systems, such as guidelines, permits and economic incentives; socioeconomic and „ Land erosion at Damb coast and the environmental assessment; conflict resolution resultant damage to property. techniques; land use planning and enforced zoning; and protection of sensitive areas. This „ Disasters such as cyclone, tsunami, intervention will help in breaking the sectoral oil spill, flood and earthquakes. barriers, minimising negative environmental and social impacts and maximizing the „ Untapped ecotourism potential √ benefits from the resources and developments. sandy beaches, mangroves, wildlife The BCS recommended guidelines for watching (migratory and resident preparing ICZMP are given in Box 6. water birds, marine turtles, dolphins Key Issues and porpoise), angling and fishing, sea sports, natural areas and cultural sites etc. „ Lack of awareness and comprehension of issues and the way „ Acute problem of drinking water, lack forward. of WatSan facilities, acute poverty, poor facilities of education and health, „ Weak capacities of and poor excessive use of Gutka and betel coordination between communities, leaves and nuts. CBOs, government organisations and other stakeholders. Measures „ Lack of integrated planning and 1. Awareness raising and capacity building management of coastal areas. of local communities, CBOs, public sector agencies and other stakeholders will be „ Concentration of industrial growth on undertaken and coordination between all the coastline of Lasbela District, relevant organisations and stakeholders especially near Gadani beach. will be improved.

„ Untreated industrial effluents of HITE, 2. The Integrated Coastal Zone Management WITE and municipal discharges Plan of Balochistan Coast including the released in the coastal waters directly coastal areas of Lasbela District will be and through rivers e.g. Hub River and developed. Porali River.

94 48 Government of Balochistan and IUCN. Balochistan Conservation Strategy. Quetta: IUCN, 2000. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Box 6: Guidelines for preparing ICZM Plan Establish a high-level steering committee to:

l Develop the goals, objectives and principles of the plan;

l Define planning boundaries and scope of the plan;

l Oversee development and implementation of a participatory planning process;

l Ensure inter-agency coordination; and

l Guide the preparation of the plan, its approval and implementation.

l Establish and mobilize a small, multidisciplinary core group to prepare the plan.

l Establish a broadly based interest group composed of all stakeholders.

l Collect secondary data and information, and analyse.

l Identify information gaps and commission-required studies.

l Define issues and trends.

l Establish priorities.

l Identify alternative ways of managing human activities causing adverse impacts.

l Evaluate alternative management strategies.

l Finalize and obtain approval of the plan.

l Implement the plan and establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism

3. Only environment-friendly developments carrying capacity of coastal waters. Efforts along the coastline will be allowed. will be made to restrict the boats to the coastal areas of the district. 4. It will be ensured that local communities are not marginalised further due to 9. Alternate sustainable livelihoods will be developments along the coast, rather they promoted including ecotourism, captive are the major beneficiaries. fisheries, e.g., shrimps, lobsters, fishing- net making, mangrove planting, boat 5. Rehabilitation, conservation and repair, etc. sustainable use of mangroves by reducing the level of exploitation, planting 10. Direct and indirect (into rivers draining into mangroves over additional areas, and estuaries) untreated effluents and ensuring environmental flow from the discharges of all kinds of solid waste will dams will be ensured. be controlled.

6. Rehabilitation of coastal fisheries, 11. Social indicators will be improved by especially shrimp fisheries by enhancing coverage and improving strengthening legislation and enforcing it delivery of social services, especially to control all harmful fishing practices will WatSan, health, and education. be ensured. 12. The parts of the Balochistan Disaster Risk 7. Fishing by the fishing boats of Sindh and Management Plan relevant to the coastal trawlers and vessels registered for deep- areas will be implemented, in particular sea fishing will be controlled. preparedness to minimise losses from cyclones, tsunamis, oil spills, floods and 8. The size of the fishing fleet of Balochistan earthquakes. coastal areas will be kept within the 95 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

8.1 Fisheries District Lasbela»s location on the coast enables it to exploit coastal and marine Inland Fisheries fisheries.

Coastal fishery is widely practiced in Only Gwadar District shares this advantage, Balochistan Province. Fresh water fishery has the location of the fish landing sites either been managed only in the Hub Reservoir being close to Karachi (e.g. Sonmiani) or (Balochistan Province is a co- beneficiary with being connected with it (Sumar Bandar, Phor Sindh Province) by WAPDA with the Bandar, Sapat Bandar, Wadh Bandar, Kund introduction of exotic fish for commercial Malir, Malan Bandar) by Makran Coastal netting. Highway the fish catch reaches Karachi for further disposal. The mole agents and This clashed with the principle of preserving middlemen collect the catch themselves from native fish fauna, which included the the landing sites and transport it to Karachi. Mahsheer fish popular with the anglers from Karachi. Gadani is a coastal town of Lasbela District. The profession of locals is fishing. However, The commercial fishery of exotic fishes is also the fishery is on the downfall as wire nets, in conflict with the objectives of managing this Gujja, dredging for fishmeal and other wetland of international importance (formerly malpractices have degraded the sea life. The designated as a Ramsar site by the fisheries have suffered the most in the coastal government of Pakistan) as the wintering of waters of Gadani, affecting the subsistence migratory water birds and the fishing period and livelihood of local communities there. coincided. As a result the water birds, especially ducks and coots were caught in The coastal waters of Lasbela District are nets by fishermen besides disturbing them. endowed with shrimps. The shrimp catch is in The potential sites for development and high demand and fetches good price. management of fisheries resources in the However, there is considerable concern district include the proposed Hub Dam, among the local fishermen and mole agents Windar Dam and Porali River, Malir Nadi, about gradual decline in the shrimp catch in Hingol River and Siranda Lake (seasonal but coastal waters since past several years due to 49 very important for water birds) etc. overexploitation . In 2002, the total shrimp catch on the Balochistan coast was 639 The potential of freshwater fisheries in Lasbela tonnes and its value was Rs. 218 Million, District has not yet been studied and ought to Lasbela»s share of the catch is not known. be the first step in developing inland fisheries. In the meanwhile, further conflicts i.e. Shrimp farming is unknown on the Lasbela commercial fishing with nets during the coast although it could be developed at wintering period of migratory water birds and appropriate locations in the Sonmiani Bay and introduction of exotic species should be on the banks of estuaries. However, it must avoided in planning and managing inland not use the lands under mangrove cover. fisheries in the district. Fish hatcheries Shrimp farming was tried in the coastal areas development and stocking the potential of Sindh haphazardly by the private sector in waters with local fish species also needed to the distant past but was unsuccessful be examined. because of the high mortality of juvenile shrimps. In 1995, the Marine Fisheries Coastal & Marine Fisheries Department implemented a project of fish and shrimp seed production for supply to private 50 The estuaries of all of the rivers mentioned farms but the project was not successful . above, Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hoar and the The lack of success is mainly due to lack of coastal waters up to 12 nautical miles provide appropriate expertise in the country. The fisheries related subsistence and livelihood for involvement of Sri Lankan experts in the the people of coastal areas in the district. recent past in exploring the potential of

49 Government of Pakistan, WWF & IUCN, Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, page 20.

50 Government of Balochistan, Prospects of Shrimp Aquaculture on Balochistan Coast, Balochistan Coastal Development Authority, 96 page 5 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Balochistan Programme Q Fishermen arriving with fresh catch at the shore

shrimp farming on Sindh coast has resulted in and other towns and settlements in positive results. It appears that there is great Lasbela District and also from the oil potential of shrimp farming on Balochistan and air emissions of boat engines. coast but it is yet unexploited. „ Deforestation and degradation of IUCN is funding a demonstration project on mangroves, which are the nursery shrimp farming on the Lasbela coast that may grounds of shrimps and many fish pave the way for commercial shrimp farming species; in the area. Lobster farming is another possibility and needs exploring at medium to „ Lack of jetties and other facilities at large scale. catch landing sites (Bandar)

Balochistan Coastal Development Authority „ Damages from cyclones e.g. Phet (BCDA) launched a project ≈Construction of Cyclone in 2010 and droughts Jetty and Fish Harbour at DambΔ costing Rs. (reduces fresh water and 536.1 Million through Public Sector sedimentation input into the estuaries Development Program (PSDP) 2008-2009 with and mangroves) an allocation of Rs. 17.1 Million. „ High costs of boats, machinery, Key Issues equipment , nets and other fishing gear „ Over exploitation of fisheries and use of unsustainable fishing practices „ Exploitation of fishermen by money lenders and middlemen due to lack of „ Pollution from industrial effluents, credit facilities, which forces the municipal discharges and solid wastes fishermen to take loans from money disposed of from Hub, Gadani, Bela lenders at very high interest rates and 97 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

obliges them to sell the catch to them 4. All fishing crafts including those registered at very low rates in Balochistan will be treated equally for enforcing controls on bottom trawling. „ Perishable nature of catch and urgency in selling, notwithstanding the 5. Penalties will be enhanced to a significant low rates offered at times level including confiscation of fishing craft and gear to control bottom trawling. „ Use of traditional fishing facilities and techniques by the poor fishermen, 6. Offenders will remain in judicial custody in which enhance their catch effort and case of grave offences until completion yield less catch and submission of case (in a reasonable period) in the court. „ Acute shortage of drinking water in the villages of fishing communities 7. All offenders will be prosecuted.

„ Poor hygienic conditions in the 8. All other practices that deplete fisheries, coastal villages and in handling the stop rehabilitation and sustainable use, catch and affect the livelihood of local fishermen in the long term will be addressed. „ The vision of the sector is to restore, develop and sustainably use fisheries, 9. Mobility of fisheries staff in coastal waters in particular coastal fisheries, as one will be improved by providing funds for of the pillars of economic growth of repairing and maintaining the existing the district and province as expected patrol boats and providing additional in the Balochistan Economic Report51; patrol boats to control the menace of and enhance the livelihoods of and bottom trawling in the provincial waters. delivery of social services to fishing communities. 10. New jetties will be constructed in consultation with mole agents and Measures fishermen.

1. The Balochistan Fisheries Department will 11. An enabling environment will be created be strengthened for controlling bottom for import of items required by the trawling, use of illegal nets by fishermen, subsistence fishermen. and fishing in coastal waters of Balochistan by the boats registered in 12. Access to credit for procurement of fishing Sindh and the vessels registered for deep gears and engines will be improved. sea fishing by the Marine Fisheries Department. 13. The warning system of cyclone, tsunami, oil spill, and earthquake for fishermen 2. The Balochistan Fisheries Ordinance will while at sea will be improved. be reviewed. 14. Preparedness against cyclone, tsunami, 3. Bottom trawling in coastal waters by any oil spill, earthquake and flood will be method will be banned. enhanced.

98 51 World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008. Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

9. Economic Development

Industry, transport, commerce and trade in the urban centres and agriculture, livestock and fisheries in the rural areas are the pillars of economic growth in Lasbela District. The sustainability of the economy of Lasbela District can be evaluated from its ability to:

„ Provide a desirable quality of life to its people

„ Attract and retain the required labour force in the district, especially for industry, mining, ship-breaking, orchards, vegetable growing, poultry farming, etc.

„ Maintain a positive business environment

„ Ensure continued investment in productive sectors and urban infrastructure that support economic productivity.

Despite ups and down in the industrial sector, the economy of the district has been sustained by the private sector, as shown by Hub and Gadani, which have generated significant economic opportunities. 99 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

9.1 Commerce and Trade chemicals, marble processing, electronics, oil blending and lubrication, and packaging. Most Commerce and trade is one of the pillars of of the companies and workforce came from growth in the district. The important centres in Karachi, located only 11 km from the Hub this regard include Hub, Uthal, Bela, Windar Industrial and Trading Estate. Since the end of and Gadani. Commercial activity will increase the eight-year tax holiday in 1996, almost half further in Uthal Town once the agriculture of the 178 manufacturing enterprises have market is established. Uthal has the potential closed down. of developing into a wholesale market for coastal areas and the northern parts of the However, the goal of real development in province. Balochistan Province was defeated by many investors, whose prime objective was to avail the tax holiday and concessions for scaling up 9.2 Industry or setting up their units at Karachi but not to make any commitments in real terms. Apart Lasbela Industrial Estates from the phasing out of fiscal incentives, other reasons for the closure of industrial units Lasbela, particularly Hub, has the advantage included the high cost of raw materials and of close proximity to Karachi with its the poor management of the industrial enormous market and export facilities; this estates. As a result, many units became sick has been a decisive factor in the development and Federal and provincial government of Lasbela»s industrial sector. Two projects in attempts to revive these through incentive- the Industries and Commerce sector, ≈Marble based policies were only partially successful. City at GadaniΔ for Rs. 50 million and ≈Supply of Gas to Windar Industrial AreaΔ for Rs. 138 The establishment of LIEDA has introduced million were included in the Public Sector improvements in management and triggered a Development Program 2008-2009. revival of fortunes. LIEDA provides one- window services. For example, it purchases There are about 360 industrial units, of which bulk electricity from the Karachi Electric 135 are functional and 125 are sick or closed. Supply Corporation (KESC) and ensures the The key large and functional ones are listed in reliable supply of electricity through its own Table 12. distribution network. It is also involved in vocational training in collaboration with local The World Bank (2008)52 reported on the enterprises and the local community to help issues and gains of Lasbela»s Industrial address skilled labour shortages. Beyond Estates. Tax holidays offered by Lasbela»s improved management and services, the industrial estates in the late 1980s and early inflation in the cost of land in Karachi has 1990s attracted significant investments in the induced companies to benefit from favourable fields of textiles, engineering, land leases by LIEDA, which provides 99-year pharmaceuticals, food and confectionery, land-leases at nominal rent.

Table 12: Large and Functional Industries in Lasbela Industrial Estates (2009) S. No. Industry Nature S. No. Industry Nature 1. HUBCO Power Plant IPP 7 Dawood Yamaha Motor Cycle Assembling 2. Gatron Industries Ltd. Polyester 8 Attock Cement Cement Pakistan Ltd 3. Pakistan Synthetic Ltd. Polyester. 9 Falcon Cement Cement 4. Cadbury Pakistan Ltd. Confectionary 10 P&G Pakistan Ltd Consumer goods 5. Allied Electronics LG Production 11 Otsuka Pakistan Ltd. Pharmaceutical 6 Candyland Confectionary

Source: Lasbela Industrial Estates Development Authority (LEIDA)

100 52 World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008, Page 88. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Ship breaking in progress at Gadani Environmental pollution, especially brown and suppliers of the Plant had conducted a pollution, is considerable in the district, due to survey and proposed to LIEDA to conduct a the operation of 135 industrial units (Hub, topographical survey of HITE and other Windar, Uthal, Gadani Ship Breaking, Marble industrial areas to ensure proper installation of City and other sources discussed in the sewerage system so that all the waste water respective sections). Untreated effluents from can go to the main sewerage outlet. LIEDA the HITE (Hub Industrial and Trading Estate) has completed the survey and is working on industries are discharged into Hub River; there setting up a proper sewerage system. are also issues of emissions and unsafe disposal of industrial solid waste. Ship Breaking at Gadani Beach

A Turkish consultancy firm, engaged on the Gadani ship breaking, as the name implies, is initiative of the Pakistan Environmental situated on the Gadani coast of Lasbela Protection Agency (Pak EPA), had carried out District. It was started by and is also currently the feasibility of a combined treatment plant managed by, the Balochistan Development for the effluents of industries in HITE and Authority (BDA). There are 314 plots of 4 acres found out that the small volume of discharge each, out of which 132 have been utilized so of divergent nature was prohibitive to the far; 101 plots are privately owned. 31 plots are economic feasibility of such a treatment state owned, out of which 21 were allotted plant53. It was reported in the Annual Report and 10 are un-allotted. Fishing activity in the of Activities of the Lasbela Chamber of coastal waters of Gadani has finished due to Commerce and Industry, 2006-07, that the the ship-breaking industry. installation of a Combined Affluent Treatment Plant in Hub was envisaged jointly by the There is a public water tank of PHE, which Federal, Provincial and District Governments supplies water to Gadani Town and ship and industrialist stakeholders to treat breaking facilities. industrial effluents before discharging into the Hub River in compliance with the Ship-breaking is a «dirty» industry and has requirements of the Pakistan Environmental been eliminated by developed countries. Protection Act, 1997. The Turkish consultants Although even competitive developing

53 Personal communication with the President, Lasbela Chamber of Industries, in a meeting in his industry office at Hub on 19 June 2009 101 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

countries such as India are reducing this jobs and income. The environmental concerns industry, the sector has the potential to about marble processing units in Marble City provide jobs and boosts the economy if its relate to air pollution and discharge of liquid adverse environmental and social impacts can waste in the wet cutting process. be corrected. Concerns regarding workers» safety and The breaking, storage, transportation, disposal occupational health are relevant to all three of wastes and other operations creates impact types of industries discussed above. but the most important part of the operation is the cleaning of the vessels before breaking. The common water related issues, policies This is supposed to be performed outside and strategies regarding industries are given Pakistan»s territorial waters, in another in Table 13. country, before the vessels are berthed at Gadani. Key Issues

Inspection of cleaning of previously loaded „ The ship breaking industry has seen cargo remains, oil washing, etc., is necessary many ups and down due to internal but is not done. and external factors including tax and other policies of the federal Marble City government.

Marble City was established near Hub in „ Employment of skilled and organized 2008-2009 to promote the value addition of labour from outside the District since the marble extracted from Lasbela (e.g., local people do not have the required Dureji) and other districts in Balochistan. Many skills or aptitude for working long and marble units are operational and are providing active hours.

Table 13: Common Water Related Issues, Policies and Strategies Regarding Industries Issues Policy Strategy Water for Industry Inadequate water supply for Adequate supplies of water for Water for industry needs in all industries industry on will be ensured future planning will be reviewed, priority basis to promote enhanced and incorporated. industrial development and economic growth.

Unauthorized ground water Unauthorized groundwater Existing legislation will be extraction extraction by industries will be reviewed and amended regulation curbed. laws related to water pumping, licenses, etc. will be enacted.

Disposal of Industrial effluent l Measures for treatment of l Industrial expansion on without treatment (e.g., in Hub industrial wastewater (under larger industrial estates will River) EPAs) to protect water be promoted to simplify bodies will be enforced. wastewater treatment and monitoring of effluent l Effective monitoring will take disposal. place. l Effective implementation of effluent disposal standards will be enforced.

l Community participation to check water pollution will be promoted.

102 Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Marble city near Hub

„ Health and other facilities that should 4. The advantage of Lasbela District over be provided through the social Karachi in terms of availability of land will security system and the Employees be exploited on easier terms for growth Old Age Benefit Scheme are available and development of industry. only to the permanent workers, leaving out a significant number of 5. Industry as well as services/utilities- daily wage workers. related policies will aim at keeping the industries competitive and attractive for Measures existing and new investors.

1. The Balochistan EPA, Regional Office, 6. The number of water filtration plants in Hub, will conduct regular periodic industrial and other towns and large monitoring to confirm that the municipal, villages will be increased. industrial and hospital wastes, sewerage, and industrial effluents are within acceptable limits and safely disposed of, and that all concerned comply with NEQS. 9.3 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise 2. Industries and LIEDA will be pursued for treatment of industrial effluents. Enhanced technical skills and organisational capacity are essential for SMEs to be 3. The staff of Labour Department and competitive. Earlier attempts in this direction Mining Directorate will monitor workers» in Pakistan and elsewhere were not very safety and occupational health conditions successful, partly due to limited as well as efficient delivery of social conceptualisation of the role of technology in security facilities and old age benefits to development, and lack of practical experience the workers of industries and mines in project implementation and delivery respectively. mechanisms. 103 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

National Vision 2030 proposes to overcome „ Competing with well-established, the SME deficit in order to interact positively advantageously located enterprises, with large modern companies in Pakistan or availability of skilled labour, and abroad. To achieve this goal, there needs to access to credit, information, be a focus on skills development through technology and market chains is training as well as capacity building for better difficult unless public sector incentives managerial practices and improved technical and patronage become available. knowledge (see Box 7). „ There are plans to implement the Key Issues National Vision 2030 regarding SMEs given in Box 754. The focus in the „ Lack of information regarding district will however be on promoting potential, technology and costs. SMEs, mainly for increasing the production of raw materials, „ Lack of or low technical and mechanization of agriculture and managerial skills and entrepreneurial mining, promoting poultry farming, capacity. handicrafts, ecotourism and value addition of agriculture and livestock „ Unsupportive policy, regulatory, products. taxation and bureaucratic environment is prohibitive in achieving Measures establishment and growth of SMEs, enhancing employment, and reducing 1. A comprehensive study for setting up poverty. SMEs will be conducted.

„ Lack of credit facilities or difficulties 2. Internal and external difficulties in involved in accessing credit. establishing SMEs will be removed.

Box 7: National Vision 2030 √√ SMEs National Vision 2030 proposes to overcome the SME deficit through improvement of hardware and processes, increasing internal and external efficiencies through skills-based and other training, better managerial practices and improved technology. The purpose is to bring SMEs to a point where they can interact positively with large modern companies in Pakistan or abroad, including the SMEs in the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs).

Technology and business skills are integrated into SMEs using change management, which has been institutionalised in a series of clusters and training programmes across the country.

Business networking and trust will be enhanced through better contract enforcement, as part of the effort towards creating an enabling environment. Instruments for micro-credit and information technology will help further in filling the gap in the SME sector, specifically, networking and match making for markets and technology. Since women outnumber men in farming and dairy activities, it will be essential to prepare female trainers to improve the capacity of rural women. An important initiative is the recently launched AHAN project (Aik Hunar-Aik Nagar or «One» Product - «One» Village), which is expected to play an important role in upgrading skills and marketing village enterprises. It will also help improve linkages with small farmers, who generally remain removed from large industry.

Non-farm activities and incomes will be further strengthened through encouragement of cooperatives, which can promote small-scale industry and help poor non-farm households improve their livelihood. The initiative for more efficient use of water for agriculture (land levelling, or drip/sprinkler irrigation) is one example of new activities, which require a higher set of skills for operation and maintenance, and are therefore eminently suitable for developing new rural micro-businesses.

54 In this regard, the steps required are identification of the types of SMEs, their technical and economic feasibilities, support required by such ventures, and developing and implementing feasible action plans. The way forward can be worked out in collaboration with SMEDA. The key ingredients needed to make SMEs competitive are enhanced technical skills and organisational capacity. Earlier attempts in this direction in Pakistan and elsewhere were not very successful, partly due to limited conceptualisation of technology 104 and its role in development, and lack of practical experience in project implementation and delivery mechanisms. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

3. Small SME estates will be planned key constraint. The potential of this sector proactively, with all facilities, to avoid needs the attention of the provincial unplanned growth and the subsequent government and the private sector. environmental and other issues. Marble, serpentine, barite, shale, and 4. Comprehensive EIAs of all industrial and limestone are the major minerals in the most SME projects will be ensured and district. Red ochre and some other mineral mitigation measures will be implemented. deposits have been discovered near Khannar towards Khuzdar. Small quantities of chromite 5. Improvement of SMEs» access to credit, and significant deposits of lead and zinc have ability to use information technology, also been found; lead and zinc are being networking and match making for markets exploited by a Chinese company. and technology will be facilitated. Networking and trust of SMEs through Large deposits of marble exist in Dureji Tehsil. better contract enforcement for positive While good potential for mineral extraction interaction with large modern companies exists in Bela Tehsil, it remains unexplored in Pakistan and abroad will be enhanced. due to political pressure and lack of road facilities. 6. Formal and on-the-job training (in collaboration with established mega Minerals in the district are mined in traditional industries) on customised skills, better ways; very few mine owners use the improved managerial practices and technological practices. The marble is processed in Mable innovations will be provided. City and the other minerals are transported to Karachi for processing and sale or use. 7. Public sector investment on developing Generally, factory owners purchase the technical expertise and skills will increase minerals directly from mine owners or lessees and opportunities for modernisation of but chromite is sold through middle men who agriculture, livestock and mining sectors export it to China. and development of SMEs in the district will be improved. The overall production of minerals has increased during the last five years but the 8. The initiative for more efficient use of production of basalt, quartzite, red ochre and water for agriculture (land levelling, or building stone has been stopped as the cost bubbler irrigation) is one example of new of production and transportation increased activities which will require a higher set of rapidly, making the mining of these minerals skills for operation and maintenance, and uneconomical. are therefore eminently suitable for seeding of new rural micro-businesses. Mineral wise prospecting license numbers and mining leasing numbers in Lasbela District (as of 30 June 2009) are given in Figure 17. 9.4 Minerals and Mining The mining localities and production of The vision is to explore and exploit the full minerals in the district are given in Table 14. potential of mining in the district, modernize the mining sector and add value where According to Mushtaq, Faisal (2005),55 the possible, with full participation of the private Pakistan-China Agreement on the sector (offering incentives and technical development of lead and zinc in Balochistan support) and local communities (share in (including Lasbela District) has opened royalties and employment opportunity for avenues for economic exploitation and community members). utilization of abundant mineral resources on modern lines. Base metal deposits, i.e., The district is endowed generously with chromite, copper, iron ore, lead and zinc, and mineral wealth. As in other areas of the the non-metallic i.e., barite, marble, limestone, province, lack of funds for exploration of coal, dolomite, calcite, silica sand, building minerals, and development of proper and engineering stones are found in Lasbela feasibility studies regarding exploitation is the District. Mining in the private sector is carried

55 The DAWN Group of Newspapers (2005).The Pakistan-China agreement on the development of lead and zinc in DAWN 4 Apr. 2005 (archives.dawn.com/2005/04/04/ebr5.htm - Cached). 105 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

out on a sporadic basis to supply small exist, but the majority of labour force engaged tonnages only, as and when the opportunity in coal mining comes from outside the arises. Royalties are payable on any mineral province. that is mined and hence the lessees of the mines declare only a part of the production to Little has changed in the mining sector since avoid payment. This leads to discrepancies in van Gils, H.A.M.J. et.al (1992)56 prepared the statistics. Environmental Profile of Balochistan. At that time, concern was expressed about water and Minerals and rocks are used in local industries air pollution from coal mining. Remedies were and for domestic purposes. Potential exists for proposed including the treatment and large-scale export of certain mineral management of coal waste and sulphur commodities such as marble, magnetite and dioxide emissions as well as the preparation dimension/building stones (granite, agglomerate of EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) of etc.), provided export markets are developed. potential mining developments. Enormous resources exist for local consumption in the form of cement raw material and The production of copper blister requires aggregates for use in the construction industry. twice the volume of water for each ton of ore Industrial minerals, such as silica sand and processed. Assuring a sustainable supply of magnetite, construction materials such as water and mitigating the effects on other limestone, dolomite, sand and gravel deposits, users (communities, agriculture and wildlife) are also found in the district. are important. The development of major mines and the lack of attention to water A number of metallic and non-metallic management may preclude other mining minerals are being mined on a small scale. operations in the basin, both in terms of water Mines are generally not mechanized, and availability and economics. manual labour is used for trenching, open-pit mining and quarrying until these operations Key Issues become too dangerous for further excavation. Coal and chromite mining requires digging „ Minerals and mining have remained and inclines. This method of mining is labour- provincial subjects as they were not intensive and comparatively inexpensive for devolved. The current environment is small mines, allowing them to stay in not enabling for exploitation of the production. The mining industry could great potential of mining in the generate as many more jobs as presently province; there is much room for Figure 18: Prospecting Licenses Number and Mining Leases Number in Lasbela District (as of 30 June 2009)

100

90 Prospecting licenses number 80 Mining leases number Total 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Chromite Marble Barite Bajri Sand Basalt Gravel Lead Zinc Limstone Manganese Quartizite Rutile

Source: Mineral Directorate General Balochistan

106 56 van Gils, H.A.M.J. (editor) and M. Shabbir Baig (editor). Environmental Profile Balochistan Pakistan. Enschede: ITC, 1992. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 14: Mining Localities and Production of Minerals in Lasbela District (2009) S. No. Mineral Field/ Locality Quantity Additional Information/ Remarks 1. Chromites - - Small reserve √ not being exploited currently 2. Marble Dureji, Sakraan, 203,215 MT Mainly processed in Hub & Lohi Nala, Lakha, Karachi, recently in Marble City, Goth Muhammad Hashim, Hub Barag 3. Barite Kharari Nadi 2482 MT 4. Bajri Sand Hub River Unmeasured 5. Basalt Gajri Nala 186 MT 6. Gravel Hub River Unmeasured 7. Lead/Zinc Dudhar Unmeasured Production started recently 8. Lime stone Baawani Nala, Goth Addu, 1,016,783 MT Used by Attock Cement Chorli peae, Goth Siddique 9. Manganese Gasheri Dhora Kharari Nadi 2748 MT 10. Iron ore Goth Basho - 11. Quartzite Vakacho - 12. Rutile Rathi - 13. Shale Sameatg 1,495,508 MT Used by Attock Cement 14. Clay Pabni Naka 15 MT 15. Copper Ore Dhom Dhora Unmeasured 16. Sarpentine Dodo Dhora, Pohara Dhora 1441 MT

Source: Directorate General of Minerals & Mining, Quetta

improvement by the provincial and yield results due to faulty federal governments. implementation. Value addition e.g., by upgradation of chromite, is not „ Research and management data is done. Extraction of marble blocks shelved in manual files without through traditional methods results in analysis and is not used for policy and wastage and increase in management decisions. Accounts are transportation costs. still prepared manually and are not computerised. Exploration licensing „ The full mining potential of District and mining licensing approvals are Lasbela has not yet been explored. thus granted on an ad-hoc basis. The main bottlenecks in exploitation and development of minerals are lack „ Geologists and other professionals of infrastructure and the high cost of feel frustrated since decision making estimating reserves and preparing in the department is generally made feasibility reports. by the mining engineers. This results in lack of monitoring of the leases, the „ Most minerals are exported in raw relevant expertise in the provincial form with no value addition, thus department not fully used, and the limiting employment and income decisions regarding factors such as generation opportunities. licensing, exploration and royalty rates, not based on sound scientific „ Often, mine owners do not get a fair knowledge. This impacts the revenues price due to distantly located of the provincial government. markets.

„ The auction system, although well „ The production of minerals is grossly conceived, is said to have failed to under-reported to pay fewer royalties. 107 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ Monitoring mechanisms and their 11. Worker»s safety and occupational health implementation are weak. conditions in mines will be improved.

Measures 12. Technical support and monitoring will be provided. 1. A computer-based system for data and information management in the 107 13. Provision of electricity, water, roads, other Directorate General of Mines and infrastructure, and credit will be facilitated. Minerals, Quetta will be established. 14. Minerals and non-mineral deposits will be 2. Value addition will be promoted instead of explored and exploited further. marketing raw minerals.

3. Production will be monitored and full 9.5 Energy royalty will be realized. The vision of energy in Lasbela District is 4. Technology will be used for improving complete coverage of all large settlements in efficiency and quality of extracted materials. the district, with uninterrupted supply of electricity and natural gas at reasonable tariff 5. The mining sector will be modernized, rates; harnessing the potential of solar, wind public-private sector cooperation will be and biogas energy in the medium term and promoted and obstacles faced by the wave and tidal energy in the long term; mining sector will be resolved. harnessing the opportunities of exploration and exploitation of oil and gas, development 6. Institutional strengthening will take place, of power plants and refineries in the district by with a focus on modernizing the working the private sector in an environment-friendly of the Balochistan Directorate General of manner, with benefits to local communities; Minerals and Mining. supplying power to the national grid at reasonable tariffs; and making refined oil 7. Cutting and transportation of marble available at reasonable rates. From a long- sheets will take place at the mining sites, term environmental and economic which is more economical and will provide perspective, appropriate energy goals for the jobs to the local people. Wastage in district are meeting the shortfall of power and marble extraction will be minimized with fossil fuels, especially natural gas and CNG, the use of appropriate technology. and conservation of energy.

8. Data and information will be updated and The role of energy in all aspects of life is managed electronically on each mineral crucial, for lighting, cooking, heating, and site regarding area, quantum of household gadgets; WatSan, health, education deposit, mining status with details, e.g., and transport services, communication, lessee, mining method, production, automation in businesses, mining, agriculture, royalties received and due, if any, workers livestock and poultry farming, tourism, and all employed, conditions and measures taken kinds of developments. The simplest divisions regarding workers» safety, occupational of energy are power or electricity, oil and gas, health, social security, employees old age biomass energy, and alternative sustainable benefits; and other relevant information energy. that is useful for potential entrepreneurs. Oil & Gas 9. An Export Processing Zone will be established at Hub for minerals mined in Lasbela District has natural gas and oil Lasbela and adjoining districts, including deposits on land and off-shore. Lasmo and marble, magnetite, lead and zinc (already Premier Oil have been exploring oil and gas in being exploited by a Chinese company). Dureji Tehsil, and there are plans to set up an oil refinery in the Gadani area. It is important 10. An enabling environment for investors will that these developments are environment- be created. friendly, and are ensured through comprehensive EIA submission and review 108 processes. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Solar panels generating electricity for Sardar Hasan village and surrounding hamlets in Phore, Lasbela Natural gas is supplied to HITE and Hub Biomass Energy Town. Gas connection figures are not available. Kerosene is the second largest Firewood is mainly used for cooking in source for lighting after electricity, but is urban centres and rural areas, where expensive. LPG cylinders fill the gap for natural gas is not supplied. There is natural gas and firewood in urban centres for growing pressure on forest and rangeland cooking purposes but are not used vegetation resulting in the dwindling status extensively due to their high cost and of biomass energy sources for cooking. The problems with supply. progress in producing biogas, as an alternative source of energy, is rather slow Power despite the great potential for it in the district. Electricity is the main source of lighting in the district. A large number of industrial units and HUBCO Power Plant was developed as an a limited number of businesses use electric Independent Power Plant (IPP) in the early generators or UPS during load shedding, 1990s and was funded primarily by the World which is common. Agricultural tube wells also Bank. It is a furnace oil-based plant, which suffer from load shedding. Electricity is supplies electricity to the national grid. supplied is by the Karachi Electric Supply HUBCO was involved in litigation with GoP for Company (KESC). a long time in a payment issue and finally the case was settled through mutual consent. At the national level, current per capita While it releases emissions, they are within the electricity consumption (14 million BTUs as limits of NEQS. against 92 million BTUs for Malaysia) is low in Pakistan. A target of 162,000 MW of power Land has been allocated for a proposed oil generation by 2030 was projected in the refinery on the Gadani coast and some foreign Energy Security Plan (2005-2030) to meet the investors have expressed an interest in it on a shortfall, as against the current supply of less public√private partnership basis. The EIA than 18,000 MW. Leaving apart electric supply would need to play an important role in this to industry, the situation in Lasbela District is project. even worse. 109 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Two proposed imported coal-based thermal „ Supply of electricity to agricultural power plants (AES and Mitsui Co.) were tube wells on subsidised flat rates, cleared by the Private Power Infrastructure resulting in ground water depletion. Board (PPIB) a while ago and have been awaiting approval from BEPA on their EIAs. „ Bottlenecks for companies in These or other thermal power plants are procuring from speculative buyers and expected to be built here due to the suitability processing the EIA of thermal power of this site. plants by BEPA.

Key Issues „ Exploration in and exploitation of oil and gas from protected areas without „ Breakdown of power generation and environmental safeguards. conveyance systems, load shedding and fluctuation in voltage. „ Pollution from thermal power plants.

„ Incomplete coverage of electricity. Measures

„ Steep rise in power tariffs and prices 1. Coverage of electricity and natural gas will of fossil fuels. improve and load shedding and fluctuation in power supply will be „ Considerable inconvenience to the reduced. public, industries, tube well owner- farmers, traders, transporters, 2. Biogas plants for cooking and heating in commuters and others. rural areas will be promoted and supported. „ High production costs for industrial products, transportation charges, and 3. Use of fuel-wood will be minimized, to travel fares. reduce pressure on natural vegetation in wild lands and forests by promoting fuel- „ Reduction in agricultural production to efficient stoves and alternatives such as impact of load shedding and coal and coal dust or bricks and biogas. fluctuation in power supply for tube wells, which affects the water supply. 4. Agro-forestry and tree plantations of multiple purpose tree species including „ Declining efficiency of the work force energy plantations will be facilitated and due to load shedding. supported.

„ Shortage of energy supply, in addition 5. The use and regular supply of LPG to other factors, which has obstructed cylinders will be promoted in urban areas the development of SMEs in the through regulated marketing mechanisms district outside of the industrial that will be monitored to reduce pressure estates. on vegetation in forests, rangelands and the outer countryside. „ Lack of progress in developing alternative energy such as solar 6. Efficient use of energy (tuning of vehicles; energy, despite long sunshine hours maintenance of household gadgets and and high radiation. The high initial tube well machinery; using energy- cost remains a prohibitive factor. efficient machinery, equipment cooking stoves and saver bulbs; and energy audits „ Conveyance losses in power, and of industries and businesses and taking theft and inefficient use of power by remedial measures) will be promoted. consumers. 7. Metering of electricity tube wells will be „ Defaulting of public sector agencies introduced and a slab system of tariffs on and commercial entities in payment of the power consumed, subsidizing to a power and gas bills. reasonable extent, will be adopted. Alternately, shift subsidy on power supply 110 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

to tube wells will be introduced for adopt and implement this vision. The district procurement and use of efficient wants tourism to be the seventh best income technology-intensive irrigation systems. earner for the local people after industry, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, mining, and 8. Exploration of gas and oil in the district commerce and trade by 2025. and off shore will be encouraged. Archaeological Sites and 9. Development of power plants and Historical Monuments refineries in the Gadani area will be encouraged, with environmental The most important prehistoric settlements in safeguards. Lasbela District are Adam Buthi, Niai Buthi, and Balakot, which are located 80 km. south 10. An independent, reliable power supply of Bela on the Khurkera plain. Adam Buthi, system will be instituted, especially in the Muridani and sites dated to the historic period wake of rapid industrial growth in the and the so-called Edith Shahr A and B district, as opposed to obtaining the Complexes are located north of Bela, closer to power supply from KESC as it does at the mountains bordering the plain towards present, which has been facing Jhalawan, while Niai Buthi lies more towards tremendous problems. west. These zones are environmentally very different from one another. 11. Solar energy will be exploited, which has considerable potential due to long Apart from one Islamic site, Kaiara Kot, which radiation hours. Alternate energy was first noted by Sir Aurel Stein, and sites development will be promoted, including dating back to the British Period, the southern off-grid solar PV, with subsidies for rural central and eastern parts of Lasbela District electrification, and solar thermal for heavy are devoid of archaeological sites. This part is load, especially for dispersed application. flooded during rains and, south of Sirinda Lake, through tidal waters, turning the whole 12. Suitable sites in the district for generating area into a large, inaccessible mud plain. wind energy for localised application or for supplying to the national grid will be The tomb of General Muhammad-Ibn-Haroon, explored. The same will be promoted to who accompanied Muhammad-Bin-Qasim, is the private sector. a place of historical importance in the town of Bela. On the western side of the Porali River is 13. Tidal and wave energy technology will be the tomb of Sir Robert Sandeman, made of considered for future use. granite and white marble and surrounded by beautiful gardens, which bears testimony to 9.6 Culture and Ecotourism the cultural heritage of this town. The Shrine of Shah Bilawal is located in Shah The vision of culture in IDDV is to preserve the Bilawal village, west of the Tira Hub stream. cultural and religious heritage of all religions in Lahut-i-Lamakan is another shrine of repute the district as a resource for spiritual that devotees visit in all seasons. It is located fulfilment, historical and economic significance south of Shah Bilawal. The tomb at Himidan is for enjoyment by the present generation, and located near the confluence of the Himidan posterity and for creating harmony among the rivulet and Hub River, about 85 km. from followers of different religions and ethnic Karachi. The graveyard, in which these tombs groups. One goal of the cultural strategy will are present, includes a large number of be to promote the cultural heritage across the Muslim graves. The caves at Mai Goudrani, district, province, and country, as well as hewed out of solid conglomerate rock situated internationally, to promote tourism, which will 20 km. to the north of Bela town, are worth contribute to the district»s economic visiting. development. There is a spring called Sassi Waro-Chodo The National Vision 2030 aims to exploit the (Sassi»s Spring), the heroine in the romantic great potential of cultural, natural and religious legend of Sassi and Punnun. This place is tourism of the country to its optimum level for located near Paboni Naka, about 68 km. from employment generation. Lasbela district will 111 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Karachi. Kumbh Shirin Spring is on the Pooja, along the Aneel Kund track, at the start western slope of the Haro or Hala hills on the of the main complex of permanent facilities, route between Awaran and Karachi, which Ashapur Pooja, in the main complex of passes through Lasbela over Jau-Lak. The permanent facilities, Mallri Maata Pooja, at the tomb of Shireen and Farhad is also located end of the main complex of permanent here; they are buried in one grave. facilities, and at the main Nani Mandar in the cave, Kali Maata (at the ground level), and It is believed that Hinglaj Maata, a site in Nani (upstairs in a room). The cave is believed Hingol National Park (HNP), represents the to have been used by a Muslim saint for remains of the skull top of the Goddess Sati, worship/hiding). the divine consort or Sati of the God Shiva. The main shrines of pilgrimage (Teertha Yatra) The key built cultural heritage of Lasbela for devotees of Maata Hinglaj are the ones District is summarized in Table 15. dedicated to Bhagwan Ganesh, Kalika Maata, Guru Gorakhnath Dhooni, Brahma Kund, Tir The religious and cultural festivals include (1) Kund, Guru Nanak Kharao, Ram Jharokha Pir Fida Hussain at Uthal, (2) Pit Muhiuddin at Baithak, Anil Kund (located at Chaurasi Bela, (3) Annual Urs of Baba Haji Taj Mountain), Chandra Goop, Khari River and Muhammad at Sonmiani, (4) Mela of Meeran Aghore Pooja. Pir at Sonmiani and (5) Sassi and Punnu at Mouza Mumbar in Tehsil Sonmiani. The specific sites of worship for Hindus in the Hinglaj Mata gorge Chandargupt mud Key Issues volcano, Aghore Pooja, Ashnaan (bathing by males and female separately) at the crossing „ Lack of tourism-related infrastructure of the Hingol River for Hinglaj gorge, and Liari and facilities. Pooja. „ Lack of interpretation and promotion In the Hinglaj gorge, the sites of worship are of tourism assets. Ganesh Pooja (at the raised bank of the Hinglaj stream, where the new main parking „ The requirement of NOC (No area is proposed across the stream), which is Objection Certificate)/visit permit a worship place and sacred pond, Hanumaan issued by the provincial Home IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 112 The Roomi Graveyard in Hub Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Table 15: Mining Built Cultural Heritage of Lasbela District Site/Period/Legal Area/Location of the Sites/Salient Features Status

Nindowari l 106x95.3m, height: 9m. Bronze age l Located in Lasbela region between Porali and Kud river, 250 km from Karachi

l Excavated in 1962

l Yielded structure, figurines of bulls and humans, and beautiful pottery

Bala Kot l 180 x 144m plain level of 2.8 Ht. Located in Lasbela region 88 km northwest Bronze age of Karachi

l Excavated in 1973

l Yielded Harrapan cultures artefacts and Nal polychrome type of pottery

Gundriani l About 200 manmade chambers, each with a veranda and one room, made in 6,000 BC a relatively vertical rock cliff of conglomerate formation. Mentioned by Unprotected Captain Careless and others as the Buddhist dwelling.

l Chert blades and coarse handmade pottery found indicate that these dwellings were built in the Neolithic period, about 6,000 BC.

Adam Buthi l Adam Buthi is the earliest site discovered in south-eastern Balochistan. It Fourth Millennium: was occupied around the mid-4th millennium BC and abandoned around 3500-3000 BC 3000 BC, well before the height of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization

l It is a small (0.14 hectares), but high mound (7.5 meters). The sections revealed several phases of super-imposed, well-built stone houses terraced along the slope of the mound.

Niai Buthi l Niai Buthi is the most impressive early 3rd millennium BC site in the plain of Third Millennium: Las Bela. 3000-2500 BC l It is 13 hectares large and 13 meters high. Two trenches were opened in 1999.

Murda Sang l Murda Sang is the largest prehistoric site in the Kanrach Valley (53) Third Millennium: 3000 - 2500 BC l It was discovered in 1997 and trial trenched in 1998

Jamia Mosque Bela l Located in the Bela town, built by Jam Mir Khan II 1838 Unprotected l The architecture is based on the central Asian style of fourteenth century

Tomb of Ibne Haroon l Located in the north of Bela town 1600 AD l Built of burnt bricks comprising a dome

Graveyard of Jams l Graves of Jam and Mengal families of Lasbela 1800 AD Protected l Floral motifs in fresco on the graves

Graves and Tombs l Graves and a canopy have been constructed in yellow sand stone with 1400 AD jewels, motifs and with some inscriptions of verses from the Quran

l One tomb was built with burnt bricks

Source: BCS (2000) and Balochistan Archaeology (http://www.harappa.com/baluch) 113 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Department for foreigners for visiting including accommodation and cultural places in the district is a negative events in the evenings to motivate visitors factor for tourism. It also validates the to stay overnight or for longer periods. concerns of the foreigners about the likely security situation. 9. Local educated youth will be selected and trained as tour guides and will be linked „ Insecurity in the central districts of the with national and international companies. province is incorrectly attributed to Receptionists, cooks, porters, drivers, Lasbela district, which acquires by camel men, horsemen and other persons association the same image as linked with tourism will be trained. reported for other parts of the province. 10. Codes of conduct for visitors, communities, tour guides and tour „ Most visitors make day trips, which companies, transporters and drivers will do not contribute to significant be developed and implemented. income for the local people. 11. Sites for development of facilities for Measures tourists will be identified and planned and projects will be prepared for investment 1. Natural areas such as Hingol National by the private sector or PTDC if the Park, Hub Dam and Miani Hor Ramsar private sector does not come through. Sites, cultural sites and properties such as Hinglaj Maata, shrines, Shahi Mosque and 12. Federal and provincial government other religious places, archaeological support will be sought for providing sites, and elements such as handicrafts incentives to the private sector for and folklore will be preserved, interpreted development of tourism facilities. and promoted for tourism. 13. Sports and local cultural activities as well 2. There will be a focus on improving as those relating to interpretation and security conditions in the province. promotion of tourist attractions in schools will be supported and encouraged. 3. Once security is improved, the province of Balochistan including Lasbela District will 14. Community-based tourism be opened to foreign tourists. The (accommodation and meals to be provided condition of visit permits will be eliminated, by community organisations at reasonable which prevents promotion of tourism as rates and ensure tourists» interaction with long as it is applied and enforced. the communities for folklore, songs, music, dance, handicrafts) will be promoted. 4. Archaeological and religious sites and Involvement of local communities in visitor natural areas for will be improved tourism management and their participation in and promotional packages will be various tourist- or visitor-based livelihood developed. pursuits will be improved.

5. A tourism marketing strategy (community- 15. Awareness and love for nature, including based for enhancing local people»s wetlands, mangroves, wildlife, protected income) and action plan for the district will areas, etc., will be created by sensitizing be developed and implemented. and educating visitors and allowing them to experience and enjoy nature. 6. The private sector will be encouraged to develop tourism infrastructure including lodges, eating places and other tourist 9.7 Communication and facilities and attractions. Infrastructure 7. Tourism assets of the district will be identified, interpreted and promoted. A network of metalled roads links all the major towns and villages of the district. Lasbela»s 8. Road infrastructure will be improved and major lifeline is the national highway from 114 tourist infrastructure will be developed Quetta to Karachi. The coastal areas are Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

effectively served by the Makran Coastal the private sector»s investment initiatives have Highway. A main road links Awaran, Kech and been hindered by factors such as high prices of Panjgur Districts with Lasbela District; Dureji is utilities, and administrative barriers to linked to Hub Chauki and Karachi. Gadani, investment such as corruption, red tape and Sonmiani, Kanraj and Lakhra are linked with higher costs of inputs (such as fertilizer for the the Karachi-Quetta National Highway. In farming community) resulting from the addition, there are metalled and shingle roads ubiquitous imposition of 15 per cent GST. in most parts of the district. The length of the Provincial (C&W) black topped roads in In this context, privatisation of strategic assets District Lasbela is 115 km. The coastal areas in energy (looming shortages) may need to be are also accessible by sea. However, there is re-examined, and separation of ownership no airport, railway or seaport in the district; from responsible corporate management the air link to District Lasbela is from Karachi. practices must be reinforced. Public-private partnerships have been most successful in Telephone and internet services are provided telecommunications (privatisation and by PTCL in the main towns as well as in some management transfers) or in highways adjacent localities. There are seven telephone (construction and /or toll collection). exchanges in the district. Mobile telephone services are provided by Ufone, Mobilink, Such partnerships can also be extremely WARID and Zong, but do not cover the entire effective for sanitation and waste collection. district as yet. New models for partnership are being experimented with in Pakistan at present. A Key Issues policy and operational framework for fostering public-private partnerships is gradually „ There is no direct air link to Lasbela; evolving in order to facilitate provision of the only link is from Karachi. resources, technical expertise, outreach, and financial mechanisms. The private sector „ There is also no railway or seaport in should be regulated to the extent that it does Lasbela. not stifle their initiatives, while the state should focus on institutional arrangements, „ Lack of adequate telephone and performance assessment, licensing and internet coverage can pose a accreditation of service delivery facilities, and hindrance for businesses and quality assurance mechanisms. negatively affect business development opportunities. Recent studies suggest that governance in the private sector needs significant improvement. Measures Social accountability, observation of international norms in labour laws and right of 1. Access via railway, air and sea will be association, together with environmental improved. standards, need to be widely accepted and enforced in a speedy manner. 2. Telephone and internet coverage for the entire district by PTCL as well as by Key Issues mobile phone companies will be ensured. „ High prices of utilities and 9.8 The Private Sector administrative barriers such as corruption, red tape and higher costs and Public-Private of inputs due to imposition of GST, Partnership negatively affecting private sector investment. The revival of private sector investment with regard to deregulation, liberalization and Measures privatisation, is a major element of the National Vision 2030. According to the World Bank 1. Governance in the private sector will be (2007), the private sector has failed to make the improved. right qualitative and quantitative investments in the domestic economy, despite a host of tax 2. Development of a policy and operational concessions and incentives. On the other hand, framework for fostering public-private 115 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

partnerships to facilitate provision of district in the future, such as dams, industrial resources, technical expertise, outreach, estates, thermal power plants, refineries, and financial mechanisms will be ensured. mining, tourism, and corporate agriculture, livestock and poultry, etc. Access to land for 3. Privatisation of strategic assets in energy development needs to be fair to those who to counter potential shortages will be re- own or have usufruct rights (individuals or examined. communities) as well as for those who require it for immediate use. The role of the middlemen and speculative buying needs 9.9 Macro-Economic discouraging, and a comprehensive strategy for land acquisition is required in this regard. A Situation participatory approach for land acquisition through community consultations should be Being adjacent to Karachi, Lasbela, especially adopted. its Hub, Gadani and Uthal Tehsils, is rapidly developing. The district has potential for The resettlement guidelines and framework further development of water, agricultural, developed by several donor-funded projects in fisheries, industrial, mining, livestock and Balochistan emphasize preparing an poultry. The development of the industrial Entitlement Matrix and Resettlement Plan, state of Hub and Windar has provided a good which should protect the livelihoods and help source of income for the people of Hub avoid disruption in the lives of affected although populations in the rural areas live in persons. poverty and without basic facilities. Prices should be paid at the current market The inactive textile, engineering and chemical level for all entitlements. The private sector, industrial units need urgent attention from the while setting up industries, should purchase government and investors and a Hub-specific lands directly from the owners, in consultation policy is required. with the communities, at the current market price. The coercive provisions in Part II and The process of rapid development induced Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 through incentives is often accompanied by should not be used in this regard. lapses and oversight in regulatory controls, leading to lack of sustainability and over Water Development exploitation of resources, environmental degradation and marginalisation of some The demand of water has increased manifold sections of the population, as can be seen by in the district due to the rapidly growing the industrial growth in Hub. The WB (2007)57 human population (requiring enhanced identified the pillars, sectors and areas of domestic water supply) and livestock economic growth in Balochistan: Natural (requiring water, fodder), expansion of Resources (marble and coastal fisheries in agriculture (especially high delta fruit orchards Lasbela District), value-addition in Industry e.g., banana and other fruits of wet tropics, hubs like Hub in Lasbela and support services vegetables) and expansion of industry. The in urban areas, e.g., Hub and Uthal Towns, and pressure for meeting the increased demand a business environment that can be enhanced has been mainly on the ground water in the with transport, education and information. district, although surface water was harnessed by constructing Hub Dam, mainly for Agriculture, poultry farming and tourism are supplying water to Karachi. The demand is other important potential sectors for growth growing continuously and calls for and a source of livelihood and poverty construction of more and more dams to bring reduction in the district. large areas of current fallow (50,203 ha) and cultivable waste (893,190 ha) in the district. Land Acquisition for Development Hub Dam was built in 1981 and the use of its water is shared by Sindh and Balochistan Many mega developments, both in the public Provinces. It supplies water to agricultural and private sectors, are envisioned in the areas and Hub Chauki through pipes and

116 57 World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

canals. Its catchment area is about 7874 sq. Drinking water from the canal at the junction Km., storage capacity 717000 acre ft., with MCH needs to be supplied to Aghore and discharge capacity 370 cusecs, upper level other settlements through properly laid out 339 ft. (asl), length of Lasbela canal 33.8 km, PVC pipes. Environmental flow downstream length of spillway 1829 m and command area the dam up to the estuary is also required 8903 ha. The water share for Karachi (Sindh) essentially for survival of the dependent is 109 MGD and 59 MGD for Hub habitats, ecosystems and species of wild (Balochistan). plants and animals including marsh crocodile, water birds and ungulates. Hub Dam is a Ramsar Site due to wintering of a large number of waterfowl. Hence, maintaining its ecological character is 9.10 Sports and Tourism important. Sports: Sports are a cost effective and easy Windar Dam: After completing the feasibility source of recreation, inspiration and study, project planning and arranging funds, channelling youth enthusiasm in the right the construction of Windar Dam on the Windar direction; and a way to develop team spirit, River (seasonal) was launched in February respect for rules, and a tolerant and positive 2010. Its command area falls in Kassi, attitude in youth. Football, volleyball, cricket Khurkera, Windar, Chhor and Dan villages of and malakhra are popular sports in the Sonmiani Tehsil of Lasbela District under the district. Sea sports, despite their potential, are administrative control of the Uthal Irrigation uncommon due to lack of affordability. Division. The construction of the Windar Dam Project will bring economic benefits to the Tourism inhabitants by bringing vast cultivable land under irrigation. Due to an assured water The vision for tourism in the district is to supply, cropping intensities and crop yields develop it as one of the main sources of will increase and living standards of the livelihood for the people similar to agriculture, inhabitants will improve. livestock and coastal fisheries. The strategy for tourism development would include Hingol Dam: The planning for construction of interpretation and promotion of tourist the Hingol Dam on the Hingol River for attractions and destinations, capacity building irrigation purposes is in its advanced stages. of communities in community based tourism Its initial site near the Aghore Bridge (on the and as tour operators, skill development of Makran Coastal Highway) has been moved up community members as tour guides, sight stream on the protest of Hindu Mandli (a planning and development of tourist religious organization) since the expected destinations and provision of tourist water level in the proposed reservoir was a infrastructure. The federal and provincial threat to the Hinglaj Maata /Nani Mandar and governments» support and economic access to this shrine would have been incentives to communities and the private impossible. The dam, even up stream, will sector for tourism development will also be have negative impacts on Hingol National necessary. Park, especially on the ecology of the downstream part of the river including the The National Vision 2030 aims to exploit the Hingol Estuary. However, it will irrigate a large great potential of cultural and religious tourism area for cultivation. of the country (see Box 8). From a global tourism income of USD 514 billion, Pakistan»s It is important that the state owned area of share is only USD 135 million i.e. 0.03 per HNP is not given out for cultivation and cent. Out of the total tourist arrivals in the people from outside the park area are not world estimated at 694 million per year, settled here. Mutation of the state lands within Pakistan receives only 0.5 million. The coastal the notified boundaries of the HNP in favour areas including Lasbela District remain of the Balochistan Forest & Wildlife unexploited so far. Department needs to be completed by the Revenue Department to avert chances of The district is rich in natural and cultural eco- transfer or encroachment by influential tourism resources. Muslim and Hindu religious persons, as well as to avoid potential places throughout the district make Lasbela litigation. an attractive place for a variety of religious 117 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

followers . Lasbela»s tourism assets also with the dirt road connecting Ormara with include a pristine coastal zone along the Liari. Arabian Sea, which offers opportunities for long-term development of beach resorts and Until early 1980s, the Hinglaj Maata site, in sea sports. The globally important and diverse terms of physical infrastructure, was only a terrestrial, wetland and marine resources are natural point in the gorge, which opened on potential sources of ecotourism. The tourism the upper side into a watershed inhabited by resources in the district include: the Sind goat, urial and predators such as the common leopard. There was also a stream of Hingol National Park clean water with native fish and other aquatic fauna. There were no built structures at the site Hingol National Park is situated in Tehsil Liari of Hinglaj Maata and in the adjoining areas, of District Lasbela along the Arabian Sea. The and there was no solid waste at that time. park has an aesthetic landscape and scenic panoramas, sandy beaches, estuaries and It was only with the construction of the shingle carved figurines as well as religious, natural road and the Makran Coastal Highway that and geological sites of great importance. The the number of yatrees and devotees increased site of Hinglaj Maata or Nani Mandar (temple) and tourists interested in the natural is a sacred religious-cum-cultural site located (biodiversity and geology) and cultural in the Hinglaj gorge in the Park. The Hinglaj attractions of the park also began to visit. area and the Chandragup and Khandewari Now, yatrees, devotees and visitors from all volcanoes are major Hindu pilgrimage parts of the world visit the Nani Mandar of destinations in the park. Hinglaj Maata. However, the growth of yatrees and tourists has not been managed well due Hinglaj Maata Site: The Hinglaj area became to lack of proactive planning and facilities. one of the most important pilgrim sites believed to represent the remains of skull top The main shrines for pilgrimage (Teertha of the Goddess Sati, the divine consort or Sati Yatra) for devotees of Maata Hinglaj are the of the God Shiva. The access to the site of ones dedicated to Bhagwan Ganesh, Kalika Hinglaj Maata in the distant past was via Maata, Guru Gorakhnath Dhooni, Brahma camel from Liari or Ormara and by sea from Kund, Tir Kund, Guru Nanak Kharao, Karachi. The number of devotees at that time Ramjharokha Baithak, Anil Kund located at was very small, which increased gradually Chaurasi Mountain, Chandra Goop, Khari

Box 8: National Vision 2030: Tourism Sector Objectives (a) To enhance tourism activities, increase tourist arrivals, and make tourism an instrument for generating employment, alleviating poverty, and increasing foreign exchange earnings.

(b) To promote affordable, accessible and enjoyable domestic tourism and cultural and sports festivals; tourism of the religious sites and old civilizations; and foreign tourism linked to regional tourism particularly among SAARC and ECO countries and

(c) To enhance coordination between public and private sectors and upgrade resources to ensure desired standards of quality service.

The strategy would be to develop appropriate incentives to promote greater private sector investment in creation of tourist facilities. Public sector investment in the development of infrastructure facilities will be made part of overall national development effort. While the on-going projects will be completed as part of federal PSDP, the development requirements for new projects will be met from privatisation of existing motels (already started). Greater financial autonomy will be given to the public sector tourism agencies.

With the adoption of a holistic and integrated approach for tourism development, an emphasis on product development and promotion, linked with human resource development and through strategic alliances, there is considerable potential for tourism industry to grow over the vision period. This strategy will be developed in the context of high growth in regional prosperity and tourism, which will facilitate the prospects of increased tourism as part of multi - country travel and package tours. Vision 2030 118 incorporates specific programmes for promoting this goal. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani Q Chandargupt mud volcano at Hingol National Park

River and Aghore Pooja. The worship sites of the Hingol River are the main considerations some of these are: when fixing specific dates for the gathering.

1) Outside the Hinglaj gorge: Chandargupt Opportunities: There are several mud volcano, Aghore Pooja, Ashnaan opportunities for benefitting from the natural, (bathing by males and female separately) cultural and religious resources of the HNP. at the crossing of the Hingol River for These include: Hinglaj gorge, Liari pooja „ Creating awareness and love for 2) In the Hinglaj gorge: Ganesh Pooja at the nature and support for the Park by raised bank of the Hinglaj stream ( the sensitizing and educating visitors new main parking is proposed across the stream there), place of worship place and „ Expanding the yatree/tourist base; a sacred pond along the Aneel Kund enhancing the cultural (non-religious) track, Hanumaan Pooja at the start of the ecotourism in this area; organizing main complex of permanent facilities, services for yatrees, devotees, tourists Ashapur worship in the main complex of and visitors; and enhancing permanent facilities, and Mallri Maata community participation and local worship at the end of the main complex of livelihoods. permanent facilities Other important tourist destinations are: 3) At the main Nani Mandar in the cave: Kali Maata (at the ground level), Nani (upstairs 1. Gadani Beach in a room), the Cave (believed to be used by a Muslim saint for worship in isolation). 2, Dam Bandar (fish landing site)

Although religious worship gatherings at Nani 3. Sonmiani Bay/Miani Hoar (A Ramsar Site, Mandar are held on certain dates during all important for migratory water birds, months, the annual gathering takes place angling and fishing, mangroves, dolphins, every spring. Weather and flood conditions in sand dunes) 119 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

4. Dureji Game Reserve (important for Sind cricket, hockey and kabaddi as well as goat, urial, chinkara gazelle) individual players of malakhra (wrestling) will be encouraged. 5. Hub Dam - (A Ramsar Site, important for migratory water birds, angling and fishing 3. Whereas the rapid increase in visitor (including Mahasheer). The western part numbers at Nani Mandar of yatrees, of the reservoir and dam is in Lasbela especially at the annual gathering, has District created problems, it has also provided economic opportunity. The Management 6. Hub River, known for its marsh crocodile of Hingol National Park has prepared site population and other aquatic biodiversity plans for five tourist destinations in the park in 2009, which will be implemented. 7. Shahi Jamia Masjid (mosque)of Bela 4. Arrangements will be made to 8. Sassi Waro-Chodo (Sassi»s Spring near accommodate the growing number of Paboni Naka) yatrees and devotees through visitor management and staggering visitation 9. Kumbh Shirin Spring between various events and festivals through information, awareness raising, 10. The tombs of General Muhammad-Ibn- and proactive planning. Haroon, Sir Robert Sandeman, Sassi, and Shireen and Farhad 5. A high and sufficiently long bridge on Hingol River for safe crossing of visitors 11. The Shrines of Shah Bilawal in Shah and their vehicles will be constructed. Bilawal Village at Hamidan Hub River 6. Excavations on hillsides in the Hinglaj 12. Lahut-i-Lamakan, about 6 kms. from Shah gorge in general and the main complex in Bilawal Village particular will be avoided for expansion of construction. 13. Pir Fida Hussain, Pir Moosiani, Pir Mohi- uddin, Mai Gondrani, Karia Pir at Bela 7. Clean drinking water in the Aghore-Hinglaj area for visitors and local people from the 14. Popular Melas (festivals and Urs include proposed Hingol Dam will be made Pir Fida Hussain at Uthal, Pir Muhiuddin at available. Bela, Sassi and Punnu at Mouza Mumbar, Tehsil Sonmiani, Annual Urs of Baba Haji 8. The Code of Conduct for visitors and the Taj Muhammad at Sonmiani, and mela of local people, as suggested in the Meeran Pir at Sonmiani). Ecotourism Study Report of Hingol NP, will be widely and frequently Measures dissemination and will also be implemented. This includes avoiding water 1. Sports will get support and patronage at pollution, disturbance to wildlife due to all levels, from government, civil society noise, honking and blowing horns, bright organizations and the public for lights of vehicles, playing loud music and developing and maintaining sports respecting the local people and their infrastructure (play grounds, a sports traditions, etc. complex or stadium, as well as for providing services such as coaching and 9. Involvement of local communities and health and fitness. local people in visitor management and tourist or visitor based livelihood pursuits 2. Sports will be strengthened in educational will be increased. Mistrust between the institutions, in particular schools, and local Hindu Mandli and the Park Management and district teams of volley ball, football, will be addressed.

120 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

10. Diaster Management

Disasters

Lasbela District is vulnerable to a host of disasters including tsunami (1945), cyclones (Phet √ 2010), floods, landslides, mudslides, earthquakes, droughts (1998- 2004), locust attacks, transport, industrial and mining accidents, and excessive heat waves. Potential disaster risks include oil spills in coastal waters, fire and industrial accidents, especially in industrial and urban centres, and dam bursts.

Lasbela was ranked as a severely affected58 area by drought. The relative severity of drought in Lasbela District is medium. The relative severity59 of floods in the district is high. There is low incidence of earthquakes, locusts and pests, transport accidents, and tsunami.

58 United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs. Area Development Programme Balochistan. PAK/96/006. Social Assessment Study on Water Scarcity in Balochistan. Islamabad: UNDP, December 2000.

59 Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Disaster Management Authority. Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan. Quetta: GoB, 2008. 121 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

A number of terrorism and sabotage infrastructure, including mud and incidents60 occurred from 2002-07 including thatch houses, bridges, roads, etc. 18 bomb blasts, one land mine, one hand grenade, and one rocket fire. These caused „ Lack of land use and development seven fatalities and 24 injuries. There are three planning control. ambulances and six fire brigades in Lasbela district for emergency response. „ Existing emergency response machinery and equipment are not The government of Balochistan has enough to meet the needs of any established the Provincial Disaster large or small disaster in Lasbela Management Authority (PDMA) and developed District. a Disaster Risk Management Plan, 2008. Its implementation is awaited. The Plan „ Total reliance on support from discusses in detail the strategic areas, focus, provincial and federal governments, outputs, indicators and implementing which limits local capacity to take agencies. swift action.

It is important to understand that planning and „ Loss of life, property and livelihoods. management of evacuation, rescue, relief and rehabilitation operations are primarily the Measures responsibility of the District Administration with support from all departments and 1. The Disaster Risk Management Plan for agencies in the district, and that all outside Lasbela District will be developed and agencies play a supportive role. implemented. Notwithstanding the availability of funds, machinery and equipment (or lack of it), the 2. The capacity of all institutions to play their district administration and all other role effectively and cohesively in case of departments and agencies should always be any disaster will be developed. Training ready to perform their planning, management, will be provided to CBOs, staff of public information and coordination roles in case of sector agencies, community activists and any disaster. other groups in the district to develop this capacity. Common issues and measures relevant to all disasters are given below; disaster-specific 3. Capacity of police, relief workers, issues and measures are given below each healthcare workers, fire fighters, etc. will topic: be developed so that they can respond swiftly and effectively to any disaster. Key issues Health facilities will be equipped to handle large numbers of emergencies resulting „ Lack of district-specific Disaster Risk from disasters. Management Plan. 4. Civil Defence will be strengthened, and „ Implementation of the Balochistan volunteers will be enrolled and their Disaster Risk Management Plan could capacities built. not be started due to low priority, weak governance and lack of funding. 5. Mock exercises will be conducted periodically as a part of training for „ Lack of warning systems for tsunamis, everyone, thereby raising public cyclones, droughts, floods and confidence. earthquakes. 6. Adequate budgetary allocations will be „ Lack of preparedness and poor provided for capacity development. capacity to handle any disaster. 7. The priority of disaster risk management „ Low quality of design, construction at the national, provincial and district materials and workmanship of levels will be raised.

122 60 Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Disaster Management Authority. Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

8. Awareness of disasters including causes Key Issues and measures, the set-up of the disaster management system, and the roles of „ Use of inappropriate construction various agencies including Civil Defence materials in rural housing such as will be raised. prevalence of mud houses 9. Preparedness for swift action in case of a Measures disaster will be maintained, at least for the initial hours or days, until such time as Institutional Arrangements provincial and federal help becomes The Provincial Disaster Risk Management Plan available. has identified the following institutional arrangements: 10. Land use planning and implementation and development planning control through Provincial Disaster Management legal means will be ensured. Commission (PDMC): A Provincial Disaster Management 11. The design, appropriateness of Commission (PDMC), chaired by the Chief construction materials and workmanship Minister, will be established, since disaster of infrastructure including houses, bridges, risk management is a provincial subject. roads, etc. will be improved. Provincial Disaster Management Authority 12. Housing (mud and thatch houses) and (PDMA): settlements will be upgraded. A Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), which serves as the Secretariat of the 13. Social services, basic facilities and natural Provincial Commission and is headed by a resources will be rehabilitated. Provincial Director General will be established. The Authority»s mandate is development, 14. Livelihoods of communities and affected implementation, monitoring and evaluation of groups after any disaster will be restored. disaster risk reduction activities in vulnerable areas and sectors in the province.

10.1 Earthquake District Disaster Management Authorities will be established by the provincial government The district experienced major tectonic in hazard prone areas on a priority basis. upheavals in the prehistoric period. The Municipal Disaster Management Authorities coastal uplifting resulted in the formation of a (MDMA) will be established in urban areas on number of temporary inland lakes, such as the similar lines. one now represented by the broad inland valley of Tranche. Large coastal lagoons such Tehsil and Town Authorities: Institutions at as the Miani Hor at the coast of the Lasbela this level are at the frontline of disaster risk plain are also a product of uplifting. The Dhak reduction and response. For many plain in the coastal area of Hingol NP is also a departments this is the lowest level of former inland bay, which had an opening to administration where they interface directly the sea between Sapat and Poti Bandar with communities. (Wadh Bandar) west of Sappat Mountain (Jebel-u-Ghurab). However, no major or Union Councils: Elected representatives from devastating earthquake has been recorded in village and ward levels form these bodies, the recent past. which play an important role in allocation of resources for local development works. Union The greater part of Lasbela District is in Councils are also crucial for advocating Seismic Category III, i.e., moderate risk, and demands of communities to the District its coastal areas are in Category II, high risk Councils and Disaster Management in terms of severity, impact and damage Authorities. These may include requests for from earthquakes. The seismic factor allocation of resources from local budgets for ground acceleration may vary from g/10 to hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction g/20 with possibility of minor to moderate activities such as spurs for flood control, damage. rainwater harvesting structures for drought 123 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

mitigation, vocational training for livelihoods to The following Provincial Government reduce vulnerability, etc. Departments and other stakeholders also have important roles in Disaster Management Community Based Organizations: The and Control: Irrigation and Power; capacity of existing community-based Environment and the Environment Protection organizations will be developed and enhanced Agency; Health; Public Health and Engineering by district and Tehsil authorities to promote (PHE); Planning and Development; Finance; community level disaster risk management Communication; Works; PP&H (C&W); activities. In the absence of community Information Technology; Legal; Information; organizations, new groups will be established Women Development; Traffic Police; Fire to work on disaster risk reduction and Brigade; Civil Defence; Provincial management. Meteorological Department; local nongovernmental organizations, and Major District Police Department: The District Hospitals. Police Department is responsible for these functions with reference to disaster risk Other Stakeholders are QESCO; Sui Southern management: maintenance of law and order Gas; Civil Aviation Authority; Ambulance in and around the scene of the incident; Services; Balochistan Coastal Development cordoning the affected area and controlling Authority (BCDA), Quetta Development crowds to facilitate the rescue operation; Authority (QDA); Water and Sanitation and providing rescue workers with all Authority; Banks; Private Sector; Media; relevant assistance to carry out emergency Pakistan Red Crescent Society √ Balochistan work without any disturbance or Branch; and local non-governmental, interference. academic and research institutions.

Figure 19: Map of Earthquake Density of Balochistan

124 Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008) Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The disasters relevant to Lasbela District have „ Domestic level water conservation been discussed above. Severe disasters are techniques managed by federal and provincial agencies but they cannot deliver without local support „ Use of technology-based, efficient and meaningful participation by all irrigation systems such as drip, concerned. Institutional arrangements, bubbler, and sprinkler therefore, will be made at the district level for linking with and supporting the national and 2. Capacity of public sector organizations, provincial efforts as well as identifying what is grazers, farmers, CSOs, and CCBs in required, providing feedback and proactively preparation for drought, coordination, doing whatever is possible at the district information dissemination, relief and level. The district will develop a preparedness rehabilitation will be developed. strategy of response to these disasters. An Earthquake Density Map of Balochistan is 3. The Disaster Risk Management Plan given. for Lasbela District will be extrapolated from the Provincial Plan and implemented. 10.2 Drought 4. Water will be conserved to cope with An emergency water shortage can be caused droughts, since this will ensure that water by a prolonged drought, poor water supply is available for critical needs. management, and/or contamination of surface water source or aquifers. Droughts also create 5. Water will be conserved in homes: low- environmental conditions that increase the risk flush toilets will be installed, of other hazards such as fire. displacement devices will be used in toilet tanks and dripping faucets will be The annual precipitation in Lasbela varies from repaired. 50-150 mm, most of which is expected during the monsoon season. Long periods of 6. Early marketing of less productive and droughts are common; the last one occurred lean livestock will be facilitated to reduce from 1998- 2004. the numbers.

Key Issues 7. People and livestock will be shifted to areas less affected by drought and will be „ Lack of data and capacity of provided appropriate assistance. interpretation and analysis 8. Water, health (vaccination and treatment) „ Lack of a strategy and plan to reduce and feed (urea molasses blocks and urea damage, manage drought-related treated straw) requirements of livestock relief and undertake rehabilitation in will be met. the district 9. Low delta crops in drought-prone areas „ Lack of alternative means and options will be grown. for overcoming droughts 10. Potential droughts at the district level will „ Lack of facilities for speedy be monitored continuously through processing and marketing of livestock observation of quantity of rainfall and products and refrigeration of large comparison with existing water needs. quantities of meat 11. Damage and loss will be reduced by Measures ensuring preparedness regarding planning, implementation and monitoring 1. Mass level awareness raising and training of mitigation, relief and rehabilitation of extension staff and community will be measures. provided on: 12. Water will be conserved through rainwater „ Strategy to respond to drought harvesting for use during dry conditions. 125 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

13. Certain areas of rangelands will be used 18. Livelihoods in various parts of the district for grazing only during droughts. will be planned and promoted keeping in view the effect of droughts. 14. Fodder-tree groves will be raised at appropriate sites for use only during 19. The federal government will establish a periods of drought. satellite monitoring system for Balochistan, Sindh, Southern Khyber 15. Livestock pens and water points will be Pakhtunkhwa and Southern Punjab for provided within grazing areas and at monitoring and early warning of droughts, make-shift sites to tide over the drought interpretation of data and dissemination of period. information as relevant.

16. Speedy marketing of livestock to reduce 20. The GIS facility at the Provincial losses from drought will be facilitated and Headquarters will be strengthened to supported. prepare district-wise Climatic Moisture Index (CMI) and Soil Moisture Index (SMI) 17. Mobile facilities for hygienic slaughtering maps with the help of Remote Sensing and refrigerated storage vans will be and GIS facilities. arranged along with rational purchase prices to motivate owners to sell their 21. A Disaster Emergency Fund will be livestock, which they cannot afford to established at the national, provincial and maintain or which is likely to die because district levels with reasonable allocations of drought. for floods, drought and cyclones.

Figure 20: Annual Precipitation in Balochistan

126 Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008) Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

10.3 Flood and Landslides detergents, shelter; spread of diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, skin and Floods are one of the most common hazards other water borne diseases; and lack in Lasbela District. The effects vary from local or shortage of health care facilities for level impact to entire river basins. Flash floods flood affected persons. develop quickly, sometimes in a few minutes, without any visible signs of rain. Flash floods „ Loss of life of or injury to human often have a dangerous wall of roaring water beings, livestock and wildlife that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and (especially mammals, reptiles and the can sweep away most things in its path. breeding and nesting areas of birds). Overland flooding occurs outside a defined river or stream and is often destructive. „ Damage to or destruction of houses, Flooding can also occur when a dam breaks, valuables, food grains, other producing effects more serious than flash household commodities, sources of floods. People living in low-lying areas or clean water, machinery, equipment, coastal areas, near river, canals or vehicles, land, soil, orchards, standing downstream from a dam, face additional risk agricultural crops, etc. from flooding. „ Disruption in supply of electricity and The Porali River and the Phore stream (near gas, and destruction of or damage to the eastern boundary of HNP) carry flash communication infrastructure, making floods that have often destroyed or damaged provision of relief supplies difficult. bridges on the Karachi Quetta National Highway and MCH, blocked traffic and caused „ Enhanced risk of dam bursts, inconvenience to commuters. Flash floods landslides and mudslides. affect highways and roads at many points as well as houses and other infrastructure. Floods Measures also damage sewerage systems and storm water drains in urban centres and cause 1. Precautionary measures will be taken in landslides, mudslides and soil erosion. planning, designing, implementing, maintaining and monitoring of all types of In a landslide, masses of rock, earth, or debris communication infrastructure, housing and move down a slope. Landslides may be small settlements and water-related infrastructure, or large, slow or rapid. They are activated by based on 100 year-projections of severe storms, earthquakes, fires, and steepening of floods. This will help reduce losses and slopes by erosion or human modification. damages from flash floods. Landslides are more common in the district during flash floods and indirect impacts of 2. Landslide hazards will be evaluated and cyclones, which cause heavy downpour. corrective techniques will be developed to reduce landslide risk. Key Issues 3. Channels or deflection walls will be built in mudflow areas to direct the flow around „ The natural drainage for water has been blocked or narrowed, resulting in buildings and other infrastructure. further havoc. 4. It will be ensured that natural waterways are not blocked or disrupted and „ Calls for evacuation are delayed, and there is no facilitation for the poor, old, alternatives will be provided if this is young or sick people during an unavoidable. evacuation. 5. Preparation will be made for landslides at vulnerable places and relevant machinery „ People are reluctant to leave, mainly due to absence of measures to ensure and equipment will be kept ready for safety of their property, unless it is clearing affected areas, in particular already too late. highways, roads, bridges, houses, etc. 6. Ground cover using bioengineering „ Lack or shortage of safe drinking water, food, utensils, soap, technology (e.g. placid structures) will be 127 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

built on slopes. Retaining walls will be cleared and maintained; fire-fighting built as well. equipment in sufficient numbers will be kept ready at a central place; and a group In the event of a flood or landslide: of volunteers from local communities will „ Make timely calls for evacuation and be developed and trained in forest fire help those who cannot vacate on their fighting. own 7. Bush and grass around houses and „ Ensure swift and organised rescue settlements located within or around and relief for all affected persons forests and rangelands will be cleared.

„ Replant damaged ground as soon as 8. Availability of a helicopter to rescue possible since erosion caused by loss stranded persons will be ensured. of vegetation can lead to flash flooding and additional landslides in 9. Exits (other than lifts) and outer stairs will the near future be incorporated into the design of all high buildings for use during fire. 10.4 Fire 10.5 Cyclones Housing and settlements, industrial estates and properties, coalmines, oil and gas fields Lasbela District is located on the coast of the and pipelines, petroleum and gas stations, Arabian Sea, which is a part of the Indian stores of explosives, forests during dry hot Ocean and is known for cyclones and season, and picnic areas, are very vulnerable tsunamis. Tsunamis are more severe in gravity to fires. than cyclones.

Key Issues The neighbouring Sindh province has experienced several cyclones in the past few „ No attention paid to preventive decades. Fourteen cyclones approached the measures coastal areas of Sindh from 1971-2001. The 1999 cyclone hit the Sindh coast and caused Measures serious damage in terms of lives and property in Thatta and Badin districts; 73 settlements 1. Greater focus will be placed on awareness were wiped out, with over 75,000 houses raising and preventive measures. destroyed. A cyclone in 1965 killed over 1000 people in Sindh, while the most recent 2. Compliance with a Code of Conduct by cyclone, which hit two districts in Southern picnickers and communities in forests and Sindh, killed 258 persons, affected 600,000 protected areas will be sought. persons and also killed 11,000 livestock. Economic losses were severe since 3. Fire brigades will be provided with agricultural lands and crops were inundated required fire control equipment including and household belongings destroyed. long ladders and water hoses for high-rise buildings, and fire extinguishing supplies The Makran coast has also suffered from at least (water, chemicals, etc.). three cyclones during the past five years; the last one was Phet, which ravaged the Makran 4. Fire fighters will be provided adequate coastal areas and the Indus delta in 2010. training of fire fighters. Their availability in all urban and industrial areas will be Key Issues ensured. „ Difficulty in informing fishermen 5. All common passages on all floors of engaged in deep sea fishing about buildings will have fire extinguishers and impending cyclones buckets of sand, and water, towels and red flags for help in all rooms. „ Cyclones generate heavy rains, which cause flooding and consequential loss 128 6. Fire lines in vulnerable dry forests will be and damage Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Measures erupted due to that tsunami and four small islands off the Makran Coast were formed. 1. Ways to convey information about This was the last known major impending cyclones to fishermen engaged tsunami√generating earthquake in the in deep sea fishing will be developed. Arabian Sea that severely affected the Makran coast.

10.6 Sea Erosion The recent mega tsunami in the Indian Ocean that hit many Asian countries including The major reasons for sea erosion are a rise in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands, sea level due to global warming and reduced Timor-Leste, Thailand, India and Myanmar inflow of fresh water to counter the tide action generated more interest in the international on the coastline. This process is further community than ever before. The examples of aggravated when the coastal land is sandy or relief and rehabilitation during this time need offers low resistance due to the absence of a to be studied to ensure preparedness for such strong network of roots of mangroves or eventualities in future. clayey profile of land. Sea erosion is currently (2010) taking place on the coast of Damb near Key Issues Sonmiani. „ Deforestation and degradation of A short-term measure would be to construct a mangroves and removal of sand and pucca embankment of boulders and stones at sand dunes from the coastal areas, the affected site after the monsoon season weakening the defence against the when the tide level and action subsides. The impact of tsunami. long-term solutions include raising of mangrove plantations and ensuring „ Lack of land use and development environmental flows when the water of the planning control in the coastal areas feeding rivers has been dammed. of Lasbela District impact on the development of environmental friendly and safe industrial and other 10.7 Tsunami infrastructure close to the sea.

The earthquake measuring 8.6 on the Richter Measures scale that hit Balochistan on November 28 1945, at 05:26 PST, caused a huge tsunami in 1. A tsunami forecasting centre in the Region the Arabian Sea. It was centred 97.6 km SSW will be established and linked with other of Pasni in Balochistan and caused great centres including the Hawaii Centre. damage to the entire Makran coastal region including Lasbela. The tsunami reached a 2. Mangroves will be conserved and planted height of 40 feet in some fishing villages on in Miani Hor and a moratorium will be the Makran coast and killed more than 4,000 imposed on removal of sand from the people (there was an extremely low population coastal areas. on the coast at that time). The villages of Pasni and Omara were badly affected and were reportedly underwater after the tsunami. 10.8 Oil Spills Pasni»s postal and telegraph office, government buildings and rest houses were The coastal areas of Lasbela District are destroyed and many people were washed vulnerable to oil spills due to the heavy traffic away. Telegraphic communications to these of oil tankers from the Gulf to Pakistani ports two communities were also cut off. The cable (Karachi, Gwadar) through the Arabian Sea or link between Karachi and Muscat was other countries of the East, proximity to oil interrupted, and the Cape Monze lighthouse, producing Middle Eastern states, and because close to the south-eastern border of Lasbela, of off shore oil exploration and exploitation in was damaged. The shock was recorded by the EEZ of Pakistan. observatories in New Delhi and Calcutta. Fortunately, no major incident has happened Several mud volcanoes in Lasbela District so far. Even the Tasman Spirit Oil Spill (TSOS) including the famous Chandargupt in HNP in 2003 in the Karachi Port area did not affect 129 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

the Lasbela coast due to the opposite wind risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave, direction. and excessive heat can be deadly. Conditions that can induce heat-related illnesses include However, this does not mean that threats do not stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor exist. The approval and implementation of an quality of housing or work conditions. Oil Spill Contingency Plan for the Balochistan coastal waters and areas is necessary. The Key Issues Pakistan Maritime Force, Karachi Port Trust, Coast Guards and the Pakistan Navy have a „ The district is situated in the hot critical role in ensuring this. tropics and is also affected by global warming.

10.9 Dam Burst „ Most of the population in the district is rural and is dependent on agriculture, Pakistan has a limited history of burst dams livestock, coastal fisheries and with the most serious incident occurring in the industry. The people have to work neighbouring district of Gwadar where the hard, often under the sun, for their Shadi Kaur storage dam on the Shadi Kaur livelihood, and are, therefore, River burst in a flash flood and caused heavy vulnerable to dangers from heat. losses to the Makran Coastal Highway and to settlements downstream. The maintenance „ High humidity in the coastal areas and operation of the existing Hub Dam, the compounds the effect of heat. proposed Hingol and Windar Dams, and other future dams is, therefore, important. „ A large section of society cannot afford proper clothing and other gear, The designs of the dams should use the due to poverty, which can help experience of floods during the last 100 years. alleviate some of the damaging effects It is also important that development of of heat. permanent infrastructure including settlements and roads is not allowed within the original Measures width of the riverbed downstream after construction of a dam. All dam structures 1. The Meteorological Department will warn including gates of spillways should be the people about excessive heat and heat maintained regularly. waves.

2. The Health Department will monitor the 10.10 Excessive Heat/ situation and advise people regarding precautionary measures and treatment Heat Wave through electronic and print media.

People working in open under the sun and those living in urban areas may be at greater

130 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

11. Information Management and Communication

The vision is for the free flow of all kinds of information from government agencies to the masses, specific target groups and other users. Setting up of a comprehensive GIS- based database and a website for the district are envisioned for wide dissemination of information.

It is important that people are able to obtain information that they require; information is also essential for maintaining transparency and public sector accountability.

Information refers to all aspects and sectors: the social sector, NRM sectors, environmental parameters, sustainable development; policies, plans, programmes and projects; statistics, data, research papers and studies; the positions of the federal, provincial and local governments on any controversial issue; and information needed by people in their daily life such as laws, rules, regulations, orders, public sector systems, procedures and formalities. Information is also needed by the public for livelihood opportunities including employment, technology and investment. 131 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Information management at the district, tehsil In order for the GIS to evolve into a proper and union council levels is almost non- Decision Support System, it must have as existent. While it exists at the provincial level, many data layers as needed. GIS application it is not adequate. Timely and direct can help in sustainable development, clarification provided by public sector sustainable management of natural resources agencies motivates the public to participate in and environmental protection; and in planning, public sector-led programmes, projects and management, monitoring and evaluation of activities. programmes and projects.

The Statistical Cell in the Planning and In order to computerize and handle the Development Department is now active after a enormous amount of data at the provincial long period of dormancy and compiles level, a basic Geographic Information System Balochistan Development Statistics annually, has been established to meet the overall which contain district specific information at needs of the province. A comprehensive GIS- the apex level. Coverage of education, health, based database is also required at the district agriculture and livestock sector statistics is level that is connected to all district heads as comparatively better than for other sectors. well as to the provincial database. Such a Inadequate and outdated information on the network would enhance the efficiency of the Planning and Development Department district administration manifold. website is also an issue. 11.1 Means of The Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS) and the Communication Balochistan Health Management Information System (BHMIS) have established a system at Public Access to information: If they are to the provincial level for spatial/temporal data demand quality services, consumers need manipulation and decision making with nodes access to the following information: at the district level. This is useful for planning, management and monitoring and must also „ What they should be entitled to in be used optimally at the district level. terms of service delivery from the different tiers of government, including HMIS data can also be used to decide to take the types, standards, and funds timely decisions regarding drug procurement allocated for service delivery, and their and supply to health facilities, health performance benchmarks in the education on current pandemics, as well as district. for support staff supervision. These systems if used correctly can come up with data aligned „ The role of government officials in with implementation of MDGs targets. service delivery.

Computerization is crucial for efficiency, „ The role of public representatives in accuracy, and cost effectiveness as well as for service delivery and their responsibility developing management information systems for provision of education, health and that can help in appropriate and speedy WatSan services. decision-making. Fortunately, it is now affordable and institutions today can use information „ Where and how to complain if technology to enhance their efficiency. services are not adequately provided.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a „ All levels of government √ federal, set of effective tools to increase efficiency in provincial, and local √ need to ensure decision-making, transparency, and that the public gets adequate demonstrate public accountability. All over the information regarding its rights. world, the use of this technology at the Information can be provided in the municipal level has shown highly successful following ways: results in handling diverse data of various scales. Even in Pakistan, pilot projects that „ Educational, Health, WatSan and all have used the GIS facility, have produced other service provider agencies be remarkable results. The GIS system of TMA, required to display public information 132 Jaranwala is one such example. on the services they are supposed to Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Jetty at Dam Bundar

deliver, including the names and bureaucracy and politicians. It is often attendance of staff members, e.g., the local media that ensures teachers and doctors, as well as accountability at the local level, as has monthly revenues and expenditures. happened in many countries.

„ District, tehsil and union council plans „ The information that is disseminated and budgets, allocations for service must be free of party politics to providers, sector-wise expenditure, establish its credibility. Bulletins and and performance reports should be other materials that relay information published and disseminated. Local should have a standard design and media can help in presenting and logo for visibility and recognition. discussing service delivery-related issues with the help of the provincial Creating Demand is another way. This is to government. create a direct link between user fees, local taxation and service delivery as under: „ Service delivery policies, standards, avenues for complaint, budget „ Retaining user fees and spending allocations, and comparative service them locally. User fees collected delivery performance in districts should be retained and spent by their should be publicized through media respective service providers, who such as television, radio, and the should be guided by User national and regional press. Committees. This would ensure that public money spent on services „ While a local radio station and local contributes to the services that the newspapers would be the ideal public receives. mediums to disseminate information, these do not exist in Lasbela or in any „ Providing information on how user other district. It is crucial to develop fees and local revenues are spent. local channels for dissemination that Service providers and local are independent of the establishment; governments should be required to otherwise public messages may be in publish statements on how the user danger of distortion by local fees or local revenues are spent. The 133 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

public needs to be aware of the role „ Public sector agencies do not provide of both locally raised revenues and information directly and pro-actively to user fees, and be encouraged to ask the people regarding their policies, how its taxes or user fees are being plans, programmes, and projects, nor spent. do they convey the cooperation required from the public. Participation „ Demand for services can be generated and contribution of stakeholders and by subsidizing many of the costs of people in programmes and projects accessing these services directly. suffers due to a lack of sharing of information. These factors also lead to Key Issues a lack of transparency.

„ Lack of reliable water and sanitation „ Data produced for public data is a major hurdle in service consumption is not readily available. delivery. The relevant staff in the Most of the information is in English, service departments is unaware even which automatically excludes the of the presence and operation of most masses and therefore their critical of the water and sanitation schemes participation. in their areas. „ The district lacks web-based „ Underlying the problem of poor integrated information management information management is the weak (for all sectors or for any individual demand for information, because sector), making the use of available implementers and managers have information for planning, management limited capacity and incentive to use and monitoring impossible, especially this information. The first is due to for an integrated project or limited managerial skills and the programme. second to the fact that managers have little real autonomy to make decisions „ There is low use of computers and or incentive to perform, and therefore, very little use of GIS technology at the to use information effectively. district level. IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q 134 Mobile tower at Zero Point coastal highway, Uthal Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

„ There is a tendency to withhold bridged and the masses will be information and not share it, either continuously updated. The District horizontally within organizations or Administration will distribute hand-outs with other stakeholders; and district level departments will develop and disseminate targeted materials and „ Data and information is not information through periodic bulletins. adequately used in planning and implementation. 4. Coverage and access to the radio will be extended, especially in remote rural areas. „ The credibility of government Relevant Lasi, Sindhi and Urdu agencies regarding accuracy of programmes from radio and television will information is questionable. Rumours be presented, which will provide take place in the absence of timely information and raise awareness of and accurate information from grazers, farmers and others. government agencies. 5. An official website for all government Measures agencies in the district will be developed and maintained. 1. The key areas of information for dissemination will be identified, and 6. Issues such as the likely crisis of efficient systems for information groundwater depletion will be addressed; dissemination will be developed and active participation in the 2011 Population operated. Census will be promoted; participation in the design and planning of mega and 2. Public sector agencies and other large projects will be sought; human stakeholders will promote effective resources will be developed and communication in the district through: employment opportunities explored; SMEs will be planned and developed; „ Electronic and Print media, especially environmental issues will be addressed; radio and Urdu newspapers technology and other innovations will be promoted; heritage will be conserved; and „ Bulletins pasted at conspicuous campaigning against societal problems places in government offices, public will take place through raising awareness sector institutions such as schools, and dissemination of information. colleges and hospitals and other healthcare facilities, bus stands, 7. The Integrated Development Vision (IDDV) courts, post offices, markets etc. of Lasbela District will be translated into Urdu and copies will be distributed to key „ Bulletin distribution with newspapers stakeholders and implementing agencies including all educational institutions, „ Local announcements by drum public offices, NGOs, provincial beaters departments and relevant federal ministries and agencies. „ Development and maintenance of an official common district website for all 8. All topographical sheets and other district government agencies working in or at maps and thematic data linked to maps to the district level, and linking with users will be digitized, printed and websites of relevant government disseminated. This will help improve departments, NGOs, CSOs, and efficiency and quality of decision-making private sector organizations such as as well as the performance of government the Lasbela Chamber of Commerce agencies and partner organizations. and Industry 9. A comprehensive land use map of the „ Information booths at social district will be developed from appropriate gatherings and cultural events satellite images.

3. The information gap between the 10. The information needs of all target groups government and the masses will be and stakeholders will be fulfilled. 135 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

11. The use of information technology will be 15. The use of newspapers as a means of promoted. communicating information, made interesting with pictorials, graphics, 12. E-mail service in public sector agencies cartoons, etc. will be promoted. and in towns and villages where electricity and telephone facilities are available will 16. Television coverage will be extended be promoted, introduced or expanded as televisions will be supplied in common required. meeting places for communities in remote rural areas (separately for men and 13. Information centres will be set-up at the women) at subsidised rates or even free, district, tehsil and union council levels. for communal use.

14. A GIS-based database and website-based 17. Community organization-managed local information system will be developed and broadcasting units at tehsil and district operated at the district level for levels will be promoted. dissemination of various kinds of information.

136 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

12. Implementation

The real value of this document is in the implementation of priority programmes and projects by all implementing agencies and stakeholders for their part in the flexible District Action Plan.

12.1 Priority Programmes and Projects

The priority programmes and projects envisioned in the IDDV are:

1. Improving coverage and quality of education, health, WatSan, electricity, gas and other services.

2. Surface water development by developing mega and small storage and recharge dams respectively including early completion of Windar and Hingol Dams, with environmental safeguards including the environmental flow to estuaries and mangroves; and controlling depletion of ground water by shifting subsidy on agricultural tube wells to technology based efficient irrigation systems (drip, bubbler, sprinkler), land levelling, water 137 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

management including insulated channels 9. Further exploration and expanding or PVC pipes; fruits and crops exploitation and value addition of diversification to include the low delta minerals, and asking for strengthening of demand; and controlling water pollution the Balochistan Directorate General of from municipal discharge and industrial Minerals and Mining as a first step. effluents. 10. Realizing the huge potential of nature and 3. Expanding, modernizing and culture tourism and ecotourism. commercializing the agriculture sector including the use of efficient irrigation 11. Developing the skills and aptitude of the systems; improved inputs, i.e., seeds, fruit labour force by launching intensive human planting stock, manure and natural and resource development initiatives for chemical fertilizers, agricultural machinery promoting SMEs and livelihoods. and equipment, integrated pest management (IPM), appropriate 12. Protecting and rehabilitating natural agricultural pre- and post-harvesting forests and raising and maintaining forest practices; expanding floriculture; plantations of multipurpose and low delta improving coordination between research demanding trees on marginal lands or as and extension and outreach of the latter; agro-forestry. improving marketing information and facilities (early completion and operation 13. Conserving and sustainably using of of Agriculture Market at Uthal), and wildlife and protected areas on scientific facilitating access to credit. lines though management planning and implementation with community 4. Modernizing and commercializing the participation. livestock sector by developing dairy farms; improving breeds, health and feed 14. Environmental protection including of livestock; procurement of and cross controlling air, water, noise, soil, land, breeding with high yielding milk, and beef coast and sea pollution; safe disposal of and meat breeds (using proven sires and sewerage and industrial effluents, solid artificial insemination); expansion of area waste, hospital waste and industrial waste. under fodder crops, and development of rangelands and managing sustainable 15. Master planning and up-gradation of all grazing; and improving coverage of existing large settlements and proactive vaccination, de-worming and treatment of planning of new medium sized livestock; and partnership between public settlements, especially near the industrial and private sectors and communities with and trading estates, and centres of guaranteed equity in benefit sharing with commerce and trade. communities. 16. The five priority sectors in the district in 5. Further developing poultry farming to its accordance with trends in allocation of optimum potential. funds through PSDP during three years (2008-2011) in descending order are 6. Conserving and sustainably utilizing the Roads, Education, Irrigation, Drinking coastal fisheries and mangroves for Water and Power. Reprioritisation of subsistence and livelihood of coastal investments is required for boosting communities by establishing best health, WatSan, agriculture, livestock and practices. rangelands, fisheries, wildlife and protected areas, tourism and watershed 7. Further expanding the industrial base with and forestry sectors. greater focus on SMEs and improving the environmental friendliness of industries at 17. Developing natural resource sectors, hub, Windar, Zero Point, etc. especially agriculture, livestock and poultry, coastal fisheries, mineral and 8. Promoting natural resources (e.g. fruits, mining, wildlife and protected areas, vegetables, livestock, poultry and tourism, health, WatSan, and human fisheries) based small and medium resource development for SMEs and 138 enterprises. livelihoods. Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

18. Improving governance by strengthening fisheries, water, transport, business, institutions, enhancing capacities of tourism) individuals, turning political interference into positive involvement, improving intra- „ Media (print and electronic) agency and inter-agency coordination and horizontal information flow, especially to „ Academia (education and research masses, establishing a one-window organizations) effective complaints and grievance mechanism in the office of the Deputy 12.2.2 Indirect Stakeholders Commissioner/DCO, establishing a comprehensive data base at the district „ Transporters from outside the district level with nodes to all district offices, displaying transparency, introducing an „ Fruit and vegetable-related SME effective monitoring and accountability investors from outside the district system, ensuring objectivity and results, curbing corruption, malpractices and „ Livestock traders delays, promoting participatory and consultative decision making, planning „ Other traders from outside the district and management mechanisms, and providing an enabling environment for the Public Sector public sector agencies, the private sector, NGOS, academia and the media. Governance at the district, tehsil and local levels has suffered due to a half-heartedly 19. Seizing the opportunity of development of implemented devolution plan. In January 2010 Lasbela District as a twin satellite of the local government system was reversed to Karachi, as has happened in the case of provincial management but the shape of the industry, and proactively planning its future system has not been finalised. There is growth and development accordingly. also the issue of quantity versus quality of staff due to due to political expediency for providing employment. The dependence and 12.2 Institutional expectation of the workforce on white-collar Development jobs adds to the problem. A complete overhaul of the mandates, 12.2.1 Key Stakeholders priorities, structures, systems and procedures of all public sector agencies at the district „ District Administration and public level is required through SWOT analyses and sector agencies at the district, tehsil a Management and Programme Review. This and union council levels will improve their internal structure, enabling an improved environment, efficiency and „ Tehsil level municipal bodies effectiveness. It is also important that participatory planning and management be „ Union council local bodies made an integral part of the future system.

„ Provincial Government Private Sector

„ Federal Government The private sector is very prominent in district Lasbela because of the industrial „ WAPDA characteristics in south-eastern Lasbela including Hub Industrial & Trading Estate „ National Highway Authority (HITE), Windar Industrial & Trading Estate, the Bela-Uthal Industrial & Trading Estate, Gadani „ Civil Society Organisations Shipping Industries, Marble City, and the mining sector. „ Communities However, management, pollution, workers» „ Private sector (industry, mining, safety and occupational health are weak agriculture, livestock, poultry, except for multinational industrial enterprises. 139 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

The private sector is also involved in some CSO alliances, which provide commercial agriculture e.g. orchards, coastal membership to CBOs. It is difficult for the fisheries, poultry farming, livestock, commerce umbrella or apex CSOs to reach all target and trade, transport and development of groups and areas. It would help the CSOs, infrastructure. NGOs as well as government agencies and communities if additional CBOs or CCBs were Although interaction with the government established to cover the remaining areas and appears well defined, it is less than ideal. The generate the resources for their functions and interaction of the private sector with non- interventions. government organizations is minimal. The profit motive prevails and there is little or no Academia concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The apathy of the private sector Despite a rich cultural heritage, the regarding the impact of pollution, in particular strengthening of academic, educational and effluents impacting the residents of Hub Town research institutions has remained weak. The and the water bodies in the area, is of great contribution of academia is limited mainly due concern to the people and environmentalists. to lack of coordination amongst the various educational and research institutions. Generally, the private sector is blamed for not employing the local population from The establishment of the University of Lasbela Balochistan; however, the sector has identified Uthal is however a great accomplishment and problems with local labour being unskilled and focuses on marine sciences. inefficient. They prefer to employ skilled labour from other regions to ensure that the industry Research, especially in natural resources continues to function. (agriculture, fisheries, livestock & rangelands, coastal resources, mining) is the mandate of The solution lies in creating a mechanism to the provincial government. WAPDA, IWRS, train local people in the skills needed by the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Pakistan private sector. The process should start with a Agriculture Research Council (PARC)/National training needs identification, establishing Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Cotton appropriate vocational training centres, and Research Institute, NHI, are some of the attracting and motivating the potential labour federal organizations and institutions that are force to such trainings. engaged in research for their own needs.

Some progress has been made and a small- Media scale collaborative mechanism between the Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and HITE is The growth of media in the country especially operational. the electronic media has also catalysed the growth and development of media persons in Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) the district although local patriarchal customs and traditions hinder women from performing Many civil society organizations or NGOs an active role in the media. While the (international, national, provincial and CBOs) efficiency and speed of delivery of information are active in Lasbela District including IUCN, by media has increased tremendously, its WWF-P, SPO, and NRSP. Their role can be accuracy, freedom from biases and enhanced greatly in the district but they would comprehensiveness in reporting are not at the need support in capacity building and funding desired level. There is a need to build for interventions. capacity, especially in investigative journalism, of people working in media. Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Capacity Building

The useful role of CBOs is a neglected area so Capacity building is at two levels, (1) far. The networks of NRSP and SPO in institutional strengthening and (2) Lasbela District are comparatively better. development of the competencies of the individual workers. Institutional capacity Devolution incorporated the Citizens» building aimed at understanding and 140 Community Boards (CCBs). There are also implementing the devolved system to take Lasbela Integrated Development Vision IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar Q Poster competition organised on World Environment Day at the Lasbela University

forward the development process was competency to do the assigned task, an undertaken but was only partly successful. enabling environment and motivation provided by the government agency all impact Capacity building was emphasised during the performance. However, these are not early days of Devolution through the considered important enough to develop Devolution Support Programmes funded by capacity building programmes. the multilateral and bilateral donor agencies and also included capacity building of the The major thrust of the trainings in Lasbela elected representatives. will be on the development of organisational capabilities for elected representatives. Information dissemination through publications is difficult due to the low level of Training of all government department staff literacy in the district. Civil society will be implemented through a crash-training organisations can help in dissemination of programme for which a training-needs information and public education through their assessment will be conducted to determine programmes and activities but they will need the scope and size of the training programme. orientation, capacity building and finances. The provincial government will take the lead in The media can also play a useful role in this such an initiative for the whole province to regard. prepare and deliver an effective training programme at the district level. A social capital development programme will be established for the work force to acquire Building Social Capital skills, especially for jobs in construction material making units, mining, tourism, Lasbela district is endowed with natural and agricultural engineering, commercial human resources and is also the most agriculture and livestock, poultry farming and, industrially developed. The district has the agricultural engineering. scope to develop water, tourism, agribusinesses, trade and commerce, inland, Enhancing Competencies of staff coastal and marine fisheries as well as livestock. A great diversity of skills is required Attendance, mind-set and attitudes, for supporting the industry and mining locally understanding of the job and responsibilities, and harnessing its full potential. 141 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

However, demand and supply of labour force labour from outside the district as the local are mismatched due to lack of required skills in people are unskilled. the local labour force. As a result, the industries in Hub, Windar, Gadani and Marble City have Lasbela is at the threshold of major economic employed a significant number of workers from changes that will require a large and skilled outside the district and the province. work force. Concerted efforts will be taken to invest in the development of human capital to The social indicators in the district are low tap employment opportunities arising in and poverty prevails in the rural areas. various sectors. Technical, professional and Although agriculture is a traditional source of vocational training facilities will be created and livelihood the local labour force is not expanded to meet the demand. adequately engaged in it due to lack of skills. Poultry and the expanded mining sector are Vocational and technical training centres the new endeavours of the private sector in either do not exist or rarely provide training the district but there has been little attention that could help in finding jobs. They are also paid to developing the labour force for the ineffective mainly due to lack of up-gradation network. to match the market demand for skills and lack of qualified instructors, training materials Coastal fishery is still very traditional and has and equipment. not benefitted from contemporary developments, mainly due to the status quo in No study has been made of the existing and fishing skills and lack of gear. The district has emerging labour market in Lasbela District. the potential to establish and expand food Nor is there any commercial, financial and processing (fruits, vegetables and poultry and business education institution in Lasbela. fish products), tourism, mining, etc., but this is These institutions will be set up on a fast track impossible given the currently available to provide professional and technical human resources and skills. The commercial, education and training to the people of industrial and mining businesses in Lasbela Lasbela to allow them to compete for and require professional staff qualified in business access the new and relatively better-paid jobs. finance and accounts, in addition to technical areas. So far industrial and commercial Fishing is a complex subject and there are establishments have been obliged to hire wide variations among fishermen, fishing IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani Q 142 Avicennia marina mangrove forest at Wad Bundar, Hingol National Park Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

crafts and the harvest they seek. Fish and fish provincial and federal governments, donors product processing takes place outside the and NGOs and would also make use of the district i.e. at Karachi. various federal and provincial programmes and projects for implementation of the IDDV. According to the Fisheries Department, fishermen are not aware of the modern Action Plan Strategy techniques of fishing. The need for a Fishermen»s training institute has in the past The implementation strategy is short-term, been highlighted by various fisheries medium-term and long-term as explained development projects since there are no below: training facilities for fishermen is the district Short Term: A five-yearly flexible First IDDV Any such initiative requires a needs Action Plan, coinciding with the Five Year Plan assessment to identify the various types of 2010-2015 of the government, will be fishermen, mole agents and fish processors developed to implement the short-term and the areas that need training. measures to suit the capacities and financial resources available. The implementation of the Post-harvest losses in fisheries are considered Action Plan will be monitored annually to an important problem that affects the income identify and address major constraints in of fishermen. Another cause is the techniques implementation. Its mid-term impact on in fish handling practices and post-harvest sustainability of the district will be assessed in processing until sale of harvest, which varies the third year of implementation to see its with the type of fish. effectiveness and assess for course correction, if needed. In that case, the relevant A vast majority of the fishermen are neither parts of the plan will be revised. However, literate nor have time to attend the training revision is not necessary in the parts of the because of their rigorous working hours and Action Plan, which have not been gruelling work conditions. They perceive time implemented as yet. spent on training to be unproductive, since it does not immediately bring in revenue for Medium Term: Implementation of the them. Short training programmes might be medium-term measures in the various sectors one way of encouraging them to come. along with the un-implemented parts of the First Plan will be included in the five-yearly Arranging short training programmes flexible Second IDDV Action Plan for 2015- accordingly will be one solution. Mole agents 2020. The monitoring and assessment will also to be trained to make them aware of process mentioned above will continue under WTO regulations and export regulations and the guidance of the IDDV Steering Committee. requirements. Long Term: The throw forward from the First and Second Plans and the long-term 12.3 Action Planning measures will be included in the five-yearly flexible Third IDDV Action Plan for 2020-2025. Action Plan The monitoring and assessment process will continue as mentioned above. The District Administration and district heads of departments will work closely to develop The IDDV may be revised in 2025, in case the their five-year organizational Action Plans situation, issues and options to address the according to their capacities and expected issues have changed significantly and additional financial resources. These will be consolidated opportunities have been created by that time. into a cohesive District Action Plan. Monitoring and impact assessment of Funding will remain the main constraint in the sustainability of the district will be an essential implementation of the IDDV. While the district part of the Action Plan. generates significant revenue, it needs a major share of the revenue for maintenance alone, The District Administration and district heads apart from a budget for development, which of departments will push the provisions of the helps to generate additional assets, capacities Plan into the planning and resource and revenue. Since the district has great generation process, working closely with the potential in this regard, it is important that it 143 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

should get adequate allocations from the of Lasbela District is analogous to Karachi revenue budget as well as a sufficient share of District, where revenue generation is one of the GST. This will help avoid degeneration of the criteria. its capacity and generate enough revenue, as well as an adequate development budget, to A complete overhaul of the mandates, enable it to maximize its development priorities, structures, systems and procedures potential. of all public sector agencies at the district level will be undertaken, informed by their A balance between society, community, and SWOT analysis, and Management and the economy, and nature and the environment, Programme Reviews. is key to sustainable development. The present lack of sustainability in Lasbela is due In addition: to ad hoc and unplanned economic growth that is occurring without any assessment of its „ Incentive for corruption will be impact on society, nature and the reduced significantly with higher environment. In addition, there is no balance salaries, fringe benefits, and better between population and resources and conditions of employment. depletion of natural resources due to unsustainable use. „ Information sharing regarding public sector programmes, projects, roles Lasbela District needs a balanced growth and responsibilities of public sector model, despite its resources and capacity agencies and their specific staff, as constraints. Such a model also suits the well as procedures, establishment of a various public sector agencies whose one-window operation and complaint contribution will be needed to prioritize and redressing systems will help in share financial resources. For example, the improving the transparency and major investments in the public sector have accountability. been on roads and other infrastructure, with very low or no investment left over for natural „ Opening the close departmental resources and the social sector. committees and forums to the representatives of stakeholders will Opportunities of scale also exist including also be helpful in this regard. corporate farming, which uses technology and reduces production; transportation and „ Senior officers will be encouraged and marketing costs and can involve the supported to be good role models in community. Cooperative farming or terms of efficiency, conduct, shareholding will be encouraged in corporate transparency and accountability. farming programmes. The federal and provincial governments will provide policy and „ Negative political interference will be legal frameworks and incentives to facilitate discouraged, which negates merit, the environment such as the subsidized flat efficiency and good conduct of staff, rate tariff on agricultural tube wells, a joint rather encourages favouritism and policy decision by the federal and provincial nepotism, and supports corruption. governments and WAPDA with short-term benefit to agriculturists (although it had long- Dissemination of the IDDV and term repercussions on the ground water). the Action Planning Process Devolution involved decentralization of Copies of the IDDV will be provided to all responsibility for provincial governments, implementing agencies and stakeholders to which should have led to revenue generation; enable them to develop their Action Plans and however, Lasbela District»s significant potential milestones, keeping in view their capacities for this was not realised. Lasbela, as well as and availability of financial resources. IUCN other districts, were not independent will provide assistance with action planning for administratively or economically. The formula the relevant departments. The Action Plans of of the Provincial Finance Commission (PFC) the individual departments and agencies will for distribution of finances among districts did be consolidated into a District Action Plan. not take into consideration the criteria of 144 revenue generation or population. The position Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 21: Actual PSDP Allocation61 (Original) for Lasbela District (2008-09)

350

300

2008-09 250 2009-10

200 2010-11

150

100

50

0

Edu Irrig PHE Agri Env BDA Water PP&H Roads Power Culture Health BCDA SW&WD LG&RD Livestock Fisheries Ind & Comm

Source: Public Sector Development Programmes

12.4 Institutional These committees will also develop their Terms of Reference (ToRs) and Procedures of Arrangements Business for systematic working.

The district administration will involve all The district administration will seek the stakeholders in implementation of the IDDV assistance of credible and interested through an IDDV-Steering Committee (IDDV- international organizations such as IUCN to SC), which will oversee and guide the help facilitate implementation of the IDDV implementation. The IDDV-SC will be headed including its action planning of IDDV and by the DCO and will comprise of promotion of best practises in governance, representatives from key public sector and planning and management of natural agencies, politicians, religious leaders, tribal resources. elders, and the private sector including the Zamindar Action Committee, industries, mining, fisheries, livestock, poultry, tourism, transport, 12.5 Investment Trends LCCI&E, civil society organizations, academia and the media. The Steering Committee will An overview of last three fiscal years» (2008, meet every quarter at the beginning and every 2009 and 2010) actual PSDP fund allocation in six months later on, or on an as-needed basis. different sectors for Lasbela District is given in The SC will nominate the Secretary of the Figure 18. Committee for coordination, who will also be the focal person for implementation. A comparative analysis of actual total PSDP fund allocation (for years 2008, 2009 and The SC will form a Management Committee to 2010) in different sectors for Lasbela District is address implementation issues and ensure given in Figure 19. coordination, monitoring and feedback. This Committee will be headed by an official A comparison of five higher actual nominated by the SC and will comprise of key investments in Lasbela District for the year implementing agencies, and will report back 2010-2011 is given in Figure 20. to the SC. 61 Allocation in Million Rs. 145 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

A comparison of low actual investments in 4082.411 million (2008-09), Rs. 3910.098 Lasbela District for the year 2010-2011 is million (2009-10) and Rs. 5872.753 million given in Figure 21. (2010-11).

A comparison of actual provincial PSDP fund allocation in different sectors for the years Provincial allocation is worth Rs. 510.984 million 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 is given in for completion of all incomplete schemes in the Figure 22. province for 2010-11. The allocation figures for the incomplete schemes of Lasbela District are The above allocations do not include not available on P&D website. allocations for other schemes worth Rs.

Figure 22: Combined Actual PSDP (Original) Allocation62 (2008-09 and 2010) for Lasbela District

668.2 680

580

480

380

280

182.2 180 105.3 69.3 80 42 36.7 32.2 23.1 20.4 19.3 14.5 13 8 7.7 5.3 5.1 4.3 0.1

-20

Edu Irrig PHE Agri Env BDA Water PP&H Roads Power Culture Health LG&RD BCDA SW&WD Livestock Fisheries Ind & Comm

Figure 23: Comparison of Five Higher Investments in Lasbela District 2010-11

350

300 Roads Edu Irrig PHE Power

250

200

150

100

50

0 Million Rs.

Source: Balochistan PSDP √ 2010-11 (Origional) 146 62 Allocation in Million Rs. and percentage Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Figure 24: Comparison of Low Investments in Lasbela District 2010-11

Culture SW&WD Health Ind & Comm Agri LG&RD Fisheries 25

20

15

10

5

0 Million Rs.

Source: Balochistan PSDP √ 2010-11 (Origional)

Figure 25: Sectoral PSDP Allocation63 (2008-09 and 2010-11) for Balochistan

4500 2008-09 4000

3500 2009-10

3000 2010-11

2500

Rs. in Million 2000

1500

1000

500

0

PHE Roads Health Power PP&H Mining Sports Forestry Fisheries Livestock Irrigation Education Agriculture EnvironmentLocal Govt. Information Tech. Labour & Manpower Sectors

Social Welfare & Women Dev.

12.6 Resource Mobilization improving policies, systems and procedures. Prudent use of funds and reprioritization of and Efficient Use investment can result in freeing up significant funds. The District Administration will The implementation of many elements of the approach the provincial and federal IDDV will not require significant financial governments for funds as outlined within the resources. For example, improvement in framework of the provincial Public Sector governance requires a change in attitude and Development Programme (PSDP) and the behaviour, efficiency, enhancing information, federal Annual Development Programme, as transparency and accountability, and well as for other funds. 63 Allocation in Million Rs. 147 Lasbela Integrated Development Vision

Donors are expected to support the IDDV „ Balancing the budget between salary programmes and projects that are compatible of staff and activities with their priorities. „ Bringing to light misappropriation of Financial resources will be tapped from the funds, and addressing this swiftly and following sources: appropriately.

„ District specific PSDP 12.7 Monitoring & „ Provincial and federal projects Evaluation „ Donor funding (grants and soft loans) directly or through the government The various implementing agencies will system or CSOs develop, in consultation with stakeholders, their IDDV Implementation Plans with „ Raising additional revenues at the milestones as well as indicators of district level through taxes, levies, sustainability. The agencies will be supported rents and user charges in consultation by IUCN in this exercise. A mechanism of with the provincial government annual internal monitoring of implementation and an external review of impacts regarding „ The efficiency of financial resources sustainability (3-yearly) will be established and will be enhanced using the following implemented. The lessons learned will be approach: identified, documented and disseminated for replication and scaling up. „ Right prioritisation in allocations in PSDP The assessment of sustainability, based on the selected indicators, will be reported to the „ Prudent and efficient use of funds and Steering Committee for further guidance or stringent control on spending adjustment in their Action Plans, milestones or sustainability indicators.

148 Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision

List of References

Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development and World Bank. Devolution in Pakistan: An Assessment and Recommendation for Action. Islamabad: ADB, DFID & WB, 2004. Asian Development Bank and IUCN. Regional Technical Assistance For Coastal and Marine Resources Management and Poverty Reduction in South Asia (ADB RETA 5974), Mangroves: Status and Management √ Pakistan Component. Pakistan, 2003. Amjad, Shahid. BCS Background Paper: Fisheries and Coastal Development. Quetta: IUCN. Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development and World Bank. Devolution in Pakistan: An Assessment and Recommendation for Action. Islamabad: ADB, DFID & WB, 2004. Asian Development Bank. Project Performance Audit Report 1995: Balochistan Fisheries Development Project (Loan 619 √ PAK [SF]), Manila. Quetta: GoB, 1995. Baloch, Abdul Hakim. Bringing Development to Balochistan. The daily Dawn. 13 December 2004. Balochistan Educational Management Information System. Available http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/New%20Folder/BDSSP/BDSSP- Data/Education/Strenthening%20of%20MIS%20Edu.pdf. Balochistan Health Management Information System. Available http://57.69.14.59/evaldatabase/files/PAK_99-800_Part2.pdf. The DAWN Group of Newspapers (2005).The Pakistan-China agreement on the development of lead and zinc in DAWN 4 Apr. 2005. archives.dawn.com/2005/04/04/ebr5.htm - Cached. van Gils, H. A. M. J. (editor) and M. Shabbir Baig (editor). Environmental Profile Balochistan Pakistan. Enschede: ITC, 1992.Government of Balochistan and IUCN. Balochistan Conservation Strategy. Quetta: IUCN, 2000. Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009. Government of Balochistan and IUCN. Balochistan Conservation Strategy. Quetta: IUCN, 2000. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority. Agriculture, Food Cooperatives and Fisheries Department. Prospects of Shrimp Aquaculture on Balochistan Coast. Quetta: GoB. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority Act 1971. Balochistan Sea Fisheries Ordinance 1971, with amendments up to 1994. Quetta: GoB. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority Act 1998 with Amendment 2003. Quetta: GoB. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority. PC-1. Project: Coastal Zone Management for Fisheries Development of

94. According to MLA style. 149 Quetta Integrated Development Vision

Balochistan Coast. Quetta: GoB. Government of Balochistan. The Balochistan Development Authority Act. Quetta: GoB, 1974. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Disaster Management Authority. Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan. Quetta: GoB, 2008. Government of Pakistan. Agriculture Census Organisation. Livestock Census 2006. Islamabad: ACO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2007. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Local Government Ordinance 2001. Quetta: GoB, 2001. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Performance Grants Rules, 2005, Notification. Quetta: GoB, 2005. Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Sea Fisheries Rules 1971. Quetta: GoB, 1971. Government of Balochistan. Department of Irrigation and Power. Integrated Water Resources Management Policy. Quetta: GoB, 2005. Government of Balochistan. Department of Irrigation and Power. Progress Report on Projects under Different Programmes. Quetta:GoB, 2003. Government of Balochistan. Directorate of Fisheries, Food, Fisheries and Coastal Development Department. PC-1. Project: Continuance of the Japanese grant of 414 million Yen. Quetta:GoB. Government of Balochistan. District Gazetteer of Mekaran Gosha√e-Adab. Quetta, 1907 (reprinted 1995). Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Bureau of Statistics. Development Statistics of Balochistan 2007. Quetta: GoB, 2007. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Bureau of Statistics. Development Statistics of Balochistan 2009. Quetta: GoB, 2009. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Balochistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Quetta, GoB: 2003. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Public Sector Development Program 2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2008. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Public Sector Development Programme 2010-11. Quetta: GoB, 2010-11. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Public Sector Development Program 2009-10. Quetta: GoB, 2009. Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Public Sector Development Program 2010-11. Quetta: GoB, 2010. Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. Government of Balochistan. 2004: Provincial Finance Commission. Draft Annual Report of Provincial Finance Commission. Quetta:GoB, September 2004. Government of Pakistan, WWF and IUCN. Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan. Islamabad: GoP, 2008. Government of Pakistan. Federal Planning Commission. Mekran Coast Master Plan Balochistan. Islamabad:GoP, 1999. 150 Quetta Integrated Development Vision

Government of Pakistan. Land Reforms Act. GoP, 1977. Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment (September 2006). National Sanitation Policy. http://www.Pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/environment- division/media/Sanitation%20Policy.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Finance Secretariat. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The Road Ahead. Islamabad: GoP, 2003. Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development. Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-11. Islamabad: GoP, 2011. Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power. Draft National Water Policy. Islamabad: GoP, 2010. Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Forestry Vision 2030. Government of Pakistan. Planning Commission. National Vision 2030. Islamabad: GoP, 2007. Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001. Government of Pakistan. Provincial Employees Social Security Ordinance, 1965, and Balochistan ESS (Procedure for Deciding Complaints and Review of Decisions) Regulation, 1994. Islmabad: GoP. International Crisis Group. Reforming Pakistan»s Civil Service. Asia Report # 185, 16 February 2010. Islamabad: ICG, 2010. Available http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south- asia/pakistan/185%20Reforming%20Pakistans%20Civil%20Service.as hx. IUCN. Water requirements of major crops for different agro-climatic zones of Balochistan. Quetta: IUCN, 2006. Kardar, Shahid. The Bitterness of Baloch. The daily DAWN. 27 January, 2005. Majeed, A. and J. Qureshi. Water √ Balochistan Conservation Strategy Background Paper. Quetta: IUCN, 2000. Mushtaq, Faisal. Mineral resource development in Balochistan. The daily DAWN. 4 April, 2005. National Institute of Population Studies. Population Division. Pakistan Population Datasheet and Estimates of Population of Provinces and Districts of Pakistan 2001, 2004, 2011 & 2021. NIPS: Islamabad, 2004. Sahin, Hasan. ≈Silk Road Turkish Expo Train.Δ ECO Bulletin, Volume 42, June 2005. Tehran: Eco Secretariat. Survey of Pakistan. Map of Lasbela. TMA Jaranwala, Faisalabad District, 2006. Available http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk/departments/tma_jaranwala.php.http://w ww.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_28.shtml United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs. Area Development Programme Balochistan. PAK/96/006. Social Assessment Study on Water Scarcity in Balochistan. Islamabad: UNDP, December, 2000. Unpublished data. Department of Finance. District Releases up to June 2004. Quetta: GoB, 2004. 151 Quetta Integrated Development Vision

World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008.Wikipedia. Education in Pakistan. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan WWF-P. ≈Conversion of Forests to Non-Forestry Uses in Pakistan.Δ (http://www.wwfpak.org/newsroom/250610_shockingforestland.php). http://asc-india.org/gq/19451127_mekran.htm

152 Quetta Integrated Development Vision

Annex 1: Un Millennium Development Goals

S. No. Goal Target 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people hunger whose income is less than $1 a day Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger 2 Achieve universal primary Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and education girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 3 Promote gender equality and Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary empower women education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 4 Reduce child mortality Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate 5 Improve maternal health Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Achieve universal access to reproductive health 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of other diseases HIV/AIDS Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 7 Ensure environmental Integrate the principles of sustainable development into sustainability country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers 8 Develop a global partnership for Address the special needs of least developed countries, development landlocked countries and small island developing states Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non- discriminatory trading and financial system Deal comprehensively with developing countries» debt In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

Source: UN (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.shtml).

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