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THE GENDER DIVIDEND a Business Case for Gender Equality © 2011, UN Women

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THE GENDER DIVIDEND a Business Case for Gender Equality © 2011, UN Women THE GENDER DIVIDEND A BUSINESS CASE FOR GENDER EQUALITY © 2011, UN Women. All rights reserved. Text: Kristin Lewis Production/Art Direction: Scott Lewis Photo Research: Sue Ackerman Design: Designframe USA Printing: GHP Photo Credits: Cover: left, Allison Wright – Corbis; center, Philippe Lissac – Godong/Corbis; right, Macduff Everton – Corbis. Page 2: Philippe Lissac – Godong/Corbis. Page 5: Tomas Munita – AP/Wide World Photos. Page 6: Jose Fuste Raga – Corbis. Page 8: Jenny Matthews – Panos Pictures. Page 9: Hassene Dridi – AP/Wide World Photos. Page 10: Giacomo Pirozzi – Panos Pictures. Page 11: Andrew Peacock – Aurora/Corbis. Page 14: Frederic Soltan – Sygma/Corbis. Page 16: Marco Dormino – UN Photo The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. THE GENDER DIVIDEND - A Business Case for Gender Equality 01 Foreword In July 2010, United Nations Member States adopted a resolution to by Michelle Bachelet consolidate four separate entities into a new UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). In creating UN Women, the international community sent the message guarantee equal property rights. The constitutions of 139 countries and ter- that gender equality and women’s rights are on par with other global ritories now guarantee gender equality. As we see in countries throughout imperatives, such as ending poverty and hunger and combatting climate the Arab region, especially in Northern Africa, women who once stayed out change. As its first leader, I am determined that UN Women will be a of the public arena are now standing alongside men to demand freedom, catalyst for change, offering new energy, drawing on core ideas and values, dignity and the right to participate in revitalizing their societies. and bringing together countries and communities in a shared endeavor. Change can happen. But UN Women can’t make it happen alone. Partner- The challenges we face today are considerable. The increasing gaps in wealth ships are essential. Working with key partners, including UN agencies, civil and income that have accompanied global growth have deepened with society, the private sector, and governments from the south and north, the economic crisis and pushed millions of workers, especially women, into we are not only more comprehensive, bringing together knowledge and permanent informal employment. Political conflict and natural disasters are expertise from different sectors to tackle challenges holistically; but we are driving up fuel and food prices, threatening livelihoods and straining house- also more powerful—working to create the momentum for the results and hold coping strategies in both developed and developing countries. progress we all want to see. Yet we are seeing progress. Over 125 countries have outlawed domestic Now is the time for all of us to join together to create a tomorrow of peace, violence; at least 117 have equal pay laws; 187 have ratified the Convention justice and equality for all the world’s people—women and girls, men and on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; and 115 boys alike. INTRODUCTION Countries cannot move forward when one in every two people lacks the opportunities and skills needed to live a productive, freely chosen life. Investment and action on an unprecedented scale are required to broaden the range of real opportunities open to the world’s 3.5 billion women and girls. THE GENDER DIVIDEND - A Business Case for Gender Equality 03 dvocates for equality between women and and equality requires a host of actions and resources. Of But keeping our promises to women is not just a moral men have long made the case that women’s these, none is more critical, far-reaching or strategic than and institutional imperative; it is also the smart thing empowerment benefits everyone—not just advancing women’s empowerment and bringing about to do. Equality and empowerment are critical means women. In recent years, other actors have equality between women and men. to a broad end—development that is environmentally added their voices to this chorus, bringing with them and socially sustainable—as well as vital linchpins Astrong economic arguments and evidence. The World Of course, empowerment and equality are valuable for the achievement of the Millennium Development Economic Forum reports that across 134 countries, ends in themselves. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen fa- Goals. Societies fall behind when half their citizens greater gender equality correlates positively with per mously describes development as a process of expand- cannot live to their full potential. Economies lag when capita Gross National Product. The Economic and Social ing the real freedoms that people enjoy. Women are half a country’s productive adults have inadequate Commission for Asia and the Pacific estimates that the human beings; as such, they are, in the words of the capabilities, are excluded from the formal labor mar- Asia-Pacific region alone loses more than US $40 billion Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “born free and ket, cannot gain access to credit, or are subjected to per year because of women’s limited access to employ- equal in dignity and rights” and thus entitled as surely violence. Innovation stagnates when the thoughts and ment, and $16-$30 billion because of gender gaps in as men to the full complement of rights—life, liberty, ideas of half the people are unheard or discounted. education. And McKinsey & Company recently found that and the security of person; equal rights during mar- Corruption flourishes when those in power are not private sector firms with the largest share of women in riage; freedom of opinion and expression; and the rights accountable to half the population. Families struggle top management perform best; they argued that moving to work, to education, and to take part in the govern- when half the adults do not have access to good jobs from raising awareness about the gender gaps in man- ment of their country, to name but a few. Countries with decent working conditions, and children are less agement to implementing strategies to close those gaps are obligated to respect, protect and fulfill the human likely to thrive when their mothers lack control over is critical to private sector growth worldwide. rights of every person, and all United Nations entities household resources. are charged with furthering the realization of these The Millennium Development Goals and the vision set rights. To date, 186 countries have ratified the Conven- The evidence is overwhelming and unambiguous: forth in the Millennium Declaration represent the most tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination women’s empowerment and gender equality drive ambitious blueprint for global development that the against Women (CEDAW). Promoting gender equality is development progress. The ways in which equality and world’s countries have ever agreed to. Meeting the Goals thus the core business of the international community empowerment advance development objectives can be and realizing the Declaration’s vision of “…a more peace- and the United Nations family—not an add-on, not a seen by analyzing a few key drivers for the achievement ful, prosperous and just world” characterized by freedom special charity project. of the Millennium Development Goals (see Box 1). 04 THE GENDER DIVIDEND - A Business Case for Gender Equality Box 1 Women’s empowerment is key to the Millennium Development Goals Evidence overwhelmingly supports the view that represented in leadership roles the world over. Women’s and girls and tackling key gender-based risk factors women’s empowerment drives development and is key participation in governance has been shown to lead for the transmission of HIV, such as rape, trafficking, to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). to greater investment in human capital, critical in our the sexual exploitation of girls, power imbalances that Yet investment in the gender dimensions of the goals increasingly knowledge-based global economy. Firms with make it difficult for women to negotiate safe sex, and continues to be inadequate. How would investing in higher shares of women on their leadership teams show the economic insecurity that drives transactional sex women change the trajectory for countries currently off- better financial results.4 between impoverished adolescent girls and older men, track for meeting the 2015 targets? are the foundations of successful HIV and AIDS programs Goal 4: Reduce child mortality and policies. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Women’s agency, autonomy and ability to negotiate According to FAO, women produce half the world’s food. within the family directly affect the well-being of children. Goal 7: Improve environmental sustainability In sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, they produce Research shows that when decision-making within the A key target of the MDG 7 is to cut in half the up to 80 percent of basic foodstuffs, and in Asia, they household is more egalitarian, children’s needs are more proportion of people without access to a hygienic toilet account for between 50 percent and 90 percent of the adequately met, and that women invest a greater share of or latrine; open defecation, the reality for those without rice cultivation workforce. With the rights to own and their incomes on their children’s health than men do. Even access to sanitation, is a potent driver of infectious inherit land and more equitable distribution of assets when a household’s total income is taken into account, disease, child mortality, violence against women, and (credit, improved seeds and fertilizer, and information and when women have greater control over income, child social exclusion. Research shows that when women technology), women would achieve higher agricultural mortality rates decrease. 5 have control over household resources, they are more productivity, boosting incomes and lessening hunger.
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