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Ezechiel Digitale Sonderdrucke.Indd Ezekiel Current Debates and Future Directions Edited by William A. Tooman and Penelope Barter Mohr Siebeck Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. William A. Tooman is Senior Lecturer in Hebrew Bible, University of St Andrews. Penelope Barter is Teaching Associate, University of Chester. ISBN 978 3-16-153089-0 ISSN 0940-4155 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 by Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de Th is book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. Th is applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations, microfi lms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Th e book was typeset by Martin Fischer in Tübingen, printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgements . XI Preface . XIII Part 1 Th e State of the Art Karl-Friedrich Pohlmann Ezekiel: New Directions and Current Debates . 3 Thomas Krüger Ezekiel Studies: Present State and Future Outlook . 18 Part 2 Ezekiel’s Book and its Th ought in Diachronic Perspective Franz Sedlmeier Th e Proclamation of Salvation in the Book of Ezekiel : Restoration or Traces of ‘Eschatological’ Hope? . 31 Anja Klein Ezekiel 6.1–7 and 36.1–15 : Th e Idea of the Mountains in the Book of Ezekiel . 54 Steven S. Tuell Th e Book of Ezekiel as a Work In Progress : Indications from the Lament Over the King of Tyre (28.11–19) . 66 Franz Sedlmeier Th e Figure of David and His Importance in Ezekiel 34–37 . 92 Michael Konkel Th e Vision of the Dry Bones (Ezek 37.1–14) : Resurrection, Restoration or What? . 107 Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. VIII Table of Contents Penelope Barter Th e Reuse of Ezekiel 20 in the Composition of Ezekiel 36.16–32 . 120 Michael A. Lyons Extension and Allusion : Th e Composition of Ezekiel 34 . 138 Christophe L. Nihan Ezekiel 34–37 and Leviticus 26 : A Reevaluation . 153 Anja Klein Salvation for Sheep and Bones: Ezek 34 and 37 as Corner Pillars of Ezekiel’s Prophecy of Salvation . 179 Frank-Lothar Hossfeld † Th e Gog Oracles of Ezekiel between Psalms and the Priestly Writer . 194 Michael Konkel Ezekiel 38–39 in Current Research: Questions and Perspectives . 199 Ingrid E. Lilly ‘Like the Vision’ : Temple Tours, Comparative Genre, and Scribal Composition in Ezekiel 43 . 210 Part 3 Ezekiel’s Book and its Th ought in Synchronic Perspective Tyler D. Mayfield Literary Structure and Formulas in Ezekiel 34–37 . 235 John T. Strong Cosmic Re-Creation and Ezekiel’s Vocabulary . 245 John T. Strong Th e Conquest of the Land and Yahweh’s Honor before the Nations in Ezekiel . 285 Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. Table of Contents IX Tobias Häner Reading Ezekiel 36.16–38 in Light of the Book : Observations on the Remembrance and Shame aft er Restoration (36.31–32) in a Synchronic Perspective . 323 Stephen L. Cook Burgeoning Holiness: Fecundity Let Loose in Ezekiel 34–36 . 345 Stephen L. Cook Ezekiel’s Recovery of Premonarchic, Tribal Israel . 360 Part 4 Trauma and its Eff ects Jacqueline E. Lapsley Th e Proliferation of Grotesque Bodies in Ezekiel : Th e Case of Ezekiel 23 . 377 Daniel L. Smith-Christopher Deconstructing Terror in Ezekiel : Th e ‘Valley of Bones’ Vision as Response to Trauma . 391 Part 5 Ezekiel’s Aft erlife: Interpretation and Reception Michael A. Lyons Who Takes the Initiative? Reading Ezekiel in the Second Temple Period and Late Antiquity . 417 Mark W. Elliott Th e Contribution of the History of Ezekiel Interpretation and the Tradition of ‘Reformed’ Exegesis, with Particular Reference to Ezekiel 21.25–27 (30–32) . 442 Paul M. Joyce Reception and Interpretation in Ezekiel . 459 Daniel L. Smith-Christopher Ezekiel as José Posada : An Experiment in Cultural Exegesis . 477 Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. X Table of Contents Part 6 Reappraisal William A. Tooman Literary Unity, Empirical Models, and the Compatibility of Synchronic and Diachronic Reading . 497 Contributors . 513 Index of Ancient Sources . 515 Index of Modern Authors . 538 Subject Index . 547 Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. Who Takes the Initiative? Reading Ezekiel in the Second Temple Period and Late Antiquity Michael A. Lyons Cast away from yourselves all your I will give you a new heart, and I will put a transgressions which you committed, new spirit within you, and I will remove the and make for yourselves a new heart heart of stone from your flesh and give you and a new spirit. (Ezek 18.31) a heart of flesh. (Ezek 36.26) 1. Introduction The last ten years have witnessed a notable proliferation of publications on the history of interpretation and reception of the book of Ezekiel.1 We can perhaps attribute this trend to the fact that the prophet and the book that bears his name have finally been rehabilitated: no longer do commentaries begin with remarks about the prophet’s supposed “sickness” (whether physical or mental) and the “bizarre” nature of his actions.2 In short, modern readers agree that the prophet 1 See Henk Jan de Jonge and Johannes Tromp, eds., The Book of Ezekiel and its Influence (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007); Paul M. Joyce and Andrew Mein, eds., After Ezekiel: Essays on the Reception of A Difficult Prophet, LHBOTS 535 (New York: T&T Clark, 2011); Paul M. Joyce, “Ezekiel,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible, ed. Michael Lieb et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 64–76. Note also studies limited to specific time periods or corpora: Florentino García Martínez, “The Interpretation of the Torah of Ezekiel in the Texts from Qumran,” in Qumranica Minora II: Thematic Studies on the Dead Sea Scrolls, STDJ 64, ed. Florentino García Martínez (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 1–12; Gary T. Manning, Jr., Echoes of a Prophet: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in Literature of the Second Temple Period, JSNTSup 270 (New York: T&T Clark, 2004); Sverre Bøe, Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19:17–21 and 20:7–10, WUNT 2/135 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2001); Beate Kowalski, Die Rezeption des Propheten Ezechiel in der Offenbarung des Johannes, SBB 52 (Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2004); Angela Russell Christman, What Did Ezekiel See? Christian Exegesis of Ezekiel’s Vision of the Chariot from Irenaeus to Gregory the Great, BAC 4 (Leiden: Brill, 2005). 2 See older works such as August Klostermann, “Ezekiel. Ein Beitrag zu besserer Wür- digung seiner Person und seiner Schrift,” ThStKr 50 (1877): 391–439; Edwin C. Broome, Jr., “Ezekiel’s Abnormal Personality,” JBL 65 (1946): 277–92. To be sure, the book is still felt to be problematic, but for very different reasons: its language of divine wrath and its constructions of gender and community identity are what provoke responses from modern readers. Authors e-offprint with publisher’s permission. 418 Michael A. Lyons and the book, when properly contextualized, are understandable.3 In the spirit of these recent investigations, I want to inquire how early readers understood the book of Ezekiel with respect to the question of how spiritual transformation is achieved. Are humans able to “make a new heart” for themselves (Ezek 18.31), or must God give it to them (Ezek 36.26)? Who takes the initiative? Attempts to answer questions about human nature and about the relationship between divine and human agency have occupied a significant place in Jewish and Christian theological inquiry. What is notable is the extent to which the book of Ezekiel has played a role in this inquiry. In this essay I will not attempt a comprehensive reconstruction and comparison of theological positions. Rather, I want to investigate the history of how the book of Ezekiel has been read: did early readers perceive a tension within the book of Ezekiel (or between Ezekiel and other biblical books) regarding divine and human initiative? If so, how did they respond to this perceived tension? The answers to these questions will shed light on interpretive practices in antiquity. 2. The Outlook of Ezekiel In order to clarify the outlook on human nature and initiative in the book of Ezekiel, I will begin by answering the following four questions: 1) How are the prophet Ezekiel’s contemporaries characterized? 2) How is the prophet’s task described? 3) Does the book lead readers to expect any response or change from the prophet’s contemporaries? 4) How is the hoped-for restoration actually ac- complished? First, the prophet Ezekiel’s contemporaries are characterized as “rebellious” (Ezek 2.3, 5–8; 3.9, 27; 12.2–3; etc.), stubborn (Ezek 2.4; 3.7), and as having a “heart of stone” (Ezek 11.19; 36.26). They “have eyes to see, but do not see” (Ezek 12.2). They are idolatrous (Ezek 5.11; 8.3–16; 14.1–3; 20.30–32), and they and their ancestors have “rejected God’s ordinances and have not walked in his statutes” (Ezek 5.5–7; 20.13, 16, 21, 24). Second, the description of Ezekiel’s commission in the opening chapters does not presume that his speeches will motivate the people to change (note Ezek 2.5a: “whether they listen or whether they refuse”). Rather, the commission report characterizes his activity in terms of vindicating God’s judgment of the people (v.
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