TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction - - - 1 Sumnlary of concIusions - - - -1 Records of mission period - - - 2 Records subsequent to mission period \ - - -4 Form of records and supporting data - - - 5 Rainfall records - - -6 Weighting of rainfall data - -- 6 Comparison of rainfall records - - -6 Rainfall records used - 7 Mission crop records - - -7 Data from diaries (1832-1850 period) - - 9 Rainfall fluctuations - - -9 Relation of rainfall to run-off - - - 9 Lake Elsinore - - - 10 Floods - - - 12 California storms - - - 12 Detection of rainfall cycles - - - 13 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Fig. 1. Residual mass diagrams, rainfall in Southern California - - -3 Fig. 2. Residual mass diagrams, fluctuations of crops at California missions - - -7 Fig. 3. Residual mass diagrams, run-off in Los Angeles and San Bernardino areas - - -8 Fig. 4. Rainfall run-off curves, Los Angeles area - 9 ' Fig. 5. Rainfall run-off curves, San Bernardino area - 9 Fig. 6. Relation of indices of wetness, Los Angeles area and Sierra Madre Mountains - - 10 Fig. 7. Area and capacity curves, Lake Elsinore - 11 Fig. 8. Elevations of water surface, Lake Elsinore - 11 APPENDICES PAGE APPENDIXA - BIBLIOARAPHY w I. Historical - - - 14 , 11. Rainfall. measurements - - - 16 APPENDIXB - CROPDATA, 1773-1834 Table 1. Wheat harvests - - - 18 Table 2. Barley harvests - - 19 , Table 3. Corn harvests - - - 20 Table 4. Mission crop indices - - - 21 APPENDIXC -RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS Table 5. Los Angeles area - - - - 22-23 Table 6. San Bernardino area - - 24-25 Table 7. San Diego area - - - 26-27 Table 8. Santa Barbara area - - 28-29 APPENDIXD -RAINFALL INDICES Table 9. 'Rainfall indices, 1769-1930 - - - 31 THE METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SINCE 1769

BY H. B. LYNCH, Consulting Engineer

Los Angeles, California August, 1931 FOREWORD HOSE of us who have lived long in California have had strongly im- Tpressed upon us the large part which the weather plays in all our .*airs. To the engineer weather brings up chiefly pictures of rain gauges and thermometers. California has always had its climate, but has had rain gauges in any large number for only about fifty years. A few series of measurements go back to the time of the discovery of gold; not one ante- dates that period. California history previous to that era, however, when carefully studied, yields an amazing amount of data to take their place. For many reasons, the early history of California is known in a detail, and with an exactitude approached in but few other places. It is a fascinating, and intensely human subject, and in the documents which form its sources, along with the usual matters of interest to the formal historian, there is unfolded the story of weather conditions here for the eighty years of recorded history prior to Marshall's discovery of gold, with a minuteness which cannot be appreciated until it has been gone into thoroughly. The necessities and privations of the Mission Padres, as told in their letters and reports, form our best sources of information for many years. They struggled on foot into a totally unknown and unsettled country through rain and across swollen streams to bring the Cross to the savage inhabitants. And they told in detail, not only of the savages, but of the rain and the floods. For many years they have made the weather as alive through their words and records as is that of the present year. California was very distant and unreal in those days to the higher authorities in Mexico. The difficulty of sending supplies was great and the cost heavy. Scurvy attacked most of the sailors, and the little ships were at the mercy of even a moderate storm. A very large portion of those sent. never arrived. Supplies, even the most urgent, seldom came to the missions. All of these conditions made the weather a matter of first and never-ending importance. To men living almost, or perhaps wholly, without a roof; with- out proper clothing or protection; without roads or bridges; with only the food they themselves raise, and with no means of bringingin more if that fails; with no water supply other than as nature brings it, weather takes on , an importance difficult for present-day city dwellers to picture. It is not surprising then in view of these considerations that weather conditions are recorded so minutely and vividly in the early diaries and letters. After about sixty-five years the missions faded from the scene. In 1834 . the Mexican Government took from the Franciscan Padres control over the Indians and over the mission lands, and the missions were sold. All records . by the Padres ceased. But accounts of California had already spread, and from whalers and trading ships Americans and others were entering the land of opportunity. These carried on the narrative which the missions were , dropping. For these men as for the Padres and travellers of an earlier day weather conditions formed one of the important factors influencing their daily lives and this is reflected in their writings also. Many men who are famous, and many more who are otherwise unknown, have left us their accounts of their experiences in California. Vancouver was entertained throughout the province, and wrote profusely. Dana came here for a year as a boy, and became the best known of all through his vivid writing. Fremont - . marched through the state and told us what he saw. Others too many even to name visited and wrote of California and finally after the Conquest and the discovery of gold near Sacramento, the matter-of-fact Americans began to set rain gauges to tell the weather story for them. All of these sources combine to form a consistent, complete record which can be pieced together by diligent effort and patient search. Un- fortunately for the compiler, rain or floods, drought or plenty, have not appeared so important to the historian as they did to the Padres, and search must be made through many hundreds of volumes to winnow out the state- . ments which throw light upon these conditions. To one who has searched these records carefully, however, no doubt can arise that they give us a true impression of what has occurred. Practically all records written at the time by men who saw and lived the events of which they write are consistent and harmonious. Times of drought and of plenty are pictured from many different view points and in many different ways, but they never form an inconsistent story. Mr. H. B. Lynch, who prepared the accompanying report for the Metro- politan Watgr District of Southern California, has assembled here the results of a study which has occupied a large part of his time for several years past, and involved a vast amount of labor. The study has proceeded in large part along unusual and highly original lines for the development of which Mr. Lynch is entitled to full credit. After reading the report and reviewing the mass of data from which the results have been deduced, it is impossible to escape the conviction that qualitatively Mr. Lynch's con- clusions are fully substantiated by adequate and reliable data and that quan- titatively they are entitled to a high degree of credence, as representing a very close approximation to actual conditions. The report presents data and conclusions of such interest and importance to engineers and to all residents of Southern California that the District has authorized its publica- tion in order to make this information generally available. F. E. WEYMOUTH, Chief Engineer. . Los Angeles, California. August 7, 1931 )i C I Rainfall and Stream Run - off In Southern California 1 i Since 1769

This report consists of a compilation and study of the The data from which rainfall curves may be recon- varied information available for the purpose of determin- structed are far more plentiful than is generally realized, ing and reconstructing the record of rainfall and run-off but are scattered so widely and in such small fragments as fluctuations in Southern California since the arrival of the to make their collection a slow and difficult matter. These Spanish Mission Fathers in 1769. data are discussed in some detail in this report. The areas particularly studied consist of the drainage For the period prior to 1850, many facts are avail- basin of the Santa Ana River, herein called the San Ber- able from which quantitative conclusions may be drawn. nardino area, and the basins of the San Gabriel and Los The frequency and severity of floods and droughts, the Angeles Rivers, together with the coastal area from San occurrence of ice and snow, the water level of Lake Elsi- Juan Capistrano to Santa Monica, herein called the Los nore, and other definite facts are valuable. In a country Angeles area. In collecting and working up data for this' approaching as closely as does some of this to the line , report, it has been necessary to consider some rainfall where ordinary field crops cannot regularly be grown, any records over the coastal region of California from the material change in the rainfall will be reflected unmistak- Mexican line to a point north of San Francisco. Such ably in the frequency, duration and severity of droughts. data have only been considered, however, to the extent to There is nothing in the record to hint that any change has which they seem to throw light upon rainfall conditions occurred in this respect. The occurrence of ice and snow in the areas particularly studied. was noted about as frequently as it would be at present, The economic structure of Southern California has and caused about as much excited comment. Many floods been tuned to a rainfall of somewhere near the normal are recorded, and their distribution and magnitude are amount. But orderly economic advancement is hindered about as we find them now. in a thousand ways by periods of varying length in which The data seem to warrant the following: the rainfall and consequently the recovery of water avail- SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS able for useful purposes decreases to a point below that 1. There has been no material change in the mean required for the needs of the community. These periods climatic conditions of Southern California in the past of excess and deficiency are not uniform in frequency, 162 years. duration or magnitude. They are similar in the fact that 2. There have been earlier fluctuations from average large areas, sometimes covering the whole state, are affected rainfall conditions, however, both excesses and defi- in the same manner, and at the same time. ciencies, of greater magnitude than any which have The result of these water shortages varies greatly over occurred in the past forty years. the territory involved. Where a sufticient amount of water 3. The twenty-eight year period of rainfall deficiency is held in underground storage the effects are not par- which ended in 1810 was about as severe as has ticularly harmful for several years. But where water been the present one to date, and much more pro- storage is small in some of the minor basins, three or four tracted. years of rainfall shortage may bring acute conditions. Even 4. The period of rainfall surplus from 1810 to 1821 in the larger basins long periods of rainfall deficiency bring was more intense than anything in the past forty years. serious difficulties which are constantly increasing as popu- It seems to have been about as intense as was that lations become larger. between 1883 and 1893. About fifty-five per cent of all seasons yield less 5. The period of rainfall deficiency which lasted from rainfall than the average rainfall record, and about one- about 1822 to 1832 was more severe than has been third of the seasons show rainfall of less than eighty per any occurring since. cent of the average amount. Where several su.ch seasons 6. The period of rainfall defiGency which commenced in follow one another the difficulties above referred to arise. 1842 and lasted until 1883 was much longer than As complete a picture as possible of the occurrence of any other of which we have record. It was not so years or periods of rainfall deficiency is greatly needed for acute, however, as some others, both earlier and later. the purpose of predicting future needs and supplies. . It was broken by a period of normal rainfaII, but 2 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

was without any period of excess rainfall to balance Anza's Diarv the deficiency. "/an. 1. 1776. Having gone ti explore this river of 7. In comparison with several periods of rainfall short- Satzta Ana (near Riverside) in addition to what war age which have occurred in past years, the present done yesterday, it zua found to be almost unfordable rainfall deficiency to date cannot be considered a for the people, rzot so much because of its depth, as c major shortage. of the rapidity of it^ current, uhich upsets most of the 8. For all practical purposes the useful water yield of saddle animals."

the areas under consideration closely approximates the Fr. Font's Diary, Vol. 4, p. 169 IY run-off from the principal streams of these areas, "The Santa Ana Ever is a strenm with plentiful water except in times of healy floods. and a very deep channel, being only some four or five 9. The run-off from Southern California streams has in varas wide or six at the most in all this vicinity; but it general shown fluctuations from the normal similar in is so deep that it hazlery few a~zddificrrlt fords, because character to those of the rainfall, but larger in rela- of the rapidity with which the water runs. . . . The tive percentage. wnters of the river are very crystalline and beautiful." 10. By reason of these fluctuations, the useful water yield Note: A vara is 33.38 inches. has at various times been reduced from the average In 1780 is the following note in the Annual Report by considerably more than -one-half for a period of for 1780, at Mission San Diego, by Frs. Lasuen and Figuer, ten years, and by thirty per cent for a period of from Fr. Engelhardt's "San Diego Mission", page 109. twenty-eight years. ". . . a few days ago we hcld a heavy rainfall which Records of Mi.rsion Period filled the river bed nnd the lowlands where the wheat The Spanish missionaries arrived in California in afzd barley had been planted. . . . The Indims are now May, 1769, in a period of excess rainfall. Various diarists working hard to remedy the trouble for the present and recorded widths and depths of all of the streams through- to prevent similar disrzrters in the future." out the remainder of the year. These show that the pre- In 1781 began a period of rainfall shortage which 3) ceding season must have been wet to maintain such streams, lasted with only occasional' small interruptions untiI 1810. but we have no other information from which we can The total rainfall deficiency in this pkriod was as great as evaluate the degree of this wetness. any of which we have record. Some of the other droughts But from this time,, until 1774, when crop reports have been more acute, but of lesser duration. The follow- began to be furnished, many notes were made of crops, ing quotation from a letter by Fr. Sanchez of San Gabriel floods and rainfall. The period from 1769 to 1781 was Mission to Fr. Lasucn, April 26, 1796, given in Engel- one of plentiful rainfall, except for a short period. The hardt's "San Gabriel Mission", p. 69, is one of many early records show floods to have occurred in these basins references indicating the severity of drought conditions in 1770-71, 1771-72, 1.775-76, and 1779-80, with high during this period: water in 1773-74. "In the year (1795) preceding this, we saw ourrelues The first flood reported in California occurred on the compelled to send haif of the neophytes for sovze months Los Angeles River in 1770. Quoting from the Diary of into the ~?zoz~ntainsto search for food after the manner Fr. Juan Crespi (Bolton's 'mew California") : of the sallages, whil~twe maintailzed those staying here "Jan. 7, 1770, . . . we saw the Povri~r~zcsrla(Los An- 012 half rations, and a little milk, unhl the time of the geles) River. U,7e cros.red the plain in a sozctheasterly wheat harvest." direction, arrived at the river. and forded it, observing The extent of this drought is told in crop reports and on its sands rubbish, fallen trees and pools 013 either side, in the many references to the character of the seasons. It for n few days PrrriorrJly there had been a great Food is also confirmed by a reference to the condition of Lake u~hichhad caused it to lesue its bed." Elsinore, which in 1810 was little more than a swamp In the winters of 1773-74 and 1775-76 Captain Juan about a mile long. The drought was state-wide and all of Bautista de Anza journeyed across Southern California. the missions experienced the same difficulties. The follow- Existing diaries both of Anza and of Fr. Pedro Font, who ing is typical of many references. It is taken from a letter accompanied the second expedition, again give detailed in- from Frs. Tapis and Miguel, as quoted in Fr. Engelhardt's formation of rainfall. From a large mass of data the "Santa Barbara Mission", p. 64. following extracts are taken. (Herbert H. Bolton's "Anza's "Repeatedly in the year 1794 the water stopped to flow 3 California Expeditions".) at a quarter of a league from the mission . . . The RAINFALL Ahi STREAM RLW-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

+ 100

C O z 3 v -100

rC 0 -200 + c w V L 0, 0.

+I00 .-C 0

3 -100 0 C 0, -200 ';;.- 't w a

A A i SAN DIE60 AREA +I00 , /' 0 I ")L 0

U) r-Y -100 fJl 0) 0 -200 C

* v 48 +

NOTE: I 1 1 I By construction the points R69, 1850 and 1930 fall upon the . base line I

mo 17~01790 1800 1810 1820 iw 1840 1850 wo 1870 law m 1900 1910 1920 1930 Year Fig. I. Residual mass diagramr, rainfall in Southern California 1

I i I

( . i

?~-;.1fp'&; . ,+' 4 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

harvests are small considering the amount of grain Governor Echeandia, Jan. 2, 1831, from Fr. Engelhardt's planted." "Mission San Gabriel", p. 161, . Commencing in 1810 and lasting for eleven years "The Mission (San Gabriel) in sterile years can scarcely was a period of excess rainfall. Crops in the Los Angeles support its 'neophytes, as has happened in the last two area for the entire period averaged thirty-five per cent jears.', above normal and floods were frequent and heavy. Floods The flood of 1825 is summarized for us by J. J. are reported in 1810-11, 181615, 1816-17, with high Warner, one of Southern California's earliest Americans, water in 1820-21, and a flood north of Santa Barbara in who describes it in "A Historical Sketch of Los Angeles 1812-13. This period was quite comparable in length and County", intensity of rainfall with that which occurred between "I?z 1825 the rivers of this co~intywere so swollen that 1883 and 1893. The winter of 1816-17 showed heavy their beds, their banKs, and ;he adjoining lands were rains and high waters and floods over the entire state, great17 damaged." north and south. Fr. Duran, who explored the Sacramento These floods affected the missions much as a present River in 1817, reported in his diary as given in the Acad- day flood affects us. The following quotation reveals a emy of Pacific Coast History, Vol. 11, p. 337, et seq., condition which is still repeated at every flood. It appears May 19, 1817, . in a letter from Fr. Ybarra, in charge of San Fernando "Everything is illundated due ta the rise in the rivers Mission. F r o m Engelhardt's "Mission San Fernando from the melting of the snow." Rey", p. 47, "The river is much swollen and is flooded on both "In the years 1825 and 1826, on account of the great sides." floods thdt made wide ravi~zesin some places, and in ". . . travelled fourteen leagues in three or forrr hours othets covered the oil with s~nd. . ." became of the great force of the czlrrent." Records Subsequent to Mission Period The season of 1819-20 gave a foretaste of what was Between 1832 and 1842 followed a period in which to come in the following decade. The following quota: were three large floods in 1833-34, 1839-40, and 1841-42. tion is from a letter from Frs. Zalvidia and Nuez of San This was not a period of regular, heavy rainfall, as was Gabriel Mission to Governor Sola, Mar. 27, 1820, quoted that between 1810 and 1822, but rather of normal, or sub- from Fr. Engelhardt's "Mission San Gabriel", p. 115, normal years, among which occurred at intervals heavy "In consideration of the year being so poor in water. . " rainfalls and floods. The net result, however, was to make . and a letter from Fr. Jayme Escude of San Luis Rey this period one of more than normal rainfall. Two quota- Mission to Governor Sola, h(ar. 23, 1820, Archbishops tions from William Heath Davis, "Seventy-Five Years in Archives 1018, 1073, from Fr. Engelhardt's "San Luis califdrniaw, give something of the conditions. On page Rey Mission", p. 36, says that there was a great scarcity of 25 he says, water because not even half of the needed amount of rain "The winter of 1533-4 was a very rainy one." had fallen; that in consequence many sheep had died, as and again on p. 55, also some of the cattle. "The winter of 1839-40 w.2~ a severe one in California, Following the close of the period of excess rainfall an immense qmiztity of rain falling. It poured down in 1821 was a period of extreme drought, lasting until for forty days and nights wjth but little cessdtion . . . 1832 and interrupted only by a large flood in 1825. This Durit~g the prolonged storms of this year the whole period shows ve+ small crops almost without exception, co~rtzkywas flooded." and only the one interruption in an otherwise unbroken The book contains a great deal more, going into detail period of dry years and insufficient crops. Compared with for. this year. other drought periods this was not of long duration, but it The season of 1840-41 was dry and many references was the severest of any of which we have record. This appear in the records. Josiah Belden, "Pastoral Cali- drought is pictured in the quotation from a letter from fornia", in "Touring Topics", July, 1930, p. 44, wrote: Fr. Fernando Martin of Mission San Diego to Governor "During the winter prior to our arrival in California, Echeandia, Jan. 22, 1829, from Engelhardt's "Mission San that is &ring 1840-41, there had been very little rain Diego", p. 226, and drotcght ensued. Brit little was raised in the counfry." "In this yedr of drought, when there is no pasturage for "Horses were thin and poor like most other hors

time (from C. C. Royce's "John Bidwell", p. 45) notes: following notes under date of January 7, 1847: "There had been no rain for eighteel2 months." "The Santa Ana (near Santa Ana) is a fine, dashing Duflot de Mofras, in his "Exploration. du Territoire stream about 100 yards wide, jlozuing over a sandy bed." de L'Oregon, des Californis", Vol. I, p. 501, says: "The river (San Gabriel) war ahozct 100 yards wide, "11 1841, they had sown so little grain in Upper Cali- knee deep, and flozuirtg over qzcicksand." fornia, and the harvest was so poor because of the After the conquest of California and the discovery drought that they sent two schooners to San Blas nnd of gold, rainfall measurements begin to be of increasing to Gzcaymar to look for meal-potcr." importance and value. The above references to weather After the flood of 1841-42 was a period of subnormal conditions by writers of the Spanish and Mexican periods rainfall which lasted for forty-one years or until 1883. In are but a very small fraction of all those which appear in this period, however, occurred several floods. Floods the records. They are given here to show the character, are reported in 1849-50, 1851-52, 1852-53, 1859-60, and not the amount of the existing data. Appendix A con- 1861-62, 1866-67, 1867-68, 1873-74, 1875-76. With one tains a bibliography of works which have yielded informa- A exception these floods were quite moderate, the flood of tion of use in this studv. 186;-62 being probably the heaviest which has occurred Commencing in 1883 was a period of above normal since the coming of the Mission Fathers. The deficiency rainfall which lasted until 1893. This consisted of several of rainfall was not so great during this time as in the years normal seasons in which were two exceptionally wet win- between 1781 and 1809, nor was it so unbroken, but it is ters with very heavy floods, and one winter with a smaller, the longest period of deficient rainfall in our records. We but still he& flood. Of the remaining seasons all except have rainfall measurements for the majority of these years, two had floods of moderate intensity. This period com- and all of the measurements from San Francisco to San pares quite closely with that between 1810 and 1822. Diego tell the same story. Nor do the measurements vary In 1893 began a period of drought which still holds much in the indicated intensity of this deficiency, even over the record as the most acute since the advent of the Ameri- this wide area. cans. It was not as severe as that between 1821 and 1832, The character of the earlier seasons of this period has but was of about the same length. This was followed by been summarized for us by Josiah Belden in "Touring a period of above-normal rainfall lasting from 1904 to 'Topics", August, 1930, p. 46, as follows: 1922, but including some deficient years. In this time "I think in the earlier years I war here from 1841 on occurred heavy floods in 1914 and 1916. In 1922 there for perhaps ten or twelve years the searons were less was high water with very large run-offs, but no flood of

favorable for cultivation than they have been since. consequence. Since 1922 have been nine seasons, almost ' There was more drotrght . . . I think the proportion of all of them below normal. The severity of this period is the dry seasons to the wet ones was greater from 1841 about comparable to that between 1781 and 1810, but that to '51 or '52 than it bar been since." drought was of much greater duration than has been this Fremont has also given us characterization of several one to the present time. The present drought has not been of these seasons in his "Report of Expedition of 1842." as severe in the Los A'ngeles area as was that between 1821 San Joaquin Valley, March 8, 1844, and 1832, nor that from 1897 to 1904. In the San Ber- "They were now all bzcsdy engaged in constantly water- nardino area the rainfall deficiency has been about one-half ing the gardens which the unfavorable dryness of the as severe as in the Los Angeles area, but run-offs have season rendered necessdry." shown nearly as great shortage in the former area as and again in his "Geographical Memoirs" on page 40, in the latter. speaking of the seasons prior to 1846-47, "The previozcs searons had been very short and light for Form of Records and Supporting Data several years, and the country had suffered from the In preparing this report, all available data have been conseqzrent drought." considered which bear upon the problem and are suffi- Of the season 1846-47, Colonel Mason, Military ciently explicit to be useful. This information takes many Governor of California, in a letter of October 7, 1847, in forms and is sometimes found in unexpected places. Serial 573, p. 349, says In general it consists of: "The crops in this country have been very jine this 1. Rainfall measurements since 1850. One record goes seamtz and at present wheat is plentifrrl." back to 1847. In the Diary of Captain W. H. Emory, in "Los 2. Records of crop returns at 11 of the missions between Angeles," by J. S. McGroarty, Vol. I, p. 169, appear the the years 1774 and 1834. 6 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT 0 - 3. General observations in histories, diaries, letters, reports at nearby points, and to furnish connecting links with- and periodicals of rainfalls, crops, droughts, high water other records. Where data are at hand to separate Weather and floods from 1769 on. / Bureau records into the various components, such 4. Detailed elevations of Lake Elsinore together with its components have been assigned the highest values of any response to rainfall and floods since 1915. records. It is, of course, obvious that the various types 5. Condition of Lake Elsinore at various times from 1810 of record are not of equal value in the determination of to 1915. rainfall conditions. In using them, varying weights have 6. Relation since 1850 between rainfall, drought and flood. been applied to offset this fad so far as possible. The 7. Crop reports since 1850. values used here are: 8. Run-off records of Southern California streams. Stations of the Weather Bureau; separate components of records...... 5 Rainfall Recosds Astronomical observatories reporting t h r o u g h the Weather Bureau ...... 4 Rainfall records have been kept in this state since Stations of the Weather Bureau where not separated 1847. Abed twenty-five records, several of them very into component records...... ----.----..------.---..-..-----. 3 shott, have come down to us for the period between 1850 Records kept at a single location other than above, and 1860. The United States Army kept several records reporting through Weather Bureau...... ---..--...- 3 from 1850, or shortly thereafter, until 1892. The Central Except railroad records and lighthouse records...... 2 Paafic Railrold commenced taking rainfall records in 1870. Records made up from various locations; reporting Between 1860 and 1890 about 200 railroad records were through Weather Bureau ...... 2 published, and many of them are still being continued. Private records kept at single locations...... 2 Until 1909 rainfall records at the various lighthouses Ptivate records kept at various locations...... -..----- 1 were published, and several long term records have been Where evidence seems to show that this table would kept at colleges and astronomical observatories. give too high a value to certain records, they have in a very In 1691 the Weather Bureau was organized to take few instances been given a lower weight rather than to over the metrorological work of the Signal Service of the omit them. Records kept at astronomical observatories U. S. Army. This bureau records much information col- have been given a weight of 4 because these are records lected at its own stations and compiles and supervises made at one location by men whose whole training empha- much more collected for it by others. During all of the sizes the importance of accuracy of observing and record- period coverrd by these official or quasi-official records, ing. Railroad records and lighthouse records have a * many useful private records have been kept by water and varying value. Rainfall measurements had nothing to do power compmies, or by other organizations or individuals. with the main work in which the observers were engaged, Especially in the years prior to 1890 have these been of and some of the observers gave them very scant attention. value for the purpose of reconstructing rainfall curves. As it is not practicable to weight each record, or portion In the earlier years of rainfall measnrements nearly of a record separately, these records as a class were given all of the records of this state were kept near San Francisco a weight of 2. Other values assigned speak for them- Bay and the region to the east. As a result the rainfall selves. This table of weights does not give complete satis- characteristics of the Bay region can be given for the years faction with every record, but it gives far better results from 1850 to 1875 with a detail and a certainty than treating all records as of equal value. not possible for the remainder of the state. Records were also kept for these years by the United States Comparisolz of Rainfall Records Army at San Diego. A bibliography of sources of rainfall In this v~orkit is desirable to overlap records for data relating to Southern California will be found in several years for the purpose of comparing them. Rainfall Appendix A. intensities and the conditions surrounding individual gauges vary so greatly that it cannot be safely assumed that Weighting of Rainfall Records two gauges recover equal amounts of rain just because they The bes: records, from the standpoint of both observa- are not too far separated and conditions are apparently tion and of recording, are those taken at the Weather similar. As a result of this, two gauges read in different Bureau stations. Where these have been taken at one loca- periods may sometimes give readings which furnish an tion over a period of years, they furnish a very accurate entirely erroneous picture of the two periods, unless some picture of conditioris. But even so, other records are very factor which reflects the relative catch of the two gauges is 6 necessary for the purpose of showing rainfall conditions introduced. Gauges maintained at one place for long RAINFALL AND STREAhi RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 7 terms of years generally furnish records of great value for Missiotz Crop Records this work. This is especially true where they can be over- While the use of rain gauges in this state dates back lapped for a period of ten or more years with other records only to 1847, the period over which weather observations taken at a single point. have been kept in much detail extends from the very Long term records, in which the grquges have been beginning of occupancy by the white man. moved from place to place furnish records of much less The Spanish Mission Fathers were prolific writers, . value. In some of the long term records, conditions have and made many notes of rainfau, floods and droughts. In been so dissimilar at the various locations of the gauge, addition they kept regular records until 1832 at each mis- that the resulting record, for this purpose, is more mislead- sion of planting and harvests of each crop. These data - ing than useful. Short term records are of so small a value are mostly for points near the Pacific Ocean from San for this work that they can usually be omitted. Diego in the south to San Francisco de Solano about thirty In determining rainfall fluctuations over long terms miles north of San Francisco. They are given by Father from various overlapping records, the method used here Engelhardt in his books describing the individual missions has been to select one record, preferably one taken by the and will be found in Appendix B of this report. For Weather Bureau, as a base record and to reduce all records the purpose of showing the ffuctuations in rainfall, they having a sufficient overlap to this base. In the case of an are not much less valuable than the more recent rainfall earlier record, which overlaps the base record for fifteen measurements and show with great fidelity the weather years, with a recorded catch during that time of 1.5 times conditions at the missions. For the period between 1769 that shown by the base record, the catch for each season and 1774, formal crop reports were not rendered, but the is reduced one-third, so that the total rainfalls shown for diaries and reports of Portoh, Anza, and Don Miguel the fifteen-year period at each place are the same. This Costanso and of Fathers Crespi, Font, Palou, Lasuen and permits a comparison of seasonal fluctuations to be made many others give a good picture of rainfall and crop between the two records without an added complication conditions. due to the fact that one gauge regularly records a greater rainfall than the other. Where several such records are available, the rainfall fluctuations over the area can be car- ried back for the length of these records. If these com- bined records in turn overlap other still earlier records, the same process can be repeated as far back as reliable rec- ords are available. Where a sufficient number of records, covering a reasonably compact area overlap each other by several years and are weighted according to the above table, the indices of wetness which can be deduced from them will reflect the rainfall fluctuations quantitatively with an error so small as to be inappreciable. Rainfall Records Used In determining indices of wetness all records whose weight or length would seem to give them any importance for this work have been used. These records are given in detail in Appendix C. Where there are a sufficient num- ber of \Veather Bureau records extant private records are not used. The weight assigned to private records does not make it probable that they will alter the index appreciably where many Weather Bureau records are available. The same thing is true of very short records. The number of records used was as foIIows: Los Angeles area..-...... ------..----.---. 24 stations San Bernardino area...... ------.-----.-- 19 stations San Diego area ...... ------.----..-.-.2 stations Taking separately the three principal field crops, Santa Barbara area...... -----..---.------17 stations wheat, barley, and corn, the "return" or ratio of grain For the San Francisco area 40 stations were used. harvested to seed planted has been computed for each 6 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

year of record at each mission. From these returns, using N = normal return at the mission for that crop for the average return for the 1800-1832 period in each case the period 1800-1832. as a base, "crop indices" for each year have been worked Crop records at San Gabriel and San Diego com- out. Residual mass diagrams have been drawn from these menced in 1774 and continued at Santa ~arbarauntil data for all of the missions in the Los ~ngelesarea in one 1834. Crop indices have been determined in such cases . group, all of the missions in San Diego County in another, for the entire period reported, using as a base the average and all of the missions for which records were at hand to for the years between 1800 and 1832. Because of this the north of Los Angeles County in another. These dia- fad the curves in Figure 2 made from crop records do not grams are given in Figure 2, and they all tell the same in all cases begin and end on the base line, but all of them story of riinfall fluctuations, varying to about the same pass through it in the years 1800 and 1832. Unfortun- extent as rainfall measurements now vary in these differ- ately, the crop records of San Diego are of little help ent regions, but not more. until about 1800. Before that time, irrigation was prac- Mathematically expressed, the formula for the indi- ticed there so heavily as largely to mask the effects of vidual crop index may be stated as follows: rainfall. For the area to the south, there were two mis- R sions and usually six crops reports after 1800; for the I.--.- north were from thirteen to fifteen crop reports. In the in which ?! Los Angeles area were three missions, San Fernando, San I = crop index for given year Gabriel, and San Juan Capistrano, and there were from Harvest six to eight crop reports for the area each year. All these R = return for given year = Planting crop data are given in Appendix B.

Year Fig. 3. Residrral nzass difigvanzs, 1w2-of in Los A~zgelesaud Sari Berr2avdirzo areas RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 9

For the later years of the mission period, the writ- Davis, Harris Newmark, Jackson Graves, and many other ings of Fathers Palou and Duran are also available, early inhabitants, which contain descriptions of the seasons. as well as the narratives of many visitors, and the re- Rainfall Fl14ctzrations searches into the archives by Bancroft, Engelhardt and In a11 of these periods data have overlapped in such other historians. These writings give many references to a manner as to permit ample checks upon the accuracy of climatic conditions. Years of drought or of plenty are apt any source of information. Data contained in one report to have many more references than are needed to establish frequently explain other data. As a result of a11 of this the character of the season. Years which are about nor- information, it is possible to check with certainty for the period prior to 1850 the (1) frequency, (2) duration, and (3) extent of area, of the rainfall fluctuations. The mag- nitude of the rainfall for any individual year in the early period is not so positively determined, but for a wet or dry period this can be ascertained with fair accuracy. Based upon the data discussed in the preceding sec- tions, indices of wetness for each year from 1769 to 1930 were computed as tabulated in Appendix D and the rain- fall curves of Figure 1 plotted. An extension of the same study, using methods discussed in the following section resulted in the run-off curves of Figure 3. Rel'qtion of Rainfall to Run-of In the reconstruction of run-off curves it is necessary to determine as closely as possible what has been the rainfall

Index of Rainfall-Los Angeles Area in Percent of Normol Fig. 4. Rainfall run-off curver, Los Angeler area ma1 usually have very few. Floods are reported plenti- fully in those periods in which crops were large. In peri- ods of scanty crops there are few reports of floods. In practically a11 cases these references either confirm, explain or expand the information contained in the crop reports, and can almost always be harmonized satisfactorily. Data from Diaries (1832-1850 Period) Between 1832 and 1850, historical references only are available. However, this was the period when many Americans were entering the state and they have left us much detailed description of weather conditions, floods, droughts and crops during this period. There are in some cases extended diaries giving by days and hours the rain- Index af Rainfall- San Bernardino Area in Petcent of Normal fall with estimates of intensity and notes as to condition Fig. 5. Rainfall run-off curves, San Bernardino area of streams. The diaries of Bidwell, Wilkes, Fremont, Emory, Bryant, Uyman and others too numerous to men- and to establish the relation of rainfall to run-off. tion, as well as histories and misceIlaneous references, con- Records of run-off in the San Gabriel and the Santa tain many detailed descriptions of weather and crops. To Ana basins have been kept for nearly forty years. Many this is to be added memoirs written by William Heath rainfall records in each-of the basins have been kept dur- hlETROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT ing the same period and the relation between the two areas can be taken as representative of the mountains. established. This rainfall run-off relation shows fairly wide Rainfall and run-off diagrams can be correlated with only variations in some individual years, but over a period of a slight error. several years it shows quite closely the actual conditions. In the evaluatibn of magnitudes, the personal equa- Figures 4 and 5 show this relation for the Los Angeles tion enters more strongly than it does in the determination and San Bernardino areas respectively. of the other factors, but some of our data has a quantita-'. . Another factor to be determined is the relation that tive value which reduces materially this element. exists between the rainfall in the mountain area and that of the entire area. This factor is needed because the run-off Lake EZ~hzore figures used are those of the larger streams measured close Lake Elsinore forms by far the best link which we to the points where they Ir3.c-e the mountains. This ~n-off have in Southern California for directly comparing pres- is in turn dependent on the rainfall over the mountains. ent and past run-off conditions. Its level has fluctuated In calculating this relation twelve rainfall records taken widely from overflow to practical dryness. Since 1859 above the two thousand foot contour in the Sierra Madre these fluctuations have been recorded in testimony in Iaw- Mountains in the Los Angeles area and published by the suits, in maps made at the time, and since 1915 in meas- Weather Bureau since 1896 were used. From these was urements by the United States Geological Survey. In determined the index of wetness for each season of the addition are memories as to previous water levels and con- entire period since 1896. ~h&eindices were plotted ditions by men still living. Prior to 1859 are a few against the indices of wetness for the Los Angeles area in references to its level. As in all of this work, periods of the same seasons with results shown in Figure- 6. rainfall shortage show more clearly than periods of excess. This diagram indicates that the index of wetness in When the lake is practically dry, as it was in 1810 and the mountains rises and falls in the same way as the index again in 1859, the general conditions prevailing for many years preceding can be positively determined. If no water whatever flowed into the lake it would require at least eleven years for a full lake to evaporate to dryness. With an empty lake there can have been no overflow within eleven years previously. If in the meantime there has been some inflow in various years, then the date at which an overflow has occurred is correspondingly set back. In each of these two cases there is a great'deal of information as to previous years which checks with the reported condition of the lake. On the other hand an overflowing lake shows what the immediately preceding year has been, but by itself does not show conditions over a period of years. The single wet season of 1861-62 filled the lake from almost com- plete dryness to a heavy overflow. At the beginning of the season of 1883-84, the lake held about one-eighth of its capacity. The floods of that season raised the level to the overflow, and a little water discharged. The season of 1861-62 seems to have carried from twenty to twenty- five percent more water into the lake than did that of 1883-84. At the beginning of each of these seasons the lake was low, but in each case the one year filled it to the overflow. The lake lies in a shallow, impervious basin, having Index of Wetness - Los Angeles Area a gentle slope toward the southeast. It receives all of the Fig. 6. Relation of ivldice~of wetnexx, LOJ Angele~area run-off from about eight hundred square miles, this being and Siewa Aladre Muuntrii~zx the combined area of the basin within which it lies and over the entire area. With the single exception of the of the San Jacinto basin. The topographic surveys of the the season 1921-1922, no large difference in index occurs. lake show its lowest elevation to be about 1220 feet above Over a period of years the indices of wetness for the entire sea level. At elevation 1224 the water surface covers RAINFALL AND STREAM RLW-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 11

Area rn Hundreds of Acres As the lake fills, its water surface and consequently 100 the evaporation increases rapidly. Except in periods of heavy rainfall this prevents the lake surface reaching an elevation where it can overflow. But in times of excessive rainfall the lake reaches an elevation where it overflows through a very flat, narrow valley, having a length of about five miles, into the TemescaI Canyon and thence into the Santa Ana River. Since the high water period of the lS90's this outlet has been deepened, and at present stands at elevation 1259.8. This outlet elevation is not a natural one, but is determined by the needs of the city of Elsinore and of the landowners around the margin of the lake. It is maintained by frequent cleaning out of the sand and vegetation in the artificial ditch which runs for about two miles through the valley. In its natural condition its elevation was determined by a sand barrier thrown across the valley a mile or more from the lake composed of debris from a large ravine which drains an 180 area of about twenty- square- miles. It is probable that Capacity In Thousands of Acre Feef this elevation has varied somewhat in past years under the Fig. 7. Area and capacity carves, Ldke Elsinore influence of the sand brought down from the ravine on the one hand and the occasional scouring from the over- more than two square miles, while at elevation 1234 it flow of the lake. The velocity of water from the overflow covers more than four square miles. In earlier references would not be suficient to scour out a channel Iower than only the area and character of the lake surface are given, an elevation of about 1265. This figure has been adopted but for stages when it is nearly empty these can be con- as representing the former elevation of the outlet, although verted into elevations with confidence, as a considerable inaccuracy in estimating the size of the lake affects its part of the time it may have been considerably higher. elevation by only a small amount. Until the lake reaches In the flood of 1916 the water level in the lake was raised a maximum depth of about forty feet the level of its water nearly six feet above the outlet elevation. In some of the surface is controlled wholly by the rainfall and run-off on earlier floods it may have risen as much as ten feet above the one hand and by evaporation on the other. the outlet.

Year - .-- --- Fig. 8. Elez!ations of water surface, Lake Elsinore 12 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

The lake is reported to have overflowed in 1841, in normal. Many of the floods during the mission period 1862 and again in 1868, in several years between 1884 were suf.Iiciently described so that their status as major or and 1895 and in 1916. In 1862 and 1868 were two as moderate floods can be determined. Their extent floods in a period which did not show an otherwise heavy can usually be ascertained from reports and from the rainfall, but each of the other overflow stages noted crop indices. occurred in periods of greater than normal rainfall. On The freq"ency or scarcity of such floods helps to the other hand we are told that the lake almost dried up determine the status of each period. Between 1811 and in 1810 and 1859, and that it was very low in 1830 and 1822, in a period when crop indices are consistently high, in 1883. Each of these years was at or near the end of we have note of five floods in or adjacent to the Los a long period of rainfall scarcity. The conditions described Angeles area. The period from 1781 to 1809 shows for in 1810 represented a net lowering of the lake from the almost every year poor crops, and there has been found previous overflow of from forty to fifty feet. no reference whatever during this period to floods in the In the long period from 1841 to 1883 the lake, which Los Angeles area, and ody two at the northern missions, overflowed in 1841, hropped over forty feet, then refilled both in years of good crops. and overflowed in the great floods of 1862 and in 1868. After these floods it again lowered over thirty feet before California Storms the wet period from 1883 to 1833 copnenced. No period of years from 1841 to 1883 showed a rainfall above the In utilizing the available data for the purpose of normal. All of these lake elevations find confirmation in restoration of weather records of this area, it constantly other data. becomes necessary to interpret climatic conditions from At the present time the lake is less than eighteen feet those of the South, or of the ,North, or both. It is below the overflow. It overflowed in 1916 and has low- therefore desirable that a brief analysis of the origin and ered in each year since except in the years 1922 and 1927 extent of the rain-producing storms, which sweep over when it partly refilled. Its drop in level at this time is central and southern California, be presented, to show that very much less than in each of four periods which have the use of the available data will permit of reliable been recorded in the past 162 years. This is the case not- conclusions. withstanding the fact that diversions and pumping in the There are two distinct types of storms which yield basin above now use a great deal of the water which under rainfall in the Los Angeles region. The first and most former conditions would have flowed into the lake. Part important from the standpoint of yield are the cyclonic of the present lowering of the lake may be attributed to storms which originate in the North Pacific and sweep over this fact, rather than to actual diminution of the water California in a southerly, southeasterly and easterly direc- yield. tion. Whether the Los Angeles area or the San Diego Area and capacity curves for Lake Elsinore, as deter- area will receive rainfall from these storms depends upon mined from the topographic maps, are given in Figure the distance toward the southeast to which these North 7. Elevations of the water surface for which authority Pacific centers of low barometric pressure extend. Other can be directly established, as discussed in preceding para- conditions being equal, it may be stated that the volume graphs, are shown by solid lines in the profile of Figure of rain from North Pacific storms decreases more or less 8. Other elevations, interpolated on the basis of less direct in proportion to distance from the northern storm tracks, evidence are indicated by broken lines. and as far as California is concerned, more or less in pro- portion to the distance from the northern boundary of the Floods State, although, as stated above, some of the storms may Since 1850 many floods have occurred in the state not produce rainfall as far south as Los Angeles or San under circumstances which have permitted a determination Diego. San Diego is very close to the line of demarcation of the rainfall, and a good estimate of the intensity of the along which the North Pacific cyclonic storms cease to be flood. In recent years, on many of the streams, this esti- a controlling factor. mate is replaced by measurements. During this period, The second type of storm sweeps in from the South practically no major flood has occurred unless the rainfall Pacific. They are locally known as the "Sonoras" (from over the whole territory involved has averaged from 150 the region of their first appearance) and cause rainfall to 250 per cent of normal. through southern California and over the California desert Moderate floods have occurred when rainfall was into the Great Basin region. Dr. Ford A. Carpenter, in somewhat below normal and from that to 150 per cent of a discussion of the climate of San Diego in "Climatology RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 13

of California", U. S. Weather Bureau Bulletin "L", makes Continuous and reliable rainfall records of a number the following statement: of stations of the Los Angeles area date back to 1877. In "be fzrrmber of the northern areas of low pre~~i~reorder to reconstruct the Los Angeles record as far back as srlficiently great and moving fLw enough south to exert 1850, recourse must be had to the records of San Diego aN i~flnencent the latitude of San Diego are compara- and San Francisco and other Central California stations, tiz~eljl few; not one-tenth of these 'lows' have an and to the references by historians covering the 27-year apprcci.lble effect OE the climate. The storm from the period, 1850-1877. sozrth ('Sonora.s9 a~ they are locally k~zoru~t)have but Early measurements of the rainfall in the city of Los little energy and probably average tzuo a )rear." Angeles are available as follows: Sonoras do not cross over into the San Joaquin Valley. 1856-185 7Dr.wins ton'^ record A storm which causes precipitation consecutively in San 1872-18 7 7Ducommun record Francisco and San Diego- may be classified as a North 18 75-1884Blis~- record 'Pacific storm and it is safe to conclude that it also covered 1877-1931-U. S. Weather Bnrenu record the Los Angeles area, and furthermore, that its relative Early records for the vicinity of Los Angeles, include intensity at Los Angeles and San Diego is as a rule pro- 1864-1870 records of the Drum Barracks, Wilmington; portional to the respective distances of these points from 1873-1882 Bennett Record of Pasadena; 1874-1891 San Francisco. Southern Pacific R. R. atSspadra; 1868 to date at Santa If a rainstorm is registered for San Francisco, but not Barbara. for San Diego, it may be doubtful whether it reached Los The earlier records in the San Bernardino area Angeles. On the other hand, if the storm is registered include for San Diego and not for San Francisco, the inference Sun Bernardino-1870 to d~te is that it was a "Sonora" and that Los Angeles received a C~lfofz-1877 to 1905 share. As the "Sonoras" generally form but a negligible . ~~~~:t~~~~l~~1918 quantity of the Los Angeles rainfall, they may be ignored ~~~~~~d~-~~~~to date in an effort to restore precipitation records. The earlier portion of the Big Bear record has not If the record of a series of years for the San Francisco-. been used by the Weather Bureau, and does not seem to Sacramento area shows the same characteristics as that of be closely consistent with other records. the San Diego area, it may be safely concluded that the basic characteristic of the storms for the period was also Detection Of hiawl reflected in the intensity.of the rainfall in the Los Angeles'- area. This conclusion becomes particularly important, Fluctuations in rainfall having a cyclic period up to because both the Sari Diego and Sari Francisco perhaps eighty years can be detected without question from records from 1850 to past 1880 indicate a preponderance the data Fluctuations having a much longer of dry years, with the result that the water supply of the period, or very slow drifts of climatic tendencies in one period as a urhole was undoubtedly considerably below . direction Or the other-can scarcely be detected positively normal. This is expressed in the drop of the residual mass by .this method. diagram for the San Diego area shown on Figure 1. It is * H. B. LYNCH, also shown by the diagram for the San Francisco area com- Colzsulting Engineer. piled in the preparation of the work, and is checked by the Aupst 1, 1931 water elevations of Lake Elsinore. While the rule here established relative to the general Mr. W. P. Whitsett, relation between the wetness of seasons from San Francisco Chairman, Board of Directors, to San Diego does not hold good in all instances, it, never- The Metropolitan Water District theless, is the safest criterion in harmonizing the available of Southern California, records. Los Angeles, California. METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

APPENDIX A Bibliography

I. HISTORICAL YEAR YEAR CRONISE,TITUS FEY. Natural Wealth of California..l868 ANW, JUANBAUTISTA DE. Diary: Bolton's "Anza's DANA,R. H. Two Years Before the Mast ...--...... -..-S840 California Exped~tions"...... ---.---.---.-- 1774 DAVIS, W. H. Sevehty-five Years in California...... - 1929 Diary. Bolton's "Anza's California DENIS, ALBERTAJ. Spanish Alta California...... ----- 1927 Expeditions" ...... 1776 DUFLOTde MOFRAS,EUGENE. Exploration du Terri- BANCROFT,H. H. History of California ...... ---.-----..1884 tore L'Oregon, des Californies et de California Pastoral ...... ------1888 la Mer Nermeille...... ------.-.------1844 California Inter Pocula ...... ----..---1889 DURAN,FR. NARCISO. Diary of Expedition on the BELDEN,JOSIAH. Pastoral California. Touring Topics, Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers July 1930.-...... ------.-.------.- 1930 in 1817. Edited by C. E. Chapman. BIDWELL,JOHN. Synopsis of Seasons...... -.---.-. 1840-41 Publications of the Academy of Pa- to 1851-52 cific Coast History, Vol. 2, No. 5.--1817 AM. Rep. Agricultural Experiment EMORY,W. H. Notes of a Military Reconnaissance. Stations. 1897-8, p. 331....-...... ---- 1898 Serial No. 517...... -.....------.-----.---- 1848 Same. Letters from General Bidwell ENGELHARDT,FR. Z. The Franciscans in California.... 1897 to Sergeant J. A. Barwick, Signal The Missions and Missionaries of Service. Dated January 1884...... 1884 . California ...... 1908 Report of State Agricultural Society, San Diego Mission...... :...... ------1920 1883-84, p. 192...... 1884. San Luis Rey Mission ...... --..-.------1921 BLACK,SAMUEL T. History of San Diego County...... 1913 San Juan Capistrano Mission ...... 1922 BOARDOF FLOODCONTROL. LOS Angeles County -- Santa Barbara Mission ...... ---..----..-1923 Provisional Report...... ------.--....--.-- 1914 San Francisco or Mission Doloren ..... 1924 Report ...... 1915 San Gabriel Mission...... ----.-.-.---. 1927 BOLTON,H. The Spanish Borderlands...... --..----.---.-.- 1821 San Fernando Rey ...... 1927 ERYANT,EDWIN. What I Saw in California ...... ---.-1848 -- San Miguel, Arcangel ...... 1929 CAPRON,E. S. History of California ...... ---.-.--.------.-1854 San Antonio de Padua ...... 1929 CHAPMAN,CHAS. E. A History of California...... -I921 Mission Nuestra Senora de la CLELAND,R. G. History of California. The Amer- Soledad ...... 1929 ican Period ...... ----.--.-.------.---.------1922 Mission San Buenaventura...... --.--.-- 1930 Pathfinders ...... ---.----.-...--.----1929 Men and Events of California. CLYMAN,JAMES. Diary. In California Historical FAGES,PEDRO. Diary of Expedition to San Francisco Society Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. Bay in 1770. In Publications of the 105 and following numbers ...... --1845 Academy of Pacific Coast History, COLLINS,A. HARVEY.At the End of the Trail. vol. 2, No. 3...... ----..-.------1770 Publications of Historical Society of Southern California, Vol. 11. Part 2. FONT, FR. PEDRO.Diary. The Anza Expedition of p. 65 ..-...... -.------.----.-.---.----.. 1775-76 by Frederick J. Teggart..-... 1776 .. FREMONT,J. C. Report of Exploring Expedition...... 1845 Com~~so,DON MIGUEL.Diary. The Portola Ex- pedition of 1769-70. In Academy of Geographical Memoir upon Upper Pacific Coast History, Vol. 2. No. 4, California ...... 1848 1911 --...... -...... --.--..------1770 GODDARD,A. F. Letter in Annual Report of State The Narrative of the Portola Expe- Agricultural Society for 1883, p. dition of 1769-70. In Vol. l, NO. 4, 186 ...... 1883 1910. Academy of Pacific Coast GRAVES,JACKSON A. My Seventy Years in CaIifornia..l927 History ...... -.----1910 GUINN,J. M. Exceptional Years. Historical Society of Southern California, p. 5...... 1890 CRAFTS,MRS. E. P. R. Pioneer Days in the San Ber- nardino Valley...... --..------.---.------1906 -- History of 1.0s Angeles County...... 1901 CRESPI,FR. JUAN.Diaries, 1769-70. Edited by H. E. History of Southern California...... 1902 Bolton ...... ----.---.----..-.------1927 History of California...... -.---.---.-.-.- 1907 RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 15

0 YEAR YEAR Los Angeles and Environs ...... 1915 PLEASANTS,J. E. Ranging on the Mojave River in . HALL,, FREDERICK.History of San Jose...... :..1871 1864. In Touring Topics, March HAYES,BENJAMIN. Pioneer Notes from the Diaries 1930, p. 42 ...... 1930 of Judge Benjamin Hayes. 1849- REYNOLDS,A. W. Testimony in case of Newport vs. 1875. Edited by Marjorie Tisdale Temescal Water Co. Transcript on Wolcott ...... 1875 appeal, p. 284...... 1904 HILL, J. J. History of Warner's Ranch ...... 1927 Ro~l~so~,ALFRED. Life in California Before the . HITTELL,T. H. History of California ...... 1885 Conquest ...... 1846 HOLLINGSWORTH,JOHN M~H. The Journal of ROYCE,C. C. John Bidwell, Pioneer...... 1906 Lieutenant John McHenry Hollings- SANCHEZ,FR. JOSE. Diary. In "San Bernardino VaI- worth. California Historical Society ley in the Spanish Period," by Geo. Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3, January Wilham Beattie, Publications of the 1923, p. 207 ...... 1923 Historical Society of Southern Cali- HOLBIES,E. W. History of Riverside County...... 1912 fornia, Vol. 12, Part 3, p. 10...... 1821 HOPKINS,HARRY C. History of San Diego...... 3929 SCHANCK,F. R. History of Elsinore Lake, in U. S. Geological Sun-ey Water Supply HUNT, ROCKWELLD. California and Californians.... 1926 Paper No. 447, p. 321...... 1921 -- California...... l929 A Short History of sERM, F~.J~~~~~~. Diary between Loreto and sari INGERSOLL,L. A. History of the Coast Counties of Diego, 1769. Translated by Eva F. Central California ...... 1893 Lummins ...... 1902 JONES,WM. J. History of Sacramento...... 1888 SHERIDAN,EDWN M. History of Santa Barbara, Sari ENGSLEY,NELSON. Diary from 1849 to 1851. Luis Obispo, and Ventura Counties..l917 Academy of Pacific Coast History, SIMPSON,SIR GEORGE.Narrative of a Journey Round Vol. 3, No. 3...... 1851 the World ...... 1847 LUGO, JOSE DEL CARMEN. Memoirs. Touring SMITH,HOBIER A. Testimony in case of Newport vs. , Topics, April 1930, p. -22. (Original Temescal Water Co. Transcript on 9 in Bancroft Library) ...... 1878 appeal, p. 295 ...... 1904 LYMAN,A~IASA M. Letter. Quoted in "At the End SMYTHE,WM. E. History of San Diego ...... 1907 of the Trail." Historical Society of Southern California, Vol. 11, Part 2, STORKE,MRS. YDA. A History of the Counties of p. 74 ...... 1853 Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, California...... 1891 LYMAN,GEO. D. John Marsh, Pioneer ...... 1930 MASON, COL. R. B. Letter, October 7, 1847. In THOMAS,CHAS. H. Testimony in case of Newport vs. House Executive Documents, First Temescal Water Co. Transcript on Session 31 st Congress. 1849-50. appeal, p. 782-787...... 1904 Serial 573, p. 349...... 1847 TINKHAB~,GEO. H. History of Stdton...... 1880 MCEUEN,VIRGIL. The Beginnings and Organization VANDOR,PAUL E. History of Fresno County, Cali- of Riverside County...... 1919 fornia ...... 1919 * McGRoARru, J. S. Its and VAN DYKE,T. S. The City and County of San Diego..1888 mance ...... 1911 Los Angeles from the Mountains to WARNER,J. J. Reminiscences of Early California, the Sea ...... 1921 1831 to 1846. In Publications of Historical Society of Southern Cali- History of Los Angeles County...... 1923 fornia, Vol. 7, p. 176...... 1907 MILLARD,BAILEY. San Francisco Bay Region ...... 324 WATERS,ELON E. Testimony in case of Newport vs. MYLAR, ISAAC.Early Days at Mission San Juan Temescal Water Co. Transcript on Bautista ...... 1929 appeal, p. 112...... 1904 - NE~IARK,H. J. Sixty Years in Southern California. Edited by M. R. Newrnark ...... WILKES,COMMODOICE CHAS. Narrative of the U. S. A930 Exploring Expedition...... 1844 PALOU, FR. FRANCISCO. Life of Junipero Serra. - Translated by Rev. J. Adam ...... 1884 WILLARD,C. D. The Herald's History of Los An- Historical Memoirs of New Califor- geles City...... 1901 nia. Edited by H. E. Bolton...... 1926 WILSON,JOHN A. History of Los Angeles County, PLVCOAST, C. E. A Quaker Forty Niner...... 1930 California. Published by Thompson PICO, FRANCISCO.Testimony in case of Newport vs. and West...... 1880 Temescal Water Co. Transcript on WOOD, J. W. Pasadena, California; Historical and appeal, p. 193...... 2 ...... 1904 Perso~lal ...... 1917 16 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

YEAR 8 11. RAIATALL MEASUREMENTS Ninth Annual Rep. Smithsonian In- YE- stitution, p. 231...... 1854 BAILEY,PAUL. The Control of Floods by Reseryoirs. Annual Report California State Agri- State of California, Department of cultural Society, 1868-69, p. 236...... 1869 Public Works, Division of Engineer- ing and Irrigation. Bulletin No. 14.-1928 GRUNSLY, c. E. Thomas Tennent, Climate and Crop ...... r California Agricultural Experiment Stations Annual Service, September 1899, p. 5 1899 6 P Reports, 1889, et seq...... 1889 - Rain and Run-off near San Francisco. Bulletin No. 147. Transactions, American Society of California Board of Health. Biennial Reports...... 1870-90 Civil Engineers, Vol. 61...... 1908 California Board of Horticulture. Eighth Biennial The Sewer System of San Francisco. Report, 1901-02...... 1902 Transactions, American Society of California Department of Public Works. Flow in Civil Engineers, Vol. 65, p. 311...... 1909 California Streams. Bulletin No. 5, Rainfall and Run-off Studies. Trans- Din'sion of Engineering and Irri- actions, American Society of Civil gation- ...... 1923 . Engineers,- Vol. 85...... 1922 Irription Requirements of Califor- HALL, W. H. California Data and Statistics...... 1884 nia Lands. Bulletin No. 6, Division of Engineering and Irrigation ...... 1923 HAMLIX, HOMER. Water Resources of the Saiinas Valley, California. U. S. Geol. Sur- California State Agricultural Society. Annual Reports, vey, Water SuppIy Papef No. 89.... 1904 1851, et seq...... 1854 Monthly Bulletin of California JOHNSON,HAFXY R. Water Resources of Antelope Weather Senrice, September 1891 to Valley, California. U. S. Geol. Snr- vey, Water Supply Paper No. 278 .... 1911 December 1896...... 1891-96- - California State Iwne Asylum. Annual Reports, LEE, C l3. An Intensive Study of the Water Re- 185% 1855; 1859, 1860, 1892...... 1854 sources of a part of Owens Valley, California State Mineralogist. Ninth Annual Report, California. U. S. Geol. Survey, 18SS-90 ...... 1899 Water Supply Paper No. 294...... 1912 California Surveyor General. Annual Reports, 1854 Geology and Ground Waters of the et seq...... 1854 Western Part of San Diego County, CHANDLER,A. E. Water Storage, Cache Creek, Cali- California. U. S. Geol. Survey, fornia. U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Water Supply Paper No. 446...... 1919 Supply Paper No. 45 ...... 1901 LIPPIXCOTT,J. B. California Hydrography. U. S. CLARK,WM. 0. Ground Waters in Santa Clara Val- Geol. Survey. Water Supply Paper ley, California. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 81 ...... 1903 Water Supply Paper No. 519...... 1924 Southern California Streams. U. S. -- Ground water Resources of Niles Geol. Survey Bulletin No. 140, p. Cone, California. U. S. Geol. Sur- 315 ...... 1896 vey, Water Supply Paper 345, p. Water Supply of San Bernardino 127 ...... 1915 Valley. U. S. Geol. Survey, Annual CLAYTON,H. H. World Weather Records, Smith- Report 1897-98, Pt. 4, p. 540...... 1898 sonian Miscellaneous. Collection No. LOGAS, DR. THOS. M. Meteorological Report. In 79 ...... 1927 Reports of California State -4gricul- CONKLING,HAROLD. San Gabriel Investigation. State tural Society, 1855...... 1875 of California, Department of Public MCADIE, ALEXANDER. Climatology of California. . Works, Division of Water Rights Bulletin L of the Weather Bureau.... 1903 Bulletin No. 5...... 1927 The Climate of San Francisco. Bul- Same. Bulletin No. 6 ...... 1929 letin No. 44 of the Weather Bureau..l913 Same. Bulletin No. 7...... 1929 The Rainfall of California. In Ge- FRANKLIN,GEO. E. Comparison of Los Angeles Rain ography, University of California, Gauges. Historical Society of South- Vol. 1, p. 127...... 1914 ern California, Vol. I., Pt. 4, p. 33..18S9 MCCLURE,W. F., SOURWINE,J. -4. and TAIT, C. E. GIBBONS,DR. HEKRY.Meteorological Observations The Utilization of Mojave River for Made at San Francisco from January Irrigation in Victor Valley, Califor- 1851 to January 1858. Langley's nia. State of California, Department California Register, p. 27, 1859...... 1559 of Engineering, Bulletin No. 5...... 1918 RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 17

YEAR YEAR MCGLASHAN,H. D. and EBERT,F. C. Southern Cal- UNITEDSTATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 18th Annual ifornia Floods of 1916. U. S. Geol. Report, Part 4...... 1896 Survey, Water Supply Paper No. 19th Annual Report, Part 4 ...... 1897 426 ...... 1918 20th Annual Report, Part 4...... 1898 MENDENHALL,W. C. The Hydrology of San Ber- UNITEDSTATES PATENT OFFICE. Annual Report ...... 1857 nardino Valley, California. U. S. Results of Meteorological Observa- Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper tions of the Patent Office and Smith- No. 142...... h905 sonian Institution for 1854-59, Vol. Ground Waters and Irrigation En- 1 ...... 1861 terprises in the Foothill Belt, South- UNITEDSTATES SIGNAL SERVICE. Annual Reports of ern California. U. S. Geol. Survey, the Chief Signal Officer water Supply Paper No. 219...... 1908 Rainfall of the Pacific Slope and the REED,WM. G. The Rainfall of Berkeley. Geography, Western States and Territories. Serial University of California, Vol. 1, No. No. 2511...... 1888 ...... 2, p. 63 1913 Irrigation and Water Storage in the SCHOTT,C. A. Tables and Results of Precipitation. Arid Regions. Serial No. 2868 ...... 1891 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- UNITEDSTATES WEATHER BUREAU. Rainfall and edge, Vol. 18...... 1873 Snow of the United States, Bulletin Tables and Results of Precipitation. c ...... 1894 Srnithsonian Contributions to Knowl- Rainfall of the United States, Bul- edge, Vol. 24...... 1885 letin D ...... 1897- SMITHSONIANINSTITUTION. Annual Reports, 1854 ...... Summaries of Climatological Data, et seq ...... : 1854 Bulletin W SPRINGV.~LLEY WATER CO. The Future Water Sup- -- ply of San Francisco...... 1912 Annual Reports of the Chief of the Weather Bureau STEARNS,H. T., ROBINSON,T. W., and TAYLOR,G. Monthly Weather Reports H. Geology and Water Resources of -- Cli~matologicalData, California Sec- the Mokelumne Area, California. U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper tion No. 619...... 1930 Rainfall Data for Los Angeles, Or- TAIT, C. E. The Use of Underground Water for ange, Riverside, and San Bernardino Irrigation at Pomona, California. U. Counties, California . S. Dept. of Agriculture. Office of WARING,G. A. Ground Water in the San Jacinto Experiment Stations, Bulletin No. and Temecula Basins, California. U. 236 ...... 1911 S. Geog. Survey, Water Supply Paper Preliminary Report on Conservation No. 429...... 1919 and Control of Flood Water in Coa- chella Valley, California. Bulletin In addition to thre publications in the two foregoing NO. 4, State of California, Depart- ment of Engineering...... 1917 lists, all of which furnished material of value in this THOMPSON,DAVID. The Mojave Desert Region, Cal- work, approximately an equal number of similar character ifornia. U. S. Geol. Sunrey, Water and relating to the same subjects have been consulted Supply Paper No. 578...... 1929 which have failed to yield material of value. Appendix B Table 1. . WHEAT HARVESTS AT CALIFORNIA MISSIONS, 1773-1834 The unit of measurement is the fanega, equal to about 1.6 bushels

SAN FRANCISCO SOLEDAD SAN ANTONIO SAN MIGUEL SANTA BARBARA SAN BUENAVENTUPII SIN FERNANDO SAN OABRIEL SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO SIN LUIS REV SAN DIEGO YEAR YEAR Rehfrn Snted Return Dlontd Return Planted Plonted Return Pbnted Return Dlontd ELd Return Plonkc $;id Return Plonkd ,","AdReturn Plonted :sd peturn ~lolrbds;;~Return ~lontad~~i~~ ",,";ad ratur urn "?;d 1773 a I I 1773 74 8 SO 15.0 5 90 15.0 7 SO 4.m 74 1775 1 80 16.0 1775 76 48 10 76 77 109 13 0 77 78 380 66 lZ.8 44 3.5 78 ------

RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 17

FQ X -a.- 2 3Ck

X 2 h b zv, 45 m- 2

do& 9- oh9 4x bC5 u .z

m 5 a WE

C .: - z= b 3 3 p: C !a

-- -- - Appendix B Table 3. CORN HARVESTS AT CALIFORNIA MISSIONS, 1773-1834 The unit of measurement is the fanega, equal to about 1.6 bushels

SN FRMIC4CO SOLEOAO SAN ANTON0 SAN MIGUEL WTABARW 54N BUENAVENTURA S4N FERNANDO SAN GABRIEL SAN JUAN CAPISTRAW S/\N W15 REY 5AN DIEGO YEAR PIM Return Plfa $<&Return PI% Return Prtb Return ~(tb Return pfta ~eturn PI)^ Return Pita wrn &+urn pi& ueturn p(+& wrnYEAR vzzi z& 2;; ?:& z&, nq~ nz~ 1773 21 1773 74 1 70 70.0 1.w ao se~a e 74 1775 240 1775 76 440 96 77 . 450 -1 77 78 40 856 ! .17 78 79 28 1200 3 80 86.7 79 1780 30 1070 33 19 1 1780 81 200 lP00 3 74 e4.7 a1 82 460 02 83 151 6 1100 800 2 83 84 125 900 418 1575 1430 150 84 1785 1 55 55.0 4 464 116.0 -2.lz-511 l1.e 10~)89.9 6.5 900 1~8.5 -17 1785 86 5 370 74.0 16 566 35.4 5.5 006 146.5 14 106x0 10 1036 103.6 8 86 87 10 450 45.0 8 aXr 25.0 1 30 30.0 8 415 51.9 14.1 1000 69.0 9.5 p0 75.7 .33 07 88 9 ~5 n.7 5 111 22.8 8 830 1036 73 1WO 13.7 9.5 7M 73.1 4 10 8.1 88 89 70 89 1790 7 567 52.4 - 7 108 15.4 --- 50 9 1000 111.1 13 1600 123.1 .: 6.7 1030 153.7 1.5 50 33.3 1790 91 10 x-?Er 3 151 53.3 262 9-15 1600 173.0 ~i8wlOhO~~--~ 92 13 1400 101.7 2 15 7.5 4 4M) 100.0 2 120 60.0 9.5 2350 247.4 17 1600 94.1 13 ZOO0 154.0 .5 72 144.0 92 93 19 550 28.9 5 PO 40.0 1 50 50.0 11 1800 163.6 13 400 30.8 7.5 1120 149.3 .5 86 172.0 03 94 10 100 50.0 3 400 133.5 2 1s 7.5 11 1800 172.7 18.5 800 64.0 8.5 977 1149 1.5 1.1 1.0 94 1795 9 400 44.4 3 60 aO.0 11 900 81.8 12 1300 108.3 6 950 158.3 .I7 1795 96 5 3 4 10 2.6 12 600 50.0 20 1000 50.0 7.5 1108 147.7 -17 25 150.0 96 97 7 50 7.1 2 200 100.0 4 9Mi 126.5 1 110 110.0 11 50 4.5 19 300 15.8 7 287 41.0 .17 10 60.0 97 98 6 320 53.3 6 1110 185.0 10 30 3.0 2 160 80.0 6 50 8.3 2.5 40 16.0 12 800 C6.7 8 290 36.3 3 40 13.3 98 99 2 160 80.0 6 a00 33.3 5 800 160.0 12 2 266 133.0 1.67 200 119.R 3 200 66.7 15 WO 53.3 7 543 77.6 3 150 50.0 4 09 1800 B 700 87.5 B 6 mo 33.3 1 400 460.0 2 80 40.0 lo aa 40.0 s 400 133.3 a, zow 1m.o s rep 98.8 s 20 6.7 moo 01 3 m0 66.7 7 1100 157.1 5 142 28.4 1 400 400.0 3 70 23.3 5 300 60.0 2.5 Z50 140.0 50 la7 61.2 6 400 C6.7 4 850 62.5 01 02 1 20 80.0 4 120 30.0 3 111 37.0 2 200 100.0 1 40 40.0 1 zoo m.o 4 17 1200 70.6 5 sw izao a 280 93.5 02 03 2 60 30.0 5W 3 270 90.0 2 150 75.0 3 la 4.3 5 450 90.0 6 200 33.3 19 2550 13i.E 7 1015 145.0 4 5W 125.0 03 04 1 150 150.0 4 1000 250.0 3 27.J 90.0 2 19 9.5 6 33l 55.0 15 800 53.3 6 1000 166.7 8 1600 a0.0 7.1 1030 13.7 4 7CU 17&0 6 400 66.7 04 1805 8 5CO 85.3 ---L!!a lam 06 2 150 75.0 4 400 100.0 3 150 50.0 2 30 15.0 7 300 42.9 18 1000 55.6 71200 171.4 16 2400 150.0 10 2315 231.5 5 500 1250 4 158 39.5 Od 07 2 60 m.O 4 ZUO 50.0 3 72 24.0 3 100 33.5 2 90 450 14 1040 74.3 16 460 28.8 9 1600 177.8 15.8 1200 75.8 6 7W U67 3 70 23.3 07 OB 100 s.0 4 em 50.0 1 iu 1m.o 2 zm 100.0 2 300 1m.o 10 lmo lobe 5 m 1m.o 5 imo m.o 14 coo e.8 e aoo loao 3 70 23.8 oa 09 2 110 55.0 4 18 4.5 4 60 15.0 2 200 100.0 2 62 3LO 7 3M) 42.Q 7 900 128.6 13 2000 153.8 4 452 US0 6 700 116.7 13 5W 39.0 00 1810 2 100 53.0 4 4CJ 10J.O 2 70 58.0 2 250 125.0 2 196 98.0 -7 740 105.1 5 700 140.0 8 1m0 162.5 4.6 500 1U.1 8 1200 1560 8 600 760 1(UD 11 1 7 7.0 4 300 75.0 1 202 202.0 3 3m 100.0 5 926 185.2 4 250 62.5 7 3W 42.9 12 4200 3500 10 2020 202.0 8 la0 15O.o 7 680 97.1 11 12 2 100 50.0 3 zoo 66.7 1 las 185.0 2 270 135.0 3 400 im.3 4 350 07.5 7 1000 142.9 12 3m 250.0 10 1m 150.0 10 1800 18)-0 20 500 28.0 12 1 100 100.0 3 400 19.3 rl 368 368.0 s 1200 240.3 5 1000 mo.0 6 1000 106.7 11 1500 136.4 13 2300 176.~ 5 400 8ao 13 14 1 04 94.0 4 4)O 100.0 1 265 265.0 1 370 376.0 1 900 100.3 5 5W lC0.0 0 COO 68.6 14 2400 249.9 8 1600 203.0 8 1200 1tO.O 1 3M 83.3 14 8 900 31.3 1815 2 50 25.0 a 2x1 e3.3 I 275 275.0 2 198 8 1150 143.8 5 BOD 16% 5 zoo 40.0 12 2100 i?r*o 9 moo gc~~112.5 e em leis 16 1 20 20.0 3 400 133.3 1 162 162.0 1 12 12.0 9 540 6a0 0 1200 150.0 3.5 400 114.3 26 6500 250.0 12 1603 133.6 10 800 8O.0 6 600 100.0 16 17 1 50 s.0 3 500 166.7 1 380 330.0 2 38 19.0 12 1000 83.5 6 900 150.0 5 1000 200.0 25 8000 320.0 11 1340 121.8 10 3000 300.0 0 1156 128.4 17 18 2 lZ0 60.0 3 100 33.3 1 247 247.0 1 71 71.0 5 80 16.0 6 500 03.3 8 1200 150.0 11 2100 180.9 11 mu 281.8 10 10% 105.6 18 19 1 3 3ca 1m.0 1 230 230.0 2 zm 1~0.0 r 250 62.5 s 520 loco 4.5 loo a.2 8.5 1600 1m.z e 128.3 e1r.a 15 wao 204.0 ie 1500 1m.3 19 1820 4 1000 250.0 3 GO m.0 1 190 190.0 z 70 m 4 100 25.0 6 .ru, m.7 7 900 128.6 0 3zm 355.6 6 1040 173.3 16 4500 281.3 14 1100 78.6 1820 21 4 ow m0.u 4 420 105.0 1 170 170.0 1 13 2 200 1w.0 5 3% 73.? 7 100 14.3 18 7000 m.9 6 mi5 335.e 12 3500 291.7 18 eleo 117.8 zi 12 3700 34.0 22 22 5 GW 120.0 3 1QO 40.0 1 180 180.0 1 23 29.0 4 110 27.5 5 54 10.8 11 100 0.1 14 3000 El4.3 9 500 55.6 3Ml.5 10 340 23 5 200 40.0 4 400 100.0 1 35 35.0 1 27 27.0 10 340 3.0 8 500 62.5 15 600 40.0 7 1XO 214.3 7.3 12W 155.2 14 3900 278.6 12 140 11.7 23 7.4 45 10.0 3 103 34.5 11 900 81.0 10 7M) 70.0 7 600 85.7 14 3500 250.0 8 320 40.0 24 10 3~ 30.0 9 600 1825 1825 64 l&O- 3 100 33.3 8 900 11.3 5 500 100.0 6 1600 266.7 ~a.7 20 3 30 10.0 3 400 133.3 1 275 275.0 1 20 20.0 4 160 40.0 11 250 22.7 8 200 25.0 8 1000 125.0 8 800 100.0 It 3015 BS.4 9 250 27.8 26 27 3 25 8.3 3 20 6.7 1 101 101.0 1 4 4.0 3 300 100.0 9 500 55.6 4 200 50.0 12 2200 183.3 18 WW 111.1 20 4500 225.0 9 250 27.8 27 28 2 60 m.0 2 2W 100.0 2 ll4 57.0 3 300 100.0 4 80 20.0 12 1000 150.0 4 ZOO 50.0 8 1100 137.5 7 700 100.0 20 45% 226.0 ll 342 31.1 28 29 1 5 5.0 1 63 63.0 5 15 3.0 3 120 40.0 8 1300 162.5 4 300 750 20 100 50 16 400 260 20 5500 275.0 12 524 43.7 29 la o 80 9 300 33.3 10 100.0 4 300 75.0 7 2200 34.3 20 a014 150.7 10 5~ 51.6 1e30 ~~TT~~.~zM)~~~-I-~~~TY-F~~lo yo.zo.o 4 250 62.5 4 4w 100.0 1s 685 48.1 20 moo 100.0 9 420 46.7 31 31 30 4 150 37.5 10 600 60.0 4 200 50.0 8 55 6.0 15 33J 20.0 B 25 3.1 32 33 5 420 WO 33 84 60 20 420 2l.O 400 150 34 RAINFALL AND STREAM RLW-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

- Appendix B Table 4 h4ISSION CROP INDICES

Missions Missions Missions Missions north of Missions south of north of Missions south of of Los Los of Los Los Angeles Angeles Angeles Area Area Area 4 5 22 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT Appendix C $ Table 5. f RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS FOR f Precipitation in inches per annum

LO6 LO5 LOS LOS DRUMM POINT SAN ECHO MT. sAN~ABRIEL ANGELES ANIELES ANBELES ANGELES BARRACKS FERMIN NEWHALL FERNANDO MOUNTAIN WILSON POWER RSADENA SPADRA SEASON (winston) (Bent-&) (8iis3 (Duccmmun) (5.P) LIGHT HOUSE (S. PI (S. HOUSE 1 8 4 4-9. 3,410 4 1,3 5 I I 3, 5 3.5 3912 233 1855-56 57 5.87a 58 59 60 - 1860-61 62 63 64 4.59~. 65 7.62 66 8.4% 67 15.8% 68 19.47a 69 9.76a 70 3.49a 1870-71 72 14.86s 73 14.50 l& 68 74 28.80 24 78 75 1510 1 2l.67 10.89a 76 23.15 25.40 26 74 19.17 77 5.05 5.80 5.28 6.14 78 26.90 24.55 11.44 18.91 16.85 79 13.85 1L78 6.77 7.87 6.M 80 24.04 23.34 19.52 15-03 15.05 1880-81 16.20 13.24 9.15 9.45 10.22 82 12.01 11.92 10.40 13.99 8.62 7.61 83 lS.85 8.35 11.62 9.00 5.80 84 35.50 32.16 42.11 34.10 2650 85 9.34 7.94 8.97 7.08 . 86 18.34 24.57 22.56 16.50 87 12 62b 15.70 13.62 U.18 88 26.S 18.91 18s4 1289 15.59 89 P. 39 21.54 19.66 12.04 90 34.81b 39.09 31.35 22.45 1890-91 14.61 15.39 11.94 15-48 92 11.28 7.20 U.80 879 93 26.43 15.90 23.14 P.15 94 6.91 5.54 7.19 5.45 95 ll.01 19.86 19.12 96 7.27 ' 8.76 7.95 97 15.74 18.42 18.74 27.93 98 7.14 5.62 6.20 1865 99 4.91 5.44 3.97 10.72 1899-00 6.a 7.59 6-39 a02 1900-01 8.09 19.08 17.19 3811 02 8.38 9.89 8.76 18.77 03 15.99 19.M 04 5.00 8.22 05 ll.49 27.53 36.94 39.90 06 13.40 18.39 3689 4450 25-29 07 15.05 35-06 40.51 4602 31.46 08 10.42 15.S 21.35 3183 P.10 17.58 22.63 41.04 41.66 33.45 19.85 29.S 24.15 20.97 1910-11 22.22 SY).9S 313. 27-66 12 P.03 15.83 2696 17.12 13 17.79 20.95 15-18 14 31.24 43.45 46.92 41.56 15. 27.50 29.94 90.45 23.86 16 S.68 96.70 35 2s 17 28 08 28.44 18 19.88 2816 20.52 19 17.51 20.62 20 24 84 51-19 s73 1920-21 26.91 34.B %02 22 40.44 W.51 20.33 23. 20.1 23.79 17-53 24 12.83 17.45 1I.B 25 19.65 P.91 1821 29.80 36.26 23.01

a. Incomplete record c. Total, 1878-82 incl b. Part of seasonal record interpolated d. Total, 1878-84 incl. Note: For numerical references giving sources of information see p. 30 RAINFALL AND STREAhI RUN-OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 23 Appendix C LOS ANGELES AREA

SANTA SIERQA PASADENA POMONA ANAHEIM TUSTIN LOS ANGELES (WEATHER BUREALJ MONICA MAORE PASADENA (yelrnes] LCNCO. SEASON 5 3,s 3. 5, 13 3,5 3.5 3.5 14 15 1655-56 57 56 59 60 1880-11 62 33 P 64 a 6s 0 66 U 67 W 68 P! 69 70 1870-71 W 72 0 73 4 74 m 75 76 77 19.60 21.1 W 4.35 5.75 11.35 79 1l.n 16.58 a.34 80 7.08 9.49 13.13 1880-81 7.12 7.74 10.40 82 8.60 7.56 l2.U 83 26.17 3265 38.B 44.83 39.77 84 . 5.76 9.61 9.21 10.00 10.57 85 , 14.75 1638 22.31 24.69 26.11 23.49 86 8.68 9.11 14.05 1210 15.50 13.33 87 16.94 17.53 13.87 18.29 21.77 2l.84 88 18.14 15.42 19.28 19.92 2420 23.35 89 20.00 22.21 34.84 15.37 40.89 28.75 90 15.83 14.76 Is. 28 18.02 18.54 21.88 1890-91 7.42 12.15 U.85 . U.90 15.75 14.66 92 1%95 la10 26.28 19.65 30.n 23.67 29.B 93 4.42 6.42 h 73 7.43 8.91 10.59 12.70 94 16.07 17.00 16.11 14.75 21.53 23.07 26.68 95 7.75 9.47 8.51 8.30 9.61 9.89 10.W 96 14.52 1651 16.86 17.10 16.84 P.S3 22.97 97 5.65 582 7.06 7-83 U.54 1.93 8.92 11.18 98 5.45 6-61 5.59 7-00 9.54 6.04 9.19 7.77 99 8.37 7-29 7.91 8.69 1288 8.54 10.97 11.76 1899- W 14.65 15.45 lh 29 14.70 EO.65 2l.85 24P2 21.91 1900-01 10.08 884 10. €0 11.70 16.23 ll.89 13.44 02 19.47 15.85 19.32 19.36 28.17 24.56 19.92 03 6.45 10.56 8.72 9.06 13.23 10.19 10.31 04 la 78 19.52 18.80 12.10 27-41 26.45 05 19.00 18.65 1858 32.60 25.a I 23.33 I 06 19.68 19.3 8.84 37.74 28.96 07 9.04 ll.72 U.89 ZU.57 16.53 08 14.45 19.18 1808 W.86 26.53 24.00 09 73.87 le6S 43 - 2253 17.99 10 1905 l&l8 17.N 3263 24.15 l9lbll 7.89 ll.60 9.Y 21 17.80 l2 8.11 33-42 10.71 18.52 l& W W 15.66 2565 20.44 40.16 32.12 14 18.51 17.B 19.64 21.95 22.02 15 15 87 19.92 21.27 29.73 25.02 16 10.58 15-20 15.30 24.94 19.08 17 9.49 l3.m 17.62 20.38 19.83 lB 8.47 8.56 11.12 15.09 19.61 19 13.03 a52 13.46 67 19.39 20. 12. a =a5 15.56 24.32 19.41 1920-21 17.51 19.66 16.71 36-49 28.61 82 7.21 9.59 18.80 1548 33 U.09 h 67 12.00 9.59 24 6.48 7.94 17.00 1285 2S 1%48 17.56 SO.% 22.38 26 14.79 17.76 30.99 25.10 21 U.05 9. TI lb.58 13.73 28 9.52 U.68 18.97 15.88 20 CS 76 11.52 20.60 16.33 I I 50 162.38 17407 66.08h 120.13h -- 855lh 228.881 181.86 617.78t 132.36 258.12 256.34 Unit Pmiod 201.27 201.27 9.35 l15.91 - 91.N 233.98 201.21 374.72 111.25 201.27 201.27 Baae Recozd ~' 1.239 1.155 .777 ,965 - - 1.065 1.022 1.106 -61 -84 .779 .788 Multiplier e. Total 1875, '76, '77 and 1878 g. Total 1878-91 incl. f. Total including 1922 h. Total of record 24 hETROPOLITAN WATER- -DISTRICT ------I d Appendix C @ :* Table G RAINFALL------OBSERVATIONS- -- FOR Precipitation in inches per annum

SQUIRREL SANTA ANA 816 BEAR SAN CRAFTON- SEASON CHINO CLAREMONT XEN RANCH LYTLE CREEK INN RIVER DAM BERNARDINO COLTON VILLE

5 Is 5 395 45310 35 5,ll 45 416 5 we $8 mu Pr 1870-71 lS. 94 72 8.98 73 15 10 74 23.81 75 13.65 76 19.90 77 9.52 5.94 78 20.99 14.53 79 11.54 6.71 - 86 20.36 8.76 1880-81 - 13.50 6.08 82 ll.54 7.26 83 9.17 5.93 84 37.51 25.33 85 10.81 7.85 86 P.93 9.B 87 l4m 6.59 88 17.76 10.92 89 20.97 13.46 90 25.45 1489 1890-91 18.08 ll.80 92 33.58 38.W 14.35 8.98 93 25.28 44.31 19.92 1514 15.19 94 8.90 11.37 S.00 24.88 8.13 6.68 10.01 95 2906 24.41 49.50 50.29 P.98 19.26 Zl.06 96 7.91 9.58 16.88 11.29 8.U 5.80 9.09 97 19.94 23.14 43.90 S.25 16.74 15.67 18.84 98 a70 11.03 18.65 20.22 8.24 6. 11.34 99 6.28 7.85 22.24 13.93 7.49 402 5.93 00 *10.6565--27.32 P.47 8.64 7.00 11.57 1900-01 P.03 P.02 29.27 51.52 17.36 15.59 14.22 02 12.27 12.25 15.00 26.68 11.15 10.51 9.83 ID 16.02 18.81 29.75 40.42 .17.42 15.68 l6.95 04 7.82 10.89 18.53 25.15 9.37 6.82 14.a 05 P.40 22.75 38.41 34.43 44.36 20.78 17.78 23.00 06 P.62 65 37.38 44.29 2 48.25 19.88 12.53 07 26.96 26.29 49.69 46.P 40.61 48.98 23.17 19.21 08 M.99 15.4 25.95 27.52 a.60 15.62 13.84 09 19.85 22.28 33.88 48.16 28.62 17.36 12.80 10 ram 17.18 34.67 42-71 a.w 15.02 1910-11-17.00 22.59 45 86 42.07 51TN 30.05 49.21 16.34 12 1207 14.06 36.45 29.56 33.28 26.26 13.84 13 7.44 13,s 34-77 P.71 X.20 18.02 22.00 11.09 14 25.55 33.87 53.62 57.98 59.11 41.08 53.05 21.45 15 21.55 23.50 37.81 39.12 43.57 W.15 54.93 19.64 16 26.06 45.a 57.46 77.61 44.36 60.68 24.72 17 17.a 36.76 41.42 2576 31.58 19.79 18 1Q 79 26.64 33.27 P.15 36.30 13.33 19 ll. 37 19.57 28.23 16.86 . 13. 62 20 21.76 37.00 37.20 33.10 l9.S 19P-21 P.79 37.75 46.15 27.94 16.46 22 26.62 5551 73. 58 4253 27.75 23 12.53 26.59 4427 24.10 ll.04 24 12 76a la 15 28.42 21.18 11.34 25 27.n s4.a 19.10 10.89 26 22.32 35.11 45.23 29.N 20.40 29 39.44 48.68 29.96 eO.55 28 12 74 23.39 16.39 18.53 14.05 29 12.18 a.77 34.54 20.78 1221 30 18.10 28.28 37.02 29 09 14.06 1930-31

Unit Period 945.52 660.38 566.33 898.20 1053.27 739.05 829.13 -- 310.75 239.63 Baee Record 327.81 573.94 274.20 4l6.79 404.07 437.57 351.98 -- 451.55 250.26 hbltlplier .849 .BB9 -484 .464 ,384 .592 .424 - 1.453 1.044 F- a incomplete record b. Part of seasonal record interpolated Note: For numerical references giving sources of information see p. 30 RAINFALL -4ND STREAM RLW-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALlFORNIA 25

Appendix C SAN BERNARDINO AREA

MILL CREEK BEAUMONT BEAU ONT EAUMONT HEMET LAKE SAN REoLnNos 2 (Near) (s.4 $Water Coj (Water c0.1 HEMET RwE~sloE JAclNTo SEASON 335 395 3,s 5,197 ?45 6 6 s5 395

1870-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 188G81 6.31 82 2.94 83 22.74 84 8.97 85 9.42 86 9.55 5.92 87 11.76 88 18.18 15.55 89 25. 78 25.10 18.21 90 19.M 18.43 12.89 1890-91 11.54 14.92 6.44 92 16.67 19 30 12.46 93 10.18 9.46 7.12 8.93 94 22.90 27.04 16.39 16.67 95 9.51 10.01 7.51 9.20 96 21.88 19.66 22.85 12.65 15.52 97 10.33 8.71 1290 5.88 9.46 98 6.3 7.78 8. P 5.70 8.40 99 7. So 11.28 14.80 6.01 9.58 00 13.11 15.96 19.42 8.86 13.40 1900-01 8. EO 14. C8 13.60 6.50 8.24 02 15.82 21.78 19.31 12.74 15.75 03 8.45 15.69 12.73 5.75 7.90 04 20.53 29.56 23.70 16.52 18.59 05 16.61 29.53 27.41 26.06 15.14 1479 ' (H1 P.85 32.69 26.14 26.81 10.31 1&02 07 14.36 22.42 17.18 25.39 ll.34 12.67 08 14.47 27.14 24.34 24.49 1202 13.76 OB -18.26 14.69 18.23 11.93 12.52 10 13.93 25.96 18-00 1484 TT15.44- 1910-11 14.25 P.39 19.34 17.56 12 96 17.72 8.37 12.64 12 7.96 14.54 11.91 10.23 10.75 16.12 7.16 8.62 13 20.44 35.62 31.90 27.48 P.73 23.75 1489 18.87 14 19.77 28.74 27.90 28.61 24.26 25. B 15.07 18.09 15 18. P 26.78 51.95 26.19 19.50 27.B 18.88 16.00 16 14.07 21.88 25.07 19.44 15.07 17.23 9.11 U.45 17 11.90 19.70 19.50 17.08 13.48 17.20 8.92 1227 18 12.22 19.09 14.98 15.68 8.96 15.78 9.85 10.55 19 15.82 26.78 27.23 22.93 1574 Zl.53. 12.00 14.61, 20 1%29 23.02 23. 65 16.88 16-81 9.93 10.82 1920-21 25.50 3401 36.43 32.89 25.80 32.73 19.75 25.23 22 ll.51 P.30 20.12 17. Zl 9.14 19.90 8.59 10.88 23 27 18.19 16.48 13.77 9.08 1208 8.53 9.74 24 9.55 18.04 19 6.84 18 13.29 15.85 7.95 7.28 25 , 18.51 26.35 26.16 24.52 14s 25.N 14.00 16.69 26 17.50 27.05 33.84 27.75 18.66 29.59 14.P 19.37 27 12.52 18-82 16.01 13.16 8.87 13.18 10.99 9.44 28 10.89 16.36 15.24 15 94 7.44 9.19 29 16.80 23.08 P.95 P .94 13.07 15.10 30

602.22 641.67 4E4.85 3s0.95 399.55 246.71 637.56 540.02 488.07 Unit Period 648.90 446.94 309.40 328.48 325.74 299.57 507.81 793.08 571.20 Base Record 1.077 .693 .7ll -911 .a20 1.Zl.O -796 1.468 1.175 hultiplier 1

26 METROPOLrTAN WATER DISTRICT Appendix C @ 1 Table 7 RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS FOR Precipitation in inches per annum ,

"9-

SB . 69 70 - 18?0-n 72 75 11.65 74 37.80 , 75 13.30 76 19.40 't? 8.67 8.80 78 24.a 26.51 7.70 8.49 80 20.45 U.55 15.39 90.6% 1880-81 13.47 16.03 10.61 25.89

82 12.a 16.61 , 13.36 29.28 e3 13.32 11.94 8.42 41.31 & 40.77 50.50 29.45 61.52 8s 1e.w 13.36 10.69 86 1.23 SO.65 16.80 87 10.82 13.71 9.47 88 20.10 22.80 15.73 BO 23.46 M.50 52.83 90 1.91 30.48 61.51 1890-91 19.68 26.56 63.84 38.00 92 13.49 18.07 39.61 37.03 93 21.27 20.60 13.10 39.Y 28.16 94 9.81 9.90 6.95 8.32 15.05 23.94 95 23.85 24.70 14.95 18.81 54.78 36.66 96 9.27 11.94 7.12 10.76 23.38 17.30 91 21.58 24.8% 24.00 16.08 17.77 38.96 98 10.98 11.7- 10.93 6.91 8.68 91 27.69 W 8.70 9.5% 11.74 4.99 9.47 7.96 23.35 1900 13.47 13.12.a 9.61 13.89 11.27 27.70 19W-01 16.60 17.5- 9.20 14.46 13.15 42.81 02 12.45 42.45 8.16 11.66 9.88 36.00 03 23.49 2l. B4a 14.14 17.69 16.55 37.60 04 24-80 4.52 8.16 8.24 23.37 05 54.01 16.29 23.49 19.84 57.89 (# 77.40 15.45 25.43 21.71 56.24 W 23.23 22.10a 11.S 17.88 16.73 44.91 08 15.91 24. 27a 9.41 33.52 12.69 30.35 09 11.94 17.68 24.05a 10.57 18.21 34.35 18.02 45.65 10 15.42 22.45 44.21 23.- 11.12 18.83 29.61 33.44 23.85 19lO-U 13.33 17.49 44.96 X).59a 12.26 15.44 27.75 32.15 28.35 12 12.83 14.W 39.06 =.??a ll.67 14.70 27.60 31.90 26.70 13 8.19 13.W 39.59 12.43a 6.50 10.31 25.64 31.02 20.82 14 15.43 18.48 28. 14.15 19.11 31.77 34.82 35.51 15 20.69 27.16 67.19 37.m 22.12 25.57 44.46 55.79 52.38 16 22.92 26.14 65.12 17.42 27.94 48.27 56.87 53.92 17 10.89 13-19 44.57 1423 17.04 27.08 39.82 30.63 18 14.02 14.77 90.85 10.50 13.87 19.47 29.53 22.04 19 10.17 11.62 28.83 8.62 12.28 21.05 29.93 23.97 20 15.02 17.32 50.70 15.17 33.20 40.15 39.49 19eO-U 8.10 11.65 32.04 11.40 24.76 27.18 25.94 2e 24.17 38.23 71.82 28.89 45.57 59.58 51.28 P 8.35 13.82 ll.56 38.11 30.27 24 10.82 11.95 10.61 29.88 20.40 25 7.18 8.07 11.32 36.10 25.09 26 16.04 19.94 21.44 36.82 35.42 ZI 19.71 28.04 24.68 66.55 50.31 28 12.01 14.46 21.43 29 8.88 12.30 12.87 35.55 30 17.01 20.61 17.00 41.62

unit Period 291.11 244.32 429.95 757.66 513.79 541.42 a07.41 536.83 UK1.58 350.83 1650.98 966.09 mw Recd a4.67 269.F.3 240.94 166.45 142.20 281.88 259.57 318.92 146.94 240.43 108.25 300.93 nrltlplier .737 .578 .56 .22 .453 .52 .825 .594 . .663 .U7 -311 - a. Incomplete record b. Part of seasonal record interpolated Note: For numerical references giving sources of information see p. 30 RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA '? J Appendix C SAN DIEGO AREA 28 METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT 6: Appendix C Table 8 RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS FOR Precipitation in inches per annum

COMPOSITE OF SANTA SANTA BARBARA, m. &R6UfLLO PT.CONCEPTlON BARBARA SANTA OJAl MONO SEASON PT. CONCEPTION LIBHTHOUSE L16HTHOUSE I,PINE CREST LIGHTHOUSE BARBARA (Thatcher) RANCH VENTURA LIGHT HOUSE, I I 3.5 6 5 5 1867-68 SANTA BIRBARA 25.22 69 LIGHT HOUSE, 15.77 70 . PT.HUENEME 'I4 i 10.27 1870-71 LllHT HOUSE. 8.91 72 14.94 79 10.52 74 14.44 15.02 75 0 18.71 15.24 76 Clc 23.07 21.00 77 g 2.- 4.49 5.22 78 W 20.33 29.51 20.22 79 E 9-43 13.58 12.79 80 9.76 25.64 22.06 . 1880-81 W 7.19 15.S 13.91 82 cn 5. n 14.27 11.98 @3 4 6.96 13.41 11.51 84 tn 32.54 34.47 36.13 85 13.08 9.46 86 7.42 24.24 20.22 87 11.U 12.99 14.75 88 15.65 21.71 20.31 89 14.04 21.58 16.85 90 23.25 32.45 25.65 1890-91 14.27 17.36 15.39 92 12.99 12.14 10.73 10.76 ll.10 93 26.23 19.97b 23.74b 26.97 23.49 94 8.17 8.44 7.07 7.02 6.39 95 17.16 12.87 15.44 16.34 15.13 96 13.68 10.05 12.72 13.37 9.90 97 21.28 14.56 18.02 18.50 15.89 98 6.02 4.98 5.08 4.99 6.44 99 13.23 9.27 14.22 12.35 12.35 9.13 1900 12.44 8.14 16.91 12.08 12.66 9.48 1900-01 15.18 11.01 22.57 13.99 15.40 14.05 02 14.40 11.02 11.21 17.72 10.88 14.21 19.38 12.69 03 21.22 13.22 14.80 25.43 17.65 20.74 23.64 16.26 04 12.08 10.01 12.39 16.20 9.28 11.58 14.78 10.64 05 25.93 17.27 18.15 41.60 21.20 29.64 45.20 24-30 06 22.72 16.20 19.19 32.92 18.38 22.70 38.99 19.23 07 26.44 15.87 20.03 39.38 17.75 27.72 39.65 53.36 08 18.32 14.09 11.78 24.68 16.77 19.d 19.42 27.18 17.31 09 32.98 23.02 23.52 44.15 32.15 36.29 23.94 40.80 28.73 10 23.06 19.62 22.23 24.38 1910-11 45.38 31.94 33.60 55.82 12 21.35 16.35 15.31 20.02 13 15.44 12.58 19.25 22.92 14 43.48 31.52 43.16 58.72 15 26.00 21.25 26.24 16 27.68 25.90 27.49 17 22.56 20.85 18 21.68 28.10 19 14.46 12.63 20 14.68 15.24 1920-21 14.31 18.07 22 19.22 29.01 23 17.24 18.39 24 6 7.11 25 12.26 12.27 26 16.87 21.14 27 22.68 24.75 28 13.54 29 14.54 30 13.76

unit period 320.45 120.69 242.50 295.78 275.28 320.45 365.1& 445.19d 250.16 Ease Record 2-- 174.09 320.45 214.94 320.45 320.45 303.51 .278.54 294.01 mltiplier 1.441 1.322 .727 1.164 1.00 ,831 .626 1.175

a. Incomplete record b. Part of seasonal record interpolated Note:. For numerical references giving sources of information see p. 30 RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 29

Appendix C SANTA BARBARA AREA

POINT SANTA SAN HUENEME WEST OJAl PAULA MIGUEL LIGHTHOUSE SATICOY OJAl (~allary) S.P. VENTURA ISLAND OZENA SEASOX 1 5 5 6 3 '3 375 395 1667-69 69 70 . 1870-71 72 75 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 e3 84 85 86 87 88 89 32.42 90 16.05 1-91 9.79 12.00 92 18.94 22.28b 93 4.81 6-17 6.24 94 13.48 16.01 17.76 13.00 95 10.27 10.37 11.73 11.60 96 20.37 17.43 19.16 . 14.50 97 5.09 5.25 5.79 5.65 98 10.57 7.91 8.00 14.29 99 9.56 8.45 19.32 9.57 7.59 1900 12.25 12.32 13.60 7.56 1930-01 11.68 11.65 16.18 19.48 92 18.62 16.16 17.36 03 7.39 12.14 9.72 04 19.79 20.50 29.05 18.78 23.38 05 16.48 16.33 23.71 20.42 22.52 11.89 06 23.92 24.02 37.44 33.52 18.43 24.02 07 14.65 15.72 18.95 17.63 14.62 14.63 08 20.93 25.32 29.24 25.81 E2.42 09 14.86 19.64 16.92 13.88 17.12 10 21.94 33.91 31.32 25.49 31.a 191bll 10.71 13.34 10.17 10.49 12 18.12 6.82 lo.= 13 39.60 34.42 16.78 24.46 14 24.02 2l.13 16.86 20.13 15 28.32 23.95 16.43 13.97 16 22.15 13.41 10.75 17 24.99 22.45 14.37 17.75 18 13.55 9.05 12.93 19 16.64 14.76 6.69 10.52 20 18.30 14.34 10.69 8.91 1920-21 26.91 20.20 15.09 2E 18.93 15.83 8.20 25 7.30 6.94 6.85 6.90 24 11.96 10.57 9.09 7.69 25 21.70 19.02 15.52 15.69 26 28-19 23.78 16.79 13.22 89 15.28 11. a 7.85 28 l3.14 10.14 6.a 29 13.99 10.56 6.29 SO

248.59 197.45 381.92~ 203.83 112.53 80.726 195.10 284.99~ unit Period 320.45 247.93 323.05 214.94 131.18 63.85 240.08 353.86 BaaeRecd 1.293 1.255 .846 1.055 1.165 a794 1 1.W YMtipller METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

Appendix C i i LIST OF REFERENCES FOR RAINFALL TABLES 1. Weather Bureau. Climate and Crop Reports, California Section. .q 2. Irrigation and Water Storage in the Arid Regions. Sigszal Service, 1890. 3. Weather Bureau and Signal Service. Monthly Weather Report. - 4. Physical Data and Statistics; by Wm. Ham Hall, 1884. I. Weather Bzdreazt, Bulletin W. Sunzmary of the Climatological Data for the United States, by Sections. 6. Unpublished record in possession of the author. 7. History of Los Angeles Colmty; by John A. Wilson, 1880, P. 53. 8. Pasadena; by J. W. Wood, 191 7, p. 531. 9. Historical Society of Southern California, VoZ. 1, 1889, p. 33. 3 10. Annual Reports of chief Signal Oficer and Weather Bureau. 9 rn 11. U. S. G. S. Water Supply Paper No. 81. Hydrography of California, by J. B. Lippincott. 12. Southern California Edison Company's records. 13. Successive locations of Los Angeles station, from original Weather Bureau records at local ofice. 14. U. S. G. S. Water Supply Paper No. 219. Ground Waters in the Foothill Belt, by W. C. Mendenhall, 1908. 15. Agricdtural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 236. The Use of Underground Water at Pomona, by C. E. Tait,'l911. 1G. U. S. G. S. Water Supply Paper No. 142. 1 7. Annual Reports of State Agricultural Society. 18. U. S. G. S. Waler Supply Paper No. 446, by C. H. Lee. 19. S??zithso~zianContributio7zs to Knowledge, Val. 18, p. 71. This record is annzlal, not seasonal. 20. Information concerning location of old San Diego gaqes f urnished by Dean Blake, Meteorologist. RAINFALL AND STREAM RUN-OFF IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 3 1 Appendix D

Table 9 RAINFALL INDICES, 176.9-1930

Los San Los San Santa Sanca San Season Angeles Diego 11 Season Angeles Diego Los Bar. San Bernar- Los Bar- San . Bernar- area area li aFea aria I/ Season Anceies bara Dieeo din0Sari II Season Aneeles- bara Dieeo- dino -11 ayes area at& area 11 area area area area