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3 Atmospheric Motion
Final PDF to printer CHAPTER 3 Atmospheric Motion MOTION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE has a great influence on human lives by controlling climate, rainfall, weather patterns, and long-range transportation. It is driven largely by differences in insolation, with influences from other factors, including topography, land-sea interfaces, and especially rotation of the planet. These factors control motion at local scales, like between a mountain and valley, at larger scales encompassing major storm systems, and at global scales, determining the prevailing wind directions for the broader planet. All of these circulations are governed by similar physical principles, which explain wind, weather patterns, and climate. Broad-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation are shown here for the Northern Hemisphere. Examine all the components on this figure and think about what you know about each. Do you recognize some of the features and names? Two features on this figure are identified with the term “jet stream.” You may have heard this term watching the nightly weather report or from a captain on a cross-country airline flight. What is a jet stream and what effect does it have on weather and flying? Prominent labels of H and L represent areas with relatively higher and lower air pressure, respectively. What is air pressure and why do some areas have higher or lower pressure than other areas? Distinctive wind patterns, shown by white arrows, are associated with the areas of high and low pressure. The winds are flowing outward and in a clockwise direction from the high, but inward and in a counterclockwise direction from the low. -
Blizzards in the Upper Midwest, 1980-2013
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2015 Blizzards In The ppU er Midwest, 1980-2013 Lawrence Burkett Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Burkett, Lawrence, "Blizzards In The ppeU r Midwest, 1980-2013" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1749. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1749 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLIZZARDS IN THE UPPER MIDWEST, 1980-2013 by Lawrence Burkett Bachelor of Science, University of North Dakota, 2012 Master of Science, University of North Dakota, 2015 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2015 Copyright 2015 Lawrence Burkett ii PERMISSION Title Blizzards in the Upper Midwest, 1980-2013 Department Geography Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that the permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department of the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. -
Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
Pressure Perturbations and Upslope Flow Over a Heated, Isolated Mountain
4272 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 136 Pressure Perturbations and Upslope Flow over a Heated, Isolated Mountain BART GEERTS,QUN MIAO, AND J. CORY DEMKO University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming (Manuscript received 29 January 2008, in final form 14 April 2008) ABSTRACT Surface and upper-air data, collected as part of the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) experiment during the 2006 monsoon season around the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeast Arizona, are used to study the diurnal variation of the mountain-scale surface convergence and its thermal forcing. The thermal forcing is examined in terms of a horizontal pressure gradient force, which is derived assuming hydrostatic balance. The mountain is ϳ30 km in diameter, ϳ2 km high, and relatively isolated. The environment is characterized by weak winds, a deep convective boundary layer in the after- noon, and sufficient low-level moisture for orographic cumulus convection on most days. The katabatic, divergent surface flow at night and anabatic, convergent flow during the day are in phase with the diurnal variation of the horizontal pressure gradient force, which points toward the mountain during the day and away from the mountain at night. The daytime pressure deficit over the mountain of 0.5–1.0 mb is hydrostatically consistent with the observed 1–2-K virtual potential temperature excess over the mountain. The interplay between surface convergence and orographic thunderstorms is examined, and the consequence of deep convection (outflow spreading) is more apparent than its possible trigger (en- hanced convergence). 1. Introduction mountain-scale convergence in the CBL and, under suitable stability and cumulus development, but small Significant research has been conducted on flow and enough that the solenoidal flow response to elevated pressure variations around an isolated mountain in heating is quasi-instantaneous. -
Earthquake Myths
EARTHQUAKE MYTHS FICTION: California will fall into the ocean. FACT: The ocean is not a great hole into which California can fall, but it is itself land at a somewhat lower elevation with water above it. It’s absolutely impossible that California will be swept out to sea. Instead, southwestern California is moving horizontally northward towards Alaska as it slides past central and eastern California. The dividing point is the San Andreas fault system, which extends from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north. This 800 mile long fault is the boundary between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate. The Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest with respect to the North American Plate at approximately two inches per year (the rate your fingernails grow). At this rate, Los Angeles and San Francisco will one day (about 15 million years from now) be next-door neighbors, and in an additional 70 million years, Los Angeles residents will find themselves with an Alaska zip code! FACT VS. FICTION FICTION: It’s been raining a lot, or very hot--it must be earthquake weather! FACT: Many people believe that earthquakes are more common in certain kinds of weather. In fact, no correlation with weather has been found. Earthquakes begin many kilometers (miles) below the region affected by surface weather. People tend to notice earthquakes that fit the pattern and forget the ones that FICTION: During an earthquake you should head for the don't. doorway. FICTION: My house will be swallowed up during an FACT: That’s outdated advice. -
Touching the Clouds Activity Guide
Touching the Clouds Activity Guide Purpose Provide a mental representation of each cloud type Create a tactile cloud identification chart Overview Individuals will construct and touch a tactile model of common types of clouds to learn how to describe the clouds based on their shape and texture. They will compare their descriptions with the standard classifications using the cloud types identified in the GLOBE Clouds Protocol. Time: 45 minutes to 1 ½ hours, depending on individual’s age Level: All Materials (per person) One large sheet of cardstock (18” x 12”) Tape One set of Braille labels for each cloud type and/or markers One small feather A layered piece of blanket or soft fabric (eight 1’ X 1” pieces) Cotton balls of varied sizes One tissue Organza or a similar material, cut into pieces, one layered 1” x 1” piece Pillow stuffing, one 1” x 1” piece A tsp of sand Three paper clips Liquid glue Scissors Baby Wipes Preparation Use tape to divide the large cardstock sheet in four sections: one for the cloud title at the top and three for the altitudes: using a portrait layout, place three pieces of tape horizontally, from side to side of the sheet. 1. 1” off the upper edge of the sheet 2. 8” off the upper edge of the sheet 1 Steps What to do and how to do it: Making A Tactile Cloud Identification Chart 1. Discuss that clouds come in three basic shapes: cirrus, stratus and cumulus. a. Feel of the 4” feather and describe it; discuss that these wispy clouds are high in the sky and are named cirrus. -
Ref. Accweather Weather History)
NOVEMBER WEATHER HISTORY FOR THE 1ST - 30TH AccuWeather Site Address- http://forums.accuweather.com/index.php?showtopic=7074 West Henrico Co. - Glen Allen VA. Site Address- (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AccuWeather.com Forums _ Your Weather Stories / Historical Storms _ Today in Weather History Posted by: BriSr Nov 1 2008, 02:21 PM November 1 MN History 1991 Classes were canceled across the state due to the Halloween Blizzard. Three foot drifts across I-94 from the Twin Cities to St. Cloud. 2000 A brief tornado touched down 2 miles east and southeast of Prinsburg in Kandiyohi county. U.S. History # 1861 - A hurricane near Cape Hatteras, NC, battered a Union fleet of ships attacking Carolina ports, and produced high tides and high winds in New York State and New England. (David Ludlum) # 1966 - Santa Anna winds fanned fires, and brought record November heat to parts of coastal California. November records included 86 degrees at San Francisco, 97 degrees at San Diego, and 101 degrees at the International airport in Los Angeles. Fires claimed the lives of at least sixteen firefighters. (The Weather Channel) # 1968 - A tornado touched down west of Winslow, AZ, but did little damage in an uninhabited area. (The Weather Channel) # 1987 - Early morning thunderstorms in central Arizona produced hail an inch in diameter at Williams and Gila Bend, and drenched Payson with 1.86 inches of rain. Hannagan Meadows AZ, meanwhile, was blanketed with three inches of snow. Unseasonably warm weather prevailed across the Ohio Valley. Afternoon highs of 76 degrees at Beckley WV, 77 degrees at Bluefield WV, and 83 degrees at Lexington KY were records for the month of November. -
HS Science Distance Learning Activities
HS Science (Earth Science/Physics) Distance Learning Activities TULSA PUBLIC SCHOOLS Dear families, These learning packets are filled with grade level activities to keep students engaged in learning at home. We are following the learning routines with language of instruction that students would be engaged in within the classroom setting. We have an amazing diverse language community with over 65 different languages represented across our students and families. If you need assistance in understanding the learning activities or instructions, we recommend using these phone and computer apps listed below. Google Translate • Free language translation app for Android and iPhone • Supports text translations in 103 languages and speech translation (or conversation translations) in 32 languages • Capable of doing camera translation in 38 languages and photo/image translations in 50 languages • Performs translations across apps Microsoft Translator • Free language translation app for iPhone and Android • Supports text translations in 64 languages and speech translation in 21 languages • Supports camera and image translation • Allows translation sharing between apps 3027 SOUTH NEW HAVEN AVENUE | TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74114 918.746.6800 | www.tulsaschools.org TULSA PUBLIC SCHOOLS Queridas familias: Estos paquetes de aprendizaje tienen actividades a nivel de grado para mantener a los estudiantes comprometidos con la educación en casa. Estamos siguiendo las rutinas de aprendizaje con las palabras que se utilizan en el salón de clases. Tenemos una increíble -
2013 Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan Severe Storm Hazard Profile
Final - Hazard Profile – Severe Storm Severe Storm Frequency 50+ yrs 10-50 yrs 1-10 yrs Annually People <1,000 1,000-10,000 10,000-50,000 50,000+ Economy 1% GDP 1-2% GDP 2-3% GDP 3%+ GDP Environment <10% 10-15% 15%-20% 20%+ Property <$100M $100M-$500M $500M-$1B $1B+ Severe Storm Risk Level Hazard scale < Low to High > Frequency – Severe storms, which include any or a combination of: thunderstorms, hail, wind storms, lightning, or a tornado, happen annually in Washington. People – Looking at past history of injuries and deaths due to severe storms in Washington, the minimum threshold of a thousand injuries for this category is not met. Economy – According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center, Washington has not experienced a severe weather event that totaled losses that met or exceeded the minimum dollar amount /percentage for this category.1 Environment – Severe storms do affect the environmental landscape of Washington, but their effect does not meet the minimum threshold for this category. Property – Severe storms can have a large impact on the property of the state, both residential and commercial. The December 2006 windstorm affected all 39 counties and the estimate for damage is still being tallied and is greater than $50 million. Total property damage from the greatest windstorm to hit Washington is estimated at $235 million (1962 dollars). This was the Columbus Day Storm of October 1962, which was the strongest non-tropical storm to ever hit the contiguous 48 states. Figure 5.7-1 and Figure 5.7-2 below show previous occurrences of tornado and hail events, respectively, from 1960 to 2012 as reported by the National Climatic Data Center. -
Chinook Vol. 9 No. 3
.+ Learning Weather • • • A resource study kit suitable for students grade seven and up, prepared by the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada Includes new revised poster·size cloud chart Decouvrons la meteO ... Pochettes destinees aux eleves du secondaire et du collegial, preparees par Ie service de I'environnement atmos heri ue d'Environnement Canada Incluant un tableau revise descriptif des nuages Learning Weather Decouvrons la meteo A resource study kit, contains: Pochette documentaire comprenant: 1. Mapping Weather 1. Cartographie de la meteo A series of maps with exercises. Teaches how Serie de cartes accompagnees d'exercices. Oecrit weather moves. Includes climatic data for 50 Cana les fluctuations du temps et fournit des donnees dian locations. climatologiques pour 50 localites canadiennes. 2. Knowing Weather 2. Apprenons a connaitre la meteo Booklet discusses weather events, weather facts Brochure traitant d'evenements, de faits et de legen· and folklore, measurement of weather and several des meteorologiques. Techniques de I'observation et student projects to study weather. de la prevision de la met eo. Projets scolaires sur la 3. Knowing Clouds meteorologie. A cloud chart to help students identify various cloud 3. Apprenons a connaitre les nuages formations. Tableau descriptif des nuages aidant les elilves a identifier differentes formations. Cat. No. EN56·5311983·E Each kit $4.95 Cat. N° EN56·5311983F Chaque pochette: 4,95 $ Order kits from: Commandez les pochettes au : CANADIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING CENTRE CENTRE D'EDITION DU GOUVERNEMENT DU OTTAWA, CANADA CANADA, K1A OS9 OTTAWA (CANADA) K1A OS9 Order Form (please print) Bon de commande Veuillez m'ex pedier _ _ exemplaire(s) de la pochette Please send me _ _ copy(ies) of Learning Weather at $4.95 "Decouvrons la meteo" it 4.95 $ la co pie. -
Earthquake Weather: Where Grief and Memory Collide
EARTHQUAKE WEATHER: WHERE GRIEF AND MEMORY COLLIDE ELLA H. This work explores the relationship between grief and memory in my own life. In my research, I looked into earthquakes and compared the geological change that they cause to personal change in my life as a result of loss. To me, earthquakes feel like an appropriate metaphor for loss because, while they are destructive, they shape our world. Their unpredictability also mirrors the unpredictability of loss. As a San Franciscan, I’ve been taught to be prepared for disaster, even though we don’t know exactly when it will strike. During my sophomore year of high-school, my best friend died after a year and a half long battle with cancer. Within the last month of her life, I knew that she was close to death, although I didn’t know when it would happen. In my art, I aimed to create a piece to represent some of my memories of her, while also expressing the instability of not knowing when loss would occur. My art focuses on a specific memory that took place in my best friend’s old backyard. I recently returned there and sat on her rope-swing from our childhood. Although the yard was empty, I could clearly picture younger versions of ourselves, as well as other various memories associated with the place. I recreated the swing to physically recreate my present perspective; I intend for the swing to create a sense of instability for the viewer. I painted clouds in oil on a large-scale canvas and collaged charcoal drawings that represent memories from the backyard onto it. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.