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Is There an Association Between Urinary Tract Infection and Toilet Type?
Original Research / Özgün Araştırma Is There an Association Between Urinary Tract Infection and Toilet Type? İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonu ile Tuvalet Tipi Arasında İlişki Var mı? Basri Furkan Dağcıoğlu*1, Erhan Şimşek1, Ramazan İlbey Tepeli1 ABSTRACT Aim: Many metabolic, physiological, and social factors play a role in the formation of infections. The results of the studies investigating the association between toilet type and urinary tract infection (UTI) are contradictory. This study aims to investigate the relationship between UTI and toilet habits and toilet type used. Methods: A cross-sectional study, including 344 participants between the ages of 18-60, was conducted. Sociodemographic information, toilet preferences, toilet habits, diagnosed chronic diseases, and histories of UTI were questioned with a structured questionnaire. Results: Front-to-back wiping, use of urinals in public places, and use of toilet paper were associated with a history of UTI in some genders. No significant relationship was observed between the parameters of general toilet preference, type of toilet preferred at home, and the frequency of water closet use, and UTI history in both genders. Conclusion: The toilet preference and some toileting habits may play a role in UTI. Further studies are required to reveal the real significance of this association. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, toilet type, water closet, squatting toilet, toileting behaviors. ÖZET Giriş: Enfeksiyonların oluşumunda birçok metabolik, fizyolojik ve sosyal faktör rol oynar. Tuvalet tipi ile idrar yolu enfeksiyonu (İYE) arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran çalışmaların sonuçları çelişkilidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İYE ile tuvalet alışkanlıkları ve kullanılan tuvalet türü arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Yöntem: 18-60 yaş arası 344 katılımcının yer aldığı kesitsel bir çalışma gerçekleştirildi. -
Redalyc.Toilet Training
Jornal de Pediatria ISSN: 0021-7557 [email protected] Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria Brasil Mota, Denise M.; Barros, Aluisio J. D. Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions Jornal de Pediatria, vol. 84, núm. 1, enero-febrero, 2008, pp. 9-17 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria Porto Alegre, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=399738157004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 0021-7557/08/84-01/9 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria REVIEW ARTICLE Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions Denise M. Mota,1 Aluisio J. D. Barros2 Abstract Objective: To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents’ expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities. Sources: Articles published between 1960 and 2007, identified via the MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, ERIC, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO databases plus queries on the Google search engine; a search of related articles, references of articles, by author and of pediatrics societies. A total of 473 articles were examined and 85 of these were selected for this review. Summary of the findings: Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. -
1 Robert P. Dillard, MD
Robert P. Dillard, MD Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 1 Guideline for Constipation in Infants and Children Know approach to constipated infant & child Know organic causes of constipation Understand that functional constipation is common Know major historical and physical finding to differenti a te ftilfunctional from “i”“organic” constipation Know treatment 2 CC: “Something’s wrong with his bowels” HPI: Daily multiple episodes of stool into underwear Sticky, stains No regular BM Recalls huge stools (clogged toilet) Blood seen Used to stand in corner and hide Red face/wriggle Problem 1st around toilet training time Punishing done at day care Worried about starting school PMA Normal P/L/D/neonatal infancy Straining with change to formula ROS Generally healthy Normal growth No neurological/developmental problems Urination normal FH ‐ Mother has problem with constipation SH –parent, dog, cat, alligator, sister 3 Physical Exam Healthy appearing 50% ht/wt General exam nl Abdomen – distended, bowel sound present, palpable movable masses Back –intact, no hair tuff or pigmentation, buttocks normal contour Spine /sacrum– intact Perineum –anus normally placed, smear stool seen, stained underwear, normal sensation, normal anal wink, flattened anal canal, dilated rectum/hard stool mass, no urge to defecate moments after rectal exam, occult blood neg Neurological – cognition/behavior/tendon/cutaneous reflexes/tone –nl 4 SlStruggles to have BM Have to help Cries with pain Reports pain Didn’t help to spank Outcast at school Stomach ache Poor appetite 5 3% Visits: General Pediatric Clinic 10 ‐ 25% Visits: Pediatric GI Feels like 90% Laxatives $225 million/year business Estimated 1.5% of second grade school children are encopretic 3% of large clinic OPD pediatric visits are for constipation and soiling 10‐25% of pediatri c GI clin ic viiisits for constiiipation and soiling* *PCNA Vol. -
Reaching the Last Mile Innovative Business Models for Inclusive Development Public Disclosure Authorized Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Reaching the Last Mile Innovative Business Models for Inclusive Development Public Disclosure Authorized Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova Reaching the Last Mile Social Enterprise Business Models for Inclusive Development Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova © Copyright March 2018 The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433 All rights reserved Photos: cover-bottom middle (Anvar Ilyasov/World Bank); p. 4, cover-top middle (AishaFaquir/ World Bank); p. 17 (egwestcentre.com); p. 32 (Text2Teach); p. 34, cover-bottom left (Jonathan Ernst/World Bank); p. 70 (ABBAS Farzami-Runi Consultancy/World Bank); p. 71 (Huong Lan Vu/World Bank); p. 86 (Trevor Samson/World Bank); p. 87 (Merck for Mothers); p. 100 (Arogya Triage@Home); p. 103, 182 (Living Goods); p. 121 (thebetterindia.com); p. 134 (LV Prasad Eye Institute); p. 137 (salaUno); p. 148 (Dominic Chavez/World Bank); p. 149 (AFRIpads); p. 163 (Jayashree Industries); p. 167 (Elmvh/Wikimedia Commons); p. 185 (ABN AMRO); p. 188 (Dana Smillie/World Bank); p. 189 (www.thinkindia.net.in); p. 200 (Mobisol); p. 204 (Onergy India); p. 217 (Devergy); p. 222, cover-top left (Graham Crouch/ World Bank); p. 223 (Allison Kweseli/World Bank); pp. 225, 238 (Ghana Wash Project); pp. 235, 265 (Safe Water Network India); p. 240, cover-bottom right (Curt Carnemark/ World Bank); pp. 241, 255 (Sanergy); p. 252 (Clean Team Ghana); p. 258 (Fresh Life); p. 259 (Almin Zrno/World Bank); p. 261 (WeCyclers); p. 286 (Farhana Asnap/World Bank); p. 287 (Simgas); p. 314 (Peter Kapuscinski/World Bank); p. -
Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Enterprises (Msmes)
Contents I. Introduction .....................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. II. Analysis – role of MSMEs in fulfilling the SDGs ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere ….…………………………………………………………………………4 Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.. ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. .........Error! Bookmark not defined. Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 10 Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. ...............Error! Bookmark not defined. Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all …………... 14 Goal 7. Ensure access to afforadble, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all ………………... 16 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. ..............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. ...........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark -
Toileting Policy
Tocumwal Pre-School SECTION: 2 - Children’s Health and Safety POLICY NO: 2.6.2 POLICY: Toileting REVIEW DATE: 7/6/18 DATE OF APPROVAL: Introduction Children can have specific health requirements and these often change over time and vary due to a range of factors. The centre will work closely with children and families to ensure that we support families and meet children’s specific requirements for comfort and welfare in relation to daily routines including toileting. The centre will minimise the spread and risks of infectious diseases between children, other children and staff, by maintaining high standards of hygiene. Effective hygiene practices assist significantly in reducing the likelihood of children becoming ill due to cross-infection or as a result of exposure to materials, surfaces, body fluids or other substances that may cause infection or illness. Goals – What are we going to do? Ensure that the dignity of children is upheld, and that family practices and beliefs are respected when toileting or changing children. Consistent approaches between the home and the education and care environment allow children to gain confidence in their abilities and develop independence with their toileting skills. This consistent approach allows children to identify appropriate hygiene and toileting practices that will reduce the spread of infectious disease. Toileting facilities and practices that ensure ease of access, good supervision and support for children will enable children to develop toileting skills within a safe and secure environment. Routine and self-help activities enable educators to promote children’s learning, meet individual needs and develop strong trusting relationships with children. -
June 2014 On-Board Survey | Verbatim Comments
Caltrain 2014 On-Board Survey Verbatim Comments Corey, Canapary & Galanis Caltrain | June 2014 On-Board Survey | Verbatim Comments Train Comment 101 COST TOO HIGH FOR 2 ZONE. 101 PLEASE DO A BETTER JOB OF ENFORCING THE "SHORT AND QUIET" CELL PHONE POLICY. CONDUCTORS SHOULD SPEAK TO INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE DISREGARDING IT. 101 ADD A SB TRAIN BETWEEN 7:30 PM - 8:40 PM, WIFI SO EVERYONE QUITS WHINING. 101 REAL TIME WEBSITE 101 NEED MORE TRAIN STOP AT SAN MATEO! 102 MY ONLY CONCERN WOULD BE THE SCHEDULE SOMETIMES THE TRAIN SCHEDULE DOES NOT WORK WITH MY WORK SCHEDULE. 102 THE RESTROOM OFTEN SMELL BAD AND IT LINGERS INTO OTHER AREAS 102 CLIPPER IS AWFUL. AN ANCIENT SYSTEM. TAGGING NOT NEEDED FOR MONTHLY AUTO UPDATES, STAFF ON TRAINS 102 ARE GREAT NEED MORE BIKE SPACES-IT GETS VERY BUSY AND THERE HAVE BEEN MANY TIMES I HAVE BEEN TURNED AWAY. 102 ENFORCE THAT PEOPLE HAVE A TAG ON BIKE, DO NOT LET THEM RIDE IF THEY DON’T. 102 TRAINS RUN LATE, ESPECIALLY LOCAL TRAINS....MORNING TRAINS ARE USUALLY GOOD ON TIME, AND COMMUTE HOUR TIMING IS GREAT, BUT MIDDAY IS NO GOOD. 102 PLEASE ADD WIFI 142 SAFETY IMPROVE - WEIRD PEOPLE TEND TO STAY ON STATION. 142 BULLY CONDUCTORS NEED TO STOP! 142 THE RESTROOM ON THE OLDER TRAINS ARE TOO SMALL FOR AN ADULT. ONE CAN'T USE THE TOILET WITHOUT CONSTANTLY ELBOWING THE WALL. AIRPLANES HAVE LARGER LAVATORIES AND A BETTER USEABLE FAUCET. MAJOR DELAYS ARE HANDLED POORLY. ONLY PIECES OF INFORMATION ARE TOLD TO THE CONDUCTORS AND PASSENGERS WHO ARE OFTEN LEFT WAITING IN THE COLD FOR HOURS. -
TOILET TRAINING and ENCOPRESIS
ENCOPRESISENCOPRESIS Ricardo A. Caicedo, M.D. University of Florida Pediatric Gastroenterology Revised July 2005 ENCOPRESISENCOPRESIS • Introduction – Definition – Classification •Elements – Constipation – Stool Retention – Incontinence – Development and Behavior • Toilet training • Other potentiators • Evaluation • Management ENCOPRESIS1 • Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places such as clothing or floor •Age >4 years – chronological or mental • Involuntary or intentional • Not due to an organic disorder or medication • At least once a month for > 3 months 1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994:106-110. ENCOPRESIS • Affects 1-3 % of children • Boys > girls (estimated at 4-6:1)2 • Most accidents occur later in day (3-7 PM)2 • Primary (continuous): child has never completed toilet training for stool • Secondary (discontinuous): toilet trained child regresses to incontinence 2. Levine MD. Encopresis. In: Levine MD, Carey WB, Crocker AC, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1983: 586-95. ENCOPRESIS • Retentive (80-95%): involves – Constipation – Stool retention – Overflow incontinence • Nonretentive or “solitary”(5-20%)3: – No constipation or overflow incontinence – Stool toileting refusal/resistance/”phobia” – Often manifestation of emotional disturbance • Virtually all children with encopresis retain stools at least intermittently4 3. Kuhn BR et al. Am Family Physician 1999; 59(8): 312-17. 4. Levine MD. Pediatr Rev. 1981; 2:285. EPIDEMIOLOGY5 INCIDENCE Overall children 1.5 % • Incidence & prevalence decrease with age School children 1.5-7.5%13 aged 6-12 • More prevalent in boys 4 y/o 2.8 % • Prevalence reverses in 5 y/o 2.2 % elderly 6 y/o 1.9 % • 16% of affected 7 y/o 1.5 % children have one Gen Peds clinics 3.0 % affected parent Child Ψoutpts. -
Dr. Barton Schmitt's Toilet Training Guidelines for Parents
Dr. Barton Schmitt’s Toilet Training Guidelines For Parents Provided by McKenzie Pediatrics 2007 Dr. Barton Schmitt is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and perhaps the most well-known living pediatrician. The following is adapted from his writings, with some of our own additions. Toilet training is accomplished when a child uses a potty chair or toilet for bladder & bowel functions during waking hours. Nighttime bladder control usually occurs later, because it requires the ability to suppress the urge to urinate during sleep, or the advance skill of awakening from sleep to the signal of a full bladder. Even at 6 years of age, 10% of children still wet their bed. Successful toilet training is good for both parents and children. Not having to change diapers and wash of a bottom frees up considerable parental time, and saves a significant amount of money. Once a child is toilet trained, the options for travel, babysitters, day care and preschool multiply. From the child’s standpoint, using the toilet can enhance the sense of mastery and self-esteem, as well as prevent the discomfort of a diaper rash. Yet many parents postpone toilet training. The predominant reason seems to be the ease and availability of disposable diapers and pull-ups. Other factors are busy, dual-career families, and just plain procrastination. To keep toilet training in perspective, remember that half of children around the world not having access to diapers are toilet trained between 12 and 18 months of age. Even here in the U.S., low income families tend to toilet train their children earlier to save money on diapers. -
Design Data on Suspension Systems of Selected Rail Passenger Cars RR 5931R 5021
Design Data on Suspension U.S. Department Systems of Selected Rail of Transportation Federal Railroad Passenger Cars Administration Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20590 ~ail Vehicles & lonents NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMS No. 0704-0188 " Public reporting bulden for this collection of infonnation is estimated to average 1 hourper response. including the time for naviewing instructions. sean:hin9 existing data sources. gathering and maintaining the data needed. and completing and naviewing the collection of information. send comments regarding this bulden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information. including suggestions for reducing this bulden. to WashingICn Headquarters services Dinactorata for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway. SUite 1204, Arlington. VA 22202-4302. and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperworlc Reduction Project (07~188). Washington. DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND OATES COVE~EO July 1996 Final Report ~ober1993-December1994 4. TITLE AND SUBnTLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS Design Data on Suspension Systems of Selected Rail Passenger Cars RR 5931R 5021 6. AUTHORS Alan J. Bing. Shaun R. Berry and Hal B. Henderson 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZAnON NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANlZAnON Arthur D. -
The Provision of Public Toilets
House of Commons Communities and Local Government The Provision of Public Toilets Twelfth Report of Session 2007–08 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 6 October 2008 HC 636 Published on 22 October 2008 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 Communities and Local Government Committee The Communities and Local Government Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department for Communities and Local Government and its associated bodies. Current membership Dr Phyllis Starkey MP (Labour, Milton Keynes South West) (Chair) Sir Paul Beresford MP (Conservative, Mole Valley) Mr Clive Betts MP (Labour, Sheffield Attercliffe) John Cummings MP (Labour, Easington) Jim Dobbin MP (Labour Co-op, Heywood and Middleton) Andrew George MP (Liberal Democrat, St Ives) Mr Greg Hands MP (Conservative, Hammersmith and Fulham) Anne Main MP (Conservative, St Albans) Mr Bill Olner MP (Labour, Nuneaton) Dr John Pugh MP (Liberal Democrat, Southport) Emily Thornberry MP (Labour, Islington South and Finsbury) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/clgcom Committee staff The current staff of the Committee are Huw Yardley (Clerk of the Committee), David Weir (Second Clerk), Andrew Griffiths (Second Clerk), Sara Turnbull (Inquiry Manager), Josephine Willows (Inquiry Manager), Clare Genis (Committee Assistant), Gabrielle Henderson (Senior Office Clerk), Nicola McCoy (Secretary) and Laura Kibby (Select Committee Media Officer). -
Sustainability Report 2007-2008 Absorbent Hygiene Products
Sustainability Report 2007-2008 Absorbent Hygiene Products Prepared by: The Absorbent Hygiene Products Manufacturers Committee of EDANA Foreword from the Chairman In 2007, the year of Europe’s 50th birthday, we are delighted to present EDANA’s second Sustainability Report, an initiative of our Absorbent Hygiene Products Manufacturers Committee’s (HAPCO) Sustainability and Environmental Working Group. In the same year that the Treaty of Rome was signed, a Swedish firm, building on the first disposable diaper developments of the 1940s, developed a 2-piece diaper, which consisted of a disposable wad of shredded paper pulp covered with gauze which was inserted into reusable plastic pants. Heralded by mothers at the time as one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, parents today can now enjoy the benefits of fifty years of research & development and innovation of this life-changing product, which has brought huge benefits to society in terms of hygiene, health, comfort and convenience. This edition of the Sustainability Report is an update of the 2005 Report rather than a completely new report. We have sought to extend the amount of information available within the public domain about our industry and its impact on social, environmental and economic aspects of life in modern society. Our ongoing commitment means that we are continuously improving our sustainability performance and we are able to update the information contained in the 2005 Report with data from 2005 and 2006. We have also extended this report to contain data on the feminine care category of absorbent hygiene products; that is sanitary pads, pantyliners and tampons.