Walking on the Path the Buddha
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The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
Radiant-Social-Key-06 B
9 Planet Earth in the Solar System Formative Assessment (CCE Pattern) 1. Tick (3) the correct answer : Ans. a. i. b. ii. c. ii. d. ii. 2. Fill in the blanks : Ans. a. The first urbanisation in India began during the Harappan period. b. resembled chamber of commerce. c. The use of new tools enhanced agricultural production. d. Gramabhojaka was the largest landowner of the village. 3. Answer the one sentence : Ans. a. Second urbanisation starting from the 6th century BC. b. The grazers were called 'Gopalakas'. c. In South India, there were three categories of cultivators. The landowners were called vellalar, ordinary farmers uzhavar and landless labourers adimai or kadaisiyar. These terms have been mentioned in the Sangam Literature. Summative Assessment (CCE Pattern) 1. Answer the following questions in short : Ans. a. Urbanisation is the process by which people move from villages to towns; and larger rural settlements gradually grow into towns and then cities. b. Bharuch, Sopara and Tamralipti were towns that developed primarily as trading centres. Trade was flourishing. Imports were gold, silver coins copper, tin, coral; white cotton silk, ivory and perfume were exported. There was trade link between North and South India and also with the Roman Empire. c. Coins also help us greatly in finding out about early cities. The archeologists have discovered several thousand of coins belonging to the period under consideration. The earliest coins discovered from a number of sites, are known as punch-marked coins. They have been accorded this name because of the designs which were punched on to the metalsilver or copper. -
1 Post-Canonical Buddhist Political Thought
Post-Canonical Buddhist Political Thought: Explaining the Republican Transformation (D02) (conference draft; please do not quote without permission) Matthew J. Moore Associate Professor Dept. of Political Science Cal Poly State University 1 Grand Avenue San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 805-756-2895 [email protected] 1 Introduction In other recent work I have looked at whether normative political theorizing can be found in the texts of Early or Canonical Buddhism, especially the Nikāya collections and the Vinaya texts governing monastic life, since those texts are viewed as authentic and authoritative by all modern sects of Buddhism.1 In this paper I turn to investigate Buddhist normative political theorizing after the early or Canonical period, which (following Collins2 and Bechert3) I treat as beginning during the life of the Buddha (c. sixth-fifth centuries BCE) and ending in the first century BCE, when the Canonical texts were first written down. At first glance this task is impossibly large, as even by the end of the early period Buddhism had already divided into several sects and had begun to develop substantial regional differences. Over the next 2,000 years Buddhism divided into three main sects: Theravada, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. It also developed into numerous local variants as it mixed with various national cultures and evolved under different historical circumstances. To give just one example, the Sri Lankan national epic, the Mahāvaṃsa, is central to Sinhalese Buddhists’ understanding of what Buddhism says about politics and very influential on other Southeast Asian versions of Buddhism, but has no obvious relevance to Buddhists in Tibet or Japan, who in turn have their own texts and traditions. -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage New Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISBN 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San irst Printing, 2002 " 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 " 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety, for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma, is allowed after prior notification to the author. New Cover Design ,nset photo shows the famous Reclining .uddha image at Kusinara. ,ts uni/ue facial e0pression evokes the bliss of peace 1santisukha2 of the final liberation as the .uddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the 3reat Stupa of Sanchi located near .hopal, an important .uddhist shrine where relics of the Chief 4isciples and the Arahants of the Third .uddhist Council were discovered. Printed in ,uala -um.ur, 0alaysia 1y 5a6u6aya ,ndah Sdn. .hd., 78, 9alan 14E, Ampang New Village, 78000 Selangor 4arul Ehsan, 5alaysia. Tel: 03-42917001, 42917002, a0: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATI2N This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to ,ndia from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in .uddhism, have made those 6ourneys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Compassion & Social Justice
COMPASSION & SOCIAL JUSTICE Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo PUBLISHED BY Sakyadhita Yogyakarta, Indonesia © Copyright 2015 Karma Lekshe Tsomo No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the editor. CONTENTS PREFACE ix BUDDHIST WOMEN OF INDONESIA The New Space for Peranakan Chinese Woman in Late Colonial Indonesia: Tjoa Hin Hoaij in the Historiography of Buddhism 1 Yulianti Bhikkhuni Jinakumari and the Early Indonesian Buddhist Nuns 7 Medya Silvita Ibu Parvati: An Indonesian Buddhist Pioneer 13 Heru Suherman Lim Indonesian Women’s Roles in Buddhist Education 17 Bhiksuni Zong Kai Indonesian Women and Buddhist Social Service 22 Dian Pratiwi COMPASSION & INNER TRANSFORMATION The Rearranged Roles of Buddhist Nuns in the Modern Korean Sangha: A Case Study 2 of Practicing Compassion 25 Hyo Seok Sunim Vipassana and Pain: A Case Study of Taiwanese Female Buddhists Who Practice Vipassana 29 Shiou-Ding Shi Buddhist and Living with HIV: Two Life Stories from Taiwan 34 Wei-yi Cheng Teaching Dharma in Prison 43 Robina Courtin iii INDONESIAN BUDDHIST WOMEN IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Light of the Kilis: Our Javanese Bhikkhuni Foremothers 47 Bhikkhuni Tathaaloka Buddhist Women of Indonesia: Diversity and Social Justice 57 Karma Lekshe Tsomo Establishing the Bhikkhuni Sangha in Indonesia: Obstacles and -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage ew Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISB: 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San First Printing, 2002 – 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 – 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety , for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma , is allowed after prior notification to the author. ew Cover Design Inset photo shows the famous Reclining Buddha image at Kusinara. Its unique facial expression evokes the bliss of peace ( santisukha ) of the final liberation as the Buddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the Great Stupa of Sanchi located near Bhopal, an important Buddhist shrine where relics of the Chief Disciples and the Arahants of the Third Buddhist Council were discovered. Printed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by: Majujaya Indah Sdn. Bhd., 68, Jalan 14E, Ampang New Village, 68000 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tel: 03-42916001, 42916002, Fax: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATIO This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to India from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in Buddhism, have made those journeys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Maps of Ancient Buddhist India
Maps of Ancient Buddhist India drawn and compiled by ânandajoti Bhikkhu (Revised February 2012) Maps of Ancient Buddhist India Table of Contents Preface.....3 The Growth of the Dispensation.....5 The Buddha's Early Career.....16 The Realised One's Rain's Retreats.....18 The Realised One's Last Tour.....20 The Distribution of the Relics.....22 The Four Places that Produce Enthusiasm.....24 Bàvarã's Students' Walk across Ancient India.....26 The 16 Great States.....28 The Five Great Rivers.....30 Mount Sineru and Lake Anotatta.....32 Asoka's Edicts.....34 Asoka's Missions.....36 Where the Dhammapada-s were found.....40 2 Maps of Ancient Buddhist India Preface Here you will find presented a number of maps of Buddhist places in Ancient India to help as a reference for those interested in understanding the geography of places and the demographic distribution of peoples mentioned in the Buddhist texts. A number of them have been prepared specially for this section, and others accompany particular texts and translations that are presented elsewhere on this website. The intention is to add to this section as and when the need arises. I have included modern place names in some of the maps so as to help orientate the reader, who may not be familiar with the geography of India. I have also annotated the maps to give sources and further relevant information that could not be included elsewhere. My main sources for information in compiling the maps have been the following: Geography of Early Buddhism by B.C. Law; Dictionary of Pàli Proper Names by G.P. -
Newsletter, Fall 2009
Fall 2009•2552 Volume 14, Number 3 The Right Angle Everyone Benefits, Nobody Loses Out By Luang Por Liam, translated by Ajahn Siripañño The entire world and everyone in it needs repay the debt is called kataveditā. the Dhamma as a protection. We all survive The ones who know what has been and find comfort in life with the support of done for them are called kataññu. And the knowledge and skills, mindfulness and those who return the favor gratefully are wisdom, of countless others. Without their called katavedi. help we would all perish as soon as we leave Kataññu-kataveditā: acknowledging our mother’s womb. We’d have no food to the debt we owe to others and paying it eat, clothes to wear or house to live in. Our back with acts of gratitude are spiritual parents, whose faces we have never even qualities which protect the world from seen before, give us life and all the things harm, help society to function, and lead we need to make us healthy and strong. to peace and happiness. People, however, For our clothes and living places, and all are less and less able to see that we all the various skills we learn, we are entirely have this mutual debt of gratitude which indebted to others. From the first moments must be repaid, and failing to under- in our mothers womb, all of us have a debt of stand this is the reason for the increase gratitude owed to innumerable other people in heated fighting and quarrelling. So, – no need to mention our parents and all our taking an interest in the qualities of teachers, to whom the sense of gratitude we kataññu-katavedi is something which is should feel is incalculable. -
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Researchnstitute, Poona, pp.171-201 Rhys Davids in his Buddhist India (p. 188) has given a chronological table of Buddhist literature from the time of the Buddha to the time of Asoka which is as follows:-- 1. The simple statements of Buddhist doctrine now found, in identical words, in paragraphs or verses recurring in all the books. 2. Episodes found, in identical words, in two or more of the existing books. 3. The Silas, the Parayana, the Octades, the Patimokkha. 4. The Digha, Majjhima, Anguttara, and Samyutta Nikayas. 5. The Sutta-Nipata, the Thera-and Theri-Gathas, the Udanas, and the Khuddaka Patha. 6. The Sutta Vibhanga, and Khandhkas. 7. The Jatakas and the Dhammapadas. 8. The Niddesa, the Itivuttakas and the Patisambbhida. 9. The Peta and Vimana-Vatthus, the Apadana, the Cariya-Pitaka, and the Buddha-Vamsa. 10. The Abhidhamma books; the last of which is the Katha-Vatthu, and the earliest probably the Puggala-Pannatti. This chronological table of early Buddhist; literature is too catechetical, too cut and dried, and too general to be accepted in spite of its suggestiveness as a sure guide to determination of the chronology of the Pali canonical texts. The Octades and the Patimokkha are mentioned by Rhys Davids as literary compilations representing the third stage in the order of chronology. The Pali title corresponding to his Octades is Atthakavagga, the Book of Eights. The Book of Eights, as we have it in the Mahaniddesa or in the fourth book of the Suttanipata, is composed of sixteen poetical discourses, only four of which, namely, (1.) Guhatthaka, (2) Dutthatthaka. -
The Mission Accomplished
TheThe MissionMission AccomplishedAccomplished Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. The Mission Accomplished A historical analysis of the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya of the Pali Canon. by Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph. D. The Mission Accomplished is undoubtedly an eye opening contribution to Bud- dhist analytical Pali studies. In this analytical and critical work Ven. Dr. Pate- gama Gnanarama enlightens us in many areas of subjects hitherto unexplored by scholars. His views on the beginnings of the Bhikkhuni Order are interesting and refreshing. They might even be provocative to traditional readers, yet be challenging to the feminists to adopt a most positive attitude to the problem. Prof. Chandima Wijebandara University of Sri Jayawardhanapura Sri Lanka. A masterly treatment of a cluster of Buddhist themes in print Senarat Wijayasundara Buddhist and Pali College Singapore Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association 90, Duku Road. Singapore 429254 Tel: 345 6741 First published in Singapore, 1997 Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association ISBN: 981–00–9087–0 © Pategama Gnanarama 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems or technologies now known or later developed, without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Cover: Mahaparinibbana; an ancient stone carving from Gandhara — Loriyan Tangai. Photograph reproduced by Mr K. C. Wong. Contents Introductory . 8 Chapter 1: The Mahaparinibbana Sutta & its Different Versions . -
Buddhism in Myanmar a Short History by Roger Bischoff © 1996 Contents Preface 1
Buddhism in Myanmar A Short History by Roger Bischoff © 1996 Contents Preface 1. Earliest Contacts with Buddhism 2. Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu Kingdoms 3. Theravada Buddhism Comes to Pagan 4. Pagan: Flowering and Decline 5. Shan Rule 6. The Myanmar Build an Empire 7. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Notes Bibliography Preface Myanmar, or Burma as the nation has been known throughout history, is one of the major countries following Theravada Buddhism. In recent years Myanmar has attained special eminence as the host for the Sixth Buddhist Council, held in Yangon (Rangoon) between 1954 and 1956, and as the source from which two of the major systems of Vipassana meditation have emanated out into the greater world: the tradition springing from the Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw of Thathana Yeiktha and that springing from Sayagyi U Ba Khin of the International Meditation Centre. This booklet is intended to offer a short history of Buddhism in Myanmar from its origins through the country's loss of independence to Great Britain in the late nineteenth century. I have not dealt with more recent history as this has already been well documented. To write an account of the development of a religion in any country is a delicate and demanding undertaking and one will never be quite satisfied with the result. This booklet does not pretend to be an academic work shedding new light on the subject. It is designed, rather, to provide the interested non-academic reader with a brief overview of the subject. The booklet has been written for the Buddhist Publication Society to complete its series of Wheel titles on the history of the Sasana in the main Theravada Buddhist countries. -
January-February 2005, Volume 32(PDF)
.c> Jan./Feb. 2005 Vol. 32· 00e' 0 15 .c DHARMA WORLD '"'::. 0 "" For Living Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue ~... 8 N @ .g CONTENTS ~ g Cover photo: "Bear and Boy Silhouette," ~ Special Feature: Emerging Forms of Spirituality Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. Photo by Emerging Forms of Spirituality by Mark R. Mullins 2 Ken Ross. The Roots ofJapanese Spirituality: A Linguistic Exploration by Toji Kamata 5 Drifting Faith: Civil Society and Public Philosophy in Japan by Tomoya Kaji 9 DHARMA WORLD presents Buddhism as a A Vision of the Religion of the Future by Soho Machida 13 Emerging Forms of Spirituality 2 practical living religion and promotes in A Reflection: Religion and Science in Global Society terreligious dialogue for world peace. It · by Kuniko Miyanaga 15 espouses views that emphasize the dignity War, Environmental Destruction, and Religion: of life, seeks to rediscover our inner na The Spiritual World ofHayao Miyazaki's ture and bring our lives more in accord Nausicaii of the Valley of the Wind by Martin Repp 18 with it, and investigates causes of human suffering. It tries to show how religious principles help solve problems in daily life Reflections and how the least application of such Learning throughout Life by Nichiko Niwano 21 principles has wholesome effects on the Achieving Peace in a Globalized World by Nikkyo Niwano 40 world around us. It seeks to demonstrate truths that are fundamental to all reli The Stories of the Lotus Sutra gions, truths on which all people can act. The Stories of the Lotus Sutra 23 The Jewel in