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Tellurides and Bismuth Sulfosalts in Gold Occurrences of Greece: Mineralogical and Genetic Considerations

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Tellurides and Bismuth Sulfosalts in Gold Occurrences of Greece: Mineralogical and Genetic Considerations Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Conference Presentations, Posters and Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Proceedings 2007 Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogical and genetic considerations P. Voudouris University of Athens Paul G. Spry Iowa State University, [email protected] V. Melfos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki D. Alfieris S&B Industrial minerals S.A. Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_conf Part of the Genetics Commons, Geochemistry Commons, Mineral Physics Commons, and the Volcanology Commons Recommended Citation Voudouris, P.; Spry, Paul G.; Melfos, V.; and Alfieris, .,D "Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogical and genetic considerations" (2007). Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Conference Presentations, Posters and Proceedings. 20. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_conf/20 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Geological and Atmospheric Sciences at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Conference Presentations, Posters and Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogical and genetic considerations Abstract Pre-Tertiary to Tertiary gold deposits in Greece occur in a wide range of genetic types including volcanic massive sulfides, orogenic, intrusion-hosted, skarn, manto-, porphyry- and epithermal-type ores. Almost all of the gold mineralization hosts various Bi-tellurides and Bi-sulfosalts, which in addition to Au-Ag- tellurides, are indicators of specific physicochemical conditions of ore formation. The Bi-bearing mineralization can be subdivided into three groups regarding their spatial relationship to gold: (a) mineralization which lacks tellurides but includes Bi-sulfosalts and native gold, (b) mineralization where Bi-tellurides of the reduced-type (joseite-A, joseite-B, pilsenite) accompany Bi-sulfosalts, native bismuth and native gold, (c) deposits/prospects where Au-Ag-tellurides are abundant and Bi-tellurides and Bi- sulfosalts are absent. Bi-telluride and -sulfosalt mineralization in Greece underwent several stages of remobilization during successive accretionary episodes in active continental margins and arc terranes during the Carboniferous to Pleistocene. Keywords Gold ores, tellurides, gold, silver, sulfosalts, bismuth, Greece Disciplines Genetics | Geochemistry | Mineral Physics | Volcanology Comments This proceeding is published as Voudouris, P., Spry, P.G., Melfos, V., and Alfieris, .,D 2007, Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogy and genetic considerations, in Kojonen, K. K., Cook, N.J., and V.J. Ojala (eds.), Au-Ag-Te-Se deposits, Proceedings of the 2007 Field Workshop (Espoo, Finland, August 26-31, 2007). Geological Survey of Finland Guidebook 53, p. 85-94. This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ge_at_conf/20 Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Opas 53 – Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 53, 2007 Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogical and genetic considerations Tellurides and bismuth sulfosalts in gold occurrences of Greece: mineralogical and genetic considerations P. VOUDOURIS Dept. Mineralogy-Petrology, University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece, [email protected] P.G. SPRY Department of Geological andAtmospheric Sciences, Iowa States University, 253 Science Hall I, Ames IA 50011-3212, USA V. MELFOS Dept. Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece D. ALFIERIS S&B Industrial minerals S.A., 15A Metaxa str. 14564 Kifissia, Athens, Greece Summary: Pre-Tertiary to Tertiary gold deposits in Greece occur in awide range of genetic types including volcanic massive sulfides,orogenic, intrusion-hosted,skarn, manto-, porphyry-and epithermal-type ores. Almost allofthe goldmineralization hosts various Bi-tellurides and Bi-sulfosalts,which in additiontoAu-Ag-tellurides, are indicators of specificphysicochemical conditions of ore formation. The Bi-bearing mineralizationcan be subdivided into three groups regarding theirspatial relationshiptogold: (a) mineralizationwhich lacks tellurides but includes Bi-sulfosalts and nativegold, (b) mineralization where Bi-tellurides of the reduced-type (joseite-A, joseite-B, pilsenite) accompany Bi-sulfosalts, native bismuth and native gold, (c) deposits/prospectswhere Au-Ag-tellurides are abundant andBi-tellurides and Bi-sulfosalts are absent.Bi-telluride and -sulfosalt mineralization in Greece underwent several stages of remobilization during successive accretionary episodes in activecontinental margins and arc terranes during theCarboniferous to Pleistocene. Key Words: Goldores, tellurides, gold, silver, sulfosalts,bismuth,Greece 1. INTRODUCTION al., 2005; Eliopoulos and Chryssoulis, 2005). Both the shear zone Au-Ag deposits and the low Primary gold deposits in Greeceoccur in awide sulfidation epithermal Au-Agdeposits lie close to range of genetic types, comprising VMS deposits or within metamorphic domes and mayberelated of pre-Tertiaryage, those related to metamorphic to post collision orogenic collapse and exhumation or deformation processes, ores related to of these structures (Marchev et al., 2005). The Mesozoic-Miocene shearing, and deposits related Attico-Cycladic metamorphic belt comprises a to Tertiary-Quaternary magmatic activity(skarn number of types of mineralization, which are in and manto-type, porphyry-type, vein-type, part genetically related to arc-related magmatic epithermal-type) (Eliopoulos and Kalogeropoulos, rocks, and in part controlled by exhumation 1985; Bitsios, 1989; Skarpelis, 2002; Arvanitidis, structures of high-pressure units in aback-arc 2003). The Rhodope metallogenic ore province setting (Skarpelis, 2002; Neubauer,2005). The (Melfosetal., 2002) including the Attico-Cycladic Massif (Okrusch andd Bröcker, Servomacedonian-Rhodope massifs (Mposkos and 1990) contains base- and precious-metal skarn, Krohe, 2001, Reischmann and Kostopoulos, 2007) intrusion-related, orogenic and epithermal host porphyry Cu-Mo-Au and epithermal Au mineralization in south Evia, Sifnos, Mykonos, deposits, Pb-Zn (Ag-Au) carbonate replacement, Tinos and KythnosIslands(Alexouli-Livaditi, skarn and vein deposits of Late Eocene to 1978; Vavelidis, 1997; Tombros et al., 2004; Oligocene age, epithermal Au-Ag deposits and Neubauer, 2005; Spry et al., 2006). At Sifnos shear zone hosted mesothermal to low sulfidation Island, orogenic ore formation occurred during epithermal gold-silverdeposits not related to extensional kinematic conditions, when the Sifnos intrusiveactivity (e.g. Ada Tepe in Bulgaria) metamorphic core complex reached anear-surface (Ashworth et al., 1988; Nesbitt et al., 1988; level (Neubauer, 2005). Arvanitidis and Constantinides, 1989; Hellingwerf Despite several mineralogicalstudies of gold et al., 1994; Arvanitidis et al., 1996; Marchev et mineralization in Greece, an integrated 5 Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Opas 53 – Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 53, 2007 P. Voudouris, P. G. Spry, V. Melfos and D. Alfieris documentation of telluride and Bi-sulfosalt 2002) from the adjacent Miocene(?)microgranite- bearing ores has yet to be done. The aim of the hosted porphyry Cu-Mo system of Maronia/W. present study is to review all mineralogicaldata Thrace. Intrusion-hosted sheeted quartz veins and concering tellurides and Bi-sulfosalts from various stockworks, rich in molybdenite and scheelite gold deposits/prospects in Greece (Fig. 1), to from the Kimmeria Oligocene granodioriticbody, present new information concerning the location which outcrop east of Xanthi/Rhodope massif, of bismuth sulfosalts and tellurides, and to discuss contain minor emplectite, wittichenite and aikinite their origin. (Walenta and Pantzartzis, 1969). The Stypsi prospect, a newly discovered porphyry Cu±Mo mineralization on Lesvos Island contains bismuthinite (Voudouris and Alfieris, 2005). Bismuthinite, galenobismutite, cosalite and aikinite were reported from the Oligocene skarn- carbonate replacement polymetallicMadem Lakkos sulfide deposit, Chalkidiki/northern Greece, in marbles of the Servomacedonianmassif (Nebel et al., 1991; Gilg 1993 ). In asimilar style of mineralization, at Kamariza mines in the Lavrion area (Attika), aclose spatial association exists among native gold, native bismuth and bismuthinite (Fig. 2c) (Voudouris,2005). Several other Bi-Cu-Pb-Ag sulfosalts, including bismuthinite, lillianite homologues, Cu-matildite, aikinite,Ag-aikinite,mummeite, emplectite and wittichenite occur as inclusions in chalcopyrite (Voudouris and Economou-Eliopoulos, 2003). In the high-intermediate sulfidation epithermal Fig. 1. Locationmap of tellurides and Bi-sulfosalts occurrences in Greece assemblages of St Philippos, St Demetrios and Pefka in W. Thrace/Greece, the Bi-sulfosalts 2. Bi SULFOSALTS AND NATIVE BISMUTH kirkiite, bismuthinite, cosalite, aikinite and hammarite have been reported (Dimou, 1993; Bismuth sulfosalts are widespread in almostall the Voudouris et al., 2006; Voudouris, 2006). New gold deposits in Greece. In the Oligocene parageneticrelationshipsfromthe PeramaHill porphyry-type mineralization of Pagoni Rachi/W. high-intermediate sulfidation epithermal system
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