Missionários Ou Ricos Mercadores? O Comércio Da Seda Entre O Japão E Macau Nos Séculos XVI E XVII

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Missionários Ou Ricos Mercadores? O Comércio Da Seda Entre O Japão E Macau Nos Séculos XVI E XVII MISSIONARY Missionários ou Ricos Mercadores? O Comércio da Seda entre o Japão e Macau nos Séculos XVI e XVII Maria de Deus Beites Manso* Desde há algumas décadas que o tema África, Ásia e, posteriormente, a América, numa “circularidades” se integrou no debate académico. Se dinâmica intensa de circularidades económicas e inicialmente o tema se centrou nas questões europeias, culturais, e num espectro de civilidades por todo o estendeu-se às matérias relacionadas com o Império século xvi. Assim, alargaram-se as ofertas de produtos português, reavaliado na perspectiva de um “mundo em e as rotas amalgamaram os espaços e as gentes. movimento” (Russel-Wood),1 numa referência às trocas Os missionários foram um dos grupos mais comerciais e às relações intercoloniais que se deram no activos no projecto das conquistas ultramarinas, espaço colonial português entre os séculos xv e xix, a dividindo com os navegantes o papel de protagonistas fim de explicar novos saberes e aquisições ocorridos e garantiram a participação da Igreja no expansionismo nos encontros e confrontos, permutas e Português. A sua acção, legitimada pelo Padroado, interacções desta época. integrou-se no projecto expansionista. Actuavam O projecto da conquista/ directamente em todas as possessões portuguesas. As circulação lusa propunha-se diferentes Ordens concorreram por uma supremacia conseguir saberes, almas evangelizadora. No entanto, a Companhia de Jesus e bens. As tão desejadas teve uma função decisiva nas acções comerciais, visto especiarias e o comércio que os seus religiosos, empenhados na evangelização e dos produtos do Oriente nas acções catequéticas, diversificaram o seu contacto sustentaram o expansionismo com o Outro, interessando-se incisivamente pelas europeu. O mundo luso criou um operações mercantis, trocas e intercâmbios culturais diálogo com todos os continentes. e comerciais. As redes comerciais do Império A Companhia de Jesus, embora sendo uma ordem foram tecidas unindo Europa, de criação régia, devido ao seu modelo missionário reclamou outras formas de sobrevivência: rendas, * Doutorada em História e Professora Auxiliar com Agregação na Universidade doações de particulares, testamentos e acções mercantis. de Évora, a sua investigação centra-se na História da Expansão Portuguesa, A maioria dos inacianos defendia abertamente a na História Cultural e na História Religiosa. Investigadora do NICPRI (Núcleo de Investigação em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais) da Universidade experiência mercantil. O trato desenvolvido pela de Évora. Ordem estendeu-se de África ao Oriente e à América. Ph.D. in History. Assistant Professor with Habilitation at Évora University, conducts Por exemplo, segundo Jorge Luzio na sua tese de research in the areas of History of Portuguese Expansion, Cultural History and Religious History. Currently Associate Researcher at Évora Univerty’s NICPRI (Centre mestrado, a profusão comercial em que Goa se of Research in Political Science and International Relations). encontrava como o grande centro mercantilista luso- 2013 • 42 • Review of Culture 105 MARIA DE DEUS BEITES MANSO MISSIONAÇÃO 106 Revista de Cultura • 42 • 2013 MISSIONÁRIOS OU RICOS Mercadores? MISSIONARY -asiático, os inacianos viram, por exemplo, no marfim que nem os comerciantes portugueses faziam pelas a mesma importância económica que o ouro obtinha muitas proibições, como seja deslocar essa seda para em outras regiões.2 outros lugares e vendê-la mais cara. Nesta contenda, No presente artigo, pretendemos centrar-nos no os comerciantes, exaltados, queriam que o procurador comércio do Oriente, particularmente no trato entre João de Crasto (1583-1594) devolvesse os 3000-4000 Macau e o Japão nos séculos xvi e xvii. cruzados de lucro ao feitor da nau, alegando que o A Companhia Jesus a Oriente, sobretudo na lucro realizado pelos padres com a seda fiada também Índia, possuía enormes propriedades (Província de poderia ter sido conseguido pelos mercadores, se Goa) e abertamente dedicava-se a actividades mercantis, tivessem procedido da mesma forma. parte fundamental para o apoio das suas missões. Por A disputa do procurador João de Castro foi desta exemplo, no caso da Índia, a questão do confisco de forma neutralizada. O que os comerciantes de Macau bens aos templos hindus e as doações dos agentes régios desconheciam era que o então vice-provincial do Japão, e de particulares contribuíram para o enriquecimento Gaspar Coelho (1581-1590), ordenara que Castro fosse da Ordem,3 algo que não acontecia no Extremo a Macau e nesse porto contactasse o antigo superior Oriente, onde a dependência do apoio e doações Francisco Cabral para o ajudar a acrescentar 30 picos dos ricos comerciantes se tornou fundamental para a de seda aos 70 estabelecidos no contrato com a cidade continuidade do projecto missionário. Actualmente têm de Macau. Os seus esforços não foram totalmente sido feitos estudos que abordam o comércio de monta alcançados, não conseguindo obter mais do que 15 a que os inacianos executavam pelo Extremo Oriente, 20 picos.5 tornando-se numa das formas de sobrevivência.4 A título marginal, na época em questão os Entre os diferentes temas ainda por analisar, comerciantes mais ricos da cidade não conseguiam relativamente à presença da Companhia na embarcar mais do que 15 a 20 picos de seda,6 pelo intermediação comercial entre a China e o Japão, que podemos concluir que o maior investidor era sem decidimos seleccionar talvez um dos maiores escândalos dúvida a Companhia de Jesus. Não obstante o contrato financeiros ocorrido na década de 80 do século xvi na estabelecido de apenas 70 picos e a pretensão de 30 cidade de Macau. picos7 adicionais,8 o padre procurador João Crasto Até finais do século xvi os Jesuítas tinham teria também ido a Cantão com os comerciantes somado uma série de privilégios. Entre estes, destacava- portugueses,9 evidenciando na feira, para indignação -se o investimento facultado no contrato com a cidade dos portugueses um grande talento de negociador, de Macau, onde investiam entre 250 a 300 picos de mostrando-se “mais solicito que elles” [mercadores seda, tomando-a por fiado aos mercadores da nau lusos].10 Esta conjuntura seria minuciosamente descrita para depois a venderem ao mesmo preço da restante pelos jesuítas Alonso Sánchez11, 12 e Francisco Cabral ao seda vendida no Japão. Contudo, os investimentos padre geral Cláudio Acquaviva valendo um forte aviso dos inacianos não se circunscreviam a este acordo. ao visitador Alessandro Valignano: A realidade era bem diferente, já que os membros “En la tercera carta trata vuestra paternidad da Companhia aproveitavam qualquer ocasião para algunos puntos acerca del trato de la seda que los ampliar as suas rendas (devido ao seu endividamento nuestros de Japón tienen en la China. el primero causado pelo naufrágio do navio de Macau nas costas es tener vuestra paternidad sabido que un Padre da Formosa, em 1582). Em 1583, estima-se que os fue de Japón a la China y se metió tanto, así en lucros dos Jesuítas rondaram entre os 3000 e os 4000 Cantón como en Japón, con este trato que dió algún cruzados, o que teria causado grande tumulto entre escándalo. El segundo que la permisión que hasta os comerciantes, os quais protestavam com razão, ahora se concedió, así por vuestra paternidad como uma vez que, além do acordo realizado com a cidade por Su Santidad fue dispensasión a tiempos y más de Macau, os jesuítas ainda se atreviam a negociar necesaria que voluntaria por salud de las almas y com sedas de outros comerciantes e a praticar aquilo pues ahora estaba convenientemente proveído se había luego de tirar este trato. el tercero, prueba ser Chegada do “barco negro” ao porto de Nagasáqui. Japón suficientemente proveído en la cuenta que 13 Pormenor de biombo namban (século xvii). vuestra paternidad manda”. 2013 • 42 • Review of Culture 107 MARIA DE DEUS BEITES MANSO MISSIONAÇÃO 108 Revista de Cultura • 42 • 2013 MISSIONÁRIOS OU RICOS Mercadores? MISSIONARY Alessandro Valignano, em carta ao padre geral padres conseguiram usufruir destes 40 picos de seda Acquaviva,14 fundamentou a atitude do procurador suplementar que não era escoada no mercado japonês; João de Crasto, dizendo que este arrecadara e atendera porém, geralmente toda a seda que era transportada a ordens expressas pelo vice-provincial Gaspar Coelho, pelos portugueses era vendida.17 O próprio Alessandro dado que, em 1582, os padres tinham perdido mais Valignano, herdeiro do português Francisco Cabral, de 8000 cruzados de investimento, pois a embarcação também sustentaria este plano comercial.18 Valignano comercial que fazia a escala Macau-Japão se afundara. avalizava que o lucro retirado destes 50 picos de seda seria vulgarmente de 1600 cruzados19 e não de 5000 ou 6000 ducados como Francisco Cabral dizia.20 Até finais do século XVI Valignano confirma ainda que um pico de seda era obtido na feira de Cantão por 90 cruzados e vendido os Jesuítas tinham somado uma no Japão por 140 cruzados, dos quais se retiravam série de privilégios. Entre estes, os fretes de 10% e os direitos de 3% o que originava a venda de um pico a 121 cruzados limpos.21 Esta destacava-se o investimento estimativa é-nos dada já na década de noventa do século xvi, pelo que devemos salientar que, inicialmente, os facultado no contrato lucros seriam muito maiores, devido ao sistema de com a cidade de Macau... exclusividade e monopólio das sedas da China no Japão, controlado pelos portugueses, e pela não utilização do “contrato da pancada” implementado por João A forma como os Jesuítas arremetiam na Rodrigues Tçuzu. De qualquer forma, devemos ter em armação da seda tornou-se de tal forma debatida que consideração que os números adiantados por Valignano foram necessários outros acordos comerciais entre a seriam bastante inferiores aos reais, na medida em que Companhia de Jesus e os representantes da cidade de havia uma política seguida pela Companhia de Jesus Macau. Em vez dos 90 picos que tinha por provisão para obtenção de fundos, de forma a cobrir os gastos régia, a Companhia de Jesus sugeria investir apenas de um projecto de doutrinação muito oneroso.
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