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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001

Empowered lives.

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This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board.

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This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development programme (UNDp) and the centre for the analysis of South african Social policy at the Oxford Institute of Social policy at the University of Oxford

n November 2009, the Khomas Regional 2011 Census becomes available and is subsequently Council requested UNDP to assist in designing used for carrying out a similar analysis. an objective criterion or set of criteria, devoid of political and other considerations, which the This report presents, using tables, charts and digital Council could use in allocating development maps, a profile of multiple deprivation in Oshikoto resources. Subsequent discussions led to an region at data zone level, which is a relatively new agreement that other stakeholders, especially the statistical geography developed for purposes of Central Bureau of Statistics needed to be involved measuring deprivation at a small area level. This and that the criterion or set of criteria needed to technique of profiling deprivation at datazone level, Igo beyond income poverty considerations. It was each with approximately 1000 people only, enables also agreed that rather than focus on Khomas the identification and targeting of pockets of region alone, the criterion or set of criteria needed deprivation within Oshikoto region for possible use to be applicable to, or cover the entire country. in panning for and implementation of development Specifically, it was agreed that a composite index of interventions. The aim of the exercise was to multiple deprivation, the Namibia Index of Multiple produce a profile of relative deprivation across Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at both Oshikoto region in order for the most deprived national and regional levels. Since the scope and areas to be identified and clearly delineated. In depth of analysis needed for the development of this way, it would be possible for regional and the NIMD required very detailed and reliable data constituency level policy and decision makers, and information, it was agreed that the 2001 census as well development practitioners, to consider a data, though ‘outdated’, be used as the source of particular domain of deprivation, or to refer to the inter alia information for preparing the NIMD. Accordingly, overarching NIMD for each constituency or datazone, the NIMD being presented in this report reflects the in , allocating and applying development situation in Oshikoto region at the 2001 time-point resources and interventions. The NIMD can also only. UNDP and the GRN recognize that the report be used as a platform for effecting a paradigm shift does not speak to possible changes in relative in development planning towards increased focus deprivation that may have occurred in the Oshikoto on and targeting of deprived areas and sectors; region since 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 NIMD as well as interrogating the causes of inequality could serve as a benchmark against which change in access to basic services within the region. The over the last decade could be measured when the NIMD at datazone level should be viewed as adding

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 1 to the existing body of information and knowledge, the University of Oxford, under the leadership and including local knowledge systems, about poverty guidance a national steering committee chaired and deprivation in Oshikoto region and the large by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central family of existing planning and resource allocation Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of tools and methodologies already in use at the representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. regional and constituency levels. In addition to providing the funds for carrying out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight This project was undertaken by Professor Michael and technical backstopping to the project through Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social thanked for his assistance with producing the Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at datazones.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 2 Table Of cONTeNTS

Section 1: Introduction 5

1.1 Background 5 1.2 Defining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7

Section 3: Methodology 8

3.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.3 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 10 Background 10 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.4 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 12 3.5 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 13 3.6 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 13 Purpose of the domain 13 Background 13 Indicators 14 Combining the indicators 14

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 3 3.7 Constructing the domain indices 15 3.8 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 15 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 16 Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Kavango Region 17

4.1 Multiple Deprivation 17 4.2 Domains of deprivation 22 Section 5: conclusion and Some policy Recommendations 37

annex 1: Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 39

Material Deprivation Domain 39 Employment Deprivation Domain 39 Health Deprivation Domain 39 Education Deprivation Domain 39 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 39 appendix 2: Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks 40

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 4 SecTION 1: INTRODUcTION

This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for the Oshikoto region. The NIMD is a composite index reflecting five dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; education deprivation; health deprivation; and living environment deprivation.

he NIMD and the component domains of the project was to construct measures of multiple deprivation were produced at datazone deprivation at constituency level in order to provide level using data from the 2001 Population a more detailed analysis of deprivation which Census. Datazones are small areas containing would enable Khomas Regional Council, and other approximately the same number of people (average regional councils across Namibia, to rank their areas 1,000). The datazone level NIMD therefore provides in order of deprivation, and also to set them in the a fine-grained picture of deprivation and enables context of all other areas in Namibia. The datazone pockets of deprivation to be identified in Oshikoto level index presented in this report draws from the region. previous constituency index, and covers, in detail, T the entire country including Oshikoto region. In The report is structured as follows: The background constructing the NIMD at datazone level however, information and the conceptual framework which it became necessary to make some small changes underpins the model of multiple deprivation is described in this introductory section. In Section 2 the rationale for and process of constructing datazones are described. Section 3 introduces The NIMD and the the domains and indicators that were included in the NIMD and summarises the methodological component domains of approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. deprivation were produced In Section 4 datazone level results for Oshikoto region are presented, while conclusions and some at datazone level using data general policy recommendations are presented in Section 5. 1.1 background from the 2001 Population Census. As will be elaborated

Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level in Section 2, datazones for the Khomas Region, but applicable to other are small areas containing regions of the country as well, using data from the 2001 Population Census at constituency level after approximately the same a two-day consultative process on the domains and indicators with members of the Central Bureau of number of people Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of (average 1,000)

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 5 to some of the domains and indicators initially that there exists separate dimensions of deprivation used in the constituency level study. These changes which can be recognised and measured, and are explained in detail in Section 3 of this report. are experienced by individuals living in an area. As such, the constituency level index has also been Multiple deprivation is therefore conceptualised as revised to give a comparable measure. The initial a weighted combination of distinct dimensions or results of the work at the datazone level were domains of deprivation. An area level score for each presented to, and validated by, representatives of domain is produced and these are then combined all the 13 Regional Councils at a workshop held in to form an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation. Ondangwa in November 2011. 1.2 Defining poverty and relative Although the area itself is not deprived, it can deprivation nonetheless be characterised as deprived to other areas, in a particular dimension of deprivation, on the basis of the proportion of people in the area Townsend (1979) sets out the case for defining experiencing the type of deprivation in question. ‘Individuals, families and groups can be said to be in poverty in terms of relative deprivation as follows: In other words, the experiences of the people in an poverty if they lack the resources to obtain the types area give the area its deprivation characteristics. It of diet, participate in the activities and have the living is important to emphasize that the area itself is not conditions and amenities which are customary or at deprived, though the presence of a concentration least widely encouraged or approved in the societies of people experiencing deprivation in an area may to which they belong’ give rise to a compounding deprivation effect, (Townsend, 1979, p31). but this is still measured by reference to those individuals. Though ‘poverty’ and ‘deprivation’ have often been used interchangeably, many have argued Having attributed the aggregate of individual that a clear distinction should be made between experience of deprivation to the area however, them (see for example the discussion in Nolan and it is possible to say that an area is deprived in Whelan, 1996). Based on this line of thought, it can that particular dimension. And having measured be argued that the condition of poverty means not specific dimensions of deprivation, these can be having enough financial resources to meet a need, understood as domains of multiple deprivation. In whereas deprivation refers to an unmet need, his article ‘Deprivation’ Townsend also lays down which is caused by a lack of resources of all kinds, the foundation for articulating multiple deprivation not just financial. as an aggregation of several types of deprivation 1.3 The concept of multiple (Townsend, 1987). Townsend’s formulation of deprivation multiple deprivation is the starting point for the model of small area deprivation which is presented in this report. The starting point for the NIMD is a conceptual model of multiple deprivation. The model of multiple deprivation is underpinned by the idea

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 6 SecTION 2: DaTazONeS

Datazones are a new statistical geography for Namibia created especially for this version of the NIMD 2001. This section provides a non-technical overview of the process of creating the datazones and summarises their characteristics.

he methodology adopted is based on a This helps to ensure that the datazone geography similar process undertaken in South Africa created is ‘meaningful’ in that, for example, in (Avenell et al., 2009) which in turn was urban areas housing of a similar type are grouped adapted from techniques developed in the United together within one datazone and that those living Kingdom (see, for example, Martin et al., 2001). in EAs within a single datazone share similar socio- Datazones were built up from Census Enumeration economic characteristics. Areas (EAs) to create a standard uniform geography across Oshikoto region based on the existing EA In order to achieve this all EAs were analysed geography which nest within the ten constituency using a technique known as cluster analysis. This boundaries.T Though a datazone may be created technique groups EAs across the country and the from a single EA, it is usually created by merging region into a small number of ‘families’ based on one or more contiguous EAs which share common a variety of relevant characteristics. The datazones characteristics in accordance with a set of pre- were checked and validated by obtaining aerial defined rules. The actual creation of datazones photography underlays for the mapping software was undertaken using a variety of geographical and visually inspecting boundary positions. programming techniques (see Avenell et al., 2009). A set of rules governing the merging process was drawn up to ensure that the datazones had, as close as was possible, the following characteristics: Population size Though a datazone : Datazones are designed to have a similar resident population size - this allows may be created from a comparability across the region. The target population size was 1,000 with a minimum of 500 single EA, it is usually and maximum of 1,500. A total 165 datazones were created for the Oshikoto region. created by merging Population density

: Datazones should comprise one or more contiguous EAs of similar population density. This is important EAs which to ensure that urban areas become distinct from rural areas. The datazone algorithm incorporated share common thresholds to ensure that, wherever possible, urban areas became tightly bounded. Internal homogeneity characteristics in

: It is important that accordance with a set datazones comprise EAs of similar characteristics. of pre-defined rules. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 7 SecTION 3: MeThODOlOGy

3.1 an introduction to the domains

and indicators that the same person can be captured in more than one domain. So, for example, if someone Domains was unemployed, had no qualifications and had no access to basic material goods they would be The NIMD was produced using the 2001 Namibian captured in the Employment Deprivation, Education Population Census which was supplied by the Deprivation and Material Deprivation domains. Namibian Central Bureau of Statistics for the The indicators were chosen following an extensive purposes of this project. Whilst the intention consultation process with representatives of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Khomas Regional should always to be concept-led rather than ‘data- 2 driven’, the project team was restricted to selecting Council and UNDP . indicators from the range of questions included within the 2001 Census. The NIMD was produced at datazone level (and also at constituency level on a comparable basis). There are 165 datazones and The NIMD was ten constituencies in Oshikoto region. produced using the

The NIMD contains five domains of deprivation: 2001 Namibian • 1 Population Census • Material Deprivation • Employment Deprivation which was • Health Deprivation supplied by the • Education Deprivation Living Environment Deprivation Namibian Central Bureau of Statistics Each domain is presented as a separate domain for the purposes index reflecting a particular aspect of deprivation. Each domain seeks to measure only one dimension of this project Indicators of deprivation, avoiding overlaps between the domains and providing a direct measure of the deprivation in question. Individuals can however, Each domain index contains a number of indicators. experience more than one type of deprivation There are 11 indicators in total in the NIMD. The at any given time and it is therefore conceivable aim for each domain was to include a parsimonious

1 2 This refers to material goods, that is, assets or possessions. During the consultation process a number of other domains were discussed. These included: access to recreation facilities, level of participation in community activities, crime, food security, provision of emergency services, and availability of affordable transport. Unfortunately data relating to these issues were not available within the Census. These issues could be incorporated into further iterations of the NIMD if appropriate administrative or geographical data becomes available. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 8 (i.e. economical in number) collection of indicators that comprehensively captured the deprivation for each domain, but within the constraints of the data In any event, the 2001 available from the 2001 Census. When identifying Census did not have an indicators for the domains, it was important to ensure that they are direct measures of the domain income question and so an of deprivation in question and specific to that income poverty indicator, if domain. included, would need to be In the construction of that index the indicators were discussed at length during the consultation process modelled from a different data and every effort was made to ensure that they source such as the Namibian were appropriate for the Namibian context. The domains need to allow different geographical areas Household Income and to be distinguished from one another; therefore it Expenditure Survey would be unhelpful to identify a deprivation which In the following sub-sections the domains and is experienced by most people in most areas as this indicators which make up the NIMD 2001 are would not enable the areas to be ranked relative to described. each other in terms of deprivation. 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain

purpose of the domain With the exception

of changes to three This domain measures the proportion of the population experiencing material deprivation indicators in the newly in an area by reference to the percentage of the constituted Living population who are deprived of access to basic material possessions. Environment background Deprivation Domain, In other indices that have followed this model the indicators are (e.g. UK indices), an Income Deprivation Domain the same as those used was created. However, there is an argument that such a domain is inappropriate within an Index of in the previous Multiple Deprivation, because - as explained above - deprivation can be regarded as the outcome of constituency level index. lack of income rather than the lack of income itself.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 9 •

To follow Townsend, within a multiple deprivation Number of people living in a household with no measure, only the deprivations resulting from a access to a telephone/cell phone. combining the indicators low income would be included so low income itself would not be a component, but lack of material possessions would be included. In any event, the A simple proportion of people living in households 2001 Census did not have an income question and experiencing either one or both of the deprivations so an income poverty indicator, if included, would was calculated (i.e. the number of people living in need to be modelled from a different data source a household with no access to a television/radio such as the Namibian Household Income and and/or with no access to a telephone/cell phone Expenditure Survey. Such modelling work is being divided by the total population). 3.3 employment Deprivation undertaken separately for the Central Bureau of Statistics (now Namibia Statistics Agency) by Lux Domain Development and will provide a complementary purpose of the domain small area measure of income poverty. For these reasons, a material deprivation domain was produced. A lack of access to basic material goods This domain measures employment deprivation can be understood as a proxy for low income. The conceptualised as involuntary exclusion of the 2001 Census included questions about access to working age population from the world of work material goods (e.g. television, radio, newspaper, by reference to the percentage of the working age telephone and computer) which are internationally population who are unemployed. background accepted and widely used as measures of variations in living standards. The 2001 Census recorded employment status in Of the possible material goods that could be line with the International Labour Organisation included as indicators, access to a television/radio (ILO) ‘labour force framework’ and the ‘priority ‘regardless of the amount of time and telephone/cell phone were selected as they rules’ which give precedence to employment over devoted to it, which in extreme cases may be only one represent important modes of communication all other activities hour’ and a means of accessing information crucial to one’s life and livelihood. The quality of the services (Hussmanns, 2007, p6). Therefore a person provided however, were not be taken into account. was considered to be employed if during the seven Indicators days prior to the Census night they worked for • at least one hour for pay, profit or family gain. It Number of people living in a household with no follows that unemployment was defined as a access to a television or a radio; or situation of a total lack of work. The definition of

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 10 combining the indicators th unemployment adopted by the 13 International Conference of Labour Statistics (ICLS) stipulates The domain was calculated as those identified as three criteria which must be simultaneously met for unemployed and aged 15 to 59 inclusive divided by a person to be considered unemployed. According the number of people who are economically active to this official definition, the unemployed are those in that age group. persons within the economically active population 3.4 health Deprivation Domain (aged 15-65 inclusive) who during the reference period (for the 2001 Census this is the seven days purpose of the domain prior to Census night) were: 1. Without work, i.e. in a situation of total lack of This domain identifies areas with relatively high work; and rates of people who die prematurely. The domain 2. Currently available for work, i.e. not a student measures premature mortality but not aspects of forthcoming or homemaker or otherwise unavailable for behaviour or environment that may be predictive work; and of health deprivation. 3. Seeking work, i.e. taking steps to seek background employment or self-employment. Although the consultation process raised the Using the 2001 Census however, it was not possible importance of measuring people’s health status; to measure whether unemployed people were and access to health facilities and healthcare, available for work and seeking work. Though these issues could not be measured using the 2001 other indices have also included people of Census data. It was therefore not possible to include working age who cannot work because of illness any measures of morbidity or access to health or disability, as they are involuntarily excluded services. Instead a form of standardised mortality from the world of work and internationally are ratio known as Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) regarded as the ‘hidden unemployed’ (Beatty et was used. An internationally recognised measure al., 2000), the consultation group wanted to limit of poor health, the YPLL measure is the level of this domain to the economically active population unexpected mortality weighted by the age of the and therefore disabled or long-term sick people individual who has died (for details about how this were not included. The age band was modified to indicator was constructed see Blane and Drever, 15-59 inclusive to reflect a concept of working age 1998). An area with a relatively high death rate in a ceteris paribus relevant to Namibia. young age group (including areas with high levels Indicators of infant mortality) will therefore , • have a higher overall YPLL score than an area with

Number of people aged 15-59 inclusive who a similarly relatively high death rate for an older are unemployed. age group.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 11 3.5 education Deprivation Domain

purpose of the domain The YPLL measure is related to life expectancy This domain measures deprivation in educational attainment for people aged 15 to 59 inclusive. in an area. Areas with low background life expectancy will have Elsewhere in the Southern Africa Development high YPLL scores Community (SADC) region it has been shown that the level of educational attainment in the The YPLL indicator is a directly age and gender working age adult population is closely linked standardised measure of premature death (i.e. 3 to an individual’s employment status and future death under the age of 75) . The YPLL measure opportunities for those individuals and their is related to life expectancy in an area. Areas dependants (Bhorat et al., 2004). with low life expectancy will have high YPLL scores. Equally high levels of infant mortality and The 2001 Census includes a record of the level perinatal mortality as well as high levels of serious of education completed and a record of illiteracy. illness such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis will all These two questions provide the best available contribute to reduced life expectancy in an area measures of educational attainment and make up and therefore high YPLL scores. Thus, although the indicators for this domain. The consultation the YPLL is a mortality measure, it does, implicitly, process additionally raised the importance of reflect the extent of serious ill-health in an area. affordable education and availability of tertiary And although it would have been possible to use education opportunities, but again, these could not infant mortality, under-five mortality, and life be adequately captured using the 2001 Census. expectancy as indicators, YPLL in effect combines Indicators all these issues into a single indicator and is • therefore a broader and more useful overview of Number of 15-59 year olds inclusive with no health deprivation in an area. schooling completed at secondary level or Indicator • above; or • Number of 15-59 year olds inclusive who are Years of potential life lost illiterate.

3. Because the direct method of standardisation makes use of individual age/gender death rates it is often associated with small numbers. An empirical Bayes or ‘shrinkage’ technique is therefore used to smooth the individual age/gender death rates in order to reduce the impact of small number problems on the YPLL.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 12 combining the indicators

and therefore provides a more valid measure of A simple proportion of the working age population deprivation in terms of access to energy for lighting (aged 15 to 59 years old inclusive) who had not (Bhorat et al., 2004). This was the measure used in completed schooling at secondary level or who the previous constituency level index. However, at are illiterate was calculated (i.e. the number of datazone level, all individuals in a high proportion people with no schooling completed at secondary of datazones were found to lack electricity for level or above or who are illiterate divided by the lighting. These datazones would all be given population aged 15 to 59 inclusive). the same overall score for this domain, and so it 3.6 living environment Deprivation would not be possible to discriminate between Domain datazones in terms of their level of deprivation. For this reason the indicator was altered slightly purpose of the domain to include paraffin alongside electricity (and solar power) as the measure of access to energy for This domain measures both inadequacy in housing lighting. The inclusion of paraffin however, does conditions and a lack of basic services to the not imply any judgement about its suitability for home. lighting purposes, but is rather a means of enabling background datazones to be properly ranked on this domain.

The 2001 Census questionnaire provides indicators Access to clean drinking water and sanitation on households’ access to basic amenities. These facilities is essential for the good health of the aspects of the immediate environment in which population and thus an important indicator to people live impact on the quality of their life and include in this domain. An indicator of no access to provide good measures of deprivation in terms of access to services. Access to clean Measuring access to electricity as a basic amenity is drinking water and a useful indicator of living environment deprivation. Three Census indicators were considered: main sanitation facilities source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating. is essential for the Although cost, availability and effectiveness are factors in the consumption of all energy supplies, good health of the it has been argued that in certain instances, the population and thus choice of fuel for cooking may be influenced by cultural preference rather than availability alone, an important indicator whereas the use of electricity for lighting would to include in generally be the preferred choice, if available, this domain

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 13 piped water within the home or within 200 metres of the crowding indicator were considered. It was of the home was included. The threshold of 200 felt that the most appropriate measure of crowding metres was regarded by the consultation group as was to classify three or more people per room as a preferable to a threshold of 400 metres (the MDG deprivation. Setting the capacity cut-off at two or measure). Though in the previous (constituency) more people per room was considered. However, it index people without flush toilets or ventilated pit was felt that this lower capacity would capture too latrines were regarded as deprived, investigation of many non-deprived people, for example relatively this indicator at datazone level revealed that again, well-off couples sharing a one room urban a high proportion of datazones scored 100 percent. apartment. Indicators Therefore, as with the access to energy indicator, an additional criterion was added: long drop pit • latrines were included alongside flush toilets and Number of people living in a household ventilated pit latrines. Again, the inclusion of long without the use of electricity, paraffin or solar drop pit latrines does not imply adequacy, but • power for lighting; or is included simply as a means of discriminating Number of people living in a household without between datazones. access to a flush toilet or pit latrine (ventilated • or long drop); or The quality of housing construction provides an Number of people living in a household without important indicator for the quality of day-to-day piped water/borehole/borehole with covered life and vulnerability to shocks such as adverse tank (but not open tank)/protected well inside weather conditions (Bhorat et al., 2004; Programme their dwelling or yard or within 200 metres; of Action Chapter 2 World Summit for Social • or Development Copenhagen 1995). There was much Number of people living in a household that is discussion during the consultation process about • a shack; or traditional dwellings and their adequacy. Though Number of people living in a household with the 2001 Census contains fairly precise information three or more people per room. combining the indicators about materials used in the construction process, there is no way of identifying whether the resultant buildings were of a high quality or not. It was A simple proportion of people living in households therefore agreed that only shacks could be reliably experiencing one or more of the deprivations was identified as constituting inadequate housing. calculated (i.e. the number of people living in a household without electricity, paraffin or solar The crowding indicator is calculated by dividing power for lighting and/or without adequate toilet the number of people in the household by the facilities and/or without adequate water provision number of rooms excluding bathrooms, toilets, and/or living in a shack and/or in overcrowded kitchens, stoops and verandas. Different versions conditions divided by the total population).

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 14 3.7 constructing the domain indices

In all domains apart from the Health Deprivation As Censuses can be Domain, the overall score is a simple proportion regarded as a sample of the relevant population, and so can be easily interpreted. As Censuses can be regarded as a from a super-population, sample from a super-population, it is important it is important to to consider and deal with large standard errors. A technique that takes standard errors into account consider and deal with but still enables one to then combine the domains large standard errors. into an overall index of multiple deprivation is called Bayesian shrinkage estimation. Specifically, A technique that takes the scores for datazones can be unreliable when the deprived population is small and so the shrinkage standard errors into technique was applied to each of the domains. The account but still enables ‘shrunk’ estimate is the weighted average of the original datazone level estimate and an appropriate one to then combine larger spatial unit. The weight is based on the the domains into an standard error of the original datazone estimate and the amount of variation within the constituency. overall index of multiple For further details about this technique see Annex 2 of the 2001 NIMD National Report available at deprivation is called http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx and Bayesian shrinkage also Noble et al. (2006b). 3.8 Standardising and transforming estimation the domain indices

criteria. First it must ensure that each domain has a common distribution; second, it must not Having obtained a set of domain indices, these be scale dependent (i.e. conflate size with level of needed to be combined into an overall Namibia deprivation); third, it must have an appropriate Index of Multiple Deprivation and in order to degree of cancellation built into it; and fourth, it must combine domain indices which are each based on facilitate the identification of the most deprived different metrics there needed to be some way to datazones. The exponential transformation of the standardise the scores before any combination ranks best meets these criteria and was applied could take place. A form of standardisation and in the NIMD 2001. For further details about this transformation is required that meets the following technique see Annex 3 of the 2001 NIMD National

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 15 Report available at http://www.undp.org.na/ publications.aspx and also Noble et al. (2006b). 3.9 Weights for the domain indices A form of standardisation when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation and transformation is required that meets the Domains are conceived as independent dimensions following criteria. First it of multiple deprivation, each with their own must ensure that each additive impact on multiple deprivation. The strength of this impact, though, may vary between domain has a common domains depending on their relative importance. distribution; second, it must As a starting point, equal weights for the domains were recommended and this was supported by the not be scale dependent (i.e. consultation group. Each domain was therefore assigned a weight of 1. The NIMD was therefore conflate size with level of constructed by adding the standardised and deprivation); third, it must transformed domain indices with equal weights. have an appropriate degree of cancellation built into it; and fourth, it must facilitate the identification of the most deprived datazones. The exponential transformation of the ranks best meets these criteria and was applied in the NIMD 2001. For further details see Annex 3 and Noble et al. (2006b)

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 16 SecTION 4: DaTazONe level NaMIbIaN INDex Of MUlTIple DepRIvaTION 2001: OShIKOTO ReGION

4.1 Multiple Deprivation

combined together). The lightest shading relates to the least deprived datazones. Map 2 is a zoom- In this section a profile of multiple deprivation in in of Map 1, showing the datazones within the Oshikoto region, at both constituency and datazone Tsumeb area (as these are small in physical size levels, is presented. Using the data from the NIMD and therefore hard to distinguish on the Map 1). it is possible to compare the 165 datazones and These maps provide an easy to interpret picture of ten constituencies within Oshikoto. Map 1 shows the pattern of multiple deprivation in the Oshikoto the datazones in Oshikoto in relation to the overall region. NIMD (i.e. the five separate domains of deprivation

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 17

19 Map 1

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 18

Map 2

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 19 Table 1 shows some of the data underlying these a rank of 1 among the datazones in Oshikoto. If maps. The NIMD 2001 score, national rank (where ranked alongside all datazones in Namibia, it ranks th 1=most deprived and 1,871=least deprived) as the 6 most deprived. Thirty of the datazones and Oshikoto rank (where 1=most deprived and in Oshikoto are in the most deprived 10 percent 165=least deprived) for the 20 most deprived of datazones nationally in terms of multiple datazones in Oshikoto are shown. Appendix 2 deprivation (the cut-off for the 10 percent most provides this information for all of the datazones deprived is a rank of 187). The least deprived in Oshikoto. datazone in Oshikoto is located in Tsumeb and is The most deprived datazone in Oshikoto is in ranked at 1,790 in Namibia as a whole. Omuntele constituency, and is therefore given Table 1: The 20 most deprived datazones in the Oshikoto Region NIMD rank – NIMD rank – Datazone constituency NIMD score national within Oshikoto

1644 Omuntele 352.2 6 1 1616 Okankolo 339.3 17 2 1622 Okankolo 329.3 23 3 1675 Omuthiyagwiipundi 326.3 24 4 1729 Onyaanya 318.9 34 5 1594 Eengondi 316.9 38 6 1621 Okankolo 308.5 47 7 1640 Omuntele 302.7 55 8 1719 Onyaanya 302.2 57 9 1692 Oniipa 302.1 58 10 1602 Eengondi 300.1 63 11 1592 Eengondi 298.7 70 12 1599 Eengondi 296.5 72 13 1679 Onayena 292.0 83 14 1619 Okankolo 291.6 84 15 1696 Oniipa 289.8 92 16 1645 Omuntele 289.7 93 17 1593 Eengondi 288.6 95 18 1693 Oniipa 286.8 100 19 1734 Onyaanya 283.5 113 20

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 20 The ten constituencies in Oshikoto vary in terms of least deprived datazone is ranked 1,871). the range of deprivation of their datazones. Chart Interpreting the Charts: For details on how to interpret the chart please see the ‘How to interpret1 shows interquartile the minimum, range maximum charts’ anddescription median inInterpreting section 4.1 the of Charts: the national For details report on howavailable to rank of datazones in each constituency, and the interpret the chart please see the ‘How to interpret at http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspxnational interquartile range for the overall NIMD. This is interquartile range charts’ description in section based on the ranks (i.e. where the most 4.1 of the national report available at http://www. deprived datazone in Namibia is ranked 1, and the undp.org.na/publications.aspx

TheThe vertical vertical green green line line for eachfor each constituency constituency The shows green box the for range each constituencyof the ranks shows of the the datazonesshows in the a constituency range of the ranks (including of the datazones the dots whichrange offor the some NIMD constituenciesranks of the middle, like 50 percent Eengondi, appearin at a either constituency end of (including the line). the A dots number which forof constituenciesof datazones in have the constituency a wide range (the interquartile of deprivation,some constituencies, particularly like Omuthiyagwiipundi Eengondi, appear at andrange). Oniipa. The Eengondi, horizontal line Guinas within the and box Tsumeb for each have a smallereither range end of ofthe deprivation line). A number than of constituencies the other constituencies.constituency represents the rank of the median have a wide range of deprivation, particularly datazone within that constituency. The median OmuthiyagwiipundiThe green box and for Oniipa. each constituencyEengondi, Guinas shows rank the in rangeTsumeb ofis higherthe NIMD (less deprived) ranks ofthan the the middleand 50 Tsumeb percent have of a datazones smaller range in ofthe deprivation constituency other (the constituencies, interquartile while range). the median The hori rankzontal in line withinthan the the other box constituencies. for each constituency representsEengondi the rank is lower of (morethe median deprived) datazone than the other within that constituency. The median rank in Tsumeb is higher (less deprived) than the other constituencies,Datazone while the level median Namibian rank Index in of Eengondi Multiple Deprivation is lower (mor2001 -e deprivOshikotoed) Region than the other constituencies. If the box is short this indicates that datazones are ranked in a narrow range, 21 with similar NIMD ranks (and therefore similar levels of multiple deprivation). In Omuthiyagwiipundi and Oniipa the datazones in the middle 50 percent are ranked in a relatively wide range. The opposite is true of datazones in Eengondi, Guinas, Olunkonda and Tsumeb. If this box sits towards the bottom of the chart it tells us that datazones in the constituency are concentrated in the most deprived part of the national distribution of the NIMD. If the box sits towards the top of the chart it tells us that the datazones in the constituency are concentrated in the least deprived part of the national distribution. Most of

constituencies. If the box is short this indicates constituency level, and for all domains except that datazones are ranked in a narrow range, with health the domain scores can be compared. similar NIMD ranks (and therefore similar levels of multiple deprivation). In Omuthiyagwiipundi and Table 2 provides the domain scores for each Oniipa the datazones in the middle 50 percent are constituency in Oshikoto, excluding health as the ranked in a relatively wide range. The opposite is health score is not calculated as a rate. The other true of datazones in Eengondi, Guinas, Olunkonda four domains are in the form of simple deprivation and Tsumeb. If this box sits towards the bottom of rates. So for example, 98.3 percent of the the chart it tells us that datazones in the constituency population in Eengondi constituency experienced are concentrated in the most deprived part of the material deprivation in 2001. The within Oshikoto national distribution of the NIMD. If the box sits ranks are shown as well as the domain scores, towards the top of the chart it tells us that the for each constituency in Oshikoto (where 1=most datazones in the constituency are concentrated in deprived). the least deprived part of the national distribution. Most of the constituencies are concentrated In terms of material deprivation, the most deprived towards the middle and more deprived end of constituency in Oshikoto is Okankolo (with 98 the national distribution. Datazones in Tsumeb percent of the population experiencing material howeve, are concentrated at the least deprived end deprivation), followed closely by Eengondi, also of the scale. 98 percent and Omuntele, 96 percent. In relation to employment deprivation, the most deprived within Further analysis shows that the datazones in the constituency is Onayena (with 64 percent of the Oshikoto most deprived 10 percent of datazones relevant population being employment deprived), on the overall NIMD are located in seven followed by Onyaanya (61 percent). constituencies. These seven constituencies and the number of datazones that are in the most deprived Two constituencies stand out in terms of education 10 percent of datazones within Oshikoto are as deprivation: Guinas (with 80 percent of the follows: Eengondi (4 of 18), Okankolo (4 of 16), relevant population being education deprived) Omuntele (2 of 15), Omuthiyagwiipundi (1 of 24), and Eengondi (76 percent). In terms of living Onayena (1 of 15), Oniipa (2 of 25) and Onyaanya environment deprivation, the most deprived (2 of 20). constituency is Okankolo (with almost 100% of the 4.2 Domains of deprivation total population experiencing living environment deprivation). Six other constituencies also have a rate of over 90 percent. Although it is not possible to calculate multiple deprivation rates as such, each of the individual It is interesting to note however, that although domains of deprivation can be presented at Eengondi is the second most deprived constituency

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 22 in terms of material, education and living as the years of potential life lost in that datazone. environment deprivation, it is the second least A datazone with a relatively high death rate in a deprived constituency in terms of employment young age group (including areas with high levels deprivation, having half the rate of the most of infant mortality) will have a higher score than deprived constituency. an area with a similarly relatively high death rate for an older age group, all else being equal. The The domain scores and ranks for each of the measure is related to life expectancy in an area, so datazones in Oshikoto are presented in Appendix datazones with low life expectancy will have high 2. As in Table 2, four of the five domains are scores on this domain. expressed as rates. Health deprivation is expressed

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 23 2 6 1 9 5 4 7 8 3 10 rank Living (within Oshikoto) deprivation environment environment 98.8 92.5 99.6 73.1 95.6 96.8 91.5 85.1 97.0 47.2 Living rate (%) deprivation environment environment 2 1 3 8 4 5 7 9 6 10 rank (within Oshikoto) Education deprivation 76.3 80.1 68.5 62.3 67.3 66.2 63.3 61.3 66.2 56.1 rate (%) Education deprivation 9 7 3 5 6 1 4 2 8 10 rank (within Oshikoto) deprivation Employment 31.8 17.9 41.4 58.5 49.2 43.1 63.9 52.9 60.7 36.8 rate (%) deprivation Employment 2 8 1 9 3 4 5 7 6 10 rank (within Material Oshikoto) deprivation 98.3 76.7 98.4 65.6 96.4 88.4 85.6 78.4 83.7 53.2 rate (%) Material deprivation Eengondi Guinas Constituency Okankolo Olukonda Omuntele Omuthiyagwiipundi Onayena Oniipa Onyaanya Tsumeb Table 2: Domain scores and ranks for each constituency in the Oshikoto Region in the Oshikoto for each constituency and ranks 2: Domain scores Table

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 24 Table 3 below shows the percentage of each of the datazones in Eengondi and Okankolo are in nationally constituency’s datazones that are in the most the most deprived 10 percent nationally in terms deprived 10 percent of datazones for of material deprivation. Only Eengondi and Guinas each domain. have datazones that are in the most deprived Three constituencies, Eengondi, Omuntele and 10 percent of datazones in terms of education Omuthiyagwiipundi have datazones that feature deprivation. Tsumeb is the only constituency that amongst the most deprived 10 percent of datazones does not have any datazones in the most deprived in Namibia on four of the five domains. Over half 10 percent on any of the domains. Table 3: percentage of datazones in most deprived 10 percent of datazones in Namibia

Number Material employment health education living env. constituency of deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation datazones

Eengondi 18 55.6 22.2 0.0 22.2 11.1 Guinas 9 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 Okankolo 16 56.3 12.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 Olukonda 9 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Omuntele 15 33.3 20.0 6.7 0.0 33.3 Omuthiyagwiipundi 24 20.8 16.7 4.2 0.0 4.2 Onayena 15 0.0 40.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 Oniipa 25 0.0 32.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 Onyaanya 20 5.0 30.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 Tsumeb 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 4 shows the percentage of each constituency’s one datazone in the most deprived 10 percent in within Oshikoto datazones that are in the most deprived 10 percent terms of employment deprivation. All other types of datazones for each domain. of deprivation are concentrated in a small number Eengondi has the highest proportion of datazones of constituencies. For instance, the 10 percent in the most deprived 10 percent in terms of most deprived datazones in terms of education material and living environment deprivation. deprivation are in three constituencies: Eengondi, Over three quarters of the datazones in Guinas Guinas and Okankolo. As is the case nationally, the constituency are in the most deprived 10 percent datazones in Tsumeb do not feature in the most in terms of education deprivation. All but two deprived 10 percent of datazones within Oshikoto constituencies (Guinas and Tsumeb) have at least for any of the domains.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 25 Table 4: percentage of datazones in most deprived 10 percent of datazones in the Oshikoto Region constituency Number of Material employment health education living env. datazones deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation

Eengondi 18 38.9 5.6 0.0 44.4 33.3 Guinas 9 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.8 0.0 Okankolo 16 25.0 12.5 0.0 6.3 18.8 Olukonda 9 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Omuntele 15 20.0 6.7 6.7 0.0 33.3 Omuthiyagwiipundi 24 8.3 4.2 4.2 0.0 8.3 Onayena 15 0.0 26.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 Oniipa 25 0.0 8.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 Onyaanya 20 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 Tsumeb 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

The following maps present each of the five shading relates to the least deprived datazones. domains at datazone level for Oshikoto and for the It is intended that these maps should provide Tsumeb area. As with Maps 1 and 2, the lightest accessible profiles of the domains of deprivation in the Oshikoto Region.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 26

Map 3

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 27

Map 4

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 28

Map 5

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 29

Map 6

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 30

Map 7

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 31

Map 8

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 32

Map 9

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 33

Map 10

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 34

Map 11

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 35

Map 12

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 36 SecTION 5: cONclUSIONS aND SOMe pOlIcy RecOMMeNDaTIONS

The analysis presented in this report has identified particular areas – both datazones and constituencies – where deprivation is high relative to other areas in Oshikoto region. This analysis can support pro-poor policy formulation processes and programmatic interventions in many ways.

By providing reliable and objective information on, and profiling the distribution of, multiple deprivation and the distribution of the individual By providing reliable domains of deprivation across the region, the analysis presented in this report can provide and objective information planners; policy and decision makers at the regional level with the evidence base on which to plan and on, and profiling the make decisions regarding resource allocation distribution of multiple and the geographic areas (constituencies and datazones) and sectors in which to prioritise public deprivation and the individual investments, government support and service delivery. Specifically, the analysis can be useful in domains of deprivation the following ways: Temporal analysis of nature, scope and effects of across the country, the NIMD poverty reduction programmes

: By describing the can provide policy and geographical distribution and extent of individual decision makers with the dimensions of deprivation and overall multiple deprivation at constituency and datazone levels, evidence base on which to this report provides a baseline map of deprivation against which progress in poverty reduction in make decisions regarding these areas can be measured over time, that is between successive censuses (2001 and 2011 resource allocation and the censuses). The NIMD is based on data relating to 2001 time- line and significant changes may have geographic areas and sectors taken place since then. It will thus be necessary to in which to prioritise public conduct further analyses using the 2011 Census data and information in order to shed light on the investments, government extent to which changes have occurred in the region and possible reasons for any noted changes. support and service Interrogating the causes of inequality

: The report delivery relating to the could be used by the regional authorities to initiate the process of interrogating the causal factors of various domains of deprivation Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 37 such wide inter- and intra-constituency (datazone severe multiple deprivation could be targeted for level) variations with respect to specific domains integrated development projects and programmes. and the overall combined and weighted index of The most deprived areas vary by domain, and not all deprivation. areas show a uniform degree of deprivation across Better planning and targeting of development the domains. This should be taken into account resources: when selecting a measure of deprivation to use Regional Councils have two distinct as it is important to choose the most appropriate sources of development revenue – transfers measure for the particular policy purpose. from central government and locally generated resources. The NIMD allows for better planning It should be noted however, that the NIMD, as relative for and targeting of such resources on the basis of presented in this report, provides a profile of relative deprivation to the datazone level. Priorities deprivation in Oshikoto region and even the can then be identified at the constituency and least deprived areas, such as Tsumeb constituency, datazone levels that could be addressed through contain pockets of deprivation. They are simply integrated development approaches. Importantly, less deprived than other areas with higher levels funds could be targeted to and ring-fenced for those of deprivation such as Eengondi and Okankola sectors/domains in which specific constituencies constituencies. As such, spatially targeted policy and datazones are particularly deprived or to initiatives should be regarded as a complement to, the most deprived constituencies and datazones rather than a substitution for, mainstream pro-poor within a constituency. It is also conceivable that policies and strategies that the Regional Council and constituencies and datazones characterised by National Government are already implementing in Oshikoto region.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 38 aNNex 1: INDIcaTORS INclUDeD IN The NIMD 2001

Material Deprivation Domain •

Number of 15-59 year olds (inclusive) who are Numerator illiterate • Denominator

Number of people living in a household with • no access to a television or a radio; or Population aged 15-59 (inclusive) living environment Deprivation Number of people living in a household with Domain no access to a telephone/cell phone Denominator Numerator • Total population employment Deprivation Domain Number of people living in a household without the use of electricity, paraffin or solar Numerator • power for lighting; or • Number of people living in a household Number of people aged 15-59 who are without access to a flush toilet or pit latrine • unemployed (ventilated or long drop); or Denominator Number of people living in a household without piped water/borehole/borehole with Total economically active population aged 15-59 covered tank (but not open tank)/protected inclusive well inside their dwelling or yard or within 200 health Deprivation Domain • metres; or Numerator Number of people living in a household that is • • a shack; or Years of potential life lost Number of people living in a household with education Deprivation Domain three or more people per room Denominator Numerator

• Total population Number of 15-59 year olds (inclusive) with no schooling completed at secondary level or above; or

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 39 aNNex 2: DOMaIN aND OveRall NIMD ScOReS aND RaNKS 6 34 54 39 83 69 12 18 44 29 89 32 13 45 53 11 22 64 52 106 100 102 144 112 108 rank NIMD 257.8 235.6 253.5 202.0 220.7 175.7 298.7 288.6 316.9 246.6 270.8 196.0 260.3 296.5 246.6 236.1 300.1 282.9 184.1 179.6 127.7 225.8 170.3 238.0 174.2 score NIMD 4 6 13 80 52 61 78 11 29 15 25 21 59 36 50 19 14 65 77 110 113 119 117 100 114 rank iving l iving environment environment 99.9 97.1 99.9 98.8 98.3 97.2 99.9 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 98.4 99.6 99.9 92.7 98.8 99.9 99.9 91.1 90.0 90.1 98.2 97.2 95.4 91.0 score iving l iving environment environment 4 3 2 5 8 6 1 53 14 13 22 16 30 36 24 33 28 10 31 15 19 40 11 18 17 rank ducation e 69.2 77.5 77.6 75.4 76.8 73.0 83.0 83.8 71.4 75.0 71.8 84.8 73.9 79.8 72.8 77.3 76.4 70.6 82.7 79.9 78.6 76.6 81.7 86.3 76.6 score ducation e 82 45 80 57 51 99 70 31 58 118 144 110 111 130 126 145 124 141 135 107 163 127 120 156 159 rank h ealth 0.0 96.6 350.2 578.0 205.9 410.7 399.4 282.3 839.6 601.1 320.7 200.2 332.1 747.8 233.1 273.6 429.9 797.7 305.1 347.7 477.8 124.6 662.2 966.6 744.0 score h ealth 7 61 64 84 58 20 17 21 158 151 157 156 122 164 143 165 163 138 137 148 152 144 132 160 128 rank e mployment 1.3 1.2 7.3 9.9 58.5 11.1 14.8 11.5 11.5 31.7 20.8 82.0 57.6 47.9 59.3 72.7 21.6 74.7 72.5 22.0 16.2 13.6 20.7 23.9 25.1 score mployment e mployment 8 5 6 7 37 22 42 16 78 17 14 71 59 56 36 63 15 29 96 44 97 100 150 103 134 rank Material 98.0 99.8 99.1 97.9 99.3 93.9 99.2 99.3 99.8 95.5 99.8 96.9 99.8 97.1 98.1 96.6 99.3 98.5 87.4 88.3 55.0 97.8 85.7 88.2 66.1 score Material Material onstituency Eengondi c Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Eengondi Guinas Guinas Guinas Guinas Guinas Guinas Guinas 1586 Datazone 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 This table presents the scores and ranks for every datazone in Oshikoto for the five domains and the overall NIMD. For all domains except health the health except domains all For NIMD. overall the and domains five the for Oshikoto in datazone every for ranks and scores the presents table This is score calculated as 98% So a of example, for rate. the population in datazone 1586 in in Eengondi constituency material experienced deprivation greater indicates score higher a and datazone, that in mortality) premature of measure (a lost life potential of years the as expressed is Health 2001. 1=most deprived). each datazone (where for shown are ranks The within Oshikoto health deprivation.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 40 8 2 7 3 37 73 63 85 72 21 15 27 30 86 56 92 62 96 71 123 124 137 117 109 107 154 133 150 129 148 121 95.1 255.5 302.7 148.8 214.7 147.6 227.4 200.7 214.7 339.3 283.2 139.0 291.6 273.1 308.5 329.3 267.1 198.9 162.2 233.9 174.2 194.5 228.2 174.7 141.2 116.1 144.2 123.9 188.8 152.8 219.0 9 3 43 82 64 17 23 16 26 27 18 24 28 31 30 48 34 95 37 99 120 123 131 118 150 157 144 145 159 127 134 99.3 97.1 89.8 98.3 87.7 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.8 98.9 99.8 99.9 95.9 99.5 84.0 90.1 61.8 55.8 71.0 69.0 50.7 86.9 81.3 95.4 7 9 48 50 62 27 25 20 12 34 49 39 26 83 41 55 59 66 118 135 117 164 129 102 156 114 119 131 148 100 136 63.3 69.7 80.2 69.5 79.9 61.5 68.1 63.3 73.9 74.4 33.2 76.4 78.4 71.5 69.7 70.7 74.3 66.5 70.4 69.0 62.0 68.6 64.7 55.1 63.6 63.2 61.8 58.9 65.1 61.4 67.8 7 95 23 85 44 83 62 46 38 66 67 96 88 63 21 131 122 136 151 158 163 112 109 161 157 150 104 106 148 102 103 0.0 99.5 83.7 280.1 341.5 272.6 505.7 149.4 572.5 841.4 575.9 396.1 732.6 833.7 415.3 111.8 149.6 445.9 903.5 438.5 168.8 451.9 711.5 663.9 493.8 550.6 450.7 727.3 1698.1 1079.2 1087.9 6 1 4 93 39 98 48 43 83 19 77 80 99 92 34 45 38 56 141 159 117 110 153 107 150 130 155 124 101 127 100 45.4 21.1 66.0 10.7 33.4 35.4 40.4 61.5 62.7 12.7 36.3 15.7 82.0 91.2 48.6 24.7 12.0 30.0 38.5 25.3 84.3 73.5 52.2 50.8 39.7 46.0 67.4 62.2 66.0 39.2 59.9 2 9 81 24 57 18 50 46 28 10 11 12 47 70 40 26 39 21 80 23 60 152 129 122 128 153 102 160 114 164 132 53.1 99.9 93.0 74.2 99.1 97.0 99.8 99.2 97.3 97.7 98.6 99.8 99.8 99.8 97.5 95.6 97.9 98.8 97.9 99.2 79.3 74.2 52.2 86.5 28.8 82.3 18.8 93.7 72.1 99.1 96.8 Guinas Omuntele Omuntele Guinas Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Okankolo Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Olukonda Omuntele Omuntele 1611 1640 1641 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 41 1 23 84 17 36 26 68 60 31 79 94 46 57 65 59 25 49 81 158 136 149 104 116 126 138 134 142 119 130 141 114 85.8 139.1 117.4 281.0 352.2 202.0 289.7 256.1 178.0 274.4 223.5 230.9 164.3 146.8 263.9 206.9 137.7 190.7 246.0 139.8 233.5 225.1 233.2 129.4 158.5 143.5 275.7 131.1 242.3 164.9 204.0 2 5 1 7 42 10 56 89 72 85 93 94 20 90 70 39 67 60 69 45 51 54 22 154 129 130 102 125 107 106 108 59.7 85.1 99.3 99.9 99.9 98.6 99.9 99.9 84.8 99.9 94.9 96.3 97.4 87.3 96.8 96.0 95.9 99.9 96.2 97.8 99.4 98.2 98.4 97.9 93.8 94.1 99.1 93.6 98.8 98.6 99.9 93 79 38 92 89 63 58 78 94 44 32 98 54 96 35 90 23 87 51 75 91 77 42 139 115 152 116 127 108 106 126 60.7 65.8 63.5 66.8 70.9 55.8 65.9 66.3 68.0 63.4 68.7 66.8 65.7 70.1 72.8 62.3 65.5 69.1 64.4 65.6 71.4 66.2 75.1 66.3 69.3 67.1 64.5 62.4 66.0 66.9 70.2 25 64 47 42 36 20 18 77 60 54 52 17 43 41 76 73 93 49 116 153 119 108 149 162 138 139 152 147 117 142 137 49.9 371.1 134.0 348.4 721.4 833.5 417.0 861.3 928.1 621.6 163.4 736.7 762.9 780.4 264.4 254.6 149.1 860.0 171.1 884.7 625.9 352.1 634.3 528.0 823.8 222.3 271.1 1037.0 1113.2 1144.8 1146.9 3 53 25 87 23 16 63 95 24 50 90 18 29 121 142 134 162 161 136 118 135 116 112 125 140 106 113 126 139 146 114 7.3 8.0 32.0 21.0 60.7 69.7 47.3 69.9 23.5 76.0 57.8 44.4 23.1 69.7 33.1 23.1 34.0 61.4 35.1 46.6 73.6 29.4 21.4 36.3 34.8 84.7 28.4 68.8 21.6 17.8 34.4 3 1 4 75 19 55 66 31 98 58 48 49 53 13 67 52 25 32 64 92 41 27 127 105 139 107 158 135 121 130 141 94.5 75.5 99.9 99.2 97.1 96.2 99.9 98.4 88.1 84.7 97.0 97.5 97.4 97.2 99.7 62.4 96.2 97.2 84.1 98.9 98.4 96.4 90.2 41.4 65.4 99.8 79.4 97.9 73.5 98.6 60.0 Omuntele Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuntele Omuntele Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuntele Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi 1642 1671 1643 1644 1672 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 42 4 41 91 33 51 14 90 38 42 35 67 55 93 10 19 48 98 16 80 74 153 147 151 110 103 127 143 139 146 135 105 97.3 249.6 126.1 194.7 326.3 110.4 173.1 259.4 239.2 292.0 178.3 195.0 254.1 146.2 249.6 256.2 223.8 234.7 128.3 135.4 191.3 127.3 302.1 286.8 242.8 186.8 289.8 139.5 206.4 214.4 177.4 8 63 12 53 83 41 73 86 88 75 33 68 81 49 40 58 140 148 146 104 109 116 121 139 132 122 151 111 126 103 135 76.7 99.9 63.1 98.3 99.9 67.9 98.7 97.1 99.3 94.8 92.8 90.2 97.4 89.6 96.8 96.3 97.2 99.8 76.9 83.5 88.4 61.3 97.9 97.1 98.8 92.1 99.4 86.9 94.9 98.4 80.5 82 65 74 73 60 71 97 76 29 68 80 161 125 103 153 142 146 111 123 133 159 149 130 154 101 158 124 137 105 107 104 46.8 66.7 62.5 67.9 64.7 55.7 60.5 67.2 67.3 68.4 59.3 64.1 67.4 62.7 65.5 67.0 61.6 73.3 53.1 57.3 61.9 55.6 67.7 66.8 64.9 54.6 62.7 61.3 64.5 64.4 64.7 5 9 6 8 4 3 86 48 90 12 61 65 14 33 87 34 94 92 89 11 78 13 98 55 26 29 84 115 154 125 134 570.3 827.7 537.1 371.4 132.3 733.4 711.5 950.8 565.4 939.2 522.2 324.5 530.5 543.2 274.4 607.8 479.0 755.5 990.0 574.2 1950.8 1483.8 1661.0 1400.1 1864.3 1661.6 2416.8 2548.5 1573.7 1445.8 1032.0 9 8 78 52 79 94 41 12 15 65 91 14 71 57 30 33 81 74 89 13 59 37 42 27 86 40 62 69 111 120 104 51.9 35.1 32.1 60.8 51.4 44.9 64.7 77.9 76.1 57.3 46.5 76.8 55.4 59.6 68.3 67.7 50.4 55.2 47.0 77.5 59.2 79.0 66.4 64.7 69.3 81.4 47.4 66.0 57.9 56.1 36.9 61 45 30 43 88 54 91 82 86 87 95 79 68 84 74 89 145 146 123 126 144 101 108 113 116 115 138 117 124 136 155 96.7 58.3 97.8 98.5 58.2 97.8 91.4 79.2 97.1 90.4 76.4 92.8 58.5 87.0 83.9 91.6 91.4 82.7 81.9 88.4 82.0 93.9 96.1 63.9 92.2 94.6 81.2 90.9 78.8 65.0 43.9 Omuthiyagwiipundi Oniipa Omuthiyagwiipundi Omuthiyagwiipundi Oniipa Omuthiyagwiipundi Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Onayena Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa 1673 1702 1674 1675 1703 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 43 9 5 99 58 20 61 77 40 78 88 43 70 47 75 24 66 97 50 76 87 28 95 128 162 157 125 122 131 101 113 115 68.1 88.0 186.4 145.3 233.4 283.5 147.1 228.8 150.7 208.8 250.2 141.8 181.1 208.8 196.9 249.3 219.1 245.6 302.2 213.1 166.4 277.6 224.3 187.6 241.4 210.6 198.8 271.1 318.9 189.3 164.4 98 79 92 71 96 97 87 91 62 55 76 66 46 57 38 35 32 84 44 138 156 153 143 149 133 128 115 124 112 101 105 95.5 77.0 97.1 96.0 56.0 60.6 72.9 97.7 62.0 95.6 95.5 83.1 96.6 85.8 90.9 96.2 98.3 98.6 97.2 87.7 91.8 98.2 99.0 95.0 98.6 94.5 99.5 99.7 99.8 97.0 99.1 72 45 86 61 99 85 88 52 84 69 95 81 56 70 64 57 46 43 67 122 144 155 160 150 151 113 140 141 132 138 128 62.9 60.4 67.4 69.8 55.6 52.5 57.3 66.4 55.9 63.8 68.3 65.5 66.5 60.5 60.5 66.3 69.3 66.5 67.6 65.6 66.7 61.8 68.9 61.1 67.5 67.9 68.9 62.2 69.8 70.1 67.7 2 1 15 59 81 24 19 50 30 22 37 32 35 16 56 28 68 27 53 72 10 39 79 71 133 128 101 132 163 114 105 0.0 741.3 274.7 585.1 283.0 461.4 803.0 984.4 275.4 923.5 956.7 934.0 752.8 663.3 777.6 641.9 376.7 892.0 603.0 653.4 445.4 1271.8 3376.9 1076.1 1137.3 1082.0 3903.7 1238.5 1011.8 1015.6 1577.6 2 5 28 47 22 75 88 32 36 54 44 35 26 31 51 49 46 11 68 66 67 10 60 55 147 123 102 154 108 109 105 17.0 69.2 61.7 30.4 37.1 70.0 54.2 47.2 68.1 66.7 12.6 60.7 62.3 66.7 69.4 68.1 61.0 91.0 61.5 36.1 83.5 35.6 61.9 78.1 56.4 57.3 56.8 78.4 58.8 36.4 60.6 76 77 85 51 35 90 83 62 38 72 93 94 34 33 65 69 20 73 118 157 163 111 148 112 110 120 147 104 119 142 154 81.0 94.5 94.4 43.1 20.2 83.0 91.7 55.4 97.2 98.1 83.0 90.9 92.3 83.8 96.7 97.9 95.4 89.3 79.5 89.1 98.1 98.4 56.9 85.6 96.4 81.0 95.9 99.2 59.8 49.6 94.9 Oniipa Onyaanya Onyaanya Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Oniipa Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya Onyaanya 1704 1733 1734 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Oshikoto Region 44 82 132 164 111 118 155 140 145 159 156 152 120 163 165 160 161 42.9 90.7 85.5 88.3 64.8 28.5 80.2 77.2 202.9 141.7 172.7 161.1 134.6 127.5 110.3 154.9 74 47 164 137 141 158 152 142 161 162 160 136 163 165 147 155 5.4 97.3 99.0 18.8 77.9 76.2 55.2 60.7 75.0 35.5 32.4 38.2 79.7 24.7 65.3 57.7 21 37 47 112 134 162 143 121 109 120 110 145 163 165 157 147 64.0 61.5 40.4 75.9 71.2 60.5 62.9 64.2 63.0 64.1 59.4 69.8 37.7 31.1 55.0 59.0 40 69 91 97 74 75 143 160 121 123 100 155 113 146 140 129 89.4 890.0 663.3 212.9 345.7 334.9 533.9 492.0 463.3 124.7 631.5 377.8 627.3 195.4 240.4 282.8 72 70 82 73 97 96 85 76 115 131 103 129 145 149 119 133 55.3 34.4 24.0 55.8 49.8 36.9 55.3 40.5 25.1 42.8 47.7 52.4 20.1 16.2 32.8 23.6 99 156 161 109 106 143 140 125 149 151 159 131 162 165 137 133 87.6 43.4 27.3 83.9 84.4 59.6 61.5 77.3 55.0 55.0 34.4 73.5 24.7 16.5 64.8 70.4 Onyaanya Onyaanya Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb Tsumeb 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750

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