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14. What are some of the major contributions made to by such Internet Resources ______modern thinkers as Ram Mohun Roy or Bal Gangadhar Tilah? www.hindunet.org/home.shtml 15. What are the most important effects that had on modern Universe — A veritable potpourri of Indian and Hindu , Hinduism? this site, hosted by the Hindu Students Council, offers a concise history and expla- 16. Why did Gandhi use the tactic of against British rule in ? nation of Hinduism, the arts, language, religious texts, sciences and contemporary Follow-up Discussion ______issues. • Historically, Hinduism has been tolerant of other . How has this www.hindu.org/ affected its development as a ? Hindu Resources Online — This site hosts links to other Hindu organizations, • Hinduism is rare among major religions in that it considers animals to be publications, sciences, art, music and current events. sacred. Give an example of a sacred animal and explain its significance. How www.harappa.com/welcome.html does this practice affect the daily life of ? Harrapa — Ancient India, located in the Valley, is explored through • How are and related to Hinduism? on-location pictures, artifacts, lithographs and slides from museum exhibitions. • What were the political and religious consequences of the system www.cbu.edu/Gandhi/ throughout India’s history? M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence — A nonprofit, nonsectarian institute • Explain why the Hindu practice of honoring and caring for images of their founded by ’s grandson to apply the principles of nonviolence. is or is not a form of . • In the end, was Gandhi too broad in his attempts to reconcile the great reli- Suggested Print Resources______gious diversity found within India? • Kanitkar,V.B.and W.Owen Cole. Teach Yourself Hinduism. NTC: , 1995. • Was Gandhi’s focus primarily religious or spiritual? • Klostermaier,Klaus. A Short Introduction to Hinduism. Oxford: One World,1998. • Discuss Hinduism as a polytheistic or a monotheistic religion. • Powell, Barbara. Windows Into the Infinite: A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures. Jain Publishing Co., 1998. Follow-up Activities ______• Viswana-Thom, Ed. Am I a Hindu? : Halo Books, 1992. • In the , Hatha is the most widely known of the four • Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Hinduism. Facts on File, 1991. HINDUISM primary Hindu yoga systems. Using readily available sources (libraries, web sites, books, etc.), have students become versed in several of the easier pos- TEACHER’S GUIDE: tures and have them lead the class in a yoga session. Paul J. Sanborn • Research and compile a portfolio (individual or class) of the Hindu gods, Assistant Professor of Intelligence, American Military University he study of world religion is the examination of and , specifying what each represents and the role Historian, Freedoms Foundation Tthe specific beliefs, customs and traditions of a each plays in the Hindu . Accompany the descriptions with artwork, drawings and other appropriate designs. Students should use sources from particular religion as well as its impact on world traditional iconography or modern symbolism to illustrate their work. TITLES IN THIS SERIES culture and history. The Religions of the World video • is a topic that has caused a great deal of popular interest • AFRICAN AND AFRICAN- • NATIVE AMERICAN series and its accompanying Teacher’s Guides are within the United States, although no other major religion has yet to AMERICAN RELIGIONS • ORTHODOX AND ROMAN adopt such a system. Have students research some of the scientific • ANCIENT RELIGIONS OF CATHOLIC designed to supplement World Cultures and History THE MEDITERRANEAN • PROTESTANT CHRISTIANITY explorations of reincarnation that have been carried out within the last fifty • BUDDHISM • RELIGIONS OF SMALL SOCIETIES curriculum. These teaching aids are meant to invite years in the United States and report their findings to the class. • & • classroom study and dialogue and challenge students • Have students read the in translation and provide visual, • HINDUISM • SKEPTICISM & RELIGIOUS verbal and/or written feedback on their reactions to the and reli- • to make connections between the past and the gious issues presented. • present. Questions and insights are likely to develop • Research the origins and present-day practice of astrology. Trace the Indian and will reveal striking similarities and vast differences roots of this practice and have students present their findings to the class. Teacher’s Guides Included among the world’s major religions as well as the Encourage students to develop their own astrological investigations on and Available Online at: 800-843-3620 certain dates of significance. For example, have the students do an astrologi- unique perspective of its many individual cultures. cal analysis on Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. or another historically signifi- CHLESSINGE

cant figure, based upon his/her birth date. MEDIA TM A DIVISION OF LIBRARY VIDEO COMPANY • Have students in groups select any modern local, regional, state, national or S ® R international conflict and develop a nonviolent strategy in a realistic attempt P.O. Box 580,Wynnewood, PA 19096 800-843-3620 to settle the issue. CHLESSINGE

©1998 Religions of the World, LLC under license from MEDIA TM A DIVISION OF LIBRARY VIDEO COMPANY Liberty International Entertainment, Inc. Liberty S ® R 5 Produced and directed by Greenstar Television International Entertainment Inc.™ Historical Overview______Lotus Position — A sitting position in which legs are crossed over and bent in — The Hindu concept of the individual or . on themselves so that the heel of each foot is placed on top of the opposite — The poem that tells of two feuding royal families who Nearly four thousand years old, Hinduism is truly one of the oldest living religions thigh. This position encourages breathing and physical discipline conducive to descend from a common ruler named Bharat and suffer through the horrors of on Earth. It is a fascinating faith with countless and practices but no identi- deep . a long civil war. fied founder and no specific formal . Hinduism and some of its spiritual — The Hindu language, originating in 1500 B.C.E., in which the sacred Bhagavad Gita — The 18th chapter of the Mahabhrata and part of the Hindu and meditative exercises, such as yoga and transcendental meditation, are actively scriptures are written. sacred scriptures. Literally the words mean “Song of .”It is an extended dis- practiced by over one billion people around the globe. Not only has Hinduism Veda — From Sanskrit, meaning “” or “knowledge.” This word is applied to course on Hindu between the warrior Arjuna and the Hindu god influenced other major religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism and the Sikh tradi- the ancient Hindu scriptures. (). tion, but it has also had a powerful effect on culture and daily life worldwide. — The earliest portions of the Vedic library of scriptures and spiritual Dharmashastras — Books of detailing the stages of a man’s life and how Line ______principles accepted by Hindus as the foundation of their faith. each man should behave in passing through each stage. In general, there are 2500–1500 B.C.E. — The Indus River Valley develops and flourishes. — Inspired sages who heard the of the gods and transcribed them four stages: the student, the householder, the seeker and the ascetic. Evidence of early Hindu practice is archaeologically dated to this vanished into the . — The Hindu text that serves as a guide for mature sexuality. culture. — A sacred, special incantation or . — The to celebrate the god , whose most famous experi- 1600–1400 B.C.E. — The warrior culture conquers the Indus River Valley, — One of the most popular Vedic gods, resembling Zeus of Greek ence is highlighted in the . The story of the Ramayana is re-enacted bringing with it the Sanskrit language and major influences in the development mythology. during this holiday. of Hinduism. Vedic Age — The period between 1500 and 1200 B.C.E. in which the Vedas are — The Hindu ideal of complete nonviolence in thought, word and written and compiled. deed. This belief is the foundation of Gandhi’s resistance philosophy against 1500–1200 B.C.E. — The Vedic Age in which the Rig Veda is written, reflecting — Vedic writings added to the Hindu scriptures between 1000 and the British. The concept was originally borrowed from Jainism. the influence of joining the Aryan and Indus River Valley cultures. 800 B.C.E. The Brahmanas explain many ceremonies and priestly duties discussed — Sanskrit for “holding to the truth.” This term was used by 1000–300 B.C.E. — The Brahmanas and are written and added to the in the earlier Vedas. Gandhi to describe the religious and political tactics that he used against the original Vedas. Upanishads — The final writings added to the Vedic scriptures sometime British in India. 600–500 B.C.E. — The Age of Protest as Buddhism and Jainism break away between 800 and 300 B.C.E. Upanishads means “sitting near”or “at the feet of a Mahatma — Title given to Gandhi meaning “Great Soul.” from the main flow of Hinduism. master” in Sanskrit. They are direct accounts written by spiritually advanced 400 B.C.E.–800 C.E. — The Hindu response to Buddhism and Jainism results in mystics concerning advice on new developments within the Hindu faith, such as Pre- Discussion ______further changes to the main teachings of Hinduism. the belief in reincarnation. They represent the final phase in the development of • Discuss Gandhi and what students may already know of his role in India’s 326 B.C.E. — Alexander the Great brings his army and the influence of Greek the Vedas. history and his belief in the principles of nonviolence. Speculate about how civilization into the northernmost regions of India. The Indian Mauryan Empire is Samsara — The Sanskrit term for reincarnation, a worldly cycle of birth, this might relate to Hindu practices and beliefs. created to counter this Greek invasion of culture and ideas. and until a soul achieves enlightenment and embraces the sacred • Using a world map, have students highlight the areas of the world in which 250 B.C.E. — Ashoka becomes Emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty. of the . one might expect to find Hinduism as the predominant faith. 400–500 C.E. — Hinduism returns as the dominant religion of India. Caste System — The Hindu social system of dividing people into a rigid class • Develop with the class a list of terms and concepts associated with and monuments are built to honor Hindu ideas, gods and beliefs. This is the era of structure. Men have the least mobility between . Women may change their Hinduism that the students already know and are able to explain. original or birth caste through . The four major castes are the the Hindu Renaissance. Focus Questions ______800–1000 C.E. — movements begin to develop in India. (), the (warriors and rulers), the (merchants and farmers) and the (laborers). The Untouchables are outside of the caste 1. Explain at least two ways a typical Hindu might begin his/her religious day. 900 C.E. — Shankara teaches the reality of One or One God, introduc- system and are believed to contaminate anything or anyone with whom they 2. What are the Vedas? What role do they play in ? ing significant monotheistic beliefs into Hinduism. come in contact. 3. What is reincarnation? 1100 C.E. — arrive in India and influence the evolution of the Hindu Jainism and Buddhism — Two protest religions that formed as reactions faith. 4. What were Buddhism and Jainism reacting against within the Hindu faith? against selected Hindu religious practices and/or teachings such as the power of 5. What is the caste system? 1400–1700 C.E. — Europeans arrive in India to pursue colonization and com- the priests, the overwhelming presence of and the alienation of the lower mercial goals within the Hindu world. 6. In the period from 500 B.C.E. to 800 C.E., how did the Hindus deal with the castes from their Hindu faith. challenges of the Buddhists and the Jains? 1919–1948 C.E. — The era of Mahatma Gandhi’s profound influence on — An impartial force or principle of cause and effect that accounts for 7. Who is Shankara and what is significant about his teachings? Is his position Hinduism and India. each person’s good and bad actions and determines their position of rebirth one that is commonly accepted by most Hindus today? 1948–1990 C.E. — India and become independent countries and enter based upon each person’s actions in their previous lifetime. the modern era. Both possess nuclear weapons and suffer from religious tension — The world spirit, the Absolute,the chief god of the Hindu faith who is 8. What important Hindu lesson does the warrior Arjuna learn from the god among their Muslim and Hindu populations. associated with the creation of all reality. Union with Brahma is seen as the end Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita? goal for all individuals seeking enlightenment within Hinduism. 9. What are the Hindu stages of life that a man should expect to pass through Vocabulary ______Brahman — The One, Absolute God to which all other gods are lower. in his lifetime in the pursuit of spiritual fulfillment? — The act of during which incense is burned and offerings are Vishnu — The preserver god representing divine who has been incarnated 10. What is the role of astrology in Hinduism? made to a Hindu represented by a statue or picture. as Krishna and Rama. 11. What is the significance of the River in Hinduism? Yoga — The practice used to gain control over the and body in order to — The energy force of the Absolute, who is seen as the great cosmic 12. Which day of the is traditionally considered the Hindu Sabbath? reflect on the path to enlightenment. (Continued) creator and destroyer. (Continued) 13. Where did the term “Hinduism”originate and when? (Continued)

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