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Great Canadian Lagerstätten 2. Macro- and Microfossils of the Mount Cap Formation (Early and Middle Cambrian, Northwest Territories) Thomas H

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Great Canadian Lagerstätten 2. Macro- and Microfossils of the Mount Cap Formation (Early and Middle Cambrian, Northwest Territories) Thomas H Document generated on 09/26/2021 3:26 a.m. Geoscience Canada Great Canadian Lagerstätten 2. Macro- and Microfossils of the Mount Cap Formation (Early and Middle Cambrian, Northwest Territories) Thomas H. P. Harvey and Nicholas J. Butterfield Volume 38, Number 4, December 2011 Article abstract The Early–Middle Cambrian Mount Cap Formation, NWT, hosts a diverse range URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/geocan38_4ser02 of exceptionally preserved fos sils. Like the celebrated Burgess Shale of British Columbia, the Mount Cap contains carbonaceous compression fossils of See table of contents animals that lacked mineral ized hard parts, as well as the fully articulated skeletons of shelly taxa. Its unique importance, however, lies in exceptional carbonaceous preservation at a microscopic scale. Acid-extracted microfossils Publisher(s) from the ‘Little Bear biota’ of the Mackenzie Mountains reveal important details of problematic groups including chancelloriids and hyolithids, and The Geological Association of Canada provide direct evidence of Cambrian diets in the form of fae cal strings. A complementary microfos sil assemblage from the subsurface of the Colville ISSN Hills region contains an extraordinary diversity of exquisitely preserved arthropod cuticle, and con stitutes the oldest known record of complex 0315-0941 (print) crown-group crustaceans. We discuss the wider significance of the Mount Cap 1911-4850 (digital) fossils, and describe some new forms that point to the potential for future discoveries. Explore this journal Cite this article Harvey, T. H. P. & Butterfield, N. J. (2011). Great Canadian Lagerstätten 2. Macro- and Microfossils of the Mount Cap Formation (Early and Middle Cambrian, Northwest Territories). Geoscience Canada, 38(4), 165–173. All rights reserved © The Geological Association of Canada, 2011 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ GEOSCIENCE CANADA Volume 38 Number 4 December 2011 165 SERIES hyolithids, and provide direct evidence décrivons quelques formes nouvelles of Cambrian diets in the form of fae- qui laissent penser que d’autres décou- cal strings. A complementary microfos- vertes sont possibles. sil assemblage from the subsurface of the Colville Hills region contains an INTRODUCTION extraordinary diversity of exquisitely The Cambrian ‘explosion’ of diverse preserved arthropod cuticle, and con- shelly fossils and sedimentary traces stitutes the oldest known record of marks the onset of the modern complex crown-group crustaceans. We Phanerozoic biosphere, but presents a discuss the wider significance of the deeply unrepresentative account of the Mount Cap fossils, and describe some underlying diversity and dynamics. new forms that point to the potential Many important evolutionary innova- Great Canadian for future discoveries. tions were limited to ‘soft’ body parts Lagerstätten 2. and organisms, which only became fos- Macro- and Microfossils of SOMMAIRE silized in rare instances of ‘exceptional La Formation de Mount Cap dans les preservation’ – most famously in the the Mount Cap Formation T.N.-O. qui va du début de Cambrien Burgess Shale, which was discovered in (Early and Middle jusqu’au Cambrien moyen renferme SE British Columbia in 1909 (see une gamme diverse de fossiles excep- Collins 2009). Since then, comparable Cambrian, Northwest tionnellement bien préservés. Comme and complementary fossil-Lagerstätten Territories) dans le cas des schistes de Burgess de have been described from China, Colombie-Britannique, la Formation de Greenland, Australia, the United States Mount Cap renferme des fossiles de and elsewhere in Canada (see Thomas H. P. Harvey and Nicholas compression carbonés d’animaux Hagadorn 2002). Although ‘Burgess J. Butterfield exempts de parties dures minéralisées, Shale-type’ (BST) biotas are particularly Department of Earth Sciences de même que de squelettes pleinement well documented in the southern and University of Cambridge articulés de taxons coquillers. Cepen- central Canadian Rockies (e.g. Collins Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EQ dant, son importance unique tient à sa et al. 1983; Copeland 1993; Butterfield E-mail: [email protected] préservation carbonée exceptionnelle à 2000; Johnston et al. 2009; Caron et al. l’échelle microscopique. Les microfos- 2010), they have also been encountered SUMMARY siles obtenus par extraction à l’acide much farther north, in the Early to The Early–Middle Cambrian Mount sur le « biote de Little Bear » des Middle Cambrian Mount Cap Forma- Cap Formation, NWT, hosts a diverse monts Mackenzie montrent d’impor- tion of the Northwest Territories (But- range of exceptionally preserved fos- tants détails sur des groupes controver- terfield 1994; Butterfield and Nicholas sils. Like the celebrated Burgess Shale sés incluant les chancelloriidés et les 1996; Harvey and Butterfield 2008). As of British Columbia, the Mount Cap hyolithidés, ainsi que des indices directs well as being of paleogeographic sig- contains carbonaceous compression de la diète cambrienne sous la forme nificance, the Mount Cap fossils have fossils of animals that lacked mineral- de trainées fécales. Un assemblage provided a unique view of early meta- ized hard parts, as well as the fully microfossile complémentaire du sous- zoan evolution via their (exceptional) articulated skeletons of shelly taxa. Its sol de la région de Colville contient preservation of micro-anatomy, and unique importance, however, lies in une extraordinaire diversité de cuticules yield both key data points and an exceptional carbonaceous preservation d’arthropode très finement préservées, important new paleontological search at a microscopic scale. Acid-extracted constituant ainsi la plus ancienne image. Here we present a current sum- microfossils from the ‘Little Bear biota’ archive du groupe-couronne complexe mary of the Mount Cap biota, and of the Mackenzie Mountains reveal de crustacés. Nous commentons à champion its place among ‘great Cana- important details of problematic grands traits la signification de l’exis- dian Lagerstätten.’ groups including chancelloriids and tence des fossiles de Mount Cap, et 166 graphical, geological and paleontologi- &-, & &&, cal differences, we recognize two dis- tinct fossil assemblages: the Early Cambrian ‘Colville Hills biota’ (Good # ) Hope sub-basin), and the Middle Cam- '* brian ‘Little Bear biota’ (Carcajou sub- ! +0 basin). )* THE LITTLE BEAR BIOTA: ‘BURGESS SHALE-TYPE’ FOSSILS AT MACRO- AND MICROSCOPIC SCALES ++, The Little Bear locality, on the Little &' Bear River in the Mackenzie Mountains (section U-13 of Aitken et al. 1973; section 2 of Serié et al. 2009; Fig. 2), has yielded a variety of exceptionally ( preserved fossils (Butterfield and &' +*, . (!% Nicholas 1996). Entirely non-biominer- ! / alizing animals are represented by the claws of anomalocaridids (Fig. 3a) and " the carapaces of bivalved arthropods, including Isoxys (Butterfield and Nicholas 1996, fig. 2.3). In addition, animals with mineralized skeletons that typically disarticulate after death are " often preserved intact at Little Bear; examples include trilobites, sponges, "# and two problematic extinct groups: ! the mollusc-like hyolithids (Fig. 3b) and sponge-like chancelloriids (Fig. 3c). $%! The chancelloriids are preserved as ! articulated scleritomes with traces of integument, while the hyolithids often retain their operculum and one or both arm-like helens; one hyolithid pre- Figure 1. Map showing the principal localities for exceptional fossils in the Mount serves a simple looped gut (see Butter- Cap Formation, including the Little Bear section (Carcajou sub-basin) and subsur- field 2003, fig. 2A). face occurrences in the Colville Hills region (Good Hope sub-basin). After Pugh The Little Bear macrofossils (1993), Butterfield (1994), and Butterfield and Nicholas (1996). are typically defined by a silvery car- bonaceous film. Both the non-mineral- izing and the shelly forms possess sub- GEOLOGICAL SETTING tres: the Carcajou sub-basin, which stantial films, indicating that even bio- Unlike most of the units bearing BST includes the cordilleran outcrops; and mineralized body parts can follow a assemblages to the south, the Mount the Good Hope sub-basin, which lies Burgess Shale-type taphonomic path- Cap Formation was deposited in an to the east of any orogenic deforma- way under particular diagenetic condi- intracratonic basin, separated from the tion and is known primarily from drill- tions (Butterfield and Nicholas 1996). open ocean to the west by the Macken- core (Fig. 1). In both areas, trilobite One consequence of this robust car- zie Arch (Fig. 1). The sedimentary suc- biostratigraphy identifies a late Early bonaceous expression is that compara- cession is represented by 100–300 Cambrian (Bonnia-Olenellus Zone) to tively intact specimens can be isolated metres of mostly shallow water glau- Middle Cambrian (Glossopleura Zone) from the rock matrix using a gentle conitic sandstones, siltstones, shales depositional age for the Mount Cap hydrofluoric acid technique. Such pro- and minor carbonates that crop
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