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Paleoenvironmental Variability of the Lower Paleozoic Earlie and Deadwood Formations in Subsurface Saskatchewan: a Preliminary Assessment

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Paleoenvironmental Variability of the Lower Paleozoic Earlie and Deadwood Formations in Subsurface Saskatchewan: a Preliminary Assessment Paleoenvironmental Variability of the Lower Paleozoic Earlie and Deadwood Formations in Subsurface Saskatchewan: A Preliminary Assessment Luis Buatois 1 and M. Gabriela Mángano 1 Buatois, L. and Mángano, M.G. (2013): Paleoenvironmental variability of the lower Paleozoic Earlie and Deadwood formations in subsurface Saskatchewan: a preliminary assessment; in Summary of Investigations 2013, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Ministry of the Economy, Misc. Rep. 2013-4.1, Paper A-3, 8p. Abstract The middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Earlie and Deadwood formations are analyzed based on the study of six cores in subsurface Saskatchewan. These units display remarkable paleoenvironmental variability not only with respect to water depth, but also regarding the different roles of waves and tides. The Earlie Formation mostly records deposition in tide-influenced settings, reflecting the formation of tidal sandbodies. The Deadwood Formation records for the most part deposition in wave-dominated shallow-marine settings, ranging from the upper shoreface to the offshore. An interval of the Deadwood Formation with abundant soft-sediment deformation structures most likely records sedimentation under a deltaic influence. The switch from a tide-dominated regime to a wave-dominated regime may reflect the establishment of more protected environments prone to tidal amplification during deposition of the Earlie Formation, whereas the Deadwood Formation records more open environments exposed to wave action. Keywords: Deadwood Formation, Earlie Formation, Paleozoic, Cambrian, Ordovician, Williston Basin, core analysis, sedimentary facies, depositional environments, Saskatchewan. 1. Introduction The middle Cambrian–Lower Ordovician succession in subsurface Saskatchewan records the earliest Phanerozoic transgression in the Williston Basin (Figure 1). This succession is represented by three units, the Basal Sandstone Unit, the Earlie Formation, and the Deadwood Formation, all forming a succession up to 500 m thick (Dixon, 2007, 2008). These units have become the focus of much recent interest, particularly in connection with their potential as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration (Fischer et al., 2005) and the presence of spectacularly preserved small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) (Harvey et al., 2012a, 2012b; Butterfield and Harvey, 2012). Understanding depositional conditions during sedimentation and the ranges of sedimentary facies and environments present in these units is essential to properly evaluate sandstone geometry and connectivity, which in turn are key elements for selecting CO2 storage sites in order to minimize uncertainties in CO2 sequestration. In addition, because these deposits represent, at least in part, the proximal equivalents of those containing the world-famous Burgess Shale fauna in the Canadian Rockies, detailed facies analysis may shed light on the paleoenvironmental setting of the SCFs, which reveal a cryptic Cambrian radiation in shallow water, unrecorded by the more distal Burgess Shale fauna (Butterfield and Harvey, 2012; Harvey et al., 2012b). The aim of our study is to provide a preliminary assessment of the paleoenvironmental variability of these lower Paleozoic deposits based on the analysis of six cores in subsurface Saskatchewan (Figure 2, Table 1). 2. Stratigraphic Setting The Basal Sandstone Unit rests directly on the Precambrian basement, and consists of pebbly to fine-grained sandstone intercalated with minor shale (Dixon, 2008). This unit represents nearshore deposits, and has been considered as strongly diachronic because it occurs not only at the base of the middle Cambrian–Lower Ordovician succession, but also as proximal equivalents of the Earlie and Deadwood formations (Dixon, 2007, 2008). In this study, the Basal Sandstone Unit has not been analyzed, but the possibility that these deposits are simply a facies variation within the Earlie and Deadwood formations, thereby precluding the need to be kept as a separate lithostratigraphic unit, cannot be disregarded and remains open for further study. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2. Saskatchewan Geological Survey 1 Summary of Investigations 2013, Volume 1 Figure 1 – Cambrian–Ordovician stratigraphy in subsurface Saskatchewan (after Dixon, 2008). Fm = Formation, L = Lower, M = Middle, U = Upper. Figure 2 – Location map of the six cores studied (based on Harvey et al., 2012a). RW = Ceepee Reward, CS = Canadian Seaboard Divide No. 2, RL = Ceepee Riley Lake, UR = University of Regina, FH = CPEC et al Hartaven, and GE = Husky Glen Ewen. See details in Table 1. Saskatchewan Geological Survey 2 Summary of Investigations 2013, Volume 1 Table 1 – Details of well localities and cored intervals. Locations of wells are shown on Figure 2. Well Name Label on Figure 2 Locality Well Licence Core Interval Ceepee Reward RW 101/04-28-038-24W3 58EO63 6,192 to 6,227 ft 6,018 to 6,043 ft 5,808 to 5,833 ft 5,565 to 5,590 ft 5,384 to 5,409 ft Canadian Seaboard CS 101/07-14-056-17W3 56AO41 3,787 to 3,806 ft Divide No. 2 Ceepee Riley Lake RL 101/03-04-39-13W3 58H014 5,724 to 5,754 ft 5,365 to 5,390 ft 5,065 to 5,095 ft University of Regina UR 131/03-08-017-19W2 78LO10 2067 to 2085 m CPEC et al Hartaven FH 142/12-01-010-09W2 98E189 2443 to 2450 m Husky Glen Ewen GE 111/16-23-002-01W2 97I438 2775 to 2793 m The Earlie Formation consists predominantly of interbedded fine- to very fine-grained sandstone and shale (Dixon, 2007, 2008). Although some authors (e.g., Greggs and Hein, 2000) regarded this unit as indistinguishable from the Deadwood Formation, detailed mapping by Dixon (2008) argued in favour of its usefulness, although he does indicate that on geophysical logs it is often difficult to differentiate between the Earlie and Deadwood formations in southwestern Saskatchewan and towards the eastern and northern margins of the Williston Basin. The Deadwood Formation consists of interbedded shale, siltstone, sandstone, flat-pebble conglomerate, and limestone (Slind et al., 1994; Greggs and Hein, 2000). The formation is unconformably overlain by the Middle Ordovician Winnipeg Formation in eastern Saskatchewan (Greggs and Hein, 2000; Dixon, 2007, 2008). According to Dixon, the whole middle Cambrian–Lower Ordovician cycle can be subdivided into two main transgressive-regressive cycles, one comprising the Basal Sandstone Unit and most of the Earlie Formation, and the second mostly comprising the Deadwood Formation. Although conodont and trilobite data provide a middle Cambrian (Series 3) to Lower Ordovician age for this cycle in Alberta, precise dating of these units in Saskatchewan is hindered by the lack of direct paleontologic evidence. SCFs provide new insights, albeit preliminary, on the age of these deposits (Harvey et al., 2012a). According to their dataset, the Earlie Formation is regarded as middle Cambrian in age, whereas the Deadwood Formation contains two assemblages. The “lower Deadwood assemblage” is most likely late middle Cambrian or, perhaps, ranges into the Furongian, and the “upper Deadwood assemblage” is Furongian (Harvey et al., 2012a). 3. Sedimentary Facies Variability Both physical (lithology, bed boundaries, and mechanical sedimentary structures) and biogenic attributes were considered in the facies analysis herein. Degree of bioturbation is assessed following Taylor and Goldring (1993), based on a previous scale by Reineck (1963). A sedimentary fabric characterized by no bioturbation (0%) corresponds to a bioturbation index (BI) of 0. Deposits that show sparse bioturbation with few discrete traces correspond to a BI of 1 (1 to 4%). Low bioturbation in sediment that still has preserved sedimentary structures corresponds to a BI of 2 (5 to 30%). A BI of 3 (31 to 60%) refers to sediment with discrete trace fossils, moderate bioturbation, and still distinguishable bedding boundaries. BI 4 (61 to 90%) is typified by intense bioturbation, high trace-fossil density and common overlap of trace fossils, and primary sedimentary structures are mostly erased. Sediment with completely disturbed bedding and showing intense bioturbation corresponds to a BI of 5 (91 to 99%). Completely bioturbated and reworked sediment, related to repeat overprinting of trace fossils, corresponds to a BI of 6 (100%). Our analysis suggests that the Earlie and Deadwood formations display remarkable paleoenvironmental variability not only with respect to water depth, but also regarding the different roles of waves and tides. Saskatchewan Geological Survey 3 Summary of Investigations 2013, Volume 1 a) Earlie Formation The Earlie Formation consists of: parallel-stratified to planar crossbedded, very coarse- to medium-grained sandstone with rare mudstone partings; planar crossbedded to current-ripple, cross-laminated, medium- to fine- grained sandstone with abundant mudstone layers, forming heterolithic intervals characterized by wavy, flaser and lenticular bedding; and mudstone intervals with thin, very fine-grained sandstone intercalations, displaying lenticular and wavy bedding (Figures 3A to 3C). Sharp-based, parallel-laminated, very fine-grained sandstone occurs locally interbedded with the fine-grained heterolithic intervals (Figure 3D). Mudstone drapes on cross-laminated and crossbedded sets are extremely abundant, as are syneresis cracks (Figure 4). Fluid-escape structures and convolute lamination are present locally. Figure 3 – Sedimentary facies of the Earlie Formation, Ceepee Reward 101/04-28-038-24W3,
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