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Listing Determinations for Five Poecilotheria Tarantula Species from Sri Lanka

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Listing Determinations for Five Poecilotheria Tarantula Species from Sri Lanka Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Determinations for Five Poecilotheria Tarantula Species from Sri Lanka Docket: FWS-HQ-ES-2016-0076 REFERENCES CITED November 2016 Bond, J.E., Beamer, D.A., Lamb, T. and Hedin, M., 2006. Combining genetic and geospatial analyses to infer population extinction in mygalomorph spiders endemic to the Los Angeles region. Animal Conservation 9(2): 145-157. Brooks, B. W., Sodhi, N. S., and Bradshaw, J. A. 2008. Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23(8): 453-460. Buthpitiya, Vindhya. 2013. Reconciling Rights, Responsibilities and Disjunctures: an assessment of Sri Lanka’s post-war development drive. Law and Society Trust, Colombo. Capannini, S. 2003. Wild caught – captive bred: The never ending dilemma. British Tarantula Society Journal 18(4): 106-109. Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2014. Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Hon. Minister of Finance. Statistical Appendix. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Accessed 4/19/2016 at http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/efr/annual_report/AR2014/English/ 17_Appendix.pdf. Central Bank of Sri Lanka. 2012. Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Hon. Minister of Finance. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Accessed 8/24/2016 at http://www.cbsl. gov.lk/ pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/efr/annual_report/AR2012/English/7_Chapter_03.pdf. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Summary Report of the Committee I meeting, CoP11. Gigiri, Kenya, 10-20 April 2000. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/11/other/Com_I.pdf. Climate Change Secretariat of Sri Lanka. 2015. National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka. Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment, Sri Lanka. Accessed 10/5/2016 at http://www.climatechange.lk/NAP/NAP%20For%20Sri %20Lanka _2016-2025.pdf. Costa, F.G. and Pérez-Miles, F., 2002. Reproductive biology of Uruguayan theraphosids (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (3): 571-587. Das, K.S.A., Sreekala, L.K. and Abdurahiman, O. 2012. Predation on the Kelaart’s Pipistrelle Bat Pipistrellus ceylonicus Keelart (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), by the Reddish Parachute Tarantula, Poecilotheria rufilata Pocock (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Tropical Natural History 12: 257-260. Deutsch, C.A., Tewksbury, J.J., Huey, R.B., Sheldon, K.S., Ghalambor, C.K., Haak, D.C. and Martin, P.R. 2008. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(18): 6668-6672. De Costa, W.A.J.M. 2008. Climate change in Sri Lanka: myth or reality? Evidence from long- term meteorological data. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka Special Issue 36: 63-88. De Silva, C.S., Weatherhead, E.K., Knox, J.W. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J.A. 2007. Predicting the impacts of climate change—a case study of paddy irrigation water requirements in Sri Lanka. Agricultural Water Management 93(1): 19-29. Disaster Management Center, Sri Lanka. 2010. Annual Report. Accessed 9/1/2016 at http://www.dmc.gov.lk/Annual%20Plans/Annual%20Report%202010.pdf. DLA Piper. 2015. Empty Threat 2015: Does the Law Combat Illegal Wildlife Trade? A Review of Legislative and Judicial Approaches in Fifteen Jurisdictions. DLA Piper. Accessed 1/14/2016 online at https://www.dlapiper.com/~/media/Files/News/2015/05/ IllegalWildlifeTradeReport2015.pdf. Elowsky, C. 2014. Response to USFWS 90-day finding on a petition to list 11 Poecilotheria species as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Submitted to the Service via www.regulations.gov. Docket Number: FWS–HQ–ES–2013–0107–0233. Eriyagama, N., Smakhtin, V., Chandrapala, L., and Fernando, K. 2010. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture in Sri Lanka: A Review and Preliminary Vulnerability Mapping. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. IWMI Research Report 135. doi:10.5337/2010.211 Accessed 5/2/2016 at http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/PUB135/RR135. pdf?galog=no. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2015a. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report, Sri Lanka. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 3/8/2016 at http://www.fao.org/3/a-az341e.pdf. FAO. 2015b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Desk Reference. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 3/8/2016 at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdf. FAO. 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment – Country Reports, Sri Lanka. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 9/28/2016 at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai964E/ai964E00.pdf. FAO. 2001. FRA 2000, Forest Resources of Sri Lanka, Country Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 9/26/2016 at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/ad678e/ad678e00.pdf. Ferretti, N., Pérez-Miles, F., and González, A. 2014. Historical relationships among Argentinean biogeographic provinces based on mygalomorph spider distribution data (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 49(1): 1-10. Ferretti, N., Pompozzi, G., Copperi, S., González, A., and Pérez-Miles, F. 2013. Sexual behaviour of mygalomorph spiders: when simplicity becomes complex; an update of the last 21 years. Arachnology 16(3): 85-93. Foelix, R. 2011. Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Fuchs, J., von Dechend, M., Mordasini, R., Ceschi, A., and Nentwig, W. 2014. A verified spider bite and a review of the literature confirm Indian ornamental tree spiders (Poecilotheria species) as underestimated theraphosids of medical importance. Toxicon 77: 73-77. Gabriel, R. 2014. Response to USFWS 90-day finding on a petition to list 11 Poecilotheria species as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Submitted to the Service via www.regulations.gov. Docket Number: FWS–HQ–ES–2013–0107–0228. Gabriel, R. 2012. Some notes and observations on the breeding of Poecilotheria ornata and P. rufilata. British Tarantula Society Journal 28(1): 18-27. Gabriel, R. 2011a. Some notes and observations on the breeding of Poecilotheria regalis and P. striata. British Tarantula Society Journal 27(1): 12-28. Gabriel, R. 2011b. Poecilotheria formosa, P. metallica, P. miranda and P. tigrinawesseli; notes and observations on their captive breeding, maturity rate and sociability. British Tarantula Society Journal 26(3): 101-110. Gabriel, R. 2010. Poecilotheria nallamalaiensis Rao et al. 2006, a junior synonym of Poecilotheria formosa Pocock, 1899. Newsl. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 118: 12-15. Gabriel, R. 2006. The effects of temperature in relation to development time of nymph-1 Poecilotheria regalis. British Tarantula Society Journal 21(3): 95-97. Gabriel, R. 2005. Some notes and observations on mature male Poecilotheria regalis. British Tarantula Society Journal 20(4):100-102. Gabriel, R. 2003. Food for thought: Common names and inbreeding. British Tarantula Society Journal 18(3): 89-91. Gabriel, R. and Gallon, R. 2013. The revised taxonomical status of some Poecilotheria species Simon, 1885 (Aranea: Theraphosidae). British Tarantula Society Journal 28(3): 103- 110. Gabriel. R., Pedersen, N., and Rafu, S. 2005. Notes and observations of Poecilotheria smithi and the threat to its survival in captivity and Sri Lanka. British Tarantula Society Journal 21(1): 4-8. Gallon, R. 2012. Keeping and breeding Poecilotheria ornata Pocock, 1899 in captivity. British Tarantula Society Journal 22(2): 62-69. Gallon, R. 2000. The Natural History of Tarantula Spiders. British Tarantula Society. Accessed 2/24/2016 online at http://www.bts.ndirect.co.uk/natural.htm. Gilpin, M. E., and Soulé, M. E. 1986. Minimum Viable Populations: the processes of species extinctions. Pp. 13-34 in M. E. Soulé (ed.) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. GOSL (Government of Sri Lanka). 2015. Summary Report. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Sri Lanka: Identification of Key Policies and Measures. Sri Lanka UN- REDD Program. Accessed 9/16/2016 online at redd.lk/web/images/contents/ document_centre/Final_DD_Summary_Completed.pdf. GOSL. 2014. Sri Lanka’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2014. Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Renewable Energy, Ethul Kotte. Accessed 3/29/2016 at https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/lk/lk-nr-05-en.pdf. GOSL. 2012. Sri Lanka REDD+ Readiness Preparation Proposal. UN-REDD Program. Accessed 3/28/2016 online at http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/sites/ forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Feb2012/Sri%20Lanka%20R- PP%20Final%20Draft%201%20Feb%202012%20 (fn).pdf. GOSL. 2011. Action Plan for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Ministry of Environment, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Accessed 4/15/2016 at https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/cbwsoi-seasi- 01/other/cbwsoi-seasi-01-sri-lanka-en.pdf. Government of Sri Lanka and Government of the United States. 2000. Proposal to include all species in the genus Poecilotheria in CITES Appendix II. CoP11, Prop.11.52, Nairobi. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/11/prop/52.pdf. Gunarathne, R.M.U.K., and Perera, A.D. 2014. Die-out of Manilkara hexandra from Bundala National Park, Sri Lanka: causes and some possible underlying mechanisms. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment 4(1): 14-27. Hedin, M., Starrett, J. and Hayashi, C., 2013. Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans‐valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low‐dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California. Molecular ecology 22(2): 508- 526. Herndon, R. 2014. Email from R. Herndon, Office of Law Enforcement, USFWS, to E. VanGelder, Ecological Services - Branch of Foreign Species, USFWS. Sent January 17, 2014. IPCC. 2013. Summary for Policymakers. Pp. 3-29 in T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M.
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