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Lynx Lynx Lynx in the Slovak Carpathians Reveals Lower Numbers Than Officially Reported

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Lynx Lynx Lynx in the Slovak Carpathians Reveals Lower Numbers Than Officially Reported Robust monitoring of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the Slovak Carpathians reveals lower numbers than officially reported J AKUB K UBALA,PETER S MOLKO,FRIDOLIN Z IMMERMANN R OBIN R IGG,BRANISLAV T ÁM,TOMÁŠ I Ľ KO,DANILO F ORESTI C HRISTINE B REITENMOSER-WÜRSTEN,RUDOLF K ROPIL and U RS B REITENMOSER Abstract The Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in the Introduction Carpathian Mountains is considered to be one of the best pre- served and largestinEurope and hence is a sourcefor pastand he population of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the current reintroduction projects in central Europe. However, TCarpathian Mountains is considered to be one of the its status in Slovakia has been reported to the European best preserved and largest in Europe (Kaczensky et al., Commission on the basis of hunters´ reports and expert esti- ). It was the source of lynx for several reintroduction mates that have never been validated by a robust scientific ap- projects between the s and the s (Breitenmoser proach. We conducted the first camera-trapping surveys to et al., ; Breitenmoser & Breitenmoser-Würsten, estimate the density of Eurasian lynx in Slovakia by means ). Although some of the re-established populations of spatial capture–recapture models in two reference areas dur- prospered initially, most of them have since stagnated or ing –. We estimated population density per km even declined, and suffer from inbreeding (Breitenmoser- č ć of suitable lynx habitat (posterior SD) as . ± SD . Würsten & Obexer-Ruff, ; Sindi i et al., ). independent individuals (adults and subadults) in the Reinforcement is recommended as a genetic remedy to as- Štiavnica Mountains and . ± SD . in Veľká Fatra sure their long-term viability (Schnidrig et al., ). National Park and surroundings. These are the lowest dens- Many of the translocated individuals came from ities estimated using spatial capture–recapture models so far Slovakia, which encompasses c. % of the Carpathians reported for the species, suggesting the lynx population in and is considered to be a potential source for reinforcements č ć Slovakia is below carrying capacity. We suspect that low dens- and further reintroductions (Sindi i et al., ; Schnidrig ities may be attributable to undetected human-caused mortal- et al., ). The removal of individuals, even for conserva- ity. Our results imply that official game statistics are tion purposes, requires adequate monitoring of the source substantially overestimated. Moreover, the lynx population population (IUCN/SSC, ). Although Slovakia has been in Slovakia may not be at favourable conservation status as re- a member of the European Union since and is there- quired by the EU Habitats Directive. We therefore call for a fore obliged by Council Directive / /EEC of May thorough assessment of the density and trend of the Slovak on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna Carpathian lynx population, and the establishment of a scien- and flora (the Habitats Directive) to monitor, assess and re- tifically robust monitoring system. port on the conservation status of protected species, to date there has been no robust monitoring system for large mam- Keywords Camera trapping, capture–recapture, Carpathians, mals, including the lynx. Reporting to the European favourable conservation status, Lynx lynx, population density Commission has been on the basis of expert estimates of – lynx in Slovakia, and the population’s conservation status is categorized as unfavourable–inadequate (Černecký JAKUB KUBALA* (Corresponding author) Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty et al., ). In contrast, official game statistics based on of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, T.G. ’ Masaryka 20, Zvolen 960 53, Slovakia. Email [email protected] hunters reports estimated there were , lynx in Slovakia in (NLC, ). In neither case were these of- PETER SMOLKO* and RUDOLF KROPIL Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia ficial figures validated by a scientific approach. FRIDOLIN ZIMMERMANN,DANILO FORESTI,CHRISTINE BREITENMOSER-WÜRSTEN and URS BREITENMOSER† KORA, Muri, Switzerland Population densities can be estimated reliably from vari- ous types of data, including telemetry and snow tracking ROBIN RIGG Slovak Wildlife Society, Liptovský Hrádok, Slovakia (Breitenmoser & Breitenmoser-Würsten, ). However, BRANISLAV TÁM Bojnice Zoo, Bojnice, Slovakia camera trapping combined with capture–recapture analysis — TOMÁŠ IĽKO Diana Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia has become a widely used approach for elusive but individu- *Also at: Diana—Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia † ally distinguishable species such as the Eurasian lynx (e.g. Also at: University of Bern, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Bern, Switzerland Weingarth et al., ; Pesenti & Zimmermann, ; Received November . Revision requested January . Zimmermann et al., ; Avgan et al., ). To obtain Accepted May . First published online August . the first robust data from the Carpathian Mountains of Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 548–556 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060531700076X Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 02 Oct 2021 at 09:42:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531700076X Eurasian lynx in the Slovak Carpathians 549 Slovakia we conducted camera-trapping surveys in two ref- erence areas. The main goals of our study were to () apply this methodology in Slovakia to estimate lynx population density by spatial and non-spatial capture–recapture mod- els, () compare our results with other estimates of lynx density, and () provide baseline data for ongoing lynx monitoring. Study areas We monitored lynx in two contrasting reference areas: Štiavnica Mountains Protected Landscape Area (IUCN Category V), near the periphery of occupied lynx range, and Veľká Fatra National Park (IUCN Category II), within the core area of the Carpathian population (Hell & Slamčka, ). Štiavnica is the largest volcanic complex in Slovakia, at –, m altitude (Fig. ). Two thirds of the Protected Landscape Area’s km are covered by deciduous and mixed forest; the remainder is a fragmented mosaic of mea- dows and agricultural land around human settlements, with a mean density of persons per km (MPRV SR, ). Veľká Fatra National Park is located c. km north of Š Štiavnica. Mixed and coniferous forests cover % of its FIG. 1 Location of camera-trap stations in (a) tiavnica ľ km , with alpine meadows above the timberline. Mountains Protected Landscape Area (PLA) and (b) Ve ká Fatra National Park (NP) in the Carpathian Mountains of central Human settlements are located on the periphery of the Slovakia. Mean convex polygons were enlarged by buffers of Park and the mean density is people per km (MPRV and km, respectively, resulting in state-spaces in which we SR, ). The topography is largely mountainous, at distinguished unsuitable (shaded) from suitable habitat –, m altitude. Both areas are included in the fragments for the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx. The shaded area in Natura network of protected areas of the EU the inset shows the lynx’s distribution in the Carpathian Habitats Directive (.% of the Protected Landscape Area Mountains (Kaczensky et al., ). and .% of the National Park). Several Carnivora besides lynx are present in both areas, registered hunters/foresters in Štiavnica and six rangers and including brown bears Ursus arctos and wildcats Felis silves- hunters/foresters in Veľká Fatra. Beginning in in tris, and grey wolves Canis lupus are present in Veľká Fatra. Štiavnica and in Veľká Fatra, various models of digital Three species of native ungulates are common: red deer camera were deployed throughout the year along forest Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and wild roads, hiking paths, game trails and mountain ridges, as boar Sus scrofa. There are also introduced fallow deer well as at lynx marking sites and kills (Zimmermann Dama dama and mouflon Ovis musimon in Štiavnica, and et al., ). Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra in Veľká Fatra. Timber harvesting and hunting are permitted across most of both areas. Capture–recapture surveys Winter and early spring, before and during the lynx mating Methods season, has been identified as the best period to conduct sys- tematic camera trapping because of biological (i.e. high lynx Pilot surveys activity), logistical (i.e. reduced human disturbance), and environmental factors (Zimmermann & Foresti, ). To enhance the probability of photographing and identify- Given the limited availability of cameras, in Štiavnica we ing lynx during capture–recapture surveys, we conducted used an adjacent block sampling design (Karanth & pilot surveys of .–. years’ duration in each study area. Nichols, ): the western portion of the study area was The choice of study areas and camera-trap sites was based surveyed during January– March, and the eastern block on information resulting from snow tracking as well as during March– May .InVeľká Fatra we surveyed from observations (e.g. lynx sightings, tracks, prey remains) the whole study area simultaneously during December provided by our monitoring network of four rangers and – February . Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 548–556 © 2017 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060531700076X Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 02 Oct 2021 at 09:42:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use,
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