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Mittelafrika: Canarias Y La Geopolítica Alemana En El África Subsahariana Y El El Magreb

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Mittelafrika: Canarias Y La Geopolítica Alemana En El África Subsahariana Y El El Magreb 63 Mittelafrika: Canarias y la geopolítica alemana en el África subsahariana y en el Magreb (1871-1919) Fernando N. Navarro Beltrame Francisco Javier Ponce Marrero (director de la investigación) En este trabajo recopilamos y analizamos la información de In this paper I collect and analyze information from various diferentes archivos europeos acerca del papel que tuvo el archives in Europe about the role played by the Canary Is- Archipiélago Canario en la política colonial africana del Im- lands in the African colonial policy of the German Empire. It perio Alemán. Se toma como referencia la diplomacia europea, takes as reference the European diplomacy, articulated with compaginándola con las dimensiones políticas, militares, the political, military, administrative and economic condi- administrativas y económicas de diversos países y sus in- tions of various countries and their influence on the Canary fluencias en las Islas Canarias. A partir de 1898, España Islands. Since 1898, Spain sought to consolidate their pos- buscó consolidar sus posesiones en las aguas y las tierras sessions in the waters and lands of Marocco, Sahara, part de Marruecos, del Sahara, de parte de la actual Mauritania of Mauritania present-day and Equatorial Guinea at the y de Guinea Ecuatorial al mismo tiempo que se incrementó same time to increase the Anglo-French colonial presence. la presencia colonial anglo-francesa. La especificidad fun- The functional specificity of the Canary Islands in African cional de Canarias en la política africana de España y de Ale- politics of Spain and Germany between 1871 and 1919 mania entre 1871 y 1919 se debe englobar dentro de este should be covered within this framework, when Mittelafrika marco, donde el Mittelafrika pasó a ser de un concepto ge- became a geographical concept to a political-economic con- ográfico a un concepto político-económico. cept. Introducción drichsburg en Ghana, la isla de Ar- cia en el gol fo de Guinea mientras guin en Mauritania y Whydah en To - que en 1862 aún tenía que entablar El punto de partida de la presencia go (Koltermann, Plehn, 2006; Van relaciones comerciales con Marrue - española en el litoral sahariano fue der Heyden, 2001). Para España, pe - cos. A mediados del siglo XIX, las la ocupación del Archipiélago Cana- se a su secular presencia en África actividades económicas en Guinea rio durante el siglo XIV, que permi- y a la victoria militar en la Guerra Ecuatorial y en Canarias pasaron a tió a partir de entonces disponer de de África (1859-1860), su actuación ma nos inglesas (Liria Rodríguez, una base efectiva para las inevita- desde mediados del siglo XIX había 2003: 61; Morales Lezcano, 2006: bles, aunque escasas, relaciones sido deficitaria: la situación mer- 226). La mediación inglesa en las con la costa vecina. Para Alemania, cantil en Canarias se mantenía in- actividades económicas del archi- la falta de un estado unitario ale- alterada, en detrimento de los de - piélago alcan zó tal grado que hasta mán había impedido ampliar las más archipiélagos atlánticos, como los diversos estados alemanes con - posesiones coloniales en África; no el portugués de Madeira o la isla fiaron la representación de sus in- obstante, entre el siglo XVII y XVIII, francesa de Goreé (Guimerá Pe- tereses en Canarias a ciudadanos los estados alemanes ya habían raza, 2004: 106, 110); desde 1849 ingleses y franceses (1). Tras la Re- tenido algunas colonias: Groß Frie- España aumentó poco su influen- volución de 1868 en España, Prusia Artículo patrocinado por Atlantis Publicidad 64 enero-junio 2010 nombró a un nuevo cónsul en el ar- chipiélago y terminó de absorber los consulados de los restantes es- tados alemanes del norte (2). Así pues, co mercial y económicamente, la Confederación de Alemania del Norte, concretamente las ciudades hanseáticas, fue la que siguió avan - zan do en su expansión por el Atlán - tico y África (Janué i Miret, 2007: 76; Stephan, 1937: 19). Tras la Guerra Franco-Prusiana y la creación del Segundo Reich, Alemania practicó en el continente europeo, bajo el mandato del canciller Bismarck, una política de equilibrio cuyas di- Acorazado alemán zarpando hacia el Atlántico antes del estallido de la Primera Guerra rectrices fundamentales consistían Mundial (PAAA, IA Weltkrieg, Band 1, Nr.16546, R.19865, D.845316, Abschrift 09/07/1914). en mantener aislada a Francia y evi - tar la formación de alianzas contra Alemania. Pero la Guerra Franco- Reich apareciese en la escena afri- Almirantazgo Imperial en 1872 (Ja - Prusiana puso de relieve dos cues- cana: el incremento de la influencia nué i Miret, 2007: 77). No obstante tiones altamente estratégicas: la alemana en Marruecos había de ac - la cautela de la política bismarc- capacidad de Francia en movilizar tuar como un instrumento de pre- kiana, la propaganda colonial fue su ejército colonial desde África, sión contra Francia (De Grunwald, ganan do adeptos en Alemania y se co mo refuerzo en el territorio de la 1963: 232; Janué i Miret, 2007: 85- vislumbraron posibilidades econó- metrópoli, y que un posible conflic - 86). A pesar del carácter meramen - micas en Canarias como puerto de to europeo contra Alemania tuvie - te estratégico de dichas razones, la es cala atlántica aprovechando la se como consecuencia la apertura euforia nacionalista tras la funda- Ley de Puertos Francos; pero la in- de escenarios militares en territorios ción del Segundo Reich pareció em - estabilidad política de España (Pri- fuera de Europa. En ambas cuestio - pujar a Alemania hacia una clara mera República de 1873 y golpe de nes, Alemania y España estaban expansión territorial por medio de Estado de 1874) provocó que los implicadas. Para el Segundo Reich, conquistas coloniales, de ahí que comerciantes alemanes prefiriesen su superioridad en tierra era evi- en noviembre de 1871 se instalase asentarse en Togo más que en las dente, pero no así su dominio del un cónsul en representación del re- Islas Canarias pese a que España mar; por ello se empezó a gestar la cién constituido Segundo Reich en con cediese a Alemania ventajas idea de poseer una fuerza naval que las Islas Canarias (3). Sin embargo, arancelarias (5). Así pues, a partir sirviese de apoyo y refuerzo a la nue- Alemania carecía de medios sufi- de 1875, la única finalidad de Bis- va fuerza continental recién adqui- cientes para enfrentarse con las marck con respecto a Francia fue rida pero con un carácter mix to eco - de más potencias coloniales (4), por animarla en sus proyectos expan- nómico-militar (De Salas, Gar cía lo que las únicas acciones se orien- sionistas a través de la creación de Sola, 1876: 541). Así pues, fue ron taron a incrementar levemente los un imperio colonial, barajando al razones de estrategia política las ne gocios de las sucursales de los mismo tiempo la posibilidad de lle- que determinaron que el Segundo co merciales hanseáticos y crear el var tropas alemanas a la frontera artículos de investigación 65 con Argelia para distraer así las mi- tener la política españo la, hi zo que cía cada vez más importante de- radas francesas de las fronteras se llegasen sólo a acuerdos colo- bido a que la rivalidad anglo-fran- alemanas (De Grunwald, 1963: 225, niales en el Océano Pacífico mien- cesa ex cluía a las demás naciones 267; Janué i Miret, 2007: 86; Mora- tras que la acción española en Áfri - europeas, al empuje francés desde les Lezcano, 1986: 50). ca se limitó al intento de ocupación Argelia y Senegal hacia el Atlántico de Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña y al desembarco de comerciantes La confrontación en 1877 (Morales Lez cano, 2006: ingleses en Tarfaya. Así pues, el Se - (1875-1900) 227). Según la política exterior es- gundo Reich par ticipó en la Confe- pañola de la Restauración, la pose- rencia de Madrid en julio de 1880 Después de la proclamación del Se- sión de Canarias legitimaba las as - con tres claros objetivos: mantener gundo Reich, la política colonial en piraciones de España en el nor te de el statu quo en la zo na, configurar Alemania continuó desempeñando África. Un esquema similar siguió un marco re gulador estable en lo un papel subordinado: Bismarck re - el Segundo Reich: dado que España que se refiere a soberanía y dere- chazó las adquisiciones territoria- estaba interesada por Marruecos y chos de propiedad en el territorio les de ultramar ya que reportaban lo mismo ocurría con Francia e In- marroquí, así co mo defender la pequeñas ventajas económicas pe - glaterra, aquella por su proximidad igualdad de opor tunidades y de de- ro podían provocar grandes conflic- con Argelia y ésta para proteger a rechos comerciales para las poten- tos políticos internacionales. El an - Gibraltar, Alemania cerró un acuer - cias extranjeras. Tras di cha Confe - tagonismo entre Francia e Inglate- do de comercio con Marruecos y rencia, España empezó a retomar rra en la cuestión egipcia alivió la si - continuó manteniendo ba jo obser- tímidamente la aventura colonial y, tuación política exterior del Segun - vación las actividades de Francia aprovechando el reciente contacto do Reich y dio lugar a una diplo ma - en África Occidental (6). La inter- con los respon sables de la política cia activa y creativa con la que Bis- vención de Bismarck en el Con gre - exterior y colonial europea, en 1883 marck se encargó de crear, recrear, so de Berlín de 1878 determinó que España con cedió el trato de nación rebatir y reformar alianzas y trata- África se perfilase para Alemania más favorecida a Alemania en co- dos (Wesseling, 1999: 29). Con Eu- como una moneda de cambio en mercio, navegación, derechos y pri- ropa bajo control, quedaba sólo el asuntos de política exterior (7). Por vilegios consulares (Torre jón Cha - problema de las colonias de la Tri- el contrario, los propagandistas de ves, 2006: 308).
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