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Air Photo Survey of Coastal Erosion Sites, Outer Islands, Gilbert Group

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Air Photo Survey of Coastal Erosion Sites, Outer Islands, Gilbert Group AIR PHOTO SURVEY OF COASTAL EROSION SITES OUTER ISLANDS, GILBERT GROUP, KIRIBATI (April 1993) R.D. Gillie' and P. Woodward SOPAC Secretariat November 1993 SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 163 'Address: Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd 2045 Mills Road Sidney, B.C. V8L 3S1 CANADA Prepared for: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) Coastal Program [3] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................7 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................. 7 TECHNICAL PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Survey Aircraft and Flight Planning ................................................................................................9 Survey Operations .......................................................................................................................... 9 Camera and Film .......................................................................... RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................................13 APPENDICES 1 Log Field Activities (Abbreviated) .......................................................................................14 2 Maps of Flight Line Coverage ............................................................................................. 16 [MR163 - Gillie & Woodward] [4] LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of islands ........................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Camera and Film Specifications .................................................................................... 10 2 Air Photo Survey Parameters........................................................................................ 11 3 Summary of Survey Areas Covered and Available Prints ................. 13 [MR163 - Gillie & Woodward] [5] SUMMARY At the request of the Government of Kiribati, SOPAC conducted a vertical air photo survey of portions of the outer islands of the Gilbert Group in early April 1993. The air photo survey was conducted as part of a reconnaissance study of coastal erosion in the outer islands of the Gilbert Group (Gillie 1993b). During the survey SOPAC was assisted by staff from the Kiribati Government. Air photo surveys of coastal erosion sites were conducted on Abaiang, Marakei, Beru and Nikunau. Attempts to conduct air photo surveys over other islands (Makin, Butaritari, Tamana, Arorae and Aranuka) were unsuccessful because of unfavourable weather conditions (heavy cloud cover and rain) and aircraft fuel limitations. This report documents the air photo survey planning, operations, aircraft, and camera system. The report also documents the survey track lines and the number of air photos obtained. One complete set of prints of the air photos will be sent to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Development in Tarawa, Kiribati. A second set of prints and the negatives are retained at SOPAC and are available for requests for additional printing of photographs. [MR163 - Gillie & Woodward] [6] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funds for this project were primarily contributed by the Government of Canada (consultancy and air craft charter) and the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (camera system costs). The work was carried out with the assistance of the Government of the Republic of Kiribati and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). Preparations prior to arriving in Kiribati were assisted by Naomi Biribo (Minerals Officer, MENRD) and Robert Smith (Marine Geologist, SOPAC). Personnel participating in the field work included: Week One (Abaiang, Marakei, Makin, Butaritari) Rick Gillie Coastal Geologist, Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd., Canada (under contract to SOPAC) Naomi Biribo Minerals Officer, MENRD Amberoti Nikora Surveyor, Lands and Survey Division Tererei Abete Environment Officer, MENRD Tiaon Kabauci Assistant Engineer, Public Works Division Week Two (Tamana, Arorae, Beru, Nikunau, Aranuka) Team same as for Week One with change in PWD representative: Tapetulu Merang Engineer, Public Works Division. Assistance was provided by the ground staff, island agents and pilots of Air Tungaru Limited. The cost of the aircraft charter was the responsibility of SOPAC. Ground transport costs were the responsibility of MENRD. Assistance while working on the outer islands was provided by the presidents and clerks of the relevant island councils and the village elders who gave a much needed historical perspective on the local situation. Their cooperation and interest in the survey work is much appreciated. [MR163 - Gillie & Woodward] [7] INTRODUCTION SOPAC is conducting a number of work tasks in Kiribati associated with coastal studies, including coastal dynamics and erosion, the impact of causeways, and coastal resources mapping and management. Most of these tasks have required the use of air photos. Other studies have recommended using historical shoreline analysis from air photographs to document and assess shoreline changes and possible causes of shoreline erosion. In support of phase II of a reconnaissance survey of coastal erosion sites in the Gilbert Island Group (Gillie 1993b), air photo surveys were conducted on Abaiang, Marakei, Beru and Nikunau (Figure 1). Attempts to conduct air photo surveys over other islands in, (Makin, Butaritari, Tamana, Arorae and Aranuka) were unsuccessful because of unfavourable weather conditions (heavy cloud cover and rain) and aircraft fuel limitations. As in the first phase of the survey (Gillie 1992c, 1993a) the plan of work called for a coastal scientist, with the assistance of Kiribati government staff, to visit islands in the Gilbert Group and examine localities where erosion has been identified as a problem. Since the aircraft charter was available this also provided a rare opportunity to obtain up to date air photos over relatively remote areas in the outer islands of the Gilbert Group. Low altitude, high resolution colour air photos were obtained at little incremental cost to the survey using the SOPAC aerial camera system. OBJECTIVES The objectives of Phase II of the reconnaissance survey of coastal erosion sites in the Gilbert Island Group were defined by SOPAC in their written correspondence of 3 March 1993 as follows: 1) define the extent, severity and causes of coastal erosion at various sites in the islands; 2) determine the relative amount of erosion of each site in terms of its severity and the amenities affected; 3) acquire vertical air photos of sites investigated; 4) recommend actions and options to be undertaken in order to deal with erosion problems found. The purpose of this report is to provide a brief description of the air photo survey carried out under objective three. [MR163 - Gillie & Woodward] [9] TECHNICAL PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Survey Aircraft and Flight Planning A Britten-Norman Tri-Islander was chartered from Air Tungaru for two six day periods for the outer islands coastal erosion surveys (29 March - 3 April and 5-10 April 1993). It was necessary to charter because of limited passenger service to the remote outer islands. The charter, although relatively expensive, allowed the survey team to visit the greatest number of islands in the least amount of time. The chartered aircraft also provided some survey planning flexibility and the option of conducting air photo surveys. Despite the advantages of having a chartered aircraft, a serious constraint to its use for air photo survey work was fuel limitations. For example, in order to conduct the air photo surveys it was estimated that an additional 20-30 minutes would be required for each island, in addition to the expected fuel consumption transiting between islands. Because of this, it was planned to conduct the air photo surveys as part of the island transit times to eliminate additional take off and landings. Thus the survey plan was grouped to allow surveys of: Abaiang-Marakei, Makin-Butaritari, Tamana-Arorae and Beru-Nikunau (Figure 1). In addition, during the first week's charter it was necessary to return to Tarawa to refuel after visiting Abaiang and Marakei before continuing further north to Makin and Butaritari. Similarly, in the second week, inadequate fuel reserves did not allow for air photo surveys between Tamana and Arorae. The aircraft had to return to Tabiteuea North for re-fuelling before proceeding on to Beru. Very little time was available for air photo surveys after the required fuel consumption used between Beru and Nikunau. Survey Operations During the survey program the weather was often rainy with very low cloud cover and dark light conditions (Appendix 1). This was the case for the islands in the far north (Makin and Butaritari) which are known for having high rainfall. In addition the survey party also experienced wet and cloudy conditions in the central and southern islands
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