Acheson and the H-bomb vice oum 1.25 JUNE 1983

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Officers and Members of the Truman, Acheson, and the H-Bomb 20 Governing Board DENNIS K. HAYS, President As President Reagan did recently with the MX, in 1950 ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President Truman appointed a commission to help him decide whether DOUGLAS P. BROOME, Second Vice President to boost preparations for producing the H-bomb. But given IRVING A. WILLIAMSON JR., Secretary his own inclinations, Truman's decision was already virtu¬ BROOKE HOLMES, Treasurer RALPH E. BARNETT, ally inevitable. By Barton J. Bernstein. JUANITA L. NOFFLET, AID Representatives Life & Love Lives Again 24 JAROSLAVJ. VERNF.R, USIA Representative The return of that ever-popular series—an opportunity for ADRIAN A. BASORA, BARBARA HUGHES, THOMAS J. MILLER, our readers to gently satirize the foibles of the Foreign Service. State Representatives L. DOUGLAS HECK, SPENCER KING, View from the Top 26 CHARLES S. WHITEHOUSE, Retired R epresentatives A former ambassador reflects on the truly worthwhile goals of Staff CECIL B. SANNF.R, Acting Executive a lifetime in the Foreign Service and concludes that being Director!A dministrative Director third secretary was in some ways more rewarding than being SUSAN HOLIK, General Counsel SABINE SISK, Members' Interest! chief of mission. By Martin F. Herz. Grievance Representative PAT GUILD, Executive Secretary Journal: Night Flight to Freedom 28 Congressional Liaison ROBERT M. BEERS Adrienne Huey recalls the defection of Stalin's daughter and Scholarship Programs the role of a U.S. consul in India. DAWN CUTHELL Letters 2 Plus CJa Change 18 Book Reviews 6 Foreign Service People 35 Foreign Service Journal Book Essay 14 Association News 37

STEPHEN R. DUJACK, Editor FRANCES G. BURWELL, Associate Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $117 Editor The Foreign Service Journal is the magazine of profes¬ sionals in foreign affairs, published 11 times a year annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 Editorial Board by the American Foreign Service Association, a annually for members with incomes over $20,000, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate JOHN D. STEM PEL, Chairman represents the opinions of the writers and does not Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues pay¬ DAVID WILSON, Vice Chairman necessarily represent the official views of the De¬ ments include $7.50 allocation for the Journal and FRANCIS X. CUNNINGHAM partment of State, the U.S. Information Agency, Association News, per AFSA Bylaws. GEORGE GEDDA the Agency for International Development, the Subscription to the Journal: one year (11 issues), S 10.00; two years, $18.00. For subscriptions go¬ W. HAVEN NORTH United States Government as a whole, or AFSA. While the Editorial Board is responsible for general ing abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually. CAROLINE MF.IRS OSTERLING content, statements concerning the policy and ad¬ Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. TAIRA ST. JOHN ministration of AFSA as employee representative and at additional post office. POSTMASTER: Send LANGE SCHERMF.RHORN under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 on the edito¬ address changes to Foreign Service Journal. 2101 E CAROL VAN VOORST rial page and in the Association News, and all Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. JAROSLAV VF.RNER communications relating to these, are the responsi¬ The Journal welcomes manuscripts of 1500- bility of the AFSA Governing Board. 4000 words for consideration by the Editorial Microfilm copies of current as well as of back Board. Author queries are strongly urged. Stamped Advertising Representatives issues of the Foreign Service Journal are available envelope required for return. JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, through the University Microfilm Library Services, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, under a contract ©American Foreign Service Association, 1983. New York, N.Y. 10017. signed October 30, 1967. 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045. Offices in State (212) 683-3421 Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the professionals in foreign Dept.: 632-8160/2548 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., persons having an active interest in or close associ¬ June 1983. Volume 60, No. 6. ISSN 0015- London SW1. 01-834-8023/9. ation with foreign affairs. Membership dues are: 7279. International Representatives. ability of stories about policy develop¬ AUTHORIZED EXPORTER ments that are based on undisclosed sources, and no one is much hurt by them. GENERAL ELECTRIC But in cases where an author casts asper¬ sions on the integrity, performance, or -U.S.A.- motivation of individuals, and bases them LETTERS on anonymous sources, you should insist on full disclosure of the sources and make independent verification both of their GENERAL ELECTRONICS identity and the accuracy of remarks im¬ INC. Editorial Responsibility puted to them. Otherwise, quite apart from fairness to the persons discussed, you By chance an article of mine appeared in become a party to defamation of character. REFRIGERATORS • FREEZERS the same issue of the Journal as Robert RANGES • MICROWAVE OVENS White's letter relating to the George CHARLES MAECHLING JR. AIR CONDITIONERS • DRYERS Gedda article on U.S. diplomats assigned Senior Associate, WASHERS • SMALL APPLIANCES to Central America [“A Dangerous Re¬ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace AUDIO EQUIPMENT • TELEVISION gion,” February]. Let me add my own ob¬ Washington, D.C. DISHWASHERS 'TRANSFORMERS jections to the Gedda article. First, Gedda’s somewhat vague summa¬ The questions of fact raised in Air. Maechling’s Available for All Electric rization of Ambassador White’s position is letter were, in our belief, adequately answered Currents/Cycles false. The record is clear that he opposed in Mr. Gedda's reply to Mr. White’s letter in giving a blank check to the degenerate the April issue. As for the more basic concern Immediate Shipping/Mailing killers that constitute the Salvadoran secu¬ raised here—that of editorial responsibility— From our Local Warehouse rity forces—not that he opposed U.S. poli¬ we would like to take this opportunity to address cy of support to the Duarte government. the question of unnamed sources. Unnamed We Can Also Furnish Second, the article repeats the old ca¬ sources are. perhaps unfortunately, essential Replacement Parts for nard that White endorsed U.S. military when attempting to gather opinions about poli¬ Most Manufactures aid to the Duarte regime. Of course he did cies and the personalities that help shape them. —but subject to rigorous conditions For obvious reasons, few government employees SHOWROOM which if enforced might have had an effect are willing to discuss their views about any¬ on stopping the cold-blooded butchery of General Electronics, Inc. thing on the record, as Mr. Maechling’s oivn 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. peasants and other noncombatant civilians attribution to unnamed "Latin American Bu¬ Washington, D.C. 20016 by their own government. reau personnel” attests. Journalists must there¬ Tel. (202) 362-8300 Third, Gedda’s statements and insinu¬ fore often rely on unnamed sources for informa¬ TWX 710-822-9450 ations that White’s former colleagues de¬ tion that is essential to a story. The editor then GENELECINC WSH plore his public activities are both unsub¬ has an obligation to question the journalist on stantiated and false in the categorical way the sources and to assess the journalist’s profes¬ stated. We see innumerable Latin America sionalism and integrity. In the case of Mr. Bureau personnel at Carnegie events, and Gedda and his article, we were, and are, fully with one exception I have never heard any¬ satisfied.

(/) T3 thing but undiluted praise for Ambassador Mr. Maechling goes on to say that, while <5 £ White—especially for his courage in tell¬ unnamed sources may be necessary in reporting ing the truth. about policies and events, since no one “is much *4—si o © These contradictions raise a fundamen¬ hurt by them," they should not be used when tal question about your responsibility as assessing the integrity, performance, or motiva¬ > -3 DC editors. As usual in such cases, the article tion of those who are the architects of the policies o seems to rely heavily on undisclosed or the actors in the events. We believe that the LL. c o sources. Just who are these “former col¬ two are closely related, that the motivation and leagues”? At what level—office boy or as¬ consequences of Mr. White’s actions were proper¬ u sistant secretary? Do they even exist? Who ly included in an article such as this. < s is the “top administration official” in the Last, both Mr. White and Mr. Maechling Q_ o IS last paragraph that makes the earth-shak¬ have charged Mr. Gedda with displaying bias. N ll ing revelation that policy is often made at If the full text of the author’s comments on Mr. © o the deputy or assistant secretary level? White is read, however, one would see that the COQ (/) "O This article is another illustration of criticisms are balanced by the observation that ” c why the credibility of Washington jour¬ Mr. White acted because he feels that such dis¬ LD o> C0 o nalists is so low. Too often purported quo¬ sent was a matter of patriotic duty. The criti¬ CO CO CO ■4—• Q) tations from unnamed sources are fabrica¬ cisms, in our view, were hardly severe, and were CO CO co tions. Often the so-called source is a backed by sound reporting. —ED. lii o CO k_ XI composite or invention used to lend credi¬ D E bility or liven up a “story.” O LU Our Borrowing As editors it seems to me that you have a responsibility in these matters. We can I found Charles Maechling’s article “The make our own judgments about the reli¬ Credit Collapse” in the April issue of

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683 JUNE 1983 7 great caution, to the concern and frustra¬ the defense community, they have man¬ Quality Education tion of the British and French who were aged to put together a clear discussion of increasingly alarmed by events in Europe. weapons and military policy in a historical for This book is a strong nail, if any be need¬ context, something that other popular lit¬ Your ed, in the coffin of the revisionist canard erature, such as newspapers and general- that the United States forced the treaty interest magazines, seldom does. They Son upon reluctant Europeans. have kept jargon to a minimum. As a re¬ Henderson also portrays the "NATO spir¬ sult, unfortunately, their prose at times at it” that developed in the working group. seems directed to grade-schoolers. Wit¬ One example was the experience of Derick ness this item on early weaponry: "Most Marine Hoyer-Millar, now Lord Inchyra. After sticks were wood, but a good piece of bone making a proposal that the rest of the would do." An entire paragraph is devoted Military working group stated bluntly was a non¬ to the method of firing an ordinary arrow starter, Hoyer-Millar remarked, "Very from a wooden bow. These excesses aside, Academy well, those are my instructions. I'll tell the however, What Kind of Guns succeeds in its Foreign Office I made my pitch and got mission. Grades 8-12 & Post Graduate shot down and this is what I think my The chapter on the evolution of strate¬ Registration Now Open instructions should be.” Everyone except gic weapons is particularly enlightening, the French got the habit. If there was a showing, for instance, how misperceptions for Fall '83 consensus against any country’s position by both superpowers of the other’s ability Leadership instilled through the on a minor point, its representative under¬ led to the development of unneeded weap¬ proven methods of The U.S. Marine took to get his instructions changed to ons (remember the “missile gap”?). Corps. Small classes, aerospace meet the consensus position. Though chapters on arms control and poli¬ program and extensive science In only one respect do I fault the accura¬ cy controversies suffer from the authors’ and math programs are offered. cy of the book. It gives the impression that low-level approach, the section on “Why Contact: Office of Admissions consultations with the Foreign Relations We Buy the Weapons We Buy” is a first- committee effectively began only after the class tour of the various neighborhoods in Marine Military Academy change of administration in January 1949. the defense community. Those who deal in 320 Iwo Jima Blvd. In fact, Lovett had worked with its chair¬ military matters will find this book of lit¬ Harlingen, TX 78550 man, Senator Vandenberg, throughout tle or no use, but diplomats wishing for a (512) 423-6006 Ext. 35 or 36 1948, Hickerson and I with Francis Wil¬ basic understanding would do well to start cox, the committee’s chief of staff, for their research here. —S.R.D. months, and the three of us had met pri¬ vately with the entire committee more U.S. Errors in the Mideast than once during the fall. This book is both a pleasure to read and SUPREMACY AND OIL: Iraq. Turkey, and the an intimate and authoritative account of an Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930. BUY epoch marking negotiation process. By William Stivers. Cornell University Press, —THEODORE C. ACHILLES 1983. $19.95. SELL A Basic Guide Was the United States guilty of commit¬ ting a fundamental error in its Mideastern WHAT KIND OF GUNS ARE THEY BUYING policy in the inter-war period by backing FOR YOUR BUTTER?: A Beginner’s Guide to Britain and the other colonialist powers Defense, Weaponry, and Military Spending. instead of establishing close relations with By Sheila Tobias, Peter Goudinoff, Stefan emerging moderate nationalist groups? Leader, and Shelah Leader. William Morrow Yes, answers William Stivers, an assistant Ed Joyce and Company, 1982. $15.95. professor of political science at Colorado Retired FSIO College. His book, Supremacy and Oil, LICENSED IN D.C. Until the last century military operations deals with Washington's decision general¬ and VIRGINIA and terminology did not mystify the pub¬ ly to support London’s policies toward Iraq lic, the authors of this useful, basic guide and Turkey in the belief that the mainte¬ point out, for the implements of war were nance of British influence would facilitate the very tools of their existence—horses U.S. commercial activity without requir¬ c$MOUNJ and rifles, for instance. But as the current ing a proportionate U.S. political or mili¬ C dispute over the basing of the MX missile tary involvement. VER!^0!^ shows, today even the experts do not have The strength of the volume is Stivers’s a common understanding of defense hard¬ careful examination of the diplomatic ar¬ REALTY A ware, nor do they agree on policies govern¬ chives of the period and his excellent writ¬ INC V"* ■ ^ ing their use. Because these policies have ing style, which makes it easier reading 6257 Old Dominion Dr. an obvious effect on the citizenry, both in than many novels. Unfortunately, Suprem¬ McLean, Va. 22101 terms of actual rising military budgets and acy and Oil is marred by the author’s gratu¬ Off: 821-8300 potential falling warheads, the people itous unflattering comments about the Res: 821-2109 should participate in defense debates. United States in general and about Ameri¬ Though none of the authors comes from can Foreign Service officers in particular.

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JUNE 1983 9 The consul of Baghdad, Thomas Owens, is makers effective guidance, Clark con¬ Summer Camp described as having an “infirm grip” on cludes. He tentatively suggests that a new the political situation there, the State De¬ theoretical approach devising game-like Adventure at partment as “arrogant without calcula¬ limits that would determine the outcome tion,” and America’s conduct as “distinct¬ of suitably limited nuclear exchanges Marine ly opportunistic.” By contrast, Stivers might better accommodate the reality of displays a sneaking admiration for the nuclear weapons to the instrumental na¬ Military British, whom he believes “keenly appre¬ ture of war. However, a nuclear dice throw ciated the exigencies of a radically new to settle disputes is odd and cold comfort Academy era,” and cleverly invested the embryonic even as an alternative to Armageddon, and Iraqi government with real power so long this may be a theory policymakers should Fun and excitement await a select as this did not interfere with London’s stra¬ eschew. But theory has not proved totally group of boys this summer. The tegic requirements. Nonetheless, the useless in the nuclear debate: Clark’s camp is truly a unique experience book’s strengths outweigh its flaws; it is thoughtful analysis reveals the intractabil¬ with a challenging, enjoyable and recommended to both the casual reader ity of the link between limited and total unusual physical development and the specialist in the area. war, and should make us more skeptical of program based on Marine Corps —BENSON L. GRAYSON purveyors of limited strategies. —CAROL ANN DROGUS traditions. Nuclear War as Just War Primers on Terrorism Learn Marine history and LIMITED NUCLEAR WAR: Political Theory tradition, marksmanship, drill, and War Conventions. By lan Clark. Prince¬ MANAGING TERRORISM. Edited by Patrick horsemanship and expanded self ton University Press, 1982. $22.50. J. Montana and George S. Roukis. Quorum, confidence. 1983. Contact: Office of Admissions When John Kennedy said “unconditional war can no longer . . . settle disputes,” he A CONTEMPORARY CRISIS. By Clive C. Ash¬ Marine Military Academy implied that nuclear weapons could not be ton. Greenwood Press. 1983. 320 Iwo Jima Blvd. used to achieve rational political objec¬ Harlingen, TX 78550 tives. War could no longer be a continu¬ Terrorism, or rather writing about it, has (512) 423-6006 Ext. 35 or 36 ation of politics by another means. become big business, to judge by the sheer The incompatibility of total nuclear war volume of books on the subject now in First Session 10 July - 23 July ’83 and such objectives seems clear. Ian Clark print. Unfortunately, volume appears to Second Session 24 July - 6 August '83 argues more disputably that even limited ensure low quality. A few exceptions to nuclear war cannot be meaningfully called this rule have appeared and, happily, the winnable—it cannot acceptably serve po¬ two books reviewed here fall within this litical ends. small and select group. One common de¬ Clark, an Australian political scientist, nominator of both is that they have been sees the problem as one of continuing to written or compiled by people who are apply traditional restrictions on warfare apparently not motivated by the need to and wartime behavior to a new type of ensure their academic tenure. combat. He considers the historical and Managing Terrorism is the more interest¬ theoretical continuity of traditional just- ing and useful of these two books. It is Oik MERCEDES war theory and the proposed limitations on directed to the management of multi-na¬ FREE! NEW CAR CATALOG nuclear conflict in a lengthy overview, tional corporations and, thus, is a prag¬ BUY DIRECT matic and serious attempt at defining the The comprehensive NAI Master Catalog contains 32 which those interested in such philosophy pages, over 150 illustrations. DIPLOMATIC and FACTORY will find thorough albeit pedantic. 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Buy your new car from Nemet because we ll be to conventional war cannot limit nuclear here when you get home. war sufficiently to salvage it as a political Chapters dealing with the psychology of instrument. terrorism, preparing and protecting per¬ I 1 Of several problems cited by Clark, the sonnel and property, and negotiating with i Please send me a FREE copy of your FSJ-1281 I i 32 page Master Catalog. central and most compelling objection is terrorists, along with a descriptive list of ! I am interested in Stateside Delivery European Delivery | that no limiting theory provides grounds private organizations serving the protec¬ I AUDI MG RENAULT I for stopping nuclear exchanges from esca¬ tion field, are all useful and relatively un¬ I BMW MERCEDES TRIUMPH I I DATSUN PEUGEOT VOLKSWAGEN I lating. While the same is true of conven¬ usual. 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JUNE 1983 11 ness: “Total known losses in terrorist bombing actions during this 2 Vi year peri¬ od [1979-81] were 3165,013,800. Of this figure, more than 60 percent involved business targets, with U.S. business losses reaching 545,518,500.'' There’s a New State A Contemporary Crisis, written by an es¬ tablished scholar and author in the field, in Washington deals with the psychology, politics, and counter-measures of political hostage-tak¬ ing. It is a useful work, weakened some¬ And, we’re located right where Should you require a meeting/ what by the author’s penchant for aca¬ you want to be . . . the State con ference/entertainment demic “double-speak" and his attempts to Department, George Washington room, we have several to meet reduce to a statistical level the random ac¬ University, the Kennedy Center your needs, seating 10 to 7 5 tions of zealots, madmen, and trained in¬ and most government agencies. associates. Catering is also avail¬ Our guests stay in spacious suites, able. For your dining pleasure telligence operatives. Chapter headings with fully equipped kitchens, we recommend our Sherry speak for themselves: “Pre-incident Flow for less than the price of most Cafe, featuring a wide range of Relations; Termination of the Disrup¬ tion Phase; and a Typology of Crisis Man¬ agement.” I applaud the author’s opinion of most of the books in this field as “nor¬ mative garbage.” Ashton, however, comes perilously close to becoming a member of this growing fraternity. Nevertheless, the subject matter is so germane in this time, and most of the insights are so obviously FORMERLY SHERRY TOWERS HOTEL pragmatic and useful to the policymaker, (202) 861-8200 2117 E St. NW, Washington DC 20037 (800) 424-2859 that this work deserves inclusion on any short list of substantive books on terror¬ ism. Perhaps the most interesting sections are those which examine in detail the Mu¬ nich kidnappings. The author uses that incident to illustrate his thesis that the best governmental response to hostage¬ AMERICAN PAPERBACKS taking is the utilization of “traditional Enjoy Our Unique Book Mailing Service techniques of crisis management." • Monthly newsletter lists 300 new releases —MICHAEL F. SPEERS • Featuring mass-market and trade paperbacks • Categorized by subject with brief reviews • Order your selections for immediate shipment Israel Re-examined • Special requests for any book honored • This is not a book club — no purchases required THE LONGEST WAR: Israel in Lebanon. By Subscribe today — enclose check or money order for $10.00 Jacobo Timerman. Translated from the Spanish APO-FPO ($18.00 foreign) for one full year to: by Miguel Acoca. Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. THE COMPLETE PAPERBACK SHOPPER $11.95. P.O. Box 233, Kenilworth IL 60043 Name This work is about the inner geography of Address Israel and, in its truest sense, about the Est. 1974 soul ofjacobo Timerman. It is altogether a personal account of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, written with passion and an¬ guish. It is also a scathing criticism of the RENT-A-USED CAR current Israeli leadership, especially Prime Minister Menachem Begin and then De¬ fense Minister Ariel Sharon, who, accord¬ ing to Timerman, unleashed without any valid provocation the awesome military might of Israel into Lebanon in order to destroy the stronghold of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The task was to be accomplished within a matter of days, but the war went on for months, causing affordable ROSSLYN J J RENT-ArCAR massive death and destruction and untold 1900 N. Ft. Myer Dr., TYSONS CORNER human suffering. Arlington, VA 22209 703/356-9200 from $13.95 per day Timerman is an introspective man, a FREE mileage allowance 703/276-8125 seasoned journalist, and a keen observer of

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the world scene. Although he is a relative¬ burning patriotism. Timerman’s is a voice PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. By D. Gale ly recent resident of Israel with no knowl¬ calling for sanity and the dignity of hu¬ Johnson. American Enterprise Institute, 1982. edge of Hebrew, he has been a lifelong manity everywhere. —JACK KARAPETIAN In this monograph the author takes a pessi¬ student of Israel, looking at its develop¬ mistic view of the future of Chinese eco¬ ment from outer, as well as inner, perspec¬ Books in Brief . . . nomic reforms. Without effective price re¬ tives. He believes that by becoming the forms, he argues, all other reforms will be most powerful state in the Mideast, Israel A SHORT HISTORY OF MEXICO. By Selden for nought. has come to rely too much on military Rodman. Stein and Day, 1982. $14-95. solutions for the area’s problems, thus los¬ This readable history is a revised and up¬ SYRIA: Modern State in an Ancient Land. By ing sight of reality and abandoning some dated version of material that first ap¬ John F. Devlin. Westview Press, 1983. of the moral tenets upon which the centu¬ peared in The Mexican Traveler, by the $16.50. A concise and well-written ac¬ ries-old dream of Israel was founded. After same author. Although concise and rather count of Syria’s political, economic, and all, what is Israel, if not, as the author puts informal, this is a solid introduction to the social development by a former CIA Mid¬ it, “the moral idea that Jews have of them¬ political and cultural past of Mexico. east analyst, highly recommended to any¬ selves.’’ one wishing to understand that country’s It is incompatible to the Jewish psyche PROGRESS OF ECONOMIC REFORM IN THE present situation and future prospects. for the victim to become the victimizer. “We,” writes Timerman, “are victims who have created our own victims in acts of cruelty. From now on, our tragedy will be inseparable from that of the Palestin¬ ians. Perhaps some of us will try to side¬ step the Israeli moral collapse by resorting to statistics and comparing Auschwitz to Beirut. It will be in vain. The victims of Auschwitz would never have bombed Bei¬ rut. Our moral collapse cannot be diluted by statistics.” This call for Jewish moral precepts and traditions reverberates throughout Timer- man’s impassioned narrative, intertwined with a clear reappraisal of Israel’s security needs and an urgent call for a re-evaluation of the nation’s democratic values, coexis¬ tence with its Arab neighbors, and a just resolution to the Palestinian problem. In The Longest War, Timerman defends the right of the Palestinian people for a It’s District’s containerization that keeps homeland, an independent and sovereign state with amicable relations with Israel. your cherished belongings safe, clean and He sees historical parallels between the dry for moving or storage. two peoples—both victimized, both de¬ termined to forge their own national desti¬ The idea of “containerization” is not in our new 72,000 square foot ware¬ nies. new—Thomas Jefferson had special house, where full security fencing, a Timerman stresses that the invasion of containers made to protect his prized central station burglar alarm, and a Lebanon has caused considerable changes possessions on long hauls. Jefferson dry sprinkler system keep them safe, in Israeli society. People are beginning to would marvel at the way we secure and dry. doubt the manifest destiny of Israel as per¬ have containerized foreign service ceived by the present leadership. They ask personnel’s possessions for over If you would like us to give you an questions, they search for the concepts and twenty years as an approved State estimate about storage or export con¬ moral codes that were once the cornerstone Department Contractor. Each of our tainerization, just call us at 301/420- of the Jewish promised land. The Peace State Department Export containers 3300. We will be glad to tell you how we can meet your needs, whatever Now movement, the anti-war demonstra¬ is expertly packed, closed securely, moisture-sealed, and steel-banded they may be. tions, the growing voice of the Jewish in¬ for maximum security. We can con¬ telligentsia, and incidents of dissent in the tainerize anything that is movable, military ranks, all testify to the fact that from sensitive electronic equipment Israeli society is going through the throes to large, heavy pieces of furniture. of evolutionary processes. The author is At District Moving and Storage, convinced that as a result of this national our storage containers are large and self-evaluation, a stronger and a more sturdy enough to protect your democratic Israel will emerge, in harmony household effects, no matter how DISTRICT MOVING & STOR AGE, INC. with itself, its Arab neighbors, and the long you may want to store them. We 3850 Penn Belt Place world at large. store your containerized belongings Forestville, Maryland 20747 This is a painful book, written with the utmost intellectual integrity and with

JUNE 1983 13 pacity to fight a “protracted” nuclear war. President Reagan’s policy toward nucle¬ ar arms control is ambiguous. He did not authorize the resumption of negotiations BOOK with the Soviets until after long delays, and then only under pressure from our Western European allies and the American DIPLOMATIC CAR SALES ESSAY public. The proposals that the United AND LEASING States has introduced in both the negotia¬ ALL MODELS tions on intermediate-range nuclear forces and on strategic nuclear weapons are not OUR 20TH YEAR IN WASHINGTON Debating the Freeze CAVALIER VW negotiable. Pessimistic forecasts by the THE APOCALYPTIC PREMISE. Edited by Er¬ two U.S. negotiators, Paul Nitze and Ed¬ ONLY 10 MINUTES FROM KEY BRIDGE nest W. Lefever and E. Stephan Hunt. Ethics ward L. Rowny, implicitly confirm this 4045 LEE HWY. 703/525-1900 ARLINGTON VA 22207 VUU and Public Policy Center, 1982. BEYOND harsh judgment. In the INF talks, the THE FREEZE: The Road to Nuclear Sanity. By United States has proposed that reductions Daniel Ford, Henry Kendall, Steve Nadis. be confined to missiles based on land. But ****** Objets d'art ****** Union of Concerned Scientists, 1982. FREEZE! because the Soviet Union bases its missiles J If it's exotic, unusual, beautiful, * How You Can Help Prevent Nuclear War. By mainly on land and the West mainly at * superbly handcrafted, you're like- + Edward M. Kennedy and Mark 0. Hatfield. sea, an agreement founded on this proposal * ly to find it at: ^ Bantam Books, 1982. INDEFENSIBLE WEAP¬ would guarantee a one-sided result. The ONS. By Robert Jay Lifton and Richard Falk. Soviets will not agree. The proposal the * JfalJ &nierpris es * Basic Books. 1982. THE INTELLIGENT LAY¬ United States has introduced in the Strate¬ £ 1327-E Rockville Pike PERSON’S GUIDE TO THE NUCLEAR FREEZE gic Arms Reduction Talks is equally one¬ J Rockville, Maryland, 20852 * AND PEACE DEBATE. By Joyce Larson and sided. For example, the Soviet Union * (301) 251-0533 * William Bodie. National Strategy Informa¬ would be required to scrap more than 70 •it * tion Center, 1983. RISKS OF UNINTENTION¬ percent of its MIRVed intercontinental k • Rosewood Chests • Carpets * ■ AL NUCLEAR WAR. By Daniel Frei with ballistic missiles, leaving the remainder of j • Murano Glass • Copper Pieces r * • Woolen Shawls • Crystal j* Christian Catrina. United Nations Institute its land-based force vulnerable to a first ^ •Porcelain Collections «Onyx ... £ for Disarmament Research, 1982. SEEDS OF strike. No restraints would be placed on •it . . . and much, much more to see! ♦ PROMISE: The First Real Hearings on the Nu¬ America's qualitative lead in weapons * * -k Open Mon. to Sat. 11 am to 7 pm it clear Freeze. Federation of American Scientists, technology: the United States would be 1983■ THINKING ABOUT THE NEXT WAR. free to deploy first-strike weapons such as By Thomas Powers. Alfred A. Knopf. 1982. MX and Trident II as well as easy-to-hide and hard-to-verify cruise missiles. The ad¬ A FOREIGN STUDENT The American people prefer a mutual ministration’s START proposal makes heavy freeze on nuclear weapons with the Soviets demands on the Soviets but cedes little in CAN EDUCATE to a military build-up by the United States return. by a margin of 64 to 25 percent, according In his Los Angeles speech, President YOUR COMMUNITY. Reagan argued that the most popular al¬ For information on hosting a foreign to a New York Times/CBS News Poll taken student, write to: AFS International/ in early April. President Reagan’s vigor¬ ternative to START—the freeze concept—is Intercultural Programs, 313 E. 43rd St., ous campaign against the freeze, including dangerous because it “would preserve to¬ N.Y., N.Y 10017. a major speech on arms control in Los An¬ day’s high, unequal, and unstable levels of Or call toll free (800) 526-7443. In geles on March 31, has not turned this tide nuclear forces.” The President contended New Jersey (800) 522-4503. of opinion, for the controversy involves is¬ that the Soviets have a definite margin of sues that go well beyond the freeze itself. superiority in nuclear weapons. Fifteen AFS INTERNATIONAL Widespread support for the freeze is a years of American neglect have resulted in manifestation of deep-seated concern a dangerous imbalance in strategic and in¬ EXCHANGE PROGRAMS about Reagan’s policies and attitudes to¬ termediate-range land-based missiles, ac¬ ward the use of nuclear weapons and arms cording to Reagan. control. Congressman Edward J. Markey (D.- Visit the The effects of nuclear war would be cata¬ Mass.), a freeze advocate, argues that the strophic. But Reagan’s policy toward the ICBM imbalance does not create a window NEW use of nuclear weapons provides grounds of vulnerability. The Soviets would not Foreign Service for uneasiness. He does not rule out the launch a pre-emptive attack to destroy first use of nuclear weapons by the United U.S. land-based missiles because such an Club States, and he supports the doctrine of attack would presuppose that the Soviets flexible response although, in view of Sovi¬ could launch a near-perfect simultaneous Lunch • Special Events et nuclear capabilities, it is evident that attack against 1000 hardened targets; that any use of nuclear weapons in Europe the U.S. President would not retaliate would risk self-destruction. Furthermore, with its sea- and air-based missiles; and 2101 E Street, N.W. the Reagan administration’s extensive that the United States would not launch on 338-5730 military build-up program—however it warning. The Presidential Commission on may be rationalized—will give the United Strategic Forces—the Scowcroft commis¬ States a first-strike capability and the ca¬ sion—which reported to the President on

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL April 11, agreed with Markey’s conclu¬ sion: The so-called “window of vulnerabil¬ ity” is not cause for concern. “Different components of our strategic forces should be assessed collectively and not in isola¬ DYM, FRANK & COMPANY tion.” The full range of U.S. nuclear forces—land-based missiles, sea-based Investment Manager missiles, and bombers—does provide de¬ for the terrence. Concern over the military implications American Foreign Service Association of the intermediate-range, land-based mis¬ sile imbalance in Europe is also unwarrant¬ ★ Personal Portfolio Management ed. British, French and U.S. sea-based missiles and aircraft constitute a powerful ★ Institutional Funds Management deterrent. In the Washington Post on April 10, Assistant Secretary of State Richard Burt pointed out, perhaps unwittingly, ★ Investment Decision-Making that “the deployment of 572 new Ameri¬ Models and Strategies for can missiles in Western Europe capable of Financial Institutions reaching only limited areas of the Soviet Union has little impact on the U.S.-Soviet balance at a time when both sides have For information, write or call: over 10,000 warheads, deliverable on short notice, to any location in the other’s □ym, Frank & Company country. ” 1716 22nd Street, N.W. The overall nuclear balance between the Washington, D.C. 2000B United States and the Soviet Union is one of essential equivalence—the United [202] 667-5001 States has about 9300 strategic warheads and the Soviets have about 7300. The U.S.S.R. has the advantage in warheads on land-based missiles (about 5000 to 2000) but the United States has the advan¬ tage in warheads on sea-based missiles (4800 to almost 1800) and in bombs on aircraft (2200 to 300). The United States also enjoys a numerical advantage in air¬ craft themselves (375 to 150). A freeze We have Foreign Service would not leave the United States in a position of inferiority. President Reagan argues that more For the Foreign Service American arms are needed to bargain with the Soviets for fewer arms. The ABM trea¬ Whether you’re looking for just one car or an entire fleet, ty is cited as an example to prove this point; after Congress authorized six ABM a purchase from H. B. Lantzsch links you to a dealer who sites, the Soviets agreed to limit them. has served the diplomatic community for 23 years. H. B. The threat of American deployments may Lantzsch—Washington’s largest and finest Volkswagen have been a factor motivating the Soviets, dealership—offers a Foreign Service courtesy discount and but there was a more compelling reason: speedy worldwide delivery. When you’re in Washington, both sides knew that ABMs would not stop in at our convenient Fairfax showroom, close to State work. It was not hard to give them up. The President also says that the MX mis¬ Department and Foreign Service Institute offices, and sile is needed to provide an “incentive” for contact our Diplomatic Sales Representative, or write us the Soviets in the arms reduction talks. from your overseas post. According to Reagan, the MX would al¬ low the United States to begin to match Soviet ICBM capability. Soviet General Sec¬ Bogdan Badrich, Diplomatic Sales, H. B. Lantzsch retary Yuri Andropov said in December, Route 50, Fairfax, VA 22030 • (703) 273-6700 however, that the Soviet Union would counter an American MX with a Soviet Performance Cars from the People Who Perform For You / MX. The arms race would accelerate as both sides sought to match each other, weapon for weapon, and arms reduction SPECIALIZING IN VOLKSWAGEN would become an even more remote possi¬ Authorized VW Dealer VA Dealer #666 bility. -VOLVO • PORSCHE-AUDI MERCEDES-BENZ-

JUNE 1983 15 Were the United States and the Soviets to do so. Such a freeze was negotiated in to stop the arms race, both would be more SALT 11 but that treaty remains unratified. secure. One possibility would be to nego¬ Fourth, a freeze on flight-testing of tiate a mutual, verifiable nuclear weapons MiRved missiles would further constrain freeze. The nuclear freeze, however, is nei¬ the development of new, destabilizing ther a new nor a simple idea. Statesmen missiles by decreasing confidence in their considering arms control proposals have effectiveness and accuracy. Each side DIPLOMATIC CAR SALES always had available a full menu of op¬ would remain less sure that a first-strike AND LEASING tions: ban, build, reduce, limit—or would succeed. Not a new idea, the flight- ALL MODELS freeze. In 1964, President Johnson test freeze would be more easily verifiable OUR 20TH YEAR IN WASHINGTON thought it a propitious time for Soviets than SALT ii’s complex regulations govern¬ CAVALIER VW and Americans to freeze deployments of ing these tests which require subtle inter¬ ONLY 10 MINUTES FROM KEY BRIDGE offensive and defensive nuclear weapons; pretations of electronic intelligence. Last, 4045 LEE HWY. , ___ the Soviets, who were then way behind, both sides could immediately freeze the ARLINGTON VA 22207 703/525-1900 disagreed. Today, although the nuclear deployment of additional warheads. Such a world is essentially balanced, the nuclear freeze is certainly verifiable; The Presi¬ ^—Save on Antiques L landscape is far more complex and the dent’s own plan proposes to control the question of what to freeze is more difficult numbers of warheads in certain categories f & Interesting Furniture! to answer. The most promising interpreta¬ of weapons. An Opportunity to Buy for Less tion of the freeze concept combines a long¬ In the long term, the two sides could term, comprehensive approach with more look toward an eventual freeze in other, Pickwick Antiques limited, readily achievable proposals built little explored areas. A complete stop to 1815 Adams Mill Rd., N.W. on precedents established in earlier U.S.- the production of nuclear weapons, for ex¬ Washington DC 20009 Soviet negotiations and discussions. ample, would require lengthy negotiations (202) 265-5360 Both superpowers need to address the on principles of on-site inspection that vulnerability of their land-based missiles. have never been agreed upon before. Per¬ Widening windows of vulnerability do ex¬ haps the two sides will require types of Featuring fine furniture, Oriental and Chinese rugs, ceramics, wardrobes, din¬ ist on both sides and foster insecurity and verification technologies that do not yet ing tables, chairs, buffets, desks, book¬ instability. Negotiating verifiable freezes exist. In the short-term, a partial but cases, and much more. on five items would constrain the arms race nonetheless significant freeze would and control the very weapons that first change the direction of Soviet-American opened that window: MiRved interconti¬ relations and set the stage for negotiations nental ballistic missiles. First, a freeze on to reverse the arms race and achieve reduc¬ underground nuclear testing has come tions in nuclear weapons. The within grasp of the superpowers more than The continuing popularity of the freeze once. Until recently, a comprehensive test concept has led not a few authors to put Foreign Service Journal ban had been a continuing goal of U.S.- their thoughts, and in some cases propos¬ Soviet talks since the Eisenhower adminis¬ als, on paper. The eight books considered Needs Book Reviewers tration. A CTB was almost fully negotiat¬ here reflect both the complexity of the top¬ ed when President Carter broke off talks in ic and the diversity of opinion that the the wake of the Soviet move into Afghani¬ freeze debate has inspired. Interested? stan. Most important, the Soviets had ac¬ Seeds of Promise presents an in-depth cepted the principle of on-site inspec¬ scrutiny of the freeze idea as held by four Call 338-4045 tion—the installation of seismic boxes experts, ranging from proponents to oppo¬ within their country, for instance—so that nents. Knowledgeable panelists act as dev¬ the verification issue is not the major ob¬ il’s advocates, exposing the assumptions stacle in these negotiations. Second, both underlying both the freeze and the Presi¬ sides could freeze the types of MiRved mis¬ dent’s START proposal. The most balanced siles that now exist in each arsenal, SALT II of the books listed here, it has no final froze all types of land-based ICBMS but al¬ conclusion; this is a substantive book that lowed each side one new type. It is is not ideal for beginners but will be man¬ through this loop-hole that both super¬ ageable for most arms-control enthusiasts powers are driving two new and dangerous and professionals. missiles—the American MX and a similar Beyond the Freeze is a primer on the nu¬ weapon on the Soviet side. A more com¬ clear arms race from a liberal point of view. prehensive freeze would prevent further It devotes much more space to the history erosion of the survivability of land-based of the nuclear arms race than to the freeze missiles. Third, the superpowers could concept itself and emphasizes the reluc¬ readily negotiate a fractionation freeze—a tance of the United States to forgo new freeze on the number of warheads that weapons developments only to have the M. Juanita Guess would be permitted on each type of exist¬ Soviets later acquire them. The authors ing missile. Thus, even were the Soviets to strongly advocate a freeze and briefly ex¬ CLEMENTS & COMPANY achieve the miniaturization required to plore other proposals, including “no-first- Washington, D C. quadruple the number of warheads on the use” of tactical nuclear weapons by NATO SS-18 missile, they would not be allowed in Europe. 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A careful and systematic study of the problem of preserving strategic stability, Risks of Unintentional Nuclear War also con¬ FREE SQUASH tains concrete suggestions, such as restric¬ tions on missile tests and anti-submarine warfare and the creation of submarine MEMBERSHIPS FOR sanctuaries. As the book’s name implies, the risks of unintentional nuclear war are AFSA MEMBERS assessed in the context of the stable balance of terror. The Swiss authors present a high¬ ly academic book, a detached analysis that emphasizes the perceptions the superpow¬ ers have of one another and compares their strategic doctrines and postures. The au¬ thors note that misunderstanding an ad¬ versary’s peculiar ways of thinking about nuclear weapons can increase the risk of their use. For example: “It should be borne in mind that, from the Soviet point of ASFA members can now play squash at the Capitol Hill view, secrecy is also part of the Soviet stra¬ Squash Club without paying the $80 membership fee. By tegic posture.” Such insights may lessen simply showing your AFSA membership card, you will pay the inclination for each side to assume the worst possible intentions on the part of the only the court fees at Capitol Hill's most luxurious fitness adversary. This is a book with many refer¬ facility Located only a block from the Capitol South ences and is not recommended for those Metro stop, the Club also offers free use of changing just beginning to explore the mass of lit¬ rooms, showers, and saunas before and after playing erature on nuclear weapons. Senators Edward Kennedy and Mark squash. (There is a $10 annual processing fee.) Hatfield, the two original cosponsors of Capitol Hill Squash & Nautilus Club the Senate freeze resolution, have written a 214 D Street, S.E. • (202) 547-2255 non-polemical introduction to the nuclear weapons freeze. Freeze! attempts to over¬ come the psychological tendency to deny the danger of nuclear war by starting with descriptions of the probable effects of an attack. The book contains strong chapters WASHINGTON, D.C. on the inherent difficulties of fighting a limited nuclear war and on the birth of the RENT-A-USED CAR RENT-A-NEW CAR freeze movement but soft-pedals some of from $12.95 per day from $17.95 per day the objections to the freeze. It concludes with suggestions for citizen participation FREE MILEAGE ALLOWANCE in the national security debate and in the freeze movement. Ideal When Shipping POV or on Home Leave The Intelligent Layperson’s Guide is no more than a polemical rightist overview of Call DRIVE-A-BARGAIN (703)683-6400 the U.S.-Soviet military balance using 2850 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA 22202 highly selective figures and data. The au¬ For Fast Pick-up at Crystal City Metro thors maintain that the United States “did relatively little to strengthen or improve defense capabilities” throughout the 1970s; that a nuclear freeze "would per¬ Coming home—Going overseas? petuate the present dangerous imbalance”; that SALT II “legitimized imbalances unfa¬ Buy from the vorable to the United States and would Washington area’s largest have undermined deterrence"; and that the policy of detente merely allowed the Sovi¬ AMC ets an opportunity to expand their influ¬ Jeep • Renault ence. They much prefer President Rea¬ Choose from the complete line of gan’s START approach. Dealer i Awheel drive Jeeps—plus the The Apocalyptic Premise is a collection of AMC Eagle, Concord, Spirit and 31 essays on nuclear issues by various com¬ n COURTESY ! Renault for Washington, D.C. area mentators purporting to present a wide or overseas delivery. Diplomatic range of opinion. Contributors include AMC • Jeep • Renault I corps discounts. Daily rentals available. Phone or write Dick Kennedy, Jonathan Schell, and George 4932 Bethesda Ave., Bethesda, Md. 20814 755 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md. 20852 Schmactenberg, 301-656-0800 Kennan as well as Irving Kristol and Ed-

JUNE 1983 17 ward Luttwak. But the point of view of the editors comes through clearly: "Freeze proponents ignore hard and verifiable facts SPARE about the actual nuclear forces on both sides of the Iron Curtain. " PLUS gA In Indefensible Weapons Lifton and Falk YOURSELF present a rather abstract treatise against CHANGE . . . “nuclearism"—the psychological, politi¬ cal, and military dependence on nuclear the cost of luxury weapons. In the first half of the book, Lif¬ without sacrificing ton explores the implications of having a Foreign Service Journal, June 1973: gun permanently pointed at humanity’s “The fundamental flaw in the Foreign comfort. head: "By impairing our imagination of Service promotion system is that it forces the future, the bombs enter into all the promotion boards to make discriminations crevices of our existence. ” Falk writes the We offer the finest blend of convenience for which they have no proper basis. The and economy (suites with built-in kitch¬ second half, which examines the political other shortcomings and inequities that are ens, and central location — within easy forces that buttress the need for nuclear so apparent and widely commented on are walking distance of the State Depart¬ weapons and shape our political attitudes for the most part the inevitable conse¬ ment, Federal Reserve, OPM, GSA, toward them. “Technological relentless¬ quences of this pernicious requirement Metro . . .). Take it easy on yourself at ness has become an even greater threat to that the boards rank officers numerically in human freedom than tyranny. . . . This pre-determined upper and lower percen¬ fatalistic outlook disastrously neglects our tiles. The performance evaluations on special capacity for symbolism, that is, for which the system rests are inherently and projecting images and possibilities that manifestly incapable of providing a fair give direction to human freedom.” The and rational basis for this fine tuning. . . . book concludes by asking "Would the sur¬ “The promotion boards have no choice vivors envy the dead;'” “No," the authors but to ’read between the lines’ of evalua¬ respond, “they would be incapable of such tions and search for any nuance that will 2201 Virginia Avenue, N.W. feelings. They would not so much envy as, provide them with some basis, however Washington, DC 20037 inwardly and outw’ardly, resemble the tenuous, for making the choices between (800) 424-2870 or (202) 452-4600 dead.” Indefensible Weapons provides a look individual officers which the system forces at a humanistic dimension of the nuclear on them.” — RICHARD J. SMITH debate, a dimension not addressed as often in the United States as it is in Europe. Foreign Service Journal, June 1958: There are no comparisons of megatonnage “One wonders whether in the writing of SHOP IN AN AMERICAN in this book. the efficiency reports due this month rat¬ DRUG STORE BY MAIL! Thomas Powers offers an analytical rath¬ ing officers realize how much they reveal of An ice cream soda is one of the er than prescriptive exploration of the nu¬ themselves. One can think of few accumu¬ few items we cannot mail. Drugs, clear problem in his Thinking About the lations of documents which would tell cosmetics, sundries Next War. This book is deeply disturbing. more about an officer than a collection of mailed to every coun¬ The author believes there is no way out of his efficiency reports on others during his try in the world. We nuclear obliteration; arms agreements Foreign Service career. . . . They reveal merely shape the management of weapon¬ more clearly than the reports on his own maintain permanent ry. After Fliroshima and Nagasaki we had performance by others the extent of his family prescription a chance to avoid the nuclear arms race but knowledge and understanding of the duties records. SEND NO did not take it. “Since 1945 the United of his subordinates and thereby his own. . . . MONEY — pay only after satis¬ States and the Soviet Union have been pre¬ What a man says about those who work for factory receipt of order. paring to fight each other in a big war. him cannot but reflect his own qualities of ... I can’t think of a way we might escape leadership.” — AFSA EDITORIAL it. . . . When war comes, we shall fight it with the weapons at hand, and these Foreign Service Journal, June 1933: prominently include nuclear weapons.” “Many, perhaps most, Foreign Service of¬ Powers does not prove that preparation for ficers simply live week by week looking war leads to war, yet by relying on histori¬ forward to the next leave period and the cal precedent and an assumption that na¬ longed-for visit home. [At home} prices tions are not as in control of events as they are unbelievably low. Men’s suits that, if are inclined to believe, he arrives at that not good are at least good looking, are conclusion. "If nations are ready for war priced as low as $9.85 and thereabouts, and constantly push and test each other, and a really good two-pants suit can be eventually things will slip out of their con¬ bought for $20.” — FIOMER BRETT trol and war will follow.” Thinking About t/a Morgan Pharmacy the Next War is a serious but easy-to-read PLUS QA CHANCE records Journal excerpts 3001 P Street, N.W. book, one of the best listed here. from 10, 25, and 50 years ago with an eye Washington, D.C. 20007 —DAVID LINEBAUGH and toward how much things have changed or re¬ JOSEPH PEPE NEWMAN mained the same for the Foreign Service.

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JUNE 1983 19 MX missile, a critical turning point where the United States might have slowed the arms race by acting differ¬ ently? Though the current debate over de¬ ployment of the MX has largely oc¬ curred in the public arena, there are several similarities to the deliberations that went into the decision to develop the H-bomb. First, like the new mis¬ sile, the H-bomb was seen by the ad¬ ministration as a necessary counter to a new Soviet weapons capability. Sec¬ ond, this new capability in both cases caused pressure to be brought upon the President by the military, the Con¬ gress, and the public. Last, in both the H-bomb decision and the MX decision the President turned to a panel of ex¬ perts representing various involved constituencies which, in effect, seem¬ ingly served to ratify and justify the production of a weapon on which the chief of state had already made up his mind. At present it is unclear just how important official and public pressures were to Ronald Reagan and to what extent the Scowcroft Commission may have rubber-stamped his decision to build the MX, but Truman seems to Truman, Acheson have been unaffected by these pressures because he clearly had his mind made up before he set the deliberations in motion that supported development of and the H-bomb thermonuclear weapons. It may be too early to say so in the case of the deploy¬ ment of the MX, but Truman’s deci¬ By BARTON J. BERNSTEIN sion to develop the H-bomb was virtu¬ ally inevitable. Four months before the Truman an¬ On January 31, 1950, after the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he secretly nouncement, Americans learned that weeks of public speculation ordered expanded preparations for the the Soviet Union had tested an atomic and military and congression¬ production of the new weapon. bomb. Policymakers were dismayed al pressure, President Harry S. Tru¬ Why did Truman make these com¬ that the U.S. nuclear monopoly had man publicly announced that the mitments? Did a demanding military ended so soon and anxious about an¬ United States would continue work to and its congressional supporters com¬ other Communist triumph after the re¬ determine the feasibility of the hydro¬ pel him to act? Was Truman’s deci¬ cent “loss" of China. “This means that gen bomb. Nearly six weeks later, on sion, like the Nixon-Kissinger refusal we are in a straight race with the Rus¬ March 10, after additional pressure to ban MIRVS at SALT I and possibly the sians,” concluded Under Secretary of from the Department of Defense and Carter and Reagan commitment to the State James Webb. The Soviet bomb

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL compelled a reconsideration of Ameri¬ he knew that he had allies elsewhere: posed new moral and international is¬ can nuclear policy. It created pressures Teller, probably Nobel physicist Er¬ sues. It etched in bold relief the gnaw¬ on the administration and within it to nest O. Lawrence and the Berkeley ing dilemmas that he could neither expand production of fission weapons. group of physicists and chemists, some solve nor escape. And it renewed and invigorated efforts scientists at Los Alamos, and McMa¬ J. Robert Oppenheimer, a brilliant to speed the Atomic Energy Commis¬ hon and his associates on the joint physicist and chairman of the GAC, sion’s continuing quest for a fusion de¬ committee. Strauss also deftly cam¬ shared many of Lilienthal’s doubts and vice. paigned for the new weapon with Ad¬ fears. Wartime head of the Los Alamos Little Attention miral Sidney Souers, secretary of the laboratory that had produced the National Security Council. Strauss A-bombs for Hiroshima and Nagasa¬ Though the AEC and its General learned from Souers that the President ki, Oppenheimer never escaped a re¬ Advisory Committee of nine promi¬ had not even known about the H- sultant feeling of guilt. Now, con¬ nent scientists had unanimously ap¬ bomb, but now “Truman wanted fronted sharply with the question of proved an effort to develop the Id- Strauss to force the issue up to the the H-bomb, which he and the AEC bomb in the early postwar years, the White House and to do it quickly.” had long supported, he felt compelled project received little attention. Short¬ Teller, Lawrence, and another to consider again the moral issues. The ages of skilled personnel and resources, physicist, Luis Alvarez, helped spur new weapon was, he concluded in mid- an emphasis on improving fission support for the bomb. Visiting Wash¬ October, a distasteful matter—uncer¬ weapons, and doubts about feasibility ington in early October, Lawrence and tain scientifically, dubious militarily, helped to slow the project. At that Alvarez pushed for a speeded-up proj¬ troubling morally. It was certainly not pace, even the feasibility of the fusion ect with McMahon, who was enthusi¬ the appropriate response to the Soviet bomb would not be known until the astic, and with some of the Joint bomb. Emphasis on such a powerful late 1950s. Chiefs of Staff, who also favored it. weapon would “even further worsen After the Soviets exploded their But not everyone in the weapons es¬ the unbalance of our present war A-bomb, some members of the Ameri¬ tablishment liked the project. David plans.” can weapons community pushed for a Lilienthal, the AEC chairman, who Lingering Guilt faster effort on the H-bomb. They in¬ had long endorsed the leisurely quest cluded Admiral Lewis Strauss, finan¬ for the H-bomb, was appalled by the James Conant, a GAC member, cier and conservative Republican on new enthusiasm for such a powerful president of Harvard, and a chemist the AEC, Senator Brien McMahon, weapon. Lawrence and Alvarez were who had overseen the Manhattan Proj¬ Democratic chairman of the Joint Con¬ “drooling over the H-bomb,” Lilien¬ ect, may have also felt guilty about his gressional Committee on Atomic En¬ thal complained in his diary. “Is this work on the A-bomb. Like the other ergy, and physicist Edward Teller, a all we have to offer?” Lilienthal was in members of the committee, Conant long-time supporter of the weapon, anguish. He hoped desperately for had earlier endorsed the slow quest for who had despaired earlier of being able some path out of the arms race and the H-bomb. But now, faced with the to push the AEC into an energetic ef¬ regretted the growing reliance on nu¬ plan for a greatly accelerated program, fort to develop the H-bomb. Alarmed clear weapons as a deterrent and guar¬ he too confronted the moral, military, by the test, Strauss concluded that the antor of victory. He was torn between and international-political issues that United States should start an “all-out” his hopes for peace and his obligations the slower pursuit had not seemed to effort to create thermonuclear weap¬ to improve nuclear weapons. “More raise. His conclusion: Don’t build it. ons. In early October, he told the other and better bombs,” he lamented in his “Over my dead body,” he said. “[The] commissioners of a need “for a quan¬ diary. “Where this will lead ... is real answer [to the Soviet bomb] was to tum jump in our planning ... an in¬ difficult to see. We keep saying, 'We do a job and revamp our whole defense tensive effort to get ahead with the Su¬ have no other course’; what we should establishment, put in something like per [H-bomb].” Such a weapon, say is ‘We are not bright enough to see universal military service, [and] get promising virtually unlimited power, any other course.’ ” Unable to find a Europe strong on the ground.” was essential to national security, he path out of the arms race, he did not In mid-October, the AEC asked its argued. want to add to the moral burden and GAC for advice on the H-bomb and Strauss did not expect to persuade world danger by seeking the H-bomb. the entire nuclear-weapons program. most of his fellow commissioners. But For him, the weapon’s awesome power At the end of the month, following a

JUNE 1983 21 three-day meeting, the eight members terrence or retaliation. “In determin¬ ably be used against cities. The GAC at the session presented their recom¬ ing not to proceed to develop the Su¬ was moving toward a tactical and mendations: expansion of nuclear-pro¬ perbomb,” the majority concluded, counterforce (as opposed to a counter¬ duction facilities; greater emphasis on “we see a unique opportunity of provid¬ city) strategy in an effort to make nu¬ tactical nuclear weapons; support for ing by example some limitation on the clear war less inhumane and nuclear the “booster" (a fission-fusion hybrid totality of war and thus eliminating strategy more rational, but the argu¬ of up to 300 kilotons yield scheduled the fear and arousing the hopes of man¬ ment was murky. for testing in 195 1); and opposition to kind.” [Emphasis added.] The Rabi-Fermi report had suggest¬ a speeded-up project for the “Super.” The minority (Rabi and Fermi) of¬ ed that inspection might be unneces¬ All opposed pursuing the H-bomb fered a more sharply worded statement sary to police a Soviet pledge not to “with high priority” even though of moral objections but ended by pro¬ produce the bomb because “it appears there was, in their estimate, “a better posing conditional forbearance: Try to highly probable that an advanced state than even chance of producing the develop the bomb only if the Soviets of development leading to a test weapon within five years.” would not renounce it. The Rabi-Fer- . . . could be detected by available The GAC hoped the government mi argument implicitly undercut the physical means.” Unfortunately, the would not even do research to deter¬ majority conclusion (unilateral renun¬ tempting possibility of a pledge, mine whether the weapon was feasible. ciation) by suggesting that under some which could be policed by imposing a The committee denied that scientists conditions the H-bomb would be use¬ ban on testing any nuclear weapons, had a duty to learn whatever could be ful and necessary to the United States was not pursued. Had Rabi and Fermi discovered, an imperative that Oppen- if the Soviets had it. Curiously, Rabi argued this matter more forcefully and heimer and other members had once and Fermi never spelled out their explained why detection would be stressed. Rejecting that, the GAC ar¬ thinking on this vital matter: Under "highly probable,” perhaps they could gued that a higher morality—the dan¬ what conditions would the bomb be have placed this alternative on the ger of genocide—should bar the pur¬ strategically or psychologically valu¬ agenda for discussion. suit of this knowledge. “It is clear,” able? Nor, strangely, did the majority the members wrote, “that the use of opinion take issue with this lurking set Unsurvivable Policy this weapon would bring about the de¬ of assumptions in the Rabi-Fermi These criticisms of the GAC report struction of innumerable human lives; statement. should not be understood as an indict¬ it is not a weapon which can be used The reports — taken individually or ment, only as a statement of shortcom¬ exclusively for the destruction of mate¬ together — were defective. They were ings. Men who had long lived with the rial installations of military or semi¬ loosely written and did not make clear nuclear arms race and, in some cases, military purposes. Its use therefore either their assumptions or the precise with guilt about Hiroshima and Naga¬ carries much further than the atomic basis for their conclusions. For exam¬ saki were being asked to examine ques¬ bomb itself the policy of exterminat¬ ple, was the majority’s argument of tions that reached near the core of their ing civilian populations.” Using dam¬ “no strategic necessity” for the Super assumptions and beliefs. In a rushed age area per dollar, they concluded “it sufficient to support its conclusion that weekend, even when aided by some appears uncertain . . . whether the the bomb should not be sought? Did earlier private discussions, they could Super will be cheaper or more expen¬ the strategic argument then liberate not establish firm arguments on these sive than the fission bomb.” them to stress morality? If so, what if troubling matters. They faced a formi¬ Unconditional Renunciation new arguments emerged which under¬ dable challenge. It was one they could mined the position of “no strategic ne¬ not fully meet. A six-member majority (led by Op- cessity”? Would the moral argument Oppenheimer, hoping to carry the penheimer and Conant) recommended then have to yield? There was also a GAC’s campaign to the White House, unconditional renunciation of the major unaddressed question, as decided first to discuss the report with H-bomb, while a minority (I.I. Rabi McMahon forcefully pointed out to Secretary of State Dean Acheson. Ach- and Enrico Fermi) sought conditional Truman: Since bombing was quite in¬ eson, as Oppenheimer found, “wished forbearance. The majority thought the accurate, was the greater power of the he could go along with [the GAC], but weapon was strategically unnecessary H-bomb, with its capacity to destroy a didn’t think he would be able to. because the U.S.S.R. had few large greater area, a useful or vital compen¬ . . . Acheson didn’t see how the Presi¬ cities. They were troubled by moral sation for inaccuracy? dent could survive a policy of not mak¬ questions related to this “threat to the Beyond that, why did the GAC ing the H-bomb.” After that conversa¬ future of the human race. ” Moreover, deem the Super immoral but the tion in early November, Oppenheimer development of the weapon would in¬ booster and tactical nuclear weapons concluded that the GAC position jure the nation’s moral position and moral? It was not simply a matter of would fail. He realized there was no weaken America in the cold war race power. Their argument was more com¬ value in seeking a meeting with the for allies and international support. plex. They were suggesting that the President. America’s quest for the Even if the Soviets developed the booster and tactical weapons would H-bomb was inevitable. H-bomb, the United States would still probably be used against military tar¬ The five AEC commissioners split, have enough A-bombs for adequate de¬ gets but that the H-bomb would prob¬ 3-2, against the H-bomb, but they did

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL agree on the need for public discus¬ ect. He had given up hope for interna¬ Policy Planning Staff: George Kennan, sion. It was, they informed Truman, tional control of atomic energy and, the architect of containment and direc¬ “inescapable, . . . necessary, and . . . like Acheson, did not expect relations tor of the staff, and Paul Nitze, the desirable.” Three commissioners— with the Soviet Union to improve. Un¬ man scheduled to replace him. Nitze, Lilienthal, Sumner Pike, and Henry der pressure from McMahon and his whose analysis of Soviet malevolence D. Smyth—opposed the quest for the congressional committee, as well as and American needs closely comported bomb. Their arguments were similar the Joint Chiefs, who also wanted the with Acheson’s, argued that the nation to the GAC majority’s. Lilienthal, the H-bomb, Truman was being pushed must explore the feasibility of the H- most forceful, stressed that a decision in that direction. It could meet politi¬ bomb. “It is essential that the U.S. not for the bomb would impair the Presi¬ cal needs at home and aid him abroad. find itself in a position of technological dent’s peace program, injure Ameri¬ It could create, in Acheson’s words, inferiority in this field.” ca's image abroad, “not increase our “situations of strength.” In contrast, Kennan hoped to head over-all strength,” and promote the But rather than make an abrupt de¬ off the quest. He wanted the United dangerous “misconception and illusion cision, the President appointed a States to make a sincere effort at inter¬ [that nuclear weapons are] the chief three-man advisory committee: Secre¬ national control of atomic energy. Un¬ means of protecting ourselves.” The tary of Defense Louis Johnson, who fortunately, despite his anguish and ef¬ Super, even if it slightly increased favored the bomb, perhaps largely be¬ fort, he could not formulate a plan America’s strategic power, was not cause his Joint Chiefs wanted it and it likely to be acceptable to both super¬ necessary, he asserted. Lilienthal im¬ seemed cheap; Acheson, who, like powers. The basic problem, Kennan plied that the administration should Truman, was inclined toward it; and stressed, was that the administration reassess its military capacity, move Lilienthal, who opposed it. This spe¬ did not want international control be¬ away from its heavy emphasis on nu¬ cial committee, staffed by the heads of cause the atomic bomb was the key¬ clear weapons, and build up its con¬ Defense, State, and the AEC, brought stone of America’s military edifice. ventional forces. together most of the major bureau¬ The administration relied upon nucle¬ The other two commissioners— cratic interests. Because two of the ar superiority to compensate for inferi¬ Gordon Dean, who was McMahon’s three favored the bomb, the ultimate ority in land forces. It believed that the former law partner, and Strauss—were results were predictable. A-bomb probably deterred Soviet ag¬ enthusiastic supporters of the thermo¬ Essential Strength gression in Europe and promised a nuclear device. Strauss presented a vi¬ speeded victory if war erupted there. gorous argument for the bomb: The The key person on the committee The A-bomb, he reluctantly acknowl¬ United States “must be as completely was Acheson, whom Truman greatly edged, would not be surrendered. armed as any possible enemy.” How, admired and trusted. The secretary, Around the time of the new year, he asked, could the opponents of the though inclined toward the Super, Acheson came to believe that there H-bomb, including the GAC, support would (as Truman knew) scrupulously was no compelling argument against the A-bomb and not the Super? Both investigate the issues and canvass the determining the feasibility of the weapons were horrible, both greatly interested parties, usually probing as¬ H-bomb, and many arguments sup¬ expanded the damage area, and both sumptions and trying to understand porting it. The bureaucratic and po¬ were necessary. The GAC was, in positions. When Acheson spoke to litical pressures were great—especially short, morally inconsistent. Moreover, Oppenheimer, whom he liked and ad¬ from the Joint Chiefs and the McMa¬ the Soviet Union, “a government of mired, the secretary, predictably, hon committee. It would be “intoler¬ atheists,” was not likely to be dis¬ could not accept Oppenheimer’s analy¬ able,” the Joint Chiefs had declared, if suaded on moral grounds. Strength, sis. “You know, I listened as carefully the Soviets developed the weapon and not forbearance, was essential to as I knew how, but I don’t understand the United States lacked it. The bomb American well-being. Strauss’s argu¬ what Oppie was trying to say,” he told could be an added deterrent, create ments, submitted to the President an associate. “How can you persuade a more flexibility in conducting war, after a discussion with McMahon, but¬ paranoid adversary to disarm ‘by exam¬ substitute for a greater number of tressed the senator’s own vigorous ple’?” For Acheson, the opposite anal¬ A-bombs, and possibly use scarce ma¬ pleas for the H-bomb. ysis was compelling: Only a vigilant terials more efficiently. Such argu¬ On November 18, news leaked out and better armed America could halt ments, the Joint Chiefs concluded, that the administration was secretly Communist nibbling or massive ag¬ “decisively outweigh the possible so¬ considering whether to seek the gression, and ultimately triumph, in cial, psychological, and moral objec¬ H-bomb. Until then, Americans had the cold war. Military strength—not tions.” not known of the top-secret venture. negotiation—was essential. Acheson, already under attack for Truman promptly renewed his order of The Department of State had tradi¬ “losing” China, did not want to face a secrecy. He wanted to avoid a public tionally left questions about new domestic political battle on why he dialogue, to reduce the pressure, and weapons to the Pentagon. Acheson and Truman were leaving America to gain time for a carefully weighed nonetheless sought advice within strategically weak by not pushing for decision. The President had his own State. He received competing counsel the bomb. As important, for Acheson, inclinations about the H-bomb proj¬ from the two leading members of the (Continued on page 31 ■)

JUNE 1983 23 Life and Love

“You say the post medical officer prescribed this for baldness?” ‘I’m from the Inspector General’s office.”

“This will teach you to question “A good consular officer has no trouble handling appeals on the non- the AID crop rotation schedule.” immigrant visa line.”

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Lives Again

After a somnambulistic decision to cease the twenty-year-old series LIFE AND LOVE IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE, in which members of the Service “attempt to hold up a mirror to our common and shared inequities, ” and after an ensuing string of threats and accusations that only failed to include letter bombs because the price of postage had gone so high, the editor of this magazine has bowed to pressure from all quarters and agreed to reinstate the series herewith. The editor emphatically denies implications that the decision was only taken after a phone call was received from David Stockman describing what the back of a woodshed is really like. The quotation above comes from Si Rinden, contributor of countless Journal articles and steward of LIFE AND LOVE from 1962 till its disappearance two years ago. The series was founded by Bob Rinden in 1959- Its goal, as expressed by Malcolm McLean, was and is “the gentle exposure of that which is self-serving and ridiculous. It never seeks to humiliate individuals nor leave cutting wounds. It searches for satire and eschews sarcasm. ” In that spirit, we present the following. “Is this what they mean by an up or out system?”

“Hey, Curly, here comes the answer to your cable on the dissent channel.” “Somehow, I preferred the striped pants.” The Reader’s Turn . . .

Each month we will present a movie still for two issues after the one in which it first appeared. which our readers can write a caption satirizing Should the judges deem none of the entries is suit¬ life and love in the Foreign Service, bearing in able for printing, they will be forced to write the mind the injunction of Malcolm McLean above. captions themselves. To avoid this, send entries to: The first of these appears to the left. Authors of winning captions will be duly noted and will be awarded a certificate for a meal for two at the “LIFE AND LOVE” Foreign Service Club. Honorable mention awards Foreign Service Journal may be made if the judges so desire. Winning 2101 E Street. N.W. captions will be printed below the contest picture Washington. D.C. 20037

JUNE 1983 25 View from the Top

A Former Ambassador Ponders the Real Goals and Successes of a Foreign Service Career

By MARTIN F. HERZ

Looking back on my career of 32 ond secretary of embassy, for instance, and ended his career a bitter man. So I years in the Foreign Service, I operates under considerably fewer con¬ discovered that one has to have, in ad¬ am struck by a number of incon¬ straints than his superiors, is much dition to a disciplined mind and good gruities. Not the least is the undeni¬ better able to follow a personal work drafting ability, the gift of presenting able fact that in my first position, as program and social schedule, and can material in such a manner that it will third secretary with the American le¬ be much more his or her own person. be read. This does not mean resorting gation in Vienna, I had more influence One need not meet only “important to sensationalism, but simply that it is on events than I had in my last posi¬ people,” so the horizon is less con¬ dangerous to be dull. I count this on tion, as “Ambassador Extraordinary stricted than is that of people higher balance to be a rather favorable devel¬ and Plenipotentiary” to the People’s up. And reporting, analysis, and poli¬ opment. Republic of Bulgaria. This was be¬ cy recommendation (the latter of Let me offer a word on what one can cause Austria immediately after World course only within limits when one is legitimately and realistically hope to War II was in a focal area of interest, younger) are a lot more fun than “pro¬ attain in a Foreign Service career. I the zone where western and Soviet gram management" with its multifar¬ once had a colleague, an unusually power met; whereas when I was in Bul¬ ious concerns that leave little time and bright and capable officer, who unhesi¬ garia it was the least important of the opportunity for creativity. Most of the tatingly answered “power!" when I Soviet satellites, and Washington good ideas I had during my career, asked him what he was seeking in his couldn’t have cared less what was go¬ most of the really exciting conversa¬ career. He is still in the Service and ing on there. It might well be said that tions, most of the really good reports perhaps will attain his goal, but I in some respects it is perhaps more im¬ and analyses, were in the early years. warned him that he was shooting at a portant where you are than what posi¬ Hans Habe, the novelist, wasn’t very small target and that he stood a tion you occupy. And there may be wrong when he said that “second secre¬ better chance of reaching it if he went something to the remark attributed to taries are really much more interesting into politics. What one can attain in Henry Kissinger that he had more re¬ people to know than ambassadors.” varying degrees is influence. One can spect for officers who wanted to “do A Small Target make small contributions to big deci¬ something” than for those who only sions and help roll the stone of Sisy¬ wanted to “be something.” Being I was attracted to the Foreign Serv¬ phus up the mountain. For diplomacy where the action is, and getting a part ice by the example of an officer (I was is a process consisting for the most part of it, is still the name of the game in assigned to work alongside him while of many small actions and decisions. It the Foreign Service. still in the military) who produced po¬ is the accumulation of contributions Having “part of the action,” howev¬ litical analyses that were masterpieces by many people, and contrary to the er, doesn’t mean that one must hold a of disciplined exposition with conclu¬ image conveyed by college texts and high rank. In any case, the view from sions cleanly drawn from the evidence, TV shows, even the big decisions in the bottom is in some ways much more scrupulously distinguishing between Washington are not really made by interesting than from the top. A sec- what we knew and what we couldn't be single individuals. To seek a position quite sure about, and with an exciting in American diplomacy that will allow Martin F. Herz is director of studies at the distinction between power and influ¬ one to “control events” is utopian. A Institute for the Study of Diplomacy and ence. This, I said to myself, is the kind consul who saves an American life, a Oscar Ideti professor of diplomacy at the of work I would like to do! Unfortu¬ political officer who drafts a timely School of Foreign Service. Georgetown Uni¬ nately, the officer who produced those warning, an economic officer who versity . A former career Foreign Service of¬ masterpieces turned out to be quite points out an opportunity—they don’t ficer. he served as ambassador to Bulgaria. unappreciated in the Foreign Service make the earth tremble but they are

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL justified in feeling at the end of the day ty assistant secretary, had worked at though one wonders whether the hold¬ that they have protected or advanced the White House, and had direct ac¬ er of that honorific can really preen American interests. Abroad and in cess to The Great K. “I am finished,” very much when asked “To what coun¬ Washington, we should get our satis¬ he said to me, ‘‘I have lost K’s confi¬ try were you ambassador?” and has to faction from knowing that our reports, dence. He won’t even talk to me. That reply “to Tuvalu”; and, when the in¬ papers, and arguments went into some means that my chances of getting a terlocutor blinks uncomprehendingly, big decisions and that we contributed mission of my own are zero. I’m look¬ has to add, as if that explained any¬ in thousands of ways to making the ing for an outside job so that I can take thing, “It used to be known as the world a less dangerous place. This is early retirement.” Two months later New Hebrides.” Once outside the truly a goal worth pursuing. he was nominated to be ambassador at Service it is a good idea to cash in on There are frustrations, of course, in a Class I mission. Many of us know at any importance attached to the title as a more or less disciplined career serv¬ least one person who was kicked up¬ quickly as possible if one intends to ice—the capriciousness of Personnel, stairs—given the “lateral ara¬ have a second career, for it is certainly a the unfairness of efficiency reports, the besque”—into an ambassadorship be¬ wasting asset. undeserved promotions or preferments cause his presence could not be abided Joys Rare of people obviously less qualified than by a superior. Unfortunately, others oneself, and the impersonal quality who do not come into the presence of Some readers may ask if I am not and insensitivity of the system. These these movers and shakers don’t have overlooking the joys of being in are found in every large organization, the opportunity of being given such a charge, of running one’s own shop, of not only in the State Department and lateral push—or of getting an appoint¬ knowing what to do and being able to the Foreign Service. Fortunately for us ment simply because their fine quali¬ do it. I am not overlooking them. in the Service, there are elements that ties are appreciated in the right place. They exist and are to be savored. But balance those frustrations; we fre¬ If one is very good the chances are very they are much rarer than one might quently change positions and some¬ good that there will be a promotion. think. One of the most frustrated For¬ times have more than one superior in a The chances of making it to chief of eign Service officers, for instance, must position—an advantage which many mission, however, are always uncer¬ have been the U.S. ambassador to the other public servants do not enjoy. I tain. U.S.S.R. when Henry A. Kissinger have in my own career experienced The heartbreaking part of being eli¬ was running both the strategy and tac¬ what I thought were injustices—really gible for an ambassadorial position is tics of our foreign policy. As I point shafted one time and just nicked by a that the appointment depends so much out in my book 215 Days in the Life of poisoned stiletto another—but there on chance that it is virtually unpredict¬ an American Ambassador, “Everyone in have also been times when superiors, able. By and large good people do get government always has a hierarchy of on the basis of what might have nominated, but there have been bosses sitting on top of him, unless he seemed inadequate evidence, conclud¬ enough exceptions to make one’s flesh is at the very top; and this means that ed that I should be promoted forth¬ crawl. Perhaps the most distressing as¬ even when you attain the exalted rank with. Luck does play a role, but in the pect of the appointment process is that of assistant secretary in a major depart¬ Foreign Service it plays a smaller role the people on the seventh floor will not ment, you are not the boss. You are than in other merit systems—until be candid. They will not say, “You’re that to your subordinates, of course, you come within hailing distance of on a list but you won’t make it” or but you are yourself still very much a the top, the ambassadorial position. “You’re on a list but that is irrelevant subordinate.” An ambassador is num¬ because the selection has already been ber one in the embassy but is still far Prospects Uncertain determined.” Nor will they say that from the top of the totem pole. A chief Anyone who enters the Foreign you are simply not chief-of-mission of mission is a senior representative Service with the firm determination to material. (“I couldn’t say that,” a top abroad but is still only a representa¬ become an ambassador and who will official once exclaimed to me, “for the tive—and forgets that at his or her judge the success or failure of his or her person in question could file a griev¬ peril. career in terms of that goal would do ance against me!”) A greater degree of I have had over a dozen superiors best not to enter in the first place. The candor in such matters would reduce during my career. As I look back, the prospects, even for very good people, the amount of heartbreak among those most outstanding ones came from out¬ are too uncertain. And they would still who almost, but not quite, make it. It side the career service: David K.E. be uncertain even if we did not have will not be a consolation to such people Bruce, Douglas Dillon, and Ellsworth the national disgrace of unqualified to be told that the position of ambassa¬ Bunker. Of course the Foreign Service people from outside the profession be¬ dor is really vastly overrated and that has also produced some giants, but ing appointed to ambassadorships. there are dozens of positions in the For¬ they have been very few, partly because The following story well illustrates eign Service and additional dozens in successful noncareer ambassadors go the unpredictability of ambassadorial the department, AID, and USIA that on and on whereas career people must appointments: I was sitting in the entail much greater responsibility. run against the clock ticking away to¬ State Department’s eighth floor dining It is true that there is a certain ca¬ ward retirement. The most limited room with a colleague who was a depu¬ chet to the title of ambassador—al¬ (Continued on page 32.)

JUNE 1983 27 '' Night Flight

A. U.S. consul first was a young Jewish student, atmosphere. She would often help Alexey Kepler, whom she met at age with the cooking. She spent many hap¬ in New Delhi 16 while attending the University of py hours walking through the noisy Moscow. Her jealous father had him bazaars and strolling along the banks issues an illegal picked up by the secret police to pre¬ of the Ganges in her white widow’s vent their marriage. The second man sari. visa to help was a lieutenant in the Kremlin guard The short visit she had been autho¬ named Gregory Morozov. He was also rized to make stretched into 10 weeks. Stalins daughter Jewish and was much opposed by Sta¬ The Soviet embassy became extremely lin for both personal as well as political impatient with her reluctance to leave escape communism reasons. The defiant Svetlana married India. Letters flew back and forth be¬ him anyway, but the marriage lasted tween New Delhi and Kalakankar. only two years. These were eventually replaced by ur¬ By ADRIENNE HUEY Svetlana’s second marriage took gent personal visits from disgruntled place in 1949 and was to Yuri officials. Svetlana made it clear that she Zhdanov, son of Andrey Zhdanov, Sta¬ would prefer to stay in India. She even On March 6, 1966, Stalin’s lin’s deputy. Andrey Zhdanov was re¬ applied to a friend high in the Indian daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva sponsible for the Communist party’s government to intercede. He refused. defected to the United States crackdown on Russian intellectuals, Finally, one Sunday in early March while on a religious mission to India. artists, and composers. His son was 1966, Svetlana reluctantly tore herself The western world was stunned by the said to be a coldly calculating manipu¬ from the arms of her new family and news, for little was known even of this lator. At one time he was the director returned to New Delhi. daughter’s existence, some 13 years of the science section of the Commu¬ The Huey family had arrived in after the dictator’s death. This is the nist party. He was ousted on the death New Delhi the previous year. George story of how a U.S. consul, my hus¬ of his father, when his whole family was chief of the consular section. His band, George, helped Stalin’s daugh¬ fell from favor. During those years he office was in the West Building, which ter escape to freedom. and Svetlana separated and were finally is back to back with the chancery. At Following her father’s death, Svet¬ divorced. He later became president of that time, the West Building was con¬ lana lived a rather secluded life in Mos¬ the University of Rostov and lives in nected to the main part of the embassy cow. Eventually, she and her two teen¬ Moscow to this day. It was that kind of by a rabbit-warren of halls and pas¬ age children came to live with her east government control of literature and sageways. The West Building itself is Indian common-law husband, Brajish the arts that Svetlana sought to escape just a block from the Soviet embassy Singh. Of that union Svetlana has said: by her defection. and faces the same street. “The attitude of the party to our mar¬ Ashes on the Ganges At the close of business on March 6, riage was one thing which I think was George secured the consulate and disgusting. I cannot understand how When Brajish Singh died in Mos¬ headed for our home in the suburb of in a country where marriage with for¬ cow, Svetlana applied for permission Defence Colony. We had barely seated eigners is allowed by law, a person like to return his ashes to India. Hindu ourselves at the dinner table when we me was not allowed to marry by the custom required the ashes be scattered heard the distant ring of the telephone. government and the party. I was not on the Ganges River. Perhaps the seed With three teenage daughters in the allowed to marry an Indian citizen of the idea of defection had already tak¬ family, we expected the call to be for even though he was a member of the en root. In any case, Svetlana was al¬ one of them. The bearer, Sat Pal, knew Indian Communist party.” lowed to make the journey and quietly we disapproved of his calling the girls There had been three other men who entered India. away from the table. We were all a greatly influenced Svetlana’s life. The After completing the ritual, Svet¬ little startled, then, when he stuck his lana lingered with her husband’s fam¬ head cautiously around the edge of the Adrienne Huey was the wife of the late ily in the town of Kalakankar, one swinging door and announced that the George Huey and served with him in Liver¬ hundred miles east of Lucknow. The call was for “Sahib.” After exchanging pool, Panama, Buenos Aires, and Neu> large family welcomed her with open a few disappointed glances, our daugh¬ Delhi. arms, and she thrived in its loving ters got back to their dinners.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL George had been given this message during the telephone call that inter¬ rupted our dinner. More or less, any¬ way. George said later that the excited Marine got it a little mixed up. George to had to ask the soldier if he meant to say Freedom “such and such,” to which the startled Marine had replied with a relieved, “Yes, sir!” Over all, the conduct of the Marine on guard duty in the West Building that night was totally profes¬ sional, down to the ultimate detail of placing the Soviet passport he had been handed by Svetlana face down on the table, so that passersby who were still in the building would not notice its origin. That “Yes, sir!” was all George needed to hear. It would be his duty to verify the defection and to see that the other members of the team were called. George walked into the West Building and said to the guard, “What have we got? Does he speak English?” “It’s a woman,” the marine replied, “and she does speak English.” A Single Suitcase She was standing there in the mid¬ dle of the guard’s small office, looking sturdy and purposeful, in a neatly tai¬ lored suit and sturdy shoes. She was a matronly 41 years old, with short, graying, auburn hair and a serious, pink-cheeked face. She had one suit¬ case with her, which contained all she would be able to take with her from the life she had known before, includ¬ ing the memoirs she had been writing for several years. She spoke English very well. She and George had no trouble communi¬ cating after the first awkward mo¬ ments of introductions. When she told George she was Stalin’s daughter, he recalled later that he was embarrassed George went out to the hall to take Chevy station wagon and drove into to remember the lack of originality of the call. Shortly he returned to the the dusk. I was not to see or hear from his response. “You mean the Stalin?” dining room and announced that he him again until early the next day. he said. had to go immediately back to the em¬ There were a number of Red Chi¬ In her book Only One Year, Svetlana bassy. He looked rather solemn, but nese gymnastic teams and choral has this to say about that first encoun¬ his behavior gave no other hint of the groups performing in New Delhi at ter: “After the Marine guard had left seriousness of the events that were to the time. Thinking there might be me in that small room adjoining the follow. some defectors among them, the mem¬ front hall, the first man I saw was I walked with him out to the car. bers of the embassy “defection team” George Huey—tall, stout, wearing a Once we were out of hearing of staff had recently been briefed on the proce¬ bright loose shirt. . . .We spoke Eng¬ and family, he turned to face me di¬ dure for calling them together. The lish. ... It never occurred to me that rectly and mouthed silently the word Marine guards had memorized a code my appearance was somewhat like that “defector.” With that he got into our message to summon my husband. of a visitor from Mars.”

JUNE 1983 29 After settling the lady comfortably guidance. As the night wore on and no Technically, Svetlana was not in his office, George continued to response was received, the team be¬ granted “asylum," since this would re¬ question her for several minutes to de¬ came intent on forming a workable quire the U.S. government to inform termine to his satisfaction that her cre¬ plan to present to the ambassador. the host country, in this case India, of dentials were in order. His mind was Svetlana, meanwhile, was telling her presence. The defection team de¬ racing with many questions: “Why is the story of her escape from the Soviet cided to treat her as they would any she asking asylum? Could there be hid¬ embassy. The day before, when she other tourist who might wish to go to den motives? Is this a plot to embarrass had finally arrived from Kalakankar, the United States. Bowles concurred. the United States?” Svetlana later said the Soviets had foolishly returned her No veto of the plan was received, so it she realized her motives would be sus¬ passport to her, along with curt orders was put into effect just after midnight. pect. to return immediately to the U.S.S.R. From a diplomatic viewpoint, the plan George soon made up his mind that Still, she pleaded to be allowed to re¬ was scrupulously correct from start to she was truly Stalin’s daughter. She main in India and received a terrible finish. was forthright and openly sincere, so tongue-lashing from the Soviet ambas¬ An Illegal Visa he quickly set the wheels in motion sador. He was totally unfeeling and that would eventually bring her to the disgruntled at her long delay in return¬ A check of Palam Airport disclosed United States. ing to New Delhi. This scene must a flight to Rome around two o’clock Once the defection team had gath¬ have been the last straw for Svetlana. that morning. A tentative reservation ered, they moved to a larger office and Her decision to defect was solidified, was made for Svetlana and her escort. began an interrogation that was to go though she knew it would mean not The next problem was what passport on until past midnight. Tea was made seeing her two children in Moscow she would use. In her passport she was and everything possible done to make ever again. listed as Svetlana Alliluyeva, with no their unexpected guest comfortable. Later, in a poignant message to mention of the name Stalin. It was her Svetlana was obviously not a politi¬ those two young people that she had mother’s maiden name and means cal person. In her later writings she left behind, Svetlana pleaded: “Let “Hallelujah” or “Light of the World. ” describes her disenchantment with the them all condemn me—and you con¬ The team felt that name would not be Communist party in this way: “1 was demn me as well, if that will make familiar, so they decided she should brought up in a family where there was things easier for you (say whatever you use her own passport. A Russian tourist never any talk about God. But when I like: it will only be empty words, and going to the United States by way of became a grown-up person I found that they will not hurt me), only do not Rome would not arouse suspicion. it was impossible to exist without God reject me in your hearts, my children, Now, George faced a dilemma. in one’s heart. Since that moment the because you are more precious to me Svetlana needed a U.S. tourist visa in main dogmas of communism lost their than anything in the world, my dear her Soviet passport. As an avowed significance to me. There are no cap¬ ones, and I think of you constantly and Communist, she was totally ineligi¬ italists and Communists for me— I pray for you, since nobody here pre¬ ble. George had the ultimate responsi¬ there are good people or bad people.” vents me from doing so.” bility of issuing that illegal visa. If the Later she was to say she “longed to live The evening of her defection there plan blew up in their faces, his job where the power of the intellect would was a large reception at the Soviet em¬ could be on the line. Just after one be respected and freely exercised.” bassy. Svetlana was not expected to at¬ o’clock he returned to the deserted A Treasured Manuscript tend. At seven o’clock taxis began to consular section, heated up the wax pull up to deliver guests. There was pot, and got out the special stamps and The greatest source of interest to the much confusion as guests, hosts, and equipment. He entered the visa most team, next to the lady herself, was the servants mingled in the crush and willingly. The deed was done. manuscript, which she so obviously chatter. The vodka flowed freely. Svet¬ Svetlana was loaded into our station treasured. One of the team was an ex¬ lana realized that the time was perfect wagon, on the floor of the back seat. pert in the Russian language. He be¬ for her to leave unnoticed. Her pass¬ Her suitcase was wedged in beside her. gan scanning and translating the many port was in her hand. If she could not Several others of the team followed at a pages. A year later, on publication, the stay in India, then she would go to the distance in another car. They drove book would reach 80,000 words. United States. through the empty streets, past the Our ambassador to India in 1966 Svetlana quickly packed her few be¬ totally dark and blissfully silent Soviet was Chester Bowles. He was sick in longings in one suitcase, her precious embassy, and headed for the airport. bed at the time and had to be briefed manuscript on the very bottom, and The quietness of the embassy led by phone. He directed the team to do quietly walked out the front door of them to believe that Svetlana’s absence everything possible to help the woman the embassy. Saried Indian ladies and had not yet been discovered. But they but that a diplomatic incident was to their escorts were just leaving a lone were not in the clear yet. On arriving be avoided. taxi at the curb. She hastily slid into at the airport counter, they were in¬ Cables were sent to the Department the empty seat and pulled her luggage formed that the flight to Rome had of State, advising it of the unusual sit¬ in after her. It was a one-minute ride to been delayed an hour and a half be¬ uation in New Delhi and asking for the U.S. embassy. cause of mechanical difficulties. Hearts

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL sank. Was it really a mechanical diffi¬ The H-bomb U.S. military policy and the role of culty, or had Svetlana’s escape route nuclear weapons, and a presidential been discovered? (Continued from page 23-) deferral of a decision on actual produc¬ The name Svetlana Alliluyeva on his own sense of America’s military tion. Johnson quickly acceded to the the passport proved to be not of the and diplomatic needs led him to stress call for a re-examination of military slightest interest to the attendant, so the likely value of the H-bomb. It policy but objected to a statement de¬ the little group quickly scattered would be militarily and politically un¬ ferring a decision on production. Ach¬ themselves around the surprisingly acceptable, as Nitze argued, for the eson rapidly backed away from the pro¬ crowded waiting room, smoking end¬ Soviets to develop the weapon and for posal. He recognized that there was less cigarettes and drinking countless the United States to be without it. no need for an explicit statement to demi-tasse cups of the brew east Indi¬ America’s prestige might be found protect the President’s option to defer ans call coffee. wanting. But it would be unwarranted that decision. He also knew that a de¬ The wait was harrowing for all. to argue that Acheson was merely go¬ cision for production would be hard to Each moment brought new fear of dis¬ ing through a ritual of meetings and resist. covery. Each time an outside door deliberations to reach a predetermined The meeting served to ratify deci¬ opened all the conspirators turned conclusion. Rather, as he investigated sions already reached. At the end of the their heads in unison to inspect the the issues and tested ideas, his own session, Johnson suggested that they newcomers. Finally, the flight was an¬ earlier inclinations were reinforced. go to the White House that afternoon nounced. Svetlana and her escort were Ultimately, he moved from inclina¬ to deliver their report. Johnson, in soon aboard. The plane took off into tion to commitment. Lilienthal’s words, said ‘‘the heat was the night. George and the others were The six weeks from December 22 to on in the Congress and every hour in a state of nervous collapse as they January 31 were the period when the counted in getting this matter dis¬ headed for their respective homes in new policy was explicitly formulated. posed of.” The committee’s ten-min¬ the chill dawn. The special committee met only twice, ute session at the White House was It was several days before a small on the first day to explore issues and on mere ritual. They knew that Truman item appeared in the New Delhi States¬ the last to agree on recommendations. intended to go ahead with the project. man, a local newspaper, announcing At the first session, Lilienthal was still According to Lilienthal, the President the mysterious disappearance and pos¬ hopeful; by the last, he knew he had “said that he had always believed that sible defection of Svetlana Alliluyeva. been defeated. we should never use these weapons and About the same time, the paparazzi in Quest Approved that our whole purpose was peace; that Rome discovered she was there. They he didn’t believe we would ever use became so obnoxious that Svetlana’s Midway through the period, Ach¬ them but we had to go on and make escort decided she would be safer in eson knew that the President was eager them because of the way the Russians Switzerland. They narrowly evaded to approve the H-bomb. A recent re¬ were behaving; we had no other the persistent photographers long port from the Joint Chiefs had con¬ course.” enough to board a plane bound for Ge¬ firmed Truman’s thinking, which was Truman had made the politically neva. also in line with Acheson’s analysis. popular and bureaucratically safe deci¬ In April 1967, Svetlana flew the last The secretary told an associate, “I had sion. Both the public and Congress leg to the United States. Her entry was about reached the position that we overwhelmingly favored the effort. To delayed purposely to give her every op¬ should advise the President to go ahead the President, the pressures of politics, portunity to change her mind, if she so and find out about the feasibility [of the expressed needs of the military, the desired. When she finally arrived, she the H-bomb]. But that we should be wishes of Acheson, and the demands of stepped gratefully onto American soil quite honest and say that in advising international politics had comfortably as a smiling tourist, not as an asylee. this action, we are going quite a long coalesced. His own inclinations, his From a haven in New Jersey, she way to committing ourselves to con¬ perceptions of needs, and his key ad¬ completed her memoirs. That book tinue down that road.” A decision to viser—Acheson—all pushed him in was entitled Twenty Letters to A Friend, produce the weapon, as Acheson not¬ the same direction. “{T]here was actu¬ and, of the $2.5 million it brought ed, would almost ineluctably follow if ally no decision to make on the her, she is said to have made a substan¬ it proved feasible. H-bomb,” Truman privately informed tial donation to the Indian village of At the final session, Acheson, Lili¬ his staff. In a sense, he explained, the Kalakankar. Later she wrote her sec¬ enthal, and Johnson quickly dealt with decision had been made in the au¬ ond book, Only One Year, telling of her the question of feasibility. Lilienthal, tumn, after the Soviet explosion, when visit to India and her defection. When acceding to the majority, agreed that he decided to expand the AEC budget. she sent the Huey family an auto¬ the study would be accelerated. They His action of January 31 followed from graphed copy, she enclosed for George left open the important details but the earlier decision. her baggage tags from that stressful agreed that the AEC and Defense “It seems to me,” Robert Bacher, a flight out of New Delhi with an illegal would consult on scale and rate. Ach¬ prominent physicist and former AEC U.S. tourist visa in her Soviet pass¬ eson and Lilienthal made two other commissioner, complained to Oppen- port. EH recommendations: a re-examination of (Continued on page 34-)

JUNE 1983 31 View from the Top had to be pressured to do so. The best, with the most diversified African expe¬ in my opinion, were those who, de¬ rience! And the same again with Viet¬ (Continued from page 21.) spite all the pressures converging on nam. There were experts to the left and among my superiors was a career officer them, were able to make time to right, front and rear, and often under¬ who had served mostly in administra¬ think, who instinctively gave priority foot—and of course also upstairs look¬ tive positions. Curiously, some of the to the important over the urgent, and ing down. But there was ample room best did the least for the careers of their who encouraged their subordinates to for more, and as one learns a new speci¬ subordinates. The most obnoxious in do the same. ality one also learns to appreciate that the way he handled his subordinates Also I have found in my professional not every expert is really as knowledge¬ was a career officer. Courage and char¬ life that it is rarely too late to get in¬ able as he or she had seemed. acter were found in the most unexpect¬ volved in a subject or issue that is in As one looks back over a career that ed places. One of the less impressive vogue. During the war, I was interest¬ has spanned several decades and tries, chiefs of mission for whom I worked ed in psychological warfare but found whether consciously or unconsciously, had a lasting effect on me because his there were many new experts who had to draw a balance sheet, the first thing integrity was so firm that he refused to written books or articles on that sud¬ to recognize is of course that a career change an account of a conversation denly important subject, so that I saw can be only one dimension of a person’s with the chief of state in which he had myself as a latecomer. To the contrary, life. The person who completely sub¬ handled himself rather poorly, re¬ it turned out that once I had acquired ordinates his or her personal life to the marking to me: "I said it that way and "hands on” experience I suddenly be¬ official one must not be surprised if his therefore I must report it that way." came one of the oldest and most expe¬ personal life is thereby impoverished Very few had that ineffable quality that rienced experts! Similarly, in I960 I or, at the very least, greatly complicat¬ George Kennan has called style and arrived at the Bureau of African Af¬ ed. It is a terrible mistake to measure which he considered almost as impor¬ fairs, which seemed to abound with one’s success against that of other peo¬ tant as substance. Unfortunately, in specialists. Africa had suddenly be¬ ple, especially in a career service in one case style went with a flamboyance come the vogue, and I felt very modest which we are all on a ladder, for there that negated some of its good effects. as an outsider and latecomer. Not so; will always be some who climb up fas¬ And one of my superiors—a career offi¬ within a year, most of the old hands ter, and "success” and "failure” cannot cer—was so meek that he wouldn’t had departed for field assignments, really be measured by such compari¬ even defend himself when attacked and and I was one of the bureau’s officers sons. For myself, the element of disci-

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32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL pline—of going to unpleasant places and some less well than I. Some have her life. The very things that we find because that is what one is told to do, become very successful, one or two constricting and perhaps even demean¬ of accepting disagreeable assignments even famous; and in financial terms I ing, the problems of being in a disci¬ because it would be dishonorable to imagine quite a few are better off. But plined service and having to cope with refuse them—has its own satisfactions. it is no exaggeration to say—and read¬ annoyances and dangers and hardships This discipline, incidentally, was one ers will probably already have found of many kinds, these are the things of the Foreign Service’s claims to spe¬ this out for themselves—that many which give real substance to our lives. cial treatment in terms of compensa¬ people envy us the life we lead, and not Nowadays one seems to have to apolo¬ tion and retirement, and we have in because of glittering cocktail parties or gize for uttering such things because my opinion undermined that claim by exotic assignments or diplomatic ti¬ they may sound corny, but it is never¬ too much permissiveness. tles. No, if there is envy it comes from theless still true: It is an honorable When I meet with old friends and something very hard to articulate, but thing to be serving one’s country, and college classmates, I find that some of which comes down to commitment: This the Foreign Service really is our coun¬ these contemporaries have done better person has done something with his or try’s first line of defense. YMGMB, inc. Realtors S Will Your Home Still Be A 362-4480 Castle When You Return? Experienced competent staff ready to serve your needs Personalized Property Management by Mrs. Wyatt in sales, rentals, management, investments. • Serving Foreign Service personnel since 1959. • Planning for necessary expenditures Pauline Barnes* Carole B. Hersman Susan Raehn Patricia Garrison Boorman Lynn Moffly Magruder* Carolyn Rayfield • Leases tailored to fit owners' needs • Updates on real estate laws and regulations Rosemary Dircks Starke Meyer* Henrietta Seitz Fran Dixon John Y. Millar* Mary Ann Stoessel* • Frequent inspections • Sales Mary Hanstad Diane Noble William C. Trueheart* Call Mrs. Wyatt — 202/362-7397 Nancy Harding* Carol Owens* John Turner* Foxhall Square 3301 New Mexico Ave. WALSH, MESMER & ASSOCIATES, INC. ‘Foreign Service Washington D.C. 20016 VW 4713 MAPLE AVE., BETHESDA, MD 20814

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JUNE 1983 33 The H-bomb ing the weapon. Nevertheless, critics and Lawrence, only reinforced Tru¬ may justifiably lament that the United man’s desires and predilections. (Continued from page 31 ■) States did not make some effort to slow Had Truman wanted to resist pres¬ heimer, “that the President’s decision the nuclear race by renouncing—at sures for the H-bomb, he might have could hardly have been otherwise, if least temporarily—the quest for the taken his case to the people. Public made with the present background of H-bomb. opinion was confused and he might public opinion. The amount of specu¬ Had the United States chosen uni¬ have reshaped it to oppose the lation and real information on the sub¬ lateral or conditional renunciation, it H-bomb. It would not have been an ject as a whole is most discouraging, would not have taken a serious military easy task in a nation where many con¬ and this seems to preclude any sensible risk. Its growing stock of atomic demned Truman and Acheson for “los¬ discussion until this situation is cor¬ bombs (more that 100) and the con¬ ing” China. In late January and early rected.” struction of even bigger fission devices February, Americans overwhelmingly After Truman’s announcement, (500 kilotons) could have compensated favored (73 to 18 percent) seeking to some prominent physicists called for for a Soviet H-bomb. As Oppenheimer build the H-bomb but also slightly renewed efforts at international nuclear later argued, the U.S.S.R. had been favored (48 to 45 percent) trying nego¬ disarmament. McMahon, who had ar¬ behind in thermonuclear research but tiations with the Soviets for interna¬ dently pressed for the H-bomb, sud¬ was able to speed its project by using tional control of atomic weapons. But denly shifted his emphasis and public¬ information gained from American Truman did not want to make such an ly urged a program to end the arms H-bomb tests. In short, the United effort with the Soviets. His policy of race and establish world peace. A few States may have missed a critical op¬ secrecy barred dissenting scientific ad¬ other leading Democratic congress¬ portunity to slow the arms race and visers like Oppenheimer and Conant men, including Senator Millard Tyd- avoid the superpowers’ “quantum from arguing publicly against the ings, offered similar notions. So great jump.” H-bomb. It left opponents with a lin¬ was their horror of nuclear war that Effort Accelerated gering sense that they could have per¬ these men, long accustomed to sup¬ suaded the nation that the weapon was porting large defense budgets and even In his public announcement on Jan¬ unnecessary. calling for more nuclear weapons, uary 31, Truman spoke only of “con¬ In March, probably under the tute¬ hoped desperately to find some way tinuing” the quest for the H-bomb. lage of McMahon, Tydings, and oth¬ out of the arms race. Yet none analyzed Actually, he was accelerating the ef¬ ers, public opinion swelled (69 to 23 the cold war or the Soviet-American fort. Then, on February 24, he re¬ percent) for seeking international con¬ stalemate on international control of ceived a warning that the Soviets trol first, even though most (60 to 17 atomic energy. Instead, they offered might have many A-bombs and even percent) anticipated failure. Had Tru¬ exhortations and hopes. This main¬ the H-bomb. The Joint Chiefs and man wished, he might have successful¬ stream “peace offensive” quickly Johnson urged an “all-out program of ly exploited this sentiment for control gained popular support and placed the hydrogen bomb development.” Faced to delay his March 10 secret decision. administration on the defensive. Tru¬ with this new request, the President But he had no desire to do so. Instead, man and Acheson responded prompt¬ again appointed a special three-man he and Acheson campaigned against ly. The secretary lashed out at his un¬ committee of Acheson, Johnson, and the “peace offensive.” expected adversaries. Weakness, he Henry Smyth of the AEC, replacing Ultimately, the key men were Ach¬ asserted, was an invitation to the Sovi¬ the recently retired Lilienthal. The eson and Truman. On the H-bomb, as ets “to fish in . . . troubled waters.” committee unanimously agreed that with so many other issue in the cold Meaningful agreement with the Truman should order the AEC to pre¬ war, they found themselves in com¬ U.S.S.R. was impossible. It is “our pare for production of H-bombs. On fortable agreement. In view of their basic policy,” he emphasized, to build March 10, Truman secretly endorsed similar suspicions of the Soviet Union “situations {of} strength.” the recommendation. The veil of secu¬ and their desire for more military pow¬ Was an opportunity missed in rity kept the public and most of Con¬ er, that agreement became nearly in¬ 1949—50 to stop the thermonuclear gress from knowing the commitment evitable. By appointing Acheson to race? What would have happened if had been made. the three-man advisory committees, the United States, as Oppenheimer The President’s decisions to study Truman created a mechanism that and others urged, had renounced the and then to prepare to produce the fu¬ assured him of a recommendation for H-bomb? Might the Soviets have done sion weapon were virtually inevitable. the weapon. At a time when America the same? He had no reason to resist this com¬ was ahead in the nuclear arms race, Sketchy evidence suggests that the mitment and many—both domestic Truman and Acheson turned away Soviets were already seeking thermo¬ and international—to make it. He was from any possibility of slowing the nuclear capabilities. Probably the So¬ not compelled to do so by powerful buildup. viets would not have believed an ad¬ domestic political and bureaucratic ministration declaration (unless some forces. McMahon, his congressional Barton J. Bernstein, longtime contributor inspection was allowed) that America colleagues, the Joint Chiefs, and to the Journal, is professor of history at was unilaterally or conditionally forgo¬ Strauss, as well as scientists like Teller Stanford University.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL lombia and was thus its first director there. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1963. He is survived by his wife, Marguerite, of 5303 Kenwood Avenue, Chevy Chase, FOREIGN SERVICE PEOPLE Maryland 20815, two daughters, a son, and several grandchildren. The family has suggested that any expressions of sympa¬ thy take the form of contributions to the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 23 East Eighth Annual AFSA/AAFSW Merit 26th Street, New York, New York 10010. Award Winners for 1983 MILDRED P. BELL, a former volunteer with The Honorable H.G. Torbert Jr., chair¬ Alain J. Cohen the Association of American Foreign Serv¬ man of the AFSA Committee on Educa¬ Edward T. Ewing ice Women’s Bookfair and the wife of a tion, has announced that the four review Kristen A. Johnson Foreign Service officer, died of septic shock panels consisting of 24 volunteers from Viktoria M. Lopatkiewicz March 12 at Suburban Hospital in Bethes- State, AAFSW, AID, and USIA have Rachel L. Mohn da, Maryland. She had been hospitazlized completed their work on the 1983 AFSA/ Mary M. Thurber since January 24 because of a ruptured ap¬ AAFSW Merit Awards. This year, the Thomas J. Wajda Jr. pendix. She was 67. $500 awards for academic excellence and Chad B. Wootton Bell, who lived in Washington, D.C., outstanding leadership are given in mem¬ The volunteer panel members who re¬ was born in Newark, New Jersey. She took ory of Ambassador Clare H. Timberlake, viewed the 108 applications are as follows: courses in library science at the Pratt Insti¬ long-time friend and supporter of the From the Department of State—Mi¬ tute in Brooklyn, New York, and later ran scholarship programs for Foreign Service chael Cotter, Morris Hughes, George a bookmobile in Columbia, South Caroli¬ Juniors. Funds for these awards are pro¬ Humphrey, Kenneth Hubbard, Alfred na. She moved to Washington in the late vided jointly from the AAFSW Bookfair Verrier. 1940s and accompanied her husband to and the AFSA Scholarship Fund. From AAFSW—Janet Biggs, Judith posts in Europe and Asia. The 22 graduating high school students Livingston, Olivia Brown, Lucille Noel. In the early 1970s, she began a used- who are winners of the 1983 Timberlake From AID—Roy Harrell, Ralph Bar¬ book trade from her home. She started Merit Awards are listed below. The Sep¬ nett, Paul White, Sally Sharp. “The Book Cellar,” an out-of-print book¬ tember Foreign Service Journal will include From USIA—Frederick Hartley, Caro¬ store in Bethseda, in 1976. Her family pictures and brief biographies of these tal¬ line Osterling, Harvey Leifert. plans to continue it. ented students. Congratulations! From the retired Foreign Service—Am¬ Bell is survived by her husband, Harry bassador Claude Ross, Mrs. Dwight Por¬ H. Bell of Washington, D.C.; a daughter, WINNERS ter, Ambassador Robert Moore, Ambassa¬ Jane Bell Davis of New York City; a dor David Popper. granddaughter; and two step-granddaugh¬ Peter L. Barry The Committee on Education members ters. Gillian Burlingham are Robert Caffrey, State; Janet Biggs, Anthony A. Diggle AAFSW; James Singletary, AID; David LENNA NEAL GOODSON, mother of Foreign Diana L. Edensword Jones, State; Susan Modi, USIA. Service Officer W. Neal Goodson, died Catherine J. Edwards February 12 in Danville, North Carolina. Ralph W. Falzone Deaths She was 86 years old. Goodson attended Jeffrey D. Giese Gilliams Academy and University of Michael J. Goff STEWART G. ANDERSON, a Foreign Service North Carolina at Greensboro. She taught Kristin L. Hoganson officer for 23 years and subsequently proto¬ in Caswell County, North Carolina, Stephen F. Howland col officer for Governor Nelson Rockefeller schools for 37 years. Liane M. Hirabayashi in New York City for 11 years, died of Michael A. Jones heart failure while visiting in Naples, Bookfair ’83 Trevor F. Kienzle Florida, on March 11. He was 70 years Mark A. Kockler old. The annual AAFSW Bookfair needs Jana S. Lee Anderson was a graduate of Dartmouth books and art objects, according to its Anne Lorimer and of the Fletcher School of Law and Di¬ chairman, Marlen Neumann. Hardcover, Jeffrey S. Moeller plomacy. He entered the Foreign Service paperback, fiction, and non-fiction, as Nancy P. Nenno in 1940 and served in Toronto, Montevi¬ well as specialty books are needed. Dona¬ James W. O'Brien deo, Rio de Janeiro, Bogota, and Manila. tions may be placed in the book bins or Catherine S. Teare In 1952—53 he was detailed to the Denver taken directly to Room 1524 in the State Hilary A. Wilkinson office of the Institute of International Edu¬ Department. Home collection of large Thomas E. Williams cation. quantities of books may be arranged by At the inception of President Truman’s calling Maggy Morse at 223-5796. The HONORABLE MENTION Point Four Program for developing coun¬ Bookfair Workroom, Room 1524, which tries, predecessor to AID, Anderson, then is next to the cafeteria, is open 2-3 p.m. Rachael G. Abramowitz an economic officer at the U.S. embassy in daily except Wednesday for direct sales to Paul R. Churchill Bogota, established the program in Co¬ personnel.

JUNE 1983 35 PROPERTY CLAIMS

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Association News Hundreds Honor Beirut Dead at Plaque Ceremony

Several hundred members of the Foreign Service, active and retired, gathered in the Diplomatic Lobby on Foreign Service Day, May 6, to honor the men and wom¬ en who died in the terrorist bombing of the Beirut embassy in April and all those who gave their lives in serving the Unit¬ ed States in foreign affairs since the founding of the diplomatic service. The event concluded several weeks of memo¬ rial events, beginning with a high-rank¬ ing delegation to Lebanon to accompany the bodies home; a ceremony at Andrews will not be deterred by cowardly acts of Reagan, who was in Phoenix, and Sec¬ Air Force Base when the caskets arrived; terrorism.” retary of State George Shultz, who was in and a memorial service at the National At the plaque ceremony, AFSA Presi¬ the Mideast, praising the sacrifice of the Cathedral, where Acting Secretary of dent Dennis K. Hays lauded the com¬ Foreign Service members and military State Kenneth W. Dam told the more mitment to service despite the hazards of colleagues who died. Both vowed that than 5000 present filling the building to the post. “They knew of the danger,” he the American effort in Lebanon would go capacity, including Vice President Bush, said. “Despite this, they went." He on. delegates from the Washington diplo¬ called the attack a “crushing blow” to the As the crowd looked on, including matic corps, and members of the dece¬ Foreign Service, the worst in its history. family members of the deceased, a mili¬ dents’ families, “Let it be known that we Dam read messages from President tary honor guard, and a large press con¬ tingent, Dam and Hays pulled a cord In its charge, the Association also al¬ which dropped the black veil shrouding Bad Faith Charged leged that management s failure to re¬ the names of the 13 Americans who died in State’s Stalling spond to its proposal on Danger Pay is in the bombing who were members of part of an ongoing pattern of refusing to the mission under the command of the on Danger Pay bargain. AFSA has had to file unfair la¬ ambassador. They then stood to either bor practice charges on Family Visitation side of the plaque at attention for a min¬ Two days after the terrorist bombing of Travel, Standby Pay, and Special Incen¬ ute while a member of the honor guard the U.S. embassy in Beirut, the Associ¬ tive Differential to force management to placed a memorial wreath before the ation filed an unfair labor practice charg¬ the negotiating table. The Foreign Serv¬ plaque. ing the State Department with bad faith, ice Labor Relations Board has sided with The plaque, which stands on the east dilatory bargaining regarding imple¬ AFSA in each case. side of the lobby, was placed there in mentation of Danger Pay. The Foreign After informing the department of its 1972. It continues a roll that begins on a Service Act of 1980 authorized an wish to renegotiate in November, the similar plaque on the west side of the allowance for service in foreign areas of Association continuously urged manage¬ lobby. The earlier plaque honors the 81 up to 25 percent of basic pay based on ment to respond to its proposal. Having persons who died between the founding civil insurrections, civil wars, terrorism, still failed to receive an answer, the Asso¬ of the Service and 1967, a period of 187 or wartime conditions that threaten ciation wrote to management in February years. When the new memorial was physical harm or imminent danger to reiterating verbally expressed concerns erected, the criteria for inclusion on it health or well-being. The charge came about its failure to negotiate. The de¬ were changed to omit listing those killed more than five months after AFSA had partment did note in December that it by disease or natural disaster and to in¬ notified the department of its wish to found merit in the proposal. Manage¬ clude all Americans, such as Marine renegotiate the existing agreement on ment’s continued neglect has allowed its guards and military attaches, who serve Danger Pay because management had in¬ interpretation of the regulations to overseas under the command of an am¬ terpreted it so that employees serving in stand—an interpretation which would bassador. With the addition of the names posts such as San Salvador and Beirut still not classify Beirut as a danger post of the Beirut dead, the 56 names carved were denied the pay. At present, the only even in light of the recent tragedy at that in granite have filled nearly three-quar¬ danger post is Kabul. embassy. ters of the new plaque in just 16 years.

JUNE 1983 37 measures, which would sharply limit AFSA Joins Battle federal employee rights protected by Department Cable to Combat Anti-Union statute. Spurs Association "The Foreign Service Act of 1980 OPM Guidelines codifies AFSA’s right to negotiate on be¬ ULP Charge half of State Department and AID em¬ To battle an Office of Personnel Manage¬ ployees concerning conditions of em¬ AFSA filed an unfair labor practice ment proposal to gut employee collective ployment,” said AFSA General Counsel charge against the State Department in bargaining rights, AFSA has joined a co¬ Susan Z. Holik. The stated intent of the early May for unilaterally amending a re¬ alition of federal employee unions’ gener¬ act’s provisions on labor-management re¬ cent agreement liberalizing importation al counsels formed to coordinate possible lations, she said, is to ensure a broad and sale of personal property by employ¬ legal action. The coalition was formed scope of bargaining. "The act accords ees serving overseas [ASSOCIATION NEWS, when OPM issued what it called a set of OPM no role in the administration of May}. The amendment would restrict guidelines intended to govern consulta¬ Foreign Service labor-management rela¬ employees in converting foreign currency tion and scope of bargaining policy in tions,” she added. "The OPM guidelines generated by the sale to U.S. dollars. The labor-management relations. Members violate the act, both because OPM is at¬ change, of which employees were in¬ of congressional committees in both the tempting to exercise authority it lacks formed by cable, would in many cases House and Senate that are hearing the and because it purports to preclude nego¬ effectively negate the benefits won under issue have told OPM Director Donald tiation in areas which Congress and the the agreement. Devine that the office has no legal au¬ courts have determined to be negotia¬ In amending an agreement without thority to propose or implement such ble.” the Association’s knowledge or concur¬ rence, the department committed an un¬ to senior and mid-career officers, respec¬ fair labor practice proscribed by federal Awards Committee tively, carry stipends of S 1000. The Har- labor laws. Upon learning of the cable, Requests Names riman, for junior officers, and the Bohlen AFSA demanded that it be revoked. The have $2500 prizes. Nominations, due by department, acknowledging that the ca¬ for AFSA Honors June 30, can be made by anyone to honor ble was sent without the Association’s any Foreign Service employee or family knowledge, nonetheless refused to re¬ The AFSA Awards Committee has re¬ member. Those submitting names scind it. The unfair labor practice charge quested the membership to nominate should document the accomplishments was before the Foreign Service Labor Re¬ Foreign Service employees in State, AID, of the nominee by supplying: biographi¬ lations Board at press time. and USIA for the Association’s awards cal data (name, grade, agency, position, honoring “extraordinary accomplish¬ relationship to person making nomina¬ ment involving initiative, integrity, in¬ tion); association with the nominee (not Association a tellectual courage, and creative dissent.” to exceed 250 words); and justification Record 7500 In addition, the committee is seeking for the nomination (580 to 780 words names for the Avis Bohlen award, to be discussing nominee’s qualifications and Members Strong given “to that member of the family of a performance, bearing in mind the award Foreign Service employee whose relations criteria for extraordinary accomplish¬ More than 200 members were recruited with the American and foreign commu¬ ment or impact on the American and in April, lengthening the Association’s nities at a Foreign Service post have done foreign communities at a post). membership roll to 7523, the highest the most to advance the interests of the Nominations should be pouched or ca¬ level ever. The new mark significantly United States in the tradition of the late bled to AFSA at the State Department or eclipses the old record of 73 16, set eight Avis Bohlen.” mailed to the Awards Committee at years ago. The number of new recruit¬ The Herter and Rivkin awards, given 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. ments for the months of February, March, and April alone totaled 644, en¬ larging the previous membership base by Mason Performs a Sad Duty at State almost 10 percent in just three months. AFSA Donates $5000 to Aid Families of Beirut Nationals

KENNETH The Governing Board voted to contrib¬ Stonecarver Breon Williams cuts a stencil ute $5000 to a relief fund run by Ambas¬ for list of 13 names of sador Robert Dillon to aid families of those who died in Foreign Service national employees Beirut added to the killed in the bombing of the Beirut em¬ memorial plaque last month. He has bassy. Others who wish to contribute engraved 56 names should direct funds to the Near Eastern there in just 16 years. Bureau, Room 4249A, Dept, of State.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL an intern with VOA; Laurette Conkling, nepotism." Added the director: “We House Committee daughter of former VOA Director James don’t think it serves the nation's interest to Query Political Conkling, to a clerical agency position; to discriminate against a few highly and Jody Ann Zolenski, a prospective qualified people who happen to be relat¬ Hiring at USIA cultural affairs officer in Port-au-Prince ed to outstanding national leaders who who is fresh from college, where she ma¬ are serving their country with commit¬ In the wake of a senator’s protest about jored in international relations, and cur¬ ment and at a personal sacrifice.” His hiring practices at USIA and a flurry of rently "a cashier at the Gourmet Food spokesman pointed out that appointees coverage in the press, Representative Emporium, a New York deli,” said Zor¬ were not unqualified. Clark speaks Ger¬ Dante B. Fascell (D.-Florida) announced insky. man and has researched German-Ameri- April 18 that his Foreign Affairs subcom¬ Zorinsky questioned the qualifications can relations; Wattenberg speaks French; mittee on international operations will of the appointees and whether the ap¬ and Weinberger has done previous tele¬ investigate allegations that friends and pointments may "violate the letter or vision work. relatives of current and former adminis¬ spirit of any anti-nepotism laws or regu¬ Fascell questioned the "relationships tration officials are getting agency jobs lations." He said that, as a member of the involved” and worried about the morale traditionally reserved for career employ¬ Foreign Relations Committee, answers of career officers. Said one official: “Ca¬ ees. The protest came from Senator Ed¬ to his questions would be necessary in the reer officers spend 30 years trying to get ward Zorinsky (D.-Nebraska), who con¬ panel’s deliberations on the agency bud¬ London or Paris, 20 years to get Bonn.” veyed his charges in a letter to USIA get. (At press time, the Post reported that Director Charles Z. Wick. “Everything we’re doing is exceeding¬ Weinberger resigned his position at Dubbed “Kiddiegate” by one writer, ly proper,” said Wick, “as against the USIA perhaps because of the controver¬ the flap about the hirings started when implication that this is an end run on sy.) the Christian Science Monitor revealed on March 18 that progeny of three promi¬ ( ing executive branch information securi¬ nent Reagan appointees were working at lt Won’t Work ty, told the press that only “half a dozen” the agency. Caspar Weinbergerjr. works Says Hays of leaks of classified information had been in television; Barbara E. Haig, daughter reported to him in the last three years. of the former secretary of state, is a spe¬ Security Order “Most of them came from military agen¬ cial assistant to the counselor; and Moni¬ cies,” said Steve Garfinkel. “Some ended ca Clark, daughter of the national securi¬ "Our objections to this directive can be up being reported in the press. Some ty adviser, will shortly be posted to Bonn summed up in three words,” AFSA didn't.” An executive branch report that as assistant cultural officer for exchanges. President Dennis K. Hays told a House served as the basis for the directive, how¬ "An appearance of favoritism among subcommittee on civil rights examining ever, called such leaks “a routine daily those already well oft is not very encour¬ the administration's recent national secu¬ occurrence.” Deputy Assistant Attorney aging to Americans outside the circles rity directive intended to prevent un¬ General Richard K. Willard, who was in where 'everybody knows somebody,' authorized disclosure of classified infor¬ charge of the report and wrote the direc¬ the Monitor later editorialized. mation. "It won’t work.” The new tive, acknowledged to the subcommittee USIA has given "high-salary jobs and directive will not be more effective than that no special study had been undertak¬ plum overseas posts to children and existing measures intended to protect se¬ en to show the need for the directive. friends of top administration officials," crets, he said, but it will place an undue "We have never suggested” leaks have said the Washington Post. The newspaper burden on the employee. The directive increased greatly in recent years, he said. quoted one source who said the adminis¬ mandates the use of polygraph tests of A panel chaired by Willard later recom¬ tration had made 150 political appoint¬ suspected "leakers” under threat ot dis¬ mended that uniform criminal penalties ments to the agency, topping the pre¬ missal; provides for pre-publication re¬ of up to three years in prison and vious record of 43. The New York Times view of any writings by present or former 310,000 in fines for leaking classified published the names of some others who officials who handled information on in¬ information be made law. had been appointed to "particularly telligence sources and methods; and re¬ At the same time as the hearing, the choice posts," in Zorinsky’s words. Dan¬ quires all federal employees handling Pentagon’s health director was quoted in iel Wattenberg, son of Ben Wattenberg, classified information to sign non-disclo¬ a report charging that the polygraph a member of the Board for International sure agreements {ASSOCIATION NEWS, “misclassifies innocent people as liars. Broadcasting, was recruited from college May}. The State Department is in the No machine can detect a lie," Dr. John to be assistant to the Paris embassy pub¬ process of writing implementing regula¬ F. Beary III wrote in a memo to Secretary lic affairs officer. Anne Collins, a friend tions. of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Beary of the William Clark family and an oil President Reagan responded to the noted that the accuracy of the so-called company publicist, was named CAO in wave of protest in the press that followed lie detector probably ranged between 62 the London embassy. She joins Catherine the directive in March by later saying and 72 percent. The director wrote the Smyth, a family friend of the vice-presi¬ that leaks of national security secrets memo when the Pentagon was consider¬ dent, as the only non-career CAOs in have “endangered” foreign relations. The ing greater use of the polygraph last win¬ foreign posts at present. White House refused to provide exam¬ ter. The Defense Department’s proposed Other appointments questioned by ples, saying that to do so would compro¬ directive is considered a prelude to the the newspapers included that of Steve mise the secrets. In contrast, the director new national security directive, which Gergen, nephew of White House com¬ of the government’s Information Security makes polygraphs mandatory whereas munications director David Gergen, as Oversight Office, charged with oversee- the Pentagon wanted them voluntary.

JUNE 1983 39 Shakespeare Speaks on Broadcasting at Foreign Service Club

"When you tome into the government from a private lifetime association with commercial broadcasting in the United States,” said Frank Shakespeare, chair¬ “The real value of radio man of both the Board for International as an instrument of Broadcasting and the board of directors foreign policy is absolutely beyond of Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty, be¬ question, ” said former fore a luncheon audience at the Foreign USIA Director Frank Service Club, “you are astonished, dis¬ Shakespeare at the mayed, even bewildered. How could it Foreign Service Club in April. be that the government and people of the United States, who are on the cutting cause of budgetary reasons.” When government radio, “one is stripped na¬ edge of the communications revolution, compared with the millions of dollars ked. The voice goes out into the air and are permitting the existence of a unique spent on a single MX missile, he said, what do you know? What impact does it instrument of broadcasting to the op¬ radio “doesn't cost anything.” Shake¬ have and is it worth anything?” The one pressed peoples of Communist societies speare added that RFE-RL's current an¬ way that RFE-RL has been able to get an to be undertaken with second- or third- nual budget of S100 million should be idea of the impact it has comes from piec¬ rate equipment, in an underfunded re¬ increased by 20 percent. ing together comments such as those search program, and out of the main¬ The neglect of international radio, in from Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei stream of the action." Shakespeare’s opinion, comes from the Gromyko—“What are we going to do Shakespeare, speaking about the role fact that it has no political constituency about the damn radio?”—and General of international broadcasting in foreign and is not supported by non-government Secretary Yuri Andropov—who was affairs on April 7, was the sixth lecturer media. “The media are inately very scep¬ “very unhappy” with VOA's activism. in AFSA's “Public Diplomacy in the tical about government radio or govern¬ Shakespeare went on to discuss the im¬ 1980s” luncheon series, sponsored by its ment information. They feel that it is pact of the “communication revolution” USIA Standing Committee. Shakespeare propaganda, that it’s not real, and that on the kind of world leaders in power is a former director of USIA and the only it’s faintly dangerous. They are con¬ today. He used Pope John Paul II and person to have headed the parent organi¬ vinced that any informational media is, President Reagan as examples of a trend zations of both RFE-RL and Voice of per se, or will become, propaganda— in leadership toward an emphasis on an America. because only free media could be dispas¬ ability to communicate. Andropov is also Before an audience of 75 AFSA mem¬ sionately truthful. On balance, media a response to the communication revolu¬ bers and guests that he called "part of the support for government radio is more a tion, he said, but in a different way. Free¬ minority of Americans" who are aware of negative force than a positive one.” dom of information “represents a danger RFE-RL and international broadcasting In the private sector, he said, the suc¬ to power and control” to the Soviets who, in general, Shakespeare criticized argu¬ cess of a radio service can be measured by since Andropov has been general secre¬ ments that "we have chosen to have sec¬ “precise yardsticks,” such as Nielsen rat¬ tary, have started “a substantial, across ond- or third-rate radio operations be¬ ings or the number of advertisers. But in the board wave of political arrests of Sovi¬ et citizens whose ideas are dangerous.” Torbert Honored for Scholarship Service Shakespeare asked his audience to fo¬ cus attention on the value of internation¬ al broadcasting. Although the future of government radio looks brighter under the Reagan administration—there may be an increase in its budget in 1984— there is not enough awareness of its po¬ litical power. “The real value of the radio as an in¬ strument of the foreign policy of the United States is absolutely beyond ques¬ AFSA President Dennis tion," said Shakespeare. “Do you know K. Hays (left) presents a certificate of what it costs to put two people with a appreciation to H.G. taperecorder and a pencil and maybe a Torbert Jr., who retired secretary on the northern border of Paki¬ after five years of stan for a year? Maybe $200,000. Yet “superior service" as chairman of the AFSA there's no money for it. That’s a scandal. Committee on As a broadcaster, it’s unbelievable. As a Education. citizen, it's a tragedy.” —S. RONDEAU

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tirement proposals to both the Senate tem. Moreover, they are fully aware of Early Victories, Foreign Relations and House Foreign Af¬ the extraordinary demands that a Foreign But Retirement fairs committees. These important and Service career imposes upon its members influential legislative bodies stand ready and they know well that the Service Fight Continues as necessary to assert their jurisdictional could not survive under a personnel and responsibility and oversight authority retirement system which failed to take Both the House and Senate budget com¬ over the Foreign Service personnel sys¬ these factors into full account. mittees filed their reports on the first budget resolution without addressing Legislative Action used exclusively to defray the costs of the President’s fiscal year 1984 proposals seeking to preserve the present structure for sweeping changes in the federal re¬ Fund Donations of the Foreign Service personnel system tirement system. Indeed, despite the fact by actively opposing legislation that that the administration proposed omit¬ Top $19,000 would undermine or compromise its ba¬ ting any cost-of-living adjustment for re¬ sic components. Several IRS examiners tirees during the budget year, both com¬ Donations to AFSA’s new Legislative Ac¬ have indicated that contributions to the mittees made provision for a COLA in tion Fund stood at $ 19,05 1.67 from 387 fund are tax deductible. We are awaiting 1984, though it would be delayed be¬ donors on May 2. The fund is designed to a ruling on the issue. yond the present schedule. In addition, a help defray the Association’s expenses in carrying out a lobbying effort on Capitol LEGISLATIVE ACTION FUND or White House attempt to deny federal AFSA Room 3644 workers their annual comparability ad¬ Hill to oppose administration proposals 2101 E Street, N.W. Department justment was thwarted through House which, in AFSA’s belief, would ulti¬ Washington, D.C. 20037 of State action to include a four-percent increase. mately dismantle the present Foreign There is, however, always the chance Service retirement system. Contributions will be acknowledged that legislation to accomplish the retire¬ Persons wishing to assist in AFSA’s in this space unless the donor wishes to ment changes may be introduced in this lobbying efforts are urged to contribute remain anonymous. Donations from session of Congress, or an amendment to the fund. Monies collected are being April 13 to May 2 are listed here. may be appended to a high-priority leg¬ islative item such as a continuing resolu¬ Marshall P. Adair Terry Hardt Mary Pendleton tion. Clarence H. Alspaugh N. Nicholas Hendershot Steven E. Perlman Andrew Antippas Gerald E. Hensley Ivan B. Peterson AFSA is now realigning its legislative Anthony Antrillo Marianne B. Hewitt Joan M. Plaisted efforts on retirement towards three prin¬ Edmund E. Atkins George B. High Edward J. Plock William T. Pryce cipal objectives: Algis Avizicnis Clarence A. Hudson Jr. Wilbert E. Backhaus Colleen Huston Harry Purmort • First, to resist all efforts to cut back J. Peter Becker Thomas C. I vers Cecil Richardson on the terms and conditions of retire¬ James Beebe Stephen T. Johnson Clifton Roberson Jr. Robert M. Beers Louise M. Jones Gladys Rogers ment eligibility and benefits for active Betty A. Benoit Arma Jane Karaer Louis P. Russell duty Foreign Service personnel; Leila S. Blaval Allen L. Keiswettcr Robert A. Sandberg • Second, to play a role in the devel¬ Thomas D. Boyatt Howard B. Keller Walter Sargent John A. Boyle Marion L. Kellogg Sylvester Satcher opment of a new and equitable retire¬ Donald E. Braum Ronald J. Kelly Inez L. Sawyer ment system to supplement the Social Richard D. Broadway Esther Klein Christina H. Schoux March S. Scott Security that will be extended to all new William E. Brooks Hans G. Klemm Madelline M. Brown Lin Carroll-Klinger Mary E. Scovill Foreign Service employees; Ralph M. Buck Donald R. Knight Lynn C. Sheldon • Third, to ensure that the annuities Stephen W. Buck C. William Kontos Florita Sheppard Marshall Carter Donald L. Koplin Keith W. Sherper of Foreign Service retirees continue to be James C. Cason Peter F. Kranstover Frederick C. Shirley securely funded and adequately insulated Donald B. Clark Ishmael G. Lara Angus T. Simmons against inflation. Paul Cohn Gary E. Leinen Jay T. Smith Jonathan M. Conly Allen H. Lester Douglas G. Spelman The administration’s announced ob¬ Patrick Corcoran Burton Levin Charles L. Stephan jective is to reduce the cost of the retire¬ Louis F. Correa John J. Liebncr Paul D. Stephenson ment program from 35 percent of payroll Scot J. Covert E. Mark Linton Michael J. Strotz Thomas F. Cummings Rufus Long Mary T. Stuckey to 22 percent, to quote its figures. Essen¬ John S. Davison Karen R. Longeteig Lee T. Stull tially, this would be accomplished by William F. Davnie Eric H. Madison Garett Sweany Theodore A. Dawson Joseph P. Malone Teddy B. Taylor making early retirement financially im¬ Pardo de Zela Robert W. Maule A. Gregory Thielmann practical, shifting a greater proportion of Marie Dickey Robert S. McCandliss Florence C. Tolson the cost of retirement from the govern¬ R. A. Diebler Thomas A. McKee F. Gary Towery Robert Duemling E. Frances McPhaul Scott Tripp ment to the employee, and capping or Thomas H. Eighmy Harold E. Meinheit Frances E. Vail otherwise limiting in some fashion the W. K. Elderbaum Emerson Melaven Melvin L. Van Doren Pierre Elissabide W. Michael Meserve Nereida M. Vazquez COLAS applied to retirees' annuities. Henry A. Engelbrecht Nancy Fox Metcalf Freda M. Voss Of central concern to AFSA obviously, Daniel H. Erickson David E. Miller Neal A. Waldropp III is the preservation of the Foreign Service Brian V. Evans James B. Miller Jerry Weaver Charles E. Fields Jr. Eugene Morris Jr. Albert W. Whiting personnel system, of which our retire¬ Gregory Forrest Mary C. Mudge Janet Wilgus ment program is an integral operational Alta F. Fowler Stephen D. Mull R. L. Williams component. AFSA has communicated its Paul F. Gardner Stanley T. Myles Fred E. Winch Gilbert H. C. Giegling Hugh M. Neighbour Brian C. K. Woo concerns about the probable impact on Michael E. Guest Carl F. Obiden Guadalupe T. Yameogo the Foreign Service of the President’s re¬ Jack Carl Gunther Jr. Nuel L. Pazdral BUY DIRECT FROM CHRYSLER AND SAVE.

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