VOM STIL ZUM PROGRAMM Friedrich Nietzsche Und Der Deutsche Werkbund

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VOM STIL ZUM PROGRAMM Friedrich Nietzsche Und Der Deutsche Werkbund VOM STIL ZUM PROGRAMM Friedrich Nietzsche und der Deutsche Werkbund Von der Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Stefan Georg Staehle aus Singen am Hohentwiel Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. phil. Gerd de Bruyn Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Klaus Jan Philipp Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05.06.2018 Institut Grundlagen moderner Architektur und Entwerfen der Universität Stuttgart, 2018 INHALT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................13 DER BEGINN DES 20. JAHRHUNDERTS – HISTORISCHE SITUATION, TELEOLOGISCHE ARCHITEKTURGESCHICHTSSCHREIBUNG UND ZEITGENÖSSISCHE FORSCHUNG.............17 NIETZSCHE UND DIE ARCHITEKTUR...............................................................................................35 I.I Zur Entwicklung des nietzscheanischen Kunstbegriffes.......................................................................36 I.I.I „[…] in seiner Reife ist er ein Gebilde ohne jede Hemmung und Lücke“. Nietzsche und Richard Wagner.................................................................................................................36 I.I.II Die Wiederentdeckung des antiken Musikdramas............................................................................45 I.I.III „Verzeihung! Was ich anzunehmen glaube ist eine Veränderung der Perspektive [...]” – der Bruch mit dem wagner'schen Kunstideal.........................................................................................62 I.I.IV „Umwerthung der Werte“ – Griechenlands tragische Epoche als Sehnsuchtsort..........................72 I.I.V Von der Musik hin zur Architektur?..................................................................................................89 I.II Baumeister und Philosoph..................................................................................................................93 I.II.I Nietzsches Stadterfahrungen.............................................................................................................93 I.II.II Der mediterrane Süden als Sehnsuchts- und Möglichkeitsraum...................................................103 I.II.III Das Erbe Griechenlands – physiologisch informierte Kunst.......................................................113 I.II.IV Die Person des Architekten als künstlerisches Leitbild................................................................120 ARCHITEKTONISCHER NIETZSCHEANISMUS – PERSÖNLICHE BEGEGNUNG UND INDIVIDUELLE REZEPTION..............................................................................................................125 II.I Der Architekt als Instrument. Das Weimarer Nietzsche-Archiv als geistesgesellschaftliches Ereignis der Jahrhundertwende............126 II.I.I Nietzsche-Kult um 1900. Ein Überblick.........................................................................................126 II.I.II „Der Wille zur Macht” – Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche als Initiatorin des Nietzsche-Kultes........140 II.I.III Architekten im Kreise des Nietzsche-Archivs...............................................................................161 II.II Begegnung mit Friedrich Nietzsche und die Idee kultureller Renaissance.....................................168 II.III Zeitgenössische Strategien architektonischer Nietzsche-Ikonographie.........................................192 DIE DURCHGEISTIGUNG DER DEUTSCHEN ARBEIT..................................................................205 III.I Künstlerassoziationen als Zentren der Reform und Nietzscherezeption..........................................206 III.II Kunstausstellungen in den Jahren vor der Werkbundgründung – Motoren der Kunstreform........214 III.II.I Das Ausstellungswesen um 1900..................................................................................................214 II.II.II Entwicklung des Raumkunstkonzepts als Ergebnis eines physiologisch wirksam werdenden Architekturmodells.................................................................................................230 III.II.III Architektur als Leitkunst............................................................................................................236 III.III Umwerten durch Bejahen. Die Versöhnung von Kunst und Industrie im Deutschen Werkbund........................................................240 III.III.I Die Industrie als lebensformende Macht der Zeit......................................................................248 QUALITÄT, FORM, HARMONIE – „EINHEIT DES KÜNSTLERISCHEN STILS IN ALLEN LEBENSÄUSSERUNGEN EINES VOLKES” ALS ZIEL DER WERKBUNDARBEIT......261 IV.I Die Idee der „Harmonischen Kultur”..............................................................................................262 IV.II Vom elitären Künstlerkreis zur politischen Massenorganisation. Der Werkbund zwischen 1907 und 1914.................................................................................................275 IV.II.I Die Idee eines Werkbundes...........................................................................................................275 IV.II.II Programmatischer Klassizismus als Mittel der Architekturreform. Der Kreis um Eugen Diederichs.............................................................................................................280 IV.II.III Sieben Jahre Werkbund. Vom aristokratischen Reformbund zur politischen Massenorganisation................................................304 IV.III Köln 1914. Das Ende einer Epoche...............................................................................................317 IV.III.I Perspektivwechsel: von „Harmonischer Kultur“ zur nationalen Form.....................................317 IV.III.II Die Kölner Werkbund-Ausstellung 1914....................................................................................321 IV.III.III Der Werkbundstreit – Muthesius' finaler Versuch einer „Harmonisierung“ von Kunst und Industrie.................................................................................327 RESÜMEE – NIETZSCHES KULTURKRITIK ALS AGENS DER ARCHITEKTONISCHEN MODERNE.............................................................................................................................................339 ANHANG...............................................................................................................................................351 ABBILDUNGEN....................................................................................................................................353 PERSONENREGISTER.........................................................................................................................379 LITERATURANGABEN.......................................................................................................................383 I. WERKE UND BRIEFE NIETZSCHES................................................................................................384 II. QUELLEN..........................................................................................................................................385 Dokumente zur Organisationsgeschichte des Deutschen Werkbundes von seiner Gründung bis zur Ausstellung in Köln 1914 (Werkbundarchiv – Museum der Dinge Berlin).................................385 Nachlässe................................................................................................................................................388 Nachlass Richard Riemerschmid (Deutsches Kunstarchiv im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg)...............................................388 Nachlass Paul Schultze-Naumburg I (Deutsches Kunstarchiv im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg)...............................................388 Nachlass Paul Schultze-Naumburg II (Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach)........................................389 Nachlass Eugen Diederichs (Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach).......................................................389 Nachlass Harry Graf Kessler (Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach)....................................................390 Nachlass Theodor Heuss (Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach)...........................................................390 Nachlass Karl Ernst Osthaus (Karl-Ernst-Osthaus-Archiv Hagen).......................................................390 Zeitgenössische Medien..........................................................................................................................391 III. STUDIEN..........................................................................................................................................400 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS.............................................................................................................407 ZUM AUTOR..........................................................................................................................................411 Denn ach, mich trennt das Meer von den Geliebten, Und an dem Ufer steh ich lange Tage, Das Land der Griechen mit der Seele suchend Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Iphigenie auf Tauris ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 10 Der Deutsche Werkbund nahm auf die Entwicklung moderner Architektur zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts maßgeblichen Einfluss. Durch
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