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Olalla-Kerstupp, Alinafcb-UANL UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DEL ZARAPITO PICO LARGO Numenius americanus (Bechstein, 1812) EN DOS SITIOS DE INVERNACIÓN DEL DESIERTO CHIHUAHUENSE Por BIOL. ALINA OLALLA KERSTUPP Como requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ACENTUACIÓN EN MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Junio, 2014 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar quiero agradecer al Dr. José Ignacio González Rojas por todo el apoyo que me ha brindado a lo largo de estos 16 años de conocernos, pero sobre todo por haberme permitido ser su amiga y colega. Al cDr. Antonio Guzmán Velasco por las facilidades brindadas para la realización de este proyecto, así como por las adecuaciones al laboratorio. Al cDr. Gabriel Ruiz Aymá por el apoyo en el trabajo de campo y gabinete, por sus consejos y hacer más amenas las salidas al campo, por ser un excelente amigo y equipo de trabajo. Al comité de tesis por sus valiosas aportaciones al desarrollo del trabajo, tanto de gabinete como de campo. A la M.C. Rosa Bertha Ramírez Lechuga (Rosita) por su amistad y consejos. Al equipo de Servicios Profesionales por todo su apoyo en la parte financiera. A José Luis García Loya y Migdalia Campos Escárcega por recibirme y ser mi familia en Janos, Chihuahua. Al Dr. Miguel Ángel Cruz Nieto, la Biol. Rita Yolanda Benavides y Pronatura NE por sus consejos, apoyo en campo y hospedaje en Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. A la Reserva Ecológica El Uno y a la Estación Biológica de la UNAM por el hospedaje y facilidades brindadas en el trabajo de campo en Janos, Chihuahua. Al Programa Neotropical Bird Conservation Act del USFWS y al World Wildlife Fund por los fondos brindados a esta investigación. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por los fondos aportados para el becario 210331, que permitieron el término de esta tesis. I A todos los participantes que de alguna u otra forma contribuyeron al desarrollo del trabajo: Trabajo de campo: Biol. Jorge Allen Bobadilla (FCB/UANL) Biol. Hugo Elizondo Alejo (FCB/UANL) Biol. Ángel Medina Lira (FCB/UANL) Biol. Oscar Gehú Paz Tobar (FCB/UANL) QBP. Mario Cesar Leos Rodríguez (FCB/UANL) M.C. Mario Guerrero Madriles (FCB/UANL) Telemetría satelital: Lee Tibbits (U.S. Geological Service) Alex Hartman (U.S. Geological Service) Dennis Jorgensen (WWF Montana) Jurgen Hoth (WWF Chihuahua) Geoffrey Holroyd (Canadian Wildlife Service) SIG: M.C. Hidalgo Rodríguez Vela (FCB/UANL) M.C. Adriana Núñez Gonzalí (CONANP) Dieta y disponibilidad de alimento: Dr. Humberto Quiroz Martínez (FCB/UANL) Dr. Carlos Solís Rojas (FCB/UANL) Dr. Armando J. Contreras Balderas (FCB/UANL) Dr. David Lazcano Villareal (FCB/UANL) Dra. Ma. Guadalupe de Jesús Alanís Guzmán (FCB/UANL) Laboratorio de Biosistemática (FCB/UANL) Dr. Armando Erick Elizondo Quiroga I.A.Z. Gerardo García Aspiroz Vegetación: Dr. Glafiro Alanís Flores (FCB/UANL) Biol. José Juan Flores Maldonado (FCB/UANL) Sexado Molecular: Dr. Ricardo Canales del Castillo (FCB/UANL) II DEDICATORIA A César, mi amigo, confidente y compañero de vida, gracias por tu amor, consejos y apoyo incondicional… A mis padres, Juan Jesús y Ma. de Lourdes, por apoyar siempre mis decisiones e impulsarme a seguir adelante, por todo el amor que siempre me han demostrado… A mi abuelita Tita (†) por ser un gran ejemplo de mujer, por estar siempre al pendiente de mis necesidades… A mi familia que a pesar de la distancia siempre estamos unidos, por emocionarse junto conmigo con cada paso avanzado personal y profesionalmente... A Kiwi, Tuna, Poison y Akane, por tantos momentos de alegría y distracción… III ÍNDICE RESUMEN …………………………………………………………………………… 1 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………… 2 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 3 ZONA DE ESTUDIO ……............................................................................................ 7 JUSTIFICACIÓN ……………………………………………………………………… 12 HIPÓTESIS …………………......................................................................................... 13 OBJETIVO GENERAL …….......................................................................................... 14 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES ……………………………………………………… 14 1. CAPÍTULO I. DENSIDAD DE POBLACIONES INVERNALES DEL ZARAPITO PICO LARGO Numenius americanus EN JANOS, CHIH. Y LA SOLEDAD N.L………………………………………………………………………… 15 1.1. RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………….. 15 1.2. INTRODUCCIÓN …………………………………………………...…… 16 1.3 ANTECEDENTES …………….................................................................... 17 1.4. MÉTODOS ………………………………………………………………... 20 1.4.1. Mapeo del Área de Estudio ………………………………………... 20 1.4.2. Tamaño Poblacional ……………………………………………….. 21 1.5. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………… 23 1.5.1. Tamaño Poblacional ……………………………………………….. 23 1.5.2. Análisis con Distance 5.0 ………………………………………….. 27 1.6. DISCUSIONES …………………………………………………………… 29 1.7. FOTOGRAFÍAS ………………………………………………………….. 33 IV 2. CAPÍTULO II. DIETA INVERNAL DEL ZARAPITO PICO LARGO Numenius americanus EN EL DESIERTO CHIHUAHUENSE ………………………………... 35 2.1 RESUMEN ………………………………………………………………… 35 2.2. INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………………... 36 2.3 ANTECEDENTES ……………................................................................... 37 2.4. MÉTODOS ……………………………………………………………..… 40 2.4.1. Dieta Invernal …….……………………………………………….. 40 2.4.2. Disponibilidad de Alimento, Biomasa y Análisis Bromatológico … 41 2.5. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………… 42 2.5.1. Dieta Invernal ……………………………………………………… 42 2.5.2. Disponibilidad de Alimento, Biomasa y Análisis Bromatológico … 49 2.6. DISCUSIONES …………………………………………………………… 56 2.7. FOTOGRAFÍAS ………………………………………………………….. 62 3. CAPÍTULO III. USO DE HABITAT INVERNAL, MOVIMIENTOS LOCALES Y MIGRATORIOS DEL ZARAPITO PICO LARGO Numenius americanus ……… 71 3.1 RESUMEN ……………………………………...…………………………. 71 3.2. INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………………... 72 3.3 ANTECEDENTES ……………................................................................... 73 3.4. MÉTODOS ……………………………………………………………….. 76 3.4.1. Captura de Ejemplares…….……………………………………….. 76 3.4.2. Marcaje y Rastreo ……………………………………………….….. 76 3.4.3. Uso de Hábitat Invernal y Movimientos Migratorios ……………… 78 3.5. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………… 79 V 3.5.1. Rastreo Satelital …………………………………………………… 79 3.5.2. Rendimiento de los Transmisores …………………………….…… 80 3.5.3. Movimientos locales y Uso de Hábitat Invernal (México) ………… 81 3.5.4. Migración ……………………………………………...…………… 99 3.6. DISCUSIONES …………………………………………………………… 106 3.7. FOTOGRAFÍAS ..………………………………………………………… 113 4. CAPÍTULO IV. AMENAZAS QUE LIMITAN LA POBLACIÓN DEL ZARAPITO PICO LARGO Numenius americanus DURANTE SU ESTANCIA INVERNAL EN MÉXICO……………………………………………………………. 118 4.1. RESUMEN ………………………………………………………………... 118 4.2 INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………………… 119 4.3 ANTECEDENTES ……………................................................................... 120 4.4. MÉTODOS ……………...………………………………………………… 122 4.5. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………… 123 4.5.1. Plaguicidas ………………………………………………………… 123 4.5.2. Ganadería ……………………………………………………..…… 125 4.6. DISCUSIONES …………………………………………………………… 126 4.7. FOTOGRAFÍAS …..……………………………………………………… 129 CONCLUSIONES …………………………………………………………………… 130 PERSPECTIVAS ……………………………………………………………………… 132 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ……………………………………………………………………… 133 RESUMEN BIOGRÁFICO …………………………………………………………… 152 VI LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. a) Zarapito pico largo Numenius americanus; b) Rango de distribución de la especie…………………………………………………………….. 6 Figura 2. Localización de las áreas de trabajo: pastizales de Janos, Chih. ubicados dentro del extremo Noroeste y Pradera de Tokio, situada dentro del extremo Sureste del Desierto Chihuahuense………………... 7 Figura 3. Transectos muestreados en el área de La Soledad durante las temporadas invernales 2007-2008 y 2008-2009……………………….. 20 Figura 4. Transectos muestreados en el área de Janos durante las temporadas invernales 2007-2008 y 2008-2009…………………………………….. 21 Figura 5. Índices de coeficiente de variación para las densidades poblacionales de zarapitos pico largo en Janos, Chih., y La Sololedad, N.L. Temporadas 2007-2008 y 2008-2009…………………………………... 28 Figura 6. Curva de acumulación de ítems alimenticios para 70 egagrópilas de la Soledad, Nuevo León. Temporadas 2007-2008 y 2008-2009………..… 43 Figura 7. Curva de acumulación de ítems alimenticios para 70 egagrópilas de Janos, Chihuahua. Temporadas 2007-2008 y 2008-2009……………… 43 Figura 8. Curva de acumulación de ítems alimenticios para 70 egagrópilas de la Soledad, Nuevo León (2010-2011)……………………………………. 45 Figura 9. Ítems alimenticios para la Soledad, Nuevo León………………………. 46 VII Figura 10. A) Ítems alimenticios del zarapito pico largo en el Desierto Chihuahuense. B) Representación por grupos de los items alimenticios del zarapito pico largo en el Desierto Chihuahuense…………………... 46 Figura 11. Invertebrados colectados durante el muestreo de disponibilidad de alimento.................................................................................................... 49 Figura 12. Presón ganadero utilizado como sitio de captura de los zarapitos pico largo…………………………………………………………………….. 76 Figura 13. Método de colocación del transmisor en el ave……………………….... 77 Figura 14. Disminución del voltaje del equipo satelital solar ID 33091…………... 81 Figura 15. Registro de movimiento del equipo satelital solar ID 33091………….. 81 Figura 16. Movimientos registrados del zarapito pico largo ID 33091 antes de su muerte…………………………………………………………………... 82 Figura 17. Zona de búsqueda del equipo satelital solar ID 33091………………….
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