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The French Experience of Post-Mining Management Christophe Didier

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The French Experience of Post-Mining Management Christophe Didier The French experience of post-mining management Christophe Didier To cite this version: Christophe Didier. The French experience of post-mining management. Symposium Post-Mining 2008, Feb 2008, Nancy, France. pp.NC. ineris-00973291 HAL Id: ineris-00973291 https://hal-ineris.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00973291 Submitted on 4 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE OF POST MINING MANAGEMENT DIDIER Christophe INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata – BP n°2 - 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte – France; [email protected] ABSTRACT: The proposed paper presents the French mining historical context that lead to the present situation. Recent evolutions of the French mining legal scope specifically dedicated to post mining management are explained and the systematic prevention policy adopted in France is described, including the major tools used to assure the post mining risks prevention and management process. Finally, some information concerning a first assessment of work progress and experience feedback of the last decade is synthesised. KEYWORDS: Post-Mining, Risk Management, Prevention, MRPP . RESUME : L’article présente sommairement le contexte historique minier qui a conduit à la situation actuelle. Les récentes évolutions du Code Minier concernant la gestion de l’après- mine sont ensuite expliquées et la politique de prévention systématique des risques adoptée en France est décrite, en s’appuyant notamment sur les principaux outils de prévention et de gestion des risques récemment développés. Pour finir, un état des lieux de l’avancement des travaux et du retour d’expérience acquis durant les dix dernières années est proposé. MOTS-CLEFS : Après-Mine, gestion des risques, Prévention, PPRM.. 1. Introduction During centuries, the French mining activity contributed, for a large part, to the national industrial development. However during the last few decades, due to the combined effect of the resources exhaustion and international competition, the very large majority of French mining sites gradually closed down. The closure and abandonment of mining sites do not result in the complete and definitive eradication of risks for people, activities and goods located in the area of influence of abandoned mines. Some potential occurrence of hazards and disorders on surface may persist at long term in the surroundings of former mining works. ln addition to potential ground instability phenomena (subsidence, sinkholes, etc.), some mining sites may be affected by dangerous gas emissions, flooding events or environmental degradations. These effects can occur as soon as the mining extraction stops but also in certain circumstances, long time after closure. The paper presents a brief overview of the French mining activity. It then identifies and describes the technical and legal context that leads to the elaboration of the French post- mining prevention policy. This policy is then discussed, including a brief overview of the French mining legal scope recent evolutions as well as a description of the major prevention programs and procedures that are developed in France. Finally, a short description of the post- mining risk management organisation is proposed, in order to explain the co-ordination between public services or establishments involved in the post-mining risk management process. 2. French Mining Historical Context Like many other European countries, France has a long mining tradition. The extraction of raw materials contributed, in a decisive way, to the French industrial power development. On the French territory, the first signs of underground extraction of mineral resources (old flint mines, salt springs) may be roughly dated of the Neolithic era (5th to 3rd millennium. BC). Before the Roman occupation, Celts and then Gallics regularly exploited gold and tin (1st millennium BC). It is however during the Gallo-Roman period that the mining activity really developed with the beginning of silver, lead, copper and iron exploitation. The mining activity then took the form of a multitude of local small-scale mining sites, distributed throughout the whole country (Ist and IInd centuries). After the fall of the Roman Empire, mining exploration and extraction declined during nearly one millennium. Under the influence of Central Europe development and in order to satisfy the increasing economic needs resulting from demographic expansion and political stabilisation, prospecting and mining activities became again national priorities (XIth – XIIth centuries). During this period, coal started to be exploited in the Hérault and Provence basins (SE of France) as well as in the Saar area (NE of France). It is however the industrial revolution (XVIIth – XVIIIth centuries) which has driven the development of the French mining activity. Technological improvement contributed to transform an activity, which up to that period was mainly small-scale, into a real industry. In addition to the composition of large mining basins (coal, iron, salt), which contributed largely to the prosperity of the national economy, the beginning of the 19th century was also characterised by an important diversification of exploited minerals (oil, manganese, fluorite, zinc). In spite of an overall unfavourable context (priority accorded to the colonial development, economic crisis of 1929), the mining activity continued to develop during first half of the 20th century, mainly due to the two World Wars. Figure 1. Major mining fields having been exploited in France After the Second World War, the mining activity was developed once again in order to rebuild the country and also to limit the nation’s energy dependence towards other European countries. The production of coal and lignite increased thus quickly to reach 60 million tons in 1958. During this period, efforts were made in oil exploration and the first uranium large fields began to be exploited. The development of the geochemical techniques and geophysics and the important improvements carried out in the field of prospecting enabled the discovery of several important sites mined out successfully by French mining companies. The significant decline of raw material prices and/or the exhaustion of some major fields gradually generated the decline of the French mining activity. Initiated at the beginning of the sixties for coal and iron and at the beginning of the eighties for the mining of the other substances, this decline accelerated since the early nineties. The closing of the last iron mine occurred in 1995 and the last uranium mine closed down in 2001. The mining of potash stopped in 2003 and the last extraction of coal panel closed down in 2004. From now on, the only active mining industry in Metropolitan France results mainly from the extraction of salt, by underground or by solution mining. France has now to handle "post-mining" management. This new situation and the induced problems led the French State to take decisions and develop tools and competencies in order to manage properly the post-mining period. One should not forget that this heritage, often embarrassing for the new generations confronted to serious harmful effects, is the direct consequence of a past strategic activity, which strongly contributed to develop the French industrial power. The priority of France is now to optimise the re-development of the areas directly affected by the progressive closure of mining activities, which used to be sources of employment and prosperity for local inhabitants. This step requires a very careful analysis in terms of land use management and regional planning. It is important to identify and locate as accurately as possible the potential risks and/or harmful effects that may develop and affect people, goods and activities after mining extraction. As soon as this expertise has been performed, it becomes possible to report the risk to the public and take the technical measures adapted to each context, allowing the development of new activities in the safest and most adequate zones. 3. Context of the elaboration of the French post-mining prevention policy The Abstract and Résumé as well as the Keywords and Mots-clefs are in 12 pt Times New Roman italic font, justified, 6 pt space after (“Abstract” Style). Leave a blank line between Keywords and Résumé sections, as well as before and after the entire unit. Use small caps for the words “ABSTRACT” and “KEYWORDS,”, “RÉSUMÉ”, “MOTS-CLEFS ”, as in the example above. 3.1. Recent post-mining disorders in the Lorraine iron ore basin In 1995, the last iron mine closed down in Lorraine (NE of France), after almost one century of mining extraction. Consequently, the dewatering system stopped with, as a logical consequence, the progressive rise of the water level within the underground mining works. In October 4, 1996, few months after beginning of the flooding process, a major subsidence event occurred in the city of Auboué, with a vertical amplitude of about two meters. The phenomenon generated severe damages to houses roadways (figure 2). About 70 buildings had to be demolished and 150 families victims of the damage had to be re-located. In the following months, other instabilities developed in the nearby cities of Moutiers (90 families moved in may 1997), Moyeuvre, Roncourt, etc. Figure 2. Damages generated by the Auboué subsidence event. Other types of disorders also developed at the same period: flooding of basements, oxygen deficient air in cellars connected to the mining galleries due to mine gas accumulation, etc. These disorders provoked a real emotion among the population, who was already hardly affected by the economic difficulties, related the mine closure and the decline of the steel industry (Vila & al., 2001).
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