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Sediment Accumulation and Diagenesis in the Late Quaternary Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: an Environmental Magnetic and Geochemical Perspective

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Sediment Accumulation and Diagenesis in the Late Quaternary Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: an Environmental Magnetic and Geochemical Perspective Sediment Accumulation and Diagenesis in the Late Quaternary Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: An Environmental Magnetic and Geochemical Perspective Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Jens A. Funk Bremen 2004 Tag des Kolloquiums: 02. Juli 2004 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bleil PD. Dr. Matthias Zabel Prüfer: Prof. Dr. K.-U. Hinrichs Dr. S. Kasten Auch hier wird die Natur in neuer Herrlichkeit sichtbar, und nur der gedankenlose Mensch wirft die unleserlichen, wunderlich gemischten Worte mit Verachtung weg. Dankbar legt der Priester diese neue, erhabene Meßkunst auf den Altar zu der magnetischen Nadel, die sich nie verirrt, und zahllose Schiffe auf dem pfadlosen Ozean zu bewohnten Küsten und den Häfen des Vaterlandes zurückführte. Außer dem Denker giebt es aber noch andre Freunde des Wissens, die dem Hervorbringen durch Denken nicht vorzüglich zugethan, und also ohne Beruf zu dieser Kunst, lieber Schüler der Natur werden, ihre Freude im Lernen, nicht im Lehren, im Erfahren, nicht im Machen, im Empfangen, nicht im Geben finden. Einige sind geschäftig und nehmen im Vertrauen auf die Allgegenwart und die innige Verwandtschaft der Natur, mithin auch im voraus von der Unvollständigkeit und der Continuität alles Einzelnen überzeugt, irgendeine Erscheinung mit Sorgfalt auf, und halten den in tausend Gestalten sich verwandelnden Geist derselben mit stetem Blicke fest, und gehn dann an diesem Faden durch alle Schlupfwinkel der geheimen Werkstätte, um eine vollständige Verzeichnung dieser labyrinthischen Gänge entwerfen zu können. Sind sie mit dieser mühseligen Arbeit fertig, so ist auch unvermerkt ein höherer Geist über sie gekommen, und es wird ihnen dann leicht, über die vorliegende Karte zu reden und jedem Suchenden seinen Weg vorzuschreiben. Unermeßlicher Nutzen segnet ihre mühsame Arbeit, und der Grundriß ihrer Karte wird auf eine überraschende Weise mit dem Systeme des Denkers übereinstimmen, und sie werden diesem zum Trost gleichsam den lebendigen Beweis seiner abstrakten Sätze unwillkürlich geführt haben. From VON HARDENBERG F (Novalis), 1798–1799, Die Lehrlinge zu Sais, 28. Absatz Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 25 spätquartäre Sedimentabfolgen aus dem zentralen äquatorialen Atlantik gesteinsmagnetisch, geochemisch und stratigrafisch analysiert. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbe- reiches 261 „Der Südatlantik im Spätquartär: Rekonstruktion von Stoffflüssen und Stromsystemen“ der Deutschen Forschungsgesellschaft, und dienten dazu primäre und diagenetische Signalanteile voneinander zu unterschieden. Mittels gesteins- magnetischer Parameter und der Konzentrationsprofile von Karbonat und Eisen, wurden die Sedimente korreliert und datiert. In glazialen Horizonten, insbesonde- re in den Sauerstoffisotopenstadien 6, 10 und 12, waren erhöhte Konzentratio- nen an organischem Material, in Verbindung mit einer Vergröberung und partiel- len Lösung von Magnetit, zu beobachten. Anreicherungen von nicht-magnetischen und magnetischen Eisenmineralen wurden sowohl an, als auch unterhalb von fossilen und aktiven Fe2+/Fe3+ Redox Grenzen gefunden. Mit neu entwickelten, κ, χ /χ sehr sensitiven Proxies wurde Magnetit Lösung (Fe/ nf tot) and Neubildung (Fe/κ) quantifiziert und Änderungen in den Redox Bedingungen der Vergangen- heit nachgewiesen. Der Vergleich dieser Daten mit den Variationen der Konzen- tration organischen Kohlenstoffs zeigte, dass gesteinsmagnetische Datensätze, Kohlenstoff- und Karbonatprofile in großen Teilen des äquatorialen Atlantik Er- haltungssignale repräsentieren. Suboxische, reduktive Lösung von Magnetit erwies sich als Indikator für postsedimentäre Oxidation von organischem Kohlenstoff. Die Tiefenlage der aktiven Eisen Redox Grenze korreliert mit dem letzten überlie- ferten Produktivitätspuls (Stadium 2 bzw. 6) und nicht mit dem rezenten Eintrag organischen Materials. Zwei Kernprofile, die sich jeweils in N-S und in W-E Rich- tung entlang des Mittelatlantischen Rückens erstrecken, markieren Gebiete und Quellen mit erhöhten kontinentalen und marinen Partikelflüssen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden detailliert in vier publizierten Manuskripten diskutiert. Contents 1. General introduction.....................................................................................................1 1.1 Development and conceptual formulation of this study..............................................4 1.2 Materials and methods.................................................................................................5 1.3 References...................................................................................................................11 1.4 Publications..................................................................................................................12 2. Integrated Rock Magnetic and Geochemical Quantification of Redoxomorphic Iron Mineral Diagenesis in Late Quaternary Sediments from the Equatorial Atlantic........................................................................................15 3. Late Quaternary Sedimentation and Early Diagenesis in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Patterns, Trends and Processes Deduced from Rock Magnetic and Geochemical Records...............................................................39 4. Integrated Rock Magnetic and Geochemical Proxies for Iron Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation in Marine Sediments Based on Single Sample and New Split Core Scanning Techniques..................................................................77 5. A combined geochemical and rock-magnetic investigation of a redox horizon at the last glacial/interglacial transition..............................................81 6. Summary and perspectives.........................................................................................97 7. Acknowledgements......................................................................................................98 Chapter 1 General Introduction to Sediment Accumulation and Diagenesis in the Late Quaternary Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: An Environmental Magnetic and Geochemical Perspective Jens A. Funk Universität Bremen, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Postfach 33 04 40, D-28334 Bremen, Germany (e-mail): [email protected] Abstract: This thesis investigates 25 Late Quaternary sediment records from the central Equatorial Atlantic by rock magnetic, geochemical and stratigraphical methods. The work was performed in the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 261 ‘The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems’ funded by the Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft. The main objective was to analyze and distinguish terrigenous and diagenetic proxy signatures, in particular of rock magnetic parameters. All cores were correlated and dated on basis of their carbonate, iron and rock magnetic records. Magnetite coarsening and partial depletion was observed in glacial organic-rich layers, most intensely during oxygen isotope stages 6, 10 and 12. Non-magnetic and magnetic iron mineral enrichments were found below and at former and active 2+ 3+ κ, χ /χ Fe /Fe redox boundaries. Various new proxies quantifying magnetite reduction (Fe/ nf tot) and authigenesis (Fe/κ) were established and found to be highly sensitive indicators of past redox conditions. Comparing these signals with the organic carbon records, it was shown, that rock magnetic, carbon and carbonate records in most parts of the Equatorial Atlantic are merely preservation signals. Suboxic reductive magnetite loss can be used to identify burn-down of organic carbon. The depth of the active iron redox boundary correlates with the last preserved productivity pulse (stages 2 or 6) and not with modern productivity. Two composite core profiles span the full WE and NS extension of the Equatorial Atlantic and mark zones and sources of enhanced continental and marine particle fluxes. These and more conclusions of this thesis are discussed in detail within the enclosed four published manuscripts. 1. General Introduction In paleoceanography marine sediments are tradi- fication, already at the time of deposition and initial tionally used to reconstruct the history of earth’s burial. The resulting changes in the fabric and in climate. Variations of data records retrieved from the element composition alter or even destroy the measurements performed on the solid phase of the primary signal. The processes by which the original sediments are used as proxy parameters. They material is altered are expressed by the idea of stand in for changes in oceanic and atmospheric ‘diagenesis’. However, there are numerous def- circulation, primary productivity or orbitally induced initions of this term. variations in solar insolation. Yet, detritus as depos- In general, it is used for all the physical and ited on the seafloor ought not to be considered as a chemical processes that affect sediments from the homogenous inert mass, because it is subject to time they are initially deposited to when they show various types of alterations. Under certain con- identifiable signs of the very earliest stages of ditions particles may undergo substantial modi- tectonic metamorphism (anchimetamorphism). In 2 Chapter 1 the course of time, the view of such processes sufficiently rapid to allow suboxic and anoxic reac- became more differentiate. tions to be active at shallow subsurface depth in the For example Dapples (1962) identified three sediments.
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