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The Pre-Iconoclastic Altar Ciboria in Rome and Constantinople1 Je/E11a Bogda11ovi6

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The Pre-Iconoclastic Altar Ciboria in Rome and Constantinople1 Je/E11a Bogda11ovi6 The Proclamation ofthe New Covenant: The Pre-Iconoclastic Altar Ciboria in Rome and Constantinople1 Je/e11a Bogda11ovi6 The allar ciborium is lhc piece of lhc lilurgical fumit11re four.' The ciborium resembles the tenl-like or domed strnc1ure, placed in the Christian sanctuary over the holy table ('nyio. usually connected witl1 bo1h sacred and royal 1e111s,• and as ,pnm\'~o.) where the bloodless sacrifice of the New Testament such a visual motif it can be traced back several centuries be­ and the presence of Jesus Chris! wi1hin lhc Dh, nc Liturgy arc fo re Lhc Common Era, in numerous representations in almost manifested.' The etymology of the term ciborium (1<1flwp1ov) every ancient Easlern culture with nomadic heri1agc. Since the is nol clear especially ha,, ng in mind 1hat the expression ii­ focus oftllis paper is on the ciborium "itllin the Christian church self has several meanings: cup, cupola, dome, and baldacchino, 1J1e discussion is narrowed 10 1hc Judco-Chris1ian and Helle­ canopy referring both to the covering seats of royalty and over nistic tradition. al1ar.• According 10 S1. Gcnnanus, lhc eighth ccnr11ry pa1ri­ The earlies! archeological remains of the allar ciboria date arch of Co11s1antinople,' the term K11l<,>p1ov is dcriva1ivc of from the sixth century and arc found in the churches of S1. the Greek words Kl~, K11)oyt6,;. meaning box, chest. coffer, hence Alexander and St. Andrew in Rome, and in tl1e churches of rcprcscming 1abcmaclc or ark.' and 1hc word wp,ov meaning Hagios Polyektos and Hagia Euphemia in Cons1antinople.' the effulgence, or Light of God. Metaphorical lang11age al­ However, according 10 1he archcological rcpor1s and 1he old ways holds several meanings simultaneously. In this sense. representations and descriptions from otl1er sources such as S1. German us and olhcr 1hcologians connccl the ciborium _.,th coins or manuscripls. 1he eiboria were used \\illtin lhe Chris­ the Hebrew term keber for the tomb, since tl1e altar and tomb tian churches al least two centuries prior to tha1da1e. 1• Knowl­ rcprcscn1 the same things in Christian and Jewish eschatology. edge of the Christian canopy-like architectural structures be· Otl1crs are of the opinion tl1at ciborium is derivalive of tl1c gins " ~lh 1he Edic1 of Tolcralion (313) and dcvelopmen1 of Latin tem1 for the holy gifts. cibus. that was held suspended Christian iconography under Constantine the Great (d. 337). from 1hc1cn1-likebaldacchino.•Generally speaki.ng. a ciborium Ciboria co1m1:tissioned by Constantine and !tis heirs marked is an open domed or pyramidal roof resting on the same num­ 1he lombs oftl1e Aposlles Pe1er and Paul in Rome in 1he ba­ ber ofcolmnns as tl1e number of comers of the shelter, at least silica manyrium ofSt. Peter (after 319) and San Paulo fuori Jc This paper is derived from a projccl in the course Early CJmman and Ciborium is the architedural Jttmciure, but it is closely related to the 8y:antme Art andA1v:.h1tecruro. taught by Prof. Ljubica O. Popovich in b,.,ldacchino. The tenn is of late medie\'a) derivative from the ll:ilian the fall of 2000. I would like 10 thank Prof. Popovich once again for her (ba/docco)or Sp:inish (baldaqum) expression for the elaborately brocaded unrescr"ed assistnncc at C\'<:-ry stage ofw ork, a~ wcll 3$ for her sugg¢Stion material imported from &ghdnd that was hung as a canopy over an altar thnt I p.,r1icip.1te in the Art H/J.loryOraduate Sympoi,um :'II Floridn Stale or dool'w-:iy. L.1ter ii C:lme to stand for the freestanding canopy over :in Ul'l.ivetSity. which led to the publication of this p;tper i.nA1h<mor. I cordially altar. tomb. or throne. ns the eiborium. The terms teg,mum, t11rr11, lhnnk Prof. S,'Ctla.n:i P0p<>vii. an :irchitcdural histori.in. who h.is supported umbraculum, an:a etc. in Latin, or Ktlko-t6; 1C1jkllp1ov, 1:-po8H1ov, !WPYo; myctfort.s for ye.ars. As many times before I benefited from he:r:-u~tions elc in Greekaretbesynonymieswith 1heciborium. Mol'e in· Th(!Catholrc while working on this paper. M>•1h.11lks also go to the Grnduate School of E11cyclopedia. vol, I (1999) underC,bo,wm: MirkoviC 103:St. German11s V3.nderbih Univm ity th.nt finan cially supported my participation at the o/Constontmopls on the Dnm1e L1t111gy 59. The 0,.ford D1ct1onary of Symposium. By:ontwm. \'OI. J (1991)462. Lazar Mirko,,iC. Pr,wosl<nma liturgika ii, na11ka o bogosl11?.e11J11 Baldwin E. Smith. Arcl11tectural S)'mboJum of lmpenal Rome and the ' prnvos/aw,e utobrecrl.w, f>rvi, opci doo (Bcogr.,d: S\'di amijcrej!ili:i sinod M1ddleAges(Princcton: Pri~ton UP.19S6) l l2. sq>$ke pravosla\-1le crkve. 199S) 103. A Potrwic Oroek Lexicon. ed. G W.11. 1..,mpe. D. D. (Oxford: Oxford UP. 1964) 1399. About ConstMtinopolitan eibona in: Thomas F. Mathews. The Earl)' ' CJmrdre.i o/Com.tantmople: Arr:huecture and Linu'8Y (U'n..i\'mity Pa.rt.; Lampe 753. :md London: The Pettnsyh·ania $1:ile UP. 1971). M<>re on ciboria in Rome: Molly T~alc Smith. ..11 1c Development ofth e Altar Canopy in Rome," SI. Germa1111sofComtantmopleon tJie Dmna/...1h1rgy, ed. Paul Mcycndorff ~,wsta di ard1eologro cru11a.11a SO (1974) 379..◄ J.a . 1'be 1bi1d ceLU er. (New York: $1 Vh1dimir's Seminary P. 1984). Jerus3.lem, i.s as importanl 3.S Rome and Constantinople. but there :u-e no ar<:heological remains of cibori3.. sint:e none survived. That i$ the reason umpe?SJ. we .shall tum to Jcru.c;.alcm as the spiritual ocntcr, and ide.al reconstruction ofthe ciboria in Jerusalem. MirkoviC. 103: SI. OcrmamtS o/Consumtlnople on the D111111'! L,lllrgy ' 59. Leks,kon 1ko,,ografi1e. l1wrg1ke , s1mboliktt :apodnog kmca,ul\'O, 10 Molly Teasdale Smith, " l)c.,.clopmcnC 379-414. ed. Andjclko &durins (Zagreb: Jns1itut 1:a po,ijcst umctn06'li, 1979) 180- 181. ATHANORXX JEI.E:-IA BOGOANOVIC mura inRome(after 384), as well astl1etombofChrist atJerusa­ increasingly as the Emperor of Heaven. 16 it is very plausible 10 lcm (326-35). 10 name but a few. connect the in1perial ceremo1tial rites wi U1 the mdimcmaiy Scholars searched for the possible explanation of the rites of 1he liturgy. However. the inOuencc of Je"ish litnrgy canopy stn,cture and its function in tl1e Christian church in should not be w1dcrcstima1cd in spite of the Roman intoler­ the imperial iconography of the time. The repeated tent-like ance cowards the Jews. and baldacchino patterns in tl1e visual representations con­ No other clement in Jewish faith has such central and nected \\1th the epiphany and adve11t11s had a long-lived tradi­ long-lived l11eological imponancc as docs che Ark oft he Cov­ tion in every pan of the Roman Empire. 11 However. it has bocn enanc, since ic symbolizes the presence of God (I Sam. 4:3) pointed out that altar canopy structnres differed from one an­ and theconnoction between God and the nat ion oflsrael. Great other according to the panicular symbolic function they had. significance is accorded to the tent-like structure called U1e The canopies erected over the many, tombs physically con­ "Tent of Meeting.. or Tabernacle" where the Ark was placed tn1sted significantly from the canopies over imperial thrones (2 Sam. 7:6). The Tabernacle represents the porcable sanclu• in royal au/ae." Roman tombs for wealthy and influential fanti­ ary conscrncted by Moses as a place of worship for the Hebrew lies were mainly on central plans, sometimes sunnoumed by a tribes during the period of wandering tl1at preceded their ar­ second storey on which was a round canopy-like strnctnre, rival in U1e Promised Land. The earliest sanctuary was a simple carried by columns and ""tl1 a pointed roof. " Their ,;sual ap­ tent within which, it was believed. the Lord himself mani­ pearance is similar to the canopy placed over the tomb ofC hrist fested his presence and communicated his will. The Taber­ in Jcmsalcm as represented ou the si"1h centn1y Bobl>io and nacle was constructed witli capestry cunai ns decorated with Monza a111p11llae. According to the Euscbius of Caesar.:.~ chcn1bim (Exod. 25:9fl). The interior was divided into two (fourth century). the chief tl1eological adviser of Constantine, rooms, differing in their sanctity: "the holy place" and "the and to the Uber Po111iflcalis, St. Peter. a member of a mainly most holy place·· (Holy of Holies, Heb. Debir). The room that poor and neglected "sect" during his life, received the same represe111ed "the holy place·· contained tl1e table on which the honors as the Empress Helena and Emperor Constantine: an bread of the Presence ~~howbread). the allar of incensc. ,md al1ar, corona. and four large cand.leslicks.14 Constantine was tl1e seven-branched candelabnun (menorah) were placed. "The at l11a1 time, acclaimed as relaced to the traditional Roman Holy of Holies.. was chought to be an actnal dwelling place of gods."Having in mind tliat Constantine tl1e Great viewed him­ the God of Israel, who invisibly sat emhroncd above the solid self as God's vicar on earch, and that the !.-Ord was viewed slab of gold that resled on the Ark of the Covenant and had II 1l1e lent-like and b.1ldacehino s1ru c1:ur¢S 3$ represented in the scc::ond and " ··Hie eJl q111 nomen accepwm a Det>, prmc,pe genens sul, ded11 ~'Obis. fourth Styles oft.he Pompeian waJI painting present the e\idencc that a qui se progenlam tJJe J/crt:.11li$, non /abulosfs, 11ud oeq1u1.11s wrt1t11b11s ciborium wa11 an import.ant fe,:t ture oftbe ,~ lace cettmonies ,md p-3J:ice comprOba\<:I.
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