31 YOUR VOTE. OUR FUTURE. Citizen Voter Education Module Annex 1 the Right of Suffrage: UDHR, ICCPR, 1987 Constitution
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YOUR VOTE. OUR FUTURE. Citizen Voter Education Module Annex 1 The Right of Suffrage: UDHR, ICCPR, 1987 Constitution The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed by these three documents which similarly mandate universality of the right; equality in access to public service; and secrecy of votes. Article 21 (1-3) of the Universal Art.25 (a-c) of International Art. V, Sec. 1-2 of The 1987 Constitution Declaration of Human Rights Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, March 1976 Every citizen shall have the right and 1 Everyone has the right to take part in the 1 Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines, the opportunity, without any of the government of his country, directly or not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen distinctions mentioned in article 2 and through freely chosen representatives. years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for without unreasonable restrictions: at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to 2 Everyone has the right to equal access to (a) To take part in the conduct of vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the public service in his country. public affairs, directly or through election. No literacy, property, or other substantive freely chosen representatives; requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. 3 The will of the people shall be the basis of the (b) To vote and to be elected at authority of the government; this will shall be genuine periodic elections which 2 The Congress shall provide a system for securing the expressed in periodic and genuine elections, which shall be by universal and equal secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be suffrage and shall be held by secret absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad. held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting ballot, guaranteeing the free procedures. expression of the will of the The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled electors; and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other (c) To have access, on general persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under terms of equality, to public service existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections in his country. may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot. 31 Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module / Elections Annex 2 Year and Type Contenders Issues Results Post-independence period 1946 Presidential, Nacionalista Party of Sergio Osmeña, Sr. Philippine Nacionalista Party-Liberal Wing Manuel Roxas Vice-Presidential, Liberal Party of Manuel Roxas; and Independence won the Presidency while Elpidio Quirino won the Congressional Elections Partido Modernista of Hilarion Moncada Vice-Presidency (April 23, 1946) 1947 Congressional Nacionalista Party became the opposition Some candidates The winning 7 out of 8 senators were Liberals; and Local elections The Liberals were determined to beat even threatened 37 of 45 gubernatorial seats were also taken by (November 11, 1947) Nacionalista on all positions voters in order to Liberal ensure victory 1949 Presidential, Vice- Liberal Presidential and vice-presidential 70.74 % actually voted; Elpidio Quirino and Presidential, candidate Elpidio Quirino and Fernando Fernando Lopez won Congressional Elections Lopez (November 8, 1949) Nacionalista presidential and vice- presidential candidate Jose P. Laurel and Manuel Briones 1951 Senatorial and Senatorial Ticket of the: Nacionalista was All Nacionalista senatorial candidates won Local Elections led by Gil Puyat; (November 13, 1951) Liberal by Mariano Jesus Cuenco 1953 Presidential, Vice- Nacionalista Presidential and Vice- Identification of 77.22% actually voted Presidential and presidential ticket: Ramon Magsaysay and Magsaysay with the Nacionalista standard bearers won by a landslide. Congressional Elections Carlos Garcia; common tao. Nacionalista also dominated the Senate and November 10, 1953 Liberal Party candidates Elpidio Quirino Party switching House of Representatives. and Jose Yulo became prevalent. Senatorial and Local Elections (November 8, 1955) 1957 Presidential, Vice- Presidential candidates: Manahan and party 75.52 % actually voted Presidential and Nacionalista-Carlos P. Garcia used Magsaysay’s Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal won for Congressional Elections Liberal – Jose Yulo campaign President and Vice-President respectively. (November 12, 1957) Nationalist-Citizens Party- Claro M. Recto techniques. Others Progressive Party of the Phils.-Manuel discussed issues of Manahan graft and Liberal-Quirino Wing- Antonio Quirino corruption, and Lapiang Malaya-Valentin Santos other personal Federal Party-Alfredo Abcede accusations. 32 Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module / Year and Type Contenders Issues Results 1959 Senatorial and Nacionalista and Liberal party have Issues of nationalism and 81% actually voted; Local Elections their own set of congressional Pres. Garcia’s “Filipino- the Nacionalista candidates outnumbered the (November 10, 1959) candidates First Policy” which was Liberals considered anti-American 1961 Presidential, Vice- Nacionalista Party’s Carlos P. Garcia The Nacionalista seeks Macapagal and Pelaez won the top two seats Presidential and and Gil Puyat renewal of people’s Congressional Elections Liberal’s Diosdado Macapagal and mandate to carry on its (November 14, 1961) Emmanuel Pelaez role of assuring political independence, economic emancipation and cultural renaissance. Congressional and Local Elections (November 12, 1963) 1965 Presidential, Vice- Presidential and Vice-Presidential The continued rise in Nacionalista bets bested the other candidates for Presidential and Candidates: prices of consumer president and vice-president Congressional Elections Nacionalista-Ferdinand Marcos and goods, peace and order (November 9, 1965) Fernando Lopez problem, rampant graft Liberal-Diosdado Macapagal and and corruption, Gerardo Roxas continued smuggling of Party for Philippine Progress-Raul dutiable goods Manglapus and Manuel Manahan Senatorial and Local Elections (November 14, 1967) Presidential, Vice- Presidential and Vice-Presidential The campaign can be Marcos won and became the first RP president to Presidential and Candidates: characterized as an be re-elected. Party-mate Fernando Lopez won Congressional Elections Nacionalista-Ferdinand Marcos and exchange of accusations the vice-presidency. Nacionalista Party also won (November 11, 1969) Fernando Lopez and attacks on issues majority of the House seats. Liberal- Sergio Osmeña, Jr. and concerning nationalism, Genaro Magsaysay land reform, foreign policy, cronyism, and graft and corruption. Election of Concon Delegates 1971 Congressional Nacionalista and Liberal parties were Plaza Miranda bombing The senatorial race was dominated by the Liberal and Local elections the major contenders was the most candidates (November 8, 1971) controversial and emotional issue. 33 Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module / Year and Type Contenders Issues Results Martial Law Period 1978 Interm Batasang KBL-administration party Declaration of martial law, The elections “defied democratic Pambansa ESP, Laban, Philippine Labor social justice, pace and order, procedures”. Various electoral Party, Bagong Lipunan-Kilusan economic recovery manipulations were employed to ng Nagkakaisag Nacionalista, ensure Marcos victory. Independents 1980 Local elections KBL-administration party Characterized by widespread 94% gubernatorial and 91% Laban, NUL, Mindanao Alliance terrorism, violence and mayoral victory for the KBL wholesale fraud Post-Martial Law Period 1981 Presidential Candidates from the KBL, Nacionalista, It was a move by Marcos to Marcos won by a landslide Elections and Federal Party, Sovereign Citizen Party, submit himself to the Referendum and independents electoral process to regain This election was described as the (June 16, 1981) legitimacy for his “most legally-biased elections as administration; a relevant the Proclamation was designed to Presidential Proclamation ensure victory for Marcos”. was issued which limited the campaign days and changed the age requirement for presidential candidate from 45 to 50 years; such prevented Ninoy Aquino to run for president 1982 Barangay Despite the supposed non-partisan The election was generally peaceful Election character of hte election, the KBL was very involved in the election 1984 Batasang KBL, United Nationalist Democraic UNIDO-Aquino assassination Unido won 50 Batasang Pambansa Pambansa Oganization (UNIDO) an affiliate of and the worsening political, seats while KBL won 116 seats Elections other parties, Liberal Party, Laban, social, and economic (May 14, 1984) Partido ng Demokatikong Pilipino, conditions Nacionalista Party KBL-accomplishments of the Marcos administration 34 Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module / Year and Type Contenders Issues Results 1986 Snap KBL ‘s Ferdinand Marcos-Arturo KBL’s slogan “Cory walang Comelec declared Marcos and Presidential and Tolentino and alam” played on Cory’s Tolentino as winners while Namfrel Vice-Presidential inexperience while Aquino’s count reflected