NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 ISSUES OF OPTIMIZATION OF GEOECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN VALLEY O. M. KUZIBOEVA State Pedagogical Institute

ABSTRACT: socio-economic (geoecological) zoning, which The article discusses the issues of is a high level of scientific knowledge. scientific and methodological research on Typology and classification as a method the optimization of the geoecological of geographical systematization, provides a situation in the region, the choice and collection, analysis and synthesis of scientific development of specific methods that allow facts, allows to determine the characteristics of to generalize, process and analyze a variety the optimization of the geoecological situation of information about them. in rural areas. KEYWORDS: geoecological situation, In the next stage, various geographical optimization, functional-structural, and economic methods (e.g., information typology, classification, research methods, processing, comparison) are used to determine landscape analysis. the typological and classification characteristics of objects. Calculations on rural INTRODUCTION: areas, geo-ecological situation, and Scientific and methodological research optimization of geo-ecological situation can be on the optimization of the geo-ecological given in absolute terms and percentages, per situation in the region requires a focus on the unit area, per capita, per unit time. On the basis selection and development of specific methods of such approaches, the types and classes of that allow to generalize, process and analyze a objects are identified and they are directed to variety of information about them. This study is the development of tactical and strategic ways based on the methods available in the field of and directions of studying the optimization of economic and social geography, the types of the geo-ecological situation in rural areas. research that correspond to the goals and objectives. These methods are based on the THE MAIN PART widespread use of functional-structural In this study, the socio-economic (structural)-hierarchical (hierarchical) (geoecological) zoning of the geo-ecological approach. In this regard, special attention is situation in the region is used as a method of paid to the typology and classification of the processing, generalization and systematization object. In this case, typology means the of various information about these areas. In the identification of similarities and differences socio-economic study of the socio-economic between the various objects under study and development of rural areas and the general the separation of their generalized groups, and characteristics of the causes of geo-ecological classification - the separation of types (objects) problems associated with them, it is important by their similar classes. When they are to identify areas for analysis of key indicators. understood in this way, they serve not only as To analyze the geo-ecological situation the first and second stages of scientific in the region, first of all, the natural landscape knowledge of the system of objects under features of rural areas are studied and study, but also as the first and second stages of evaluated. The need for a landscape approach 445 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 to overcoming geo-ecological problems in the - The presence of plains with fertile soil; use of nature in rural areas is noted by many -Supply of water resources; geographers (Alibekov, 1992; Kochurov, 1999; - Sufficient argo-climate resources; Isachenko, 2001; Korytnyy, 2006; Orlova, 2006, -Favorable economic geographical location Kuzibaeva, 2006). and communication. The importance of the theory of "geo- In turn, areas with fragmented hills and pairing" developed by L. Alibekov (1992) in the mountainous terrain, arid desert areas with change of geo-ecological conditions is taken arid climates, had a negative impact on the into account. In other words, from the location of villages. Such an approach in the geomorphological point of view, the amount of assessment classification is also taken into "matter and energy" transferred from the account in the study of the geoecological above-mentioned landscape types to the situation and its changes. below-ground landscapes is taken into account. In the study of landscapes in the The main goal of the study is to diagnose , A. Abulkasimov (1983) and predict changes in the geo-ecological distinguishes heights. As in the whole valley, in situation in the region. In this regard, the the territory of Fergana region there are 4 methodology of ecological balance of the stages. In the works of K. Boymirzaev (2007) administrative territory, developed by BI landscapes of the Sokh oasis were obtained, Kochurov (1999) and used in practice in and in the plains these landscape complexes Russia, is also used. are divided into three parts (groups of The history of the study of landscapes in urochishe). Young researcher O.Kuzibaeva the Fergana region has been thoroughly (2006) divides the landscapes of this region studied by A. Khamidov (2006). Using the into three sloping landscape microzones. results of this study, the latest research work in Research conducted by O. Abduganiev (2008) the valley was used to separate the foundations also shows that the territory of Fergana region of the landscape (Abdulkasimov, 1983; is divided into 5 landscape tiers. Babushkin et al., 1985; Khalikov, 1989; Landscape types in the region are divided into Maksudov, 1996; Boymirzaev, 2000; 5 geoecologically homogeneous (similar) Kuzibaeva, 2006; Abduganiev, 2007). groups, and each group is given an appropriate In studying the geoecological situation, score (Table 1-5) depending on the degree of attention is paid to geomorphological change in the natural landscape composition of indicators based on the closed orographic the area. The data are taken from the conditions of the Fergana region. At the same references on the distribution of the land fund time, it was noted that the role of the by lines (Land Fund of the Republic of hydrogeological factor in the negative change 0.1 2010; Form No. 22). of soil-ecological conditions is increasing. In Initially, the amount and share of lands irrigated areas, groundwater levels are rising ¢•¨ØÆß©Æß ¥Ø ¥®• £°¥•ßØ≤π ض ò•£Ø¨Øß©£°¨ ¢°≥•ó and soil salinity is increasing. It should be landscapes, in which all components of the noted that from a geographical point of view, landscape have not changed, were studied. The the above factors have also had a positive and fact that the impact on the atmosphere, soil, negative impact on the location and formation water, flora and fauna in the territory of this of villages in a timely manner. Factors that have group of landscapes is minimal in rural areas is a positive impact on the conditions of the the basis for evaluating this group with 1 point. Fergana Valley: The group includes the total forest area in 446 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 column 22 of row 33 of the district land fund, trails in districts (column 31), streets, including protected trees (23), terraces (24), courtyards and squares (column 32), lands shrubs (25); The underwater lands in column under public buildings (column 33) and 26, including rivers and streams (27), lakes agricultural lands. category includes other (28), reservoirs (29), canals, collectors, and lands not used in agriculture (column 34). ditches (30); and other lands not used in Table 1 Classification of landscapes by agriculture in column 34. geoecologically homogeneous groups In determining the category of partially ¡r Name of Land types Level of Coefficient In the geoecologically corresponding ecological of change province £®°Æß•§ òµÆ§•≤µ¥©¨©∫•§ó ¨°Æ§≥£°∞•≥ ©Æ ¥®• homogeneous to the group change rate weight, groups (according to (as a region, the gray lands of column 9 of row 33, Figure 22, line percentage) 33) hayfields of row 10, pastures of row 11 and 1 ò%£Ø¨Øß©£°¨ Forests, shrubs, Unchanged 1 35.2 ¢°≥•ó underwater lands of reclamation construction in row 21 are landscapes and other studied and the level of change of this group is unused lands evaluated by 2 points. 2 Less used Gray lands, Partly 2 1.5 landscapes hayfields, changed The group of changed landscapes in pastures, lands in the state of Fergana region consists of "perennial forests". reclamation construction In determining these landscapes, the total of perennial trees in column 4 of row 33 of the 3 Perennial Orchards, Changed 3 8.5 woody vineyards, land fund, including orchards (column 5), landscapes mulberry groves vineyards (column 6), mulberries (column 7), 4 Agroirrigation Irrigated arable Strongly 4 43 along with other perennials (column 8) areas of landscapes lands, gardens changed land occupied by orchards and other fruit trees 5 "Seleteb Broken 5 11.8 (column 17) were analyzed. In this group, all landscapes" Various infrastructure, components of the landscape will be naturally housing, streets, altered. However, the natural landscapes in this squares and other lands group will change for the better. Therefore, the degree of change of group landscapes is The second indicator of the degree of evaluated by 3 points. change in the natural landscape of rural areas The most changed, environmentally was the degree of change in the irrigation hazardous, strongly altered areas in the region system in river basins. The following as a result of economic activity are methodological principles were followed in the agroirrigation landscapes. These areas are evaluation of these indicators based on the characterized by soil and water pollution and basin approach. First, in the use of water the extinction of natural flora and fauna. The resources, it was taken into account that area of such landscapes is determined by irrigated areas of rural areas receive water studying column 3 of line 33 of the land fund from historically formed natural river basins, reference and the amount of irrigated arable i.e., villages are located along their own canals. land in the plots (column 16) and they are The area of villages located in the conical evaluated with 4 points. confluences of the river, formed over many In rural areas, the most environmentally years, is considered to be the most hazardous, degraded landscapes are landslides, geoecologically favorable, with the highest which are rated at 5 points according to the score. The rate of change in the natural degree of change. This category includes land composition of these regions is assumed to be occupied by buildings (column 18), roads and 447 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 1.0, i.e. the results obtained are multiplied by infiltrated into the natural landscapes of the 1.0. conical distribution of the rivers Isfayramsay, Second, villages of inter-basin Margilansay, Sokh. Rural areas in this group importance built in the last century, mostly in have the lowest rate of change in river flow and the basin of irrigation canals flowing from east are geoecologically very stable. to west in the province, include areas with an It is not correct to take the indicators of average geoecological score. Such rural areas agricultural anthropogenic pressure (KHAB) as are characterized by a high probability of the main indicator of economic anthropogenic occurrence of negative processes such as soil pressure in the region (Kravchenko, 1986; salinity, rising groundwater levels. Therefore, Kochurov, 1999; Ahmadaliev, 2007). This is the number of districts located in this area is due to the fact that in the context of Uzbekistan, increased by a factor of 1.2. the distribution or planning of agricultural The third case related to the irrigation anthropogenic pressure through mineral system in the region is in the areas irrigated by fertilizers and toxic chemicals, agricultural pump. As N.F. Reimers (1990) pointed out, machinery and tractors, centralized ∞µ≠∞ ©≤≤©ß°¥©ØÆ ©≥ ° ò≥µ≤ß©£°¨ó ©Æ¥•≤∂•Æ¥©ØÆ ©Æ management, corresponding to the nature. Such an irrigation system leads to an agrochemical, agro-technical indicators. These increase in the cost of agricultural products, in indicators are not determined by geographical addition to the occurrence of processes such as factors, but by the agricultural system, the soil erosion, washing of the humus layer, composition of crops. Moreover, in this study, secondary salinization in existing rural areas. we are not talking about agricultural Therefore, pump-irrigated areas in the region anthropogenic pressure, but anthropogenic are multiplied by a factor of 1.4 as the areas pressure in rural areas. In addition, the agro- with the highest variation in the natural flow of demographic pressure indicators we want to the river. propose also represent farm anthropogenic Assessment of processes related to the pressure in rural areas. This is because changes use of water resources is carried out in a in population indicators, in turn, lead to cartographic manner. The area of rural districts changes in economic indicators (Lopatina EB, in the region is divided into three groups Poksheshevsky VV 1961; Myagkov, 1995; according to the above criteria. Rural districts Petrova, 1997; Zhumakhanov, 1998; in the first group include areas irrigated by Elizbarashvili NK, i dr.2006; Dvinskix S.A. and pump. The highest rate of change in river flow .dr.2007). is typical for this group of districts. Adyr parts The calculation of the most optimal of Quvasoy city, Fergana, Kuva, Uzbekistan demographic capacity of the region through the districts, which are usually located in the hill analysis of population density was originally landscapes, are included in this group. The proposed by P.P. Semenov Tyan-Shansky. He second group includes the regions of the region emphasizes that the demographic capacity of a in the irrigation system of the Greater Fergana, region depends not only on the natural Southern Fergana, Greater Andijan, Karkidon conditions of the place (relief, climate, soil and canals, Karkidon, Kurgantepa reservoirs. This its irrigation), but also on the level of group includes the main irrigated arable lands development of productive forces and the type of the region. These areas have an average rate of farm. He writes that any region, province or of change in river flow. The third group refers country with certain natural and economic to rural areas that receive water from ditches conditions has a limit that can accommodate 448 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 the population, after which the desire of the population density by landscape types and local population to move from here will subtypes they do. increase. Consideration of these indicators as an EB Lopatina, VV Pokheshevsky (1961) indicator of the geo-ecological situation allows summarize the data on the geography of the not only to assess the current situation, but population of the CIS countries on the concept also to predict its future. of "capacity of the region." The demographic This approach leads to the following capacity of a region is the maximum number of conclusions on the subject: people who can live in a particular area and use First, in accordance with the its resources to obtain adequate livelihoods. requirements of the 1992 UN Conference on The capacity of the area is determined by the Development and the Environment in Rio de maximum possible density of the population, Janeiro on Sustainable Development, the which depends on the level of development of rational use of nature, taking into account the productive forces, type of farm and natural needs of present and future generations conditions. (without allowing depletion of resources), SM Myagkov (1995) argues that in order ensure that it is at an acceptable level required. to save humanity from the expected socio- In this regard, it is important to know the ecological catastrophes, it is necessary to move "feeding" landscape capacity, the optimal to an ecologically sustainable development (optimal, most appropriate, most suitable) path as an alternative to today's development, population density. but still the amount of anthropogenic pressure Second, along with the increase in should remain within the demographic population density in rural areas, there will capacity of the region. also be an increase in the amount of EG Petrova (1997) proposes a method of anthropogenic pressure on natural resources. calculating the demographic capacity of the In areas of high density, intensive economic territory of the subjects of the Russian development, the amount of anthropogenic Federation in the transition to an ecologically pressure on land, water, atmospheric air, flora sustainable development of nature and fauna will increase accordingly. At the management. A specific way was chosen in same time, demographic pressure can be calculating the amount of demographic considered as an integral indicator of the pressure. In Russia, in 1913, during the period impact of the economy and the population on of development of organic farming, 1 ha of nature. agricultural land was compared to the number of people fed by the husband, and today's REFERENCES figures of these figures. 1) Abdug'aniev O.I. Geoecological aspects of Sh. Jumakhanov (1998), N K the organization of the system of protected Elizbarashvili, D. A. Nikolashvili (2006) natural areas (on the example of the proposed new directions of population density Fergana Valley) Abstract of the dissertation calculation. In his research on improving the for the degree of Candidate of Geographical territorial composition of the population in the Sciences. - T .: 2009. -26 p. administrative districts of Namangan region, 2) Axmadaliev Yu. I. Improving the territorial Sh. Jumakhanov proposed to calculate the organization of agricultural use of land population density by river basins, while resources (on the example of the Fergana Georgian scientists tried to calculate the Valley). Abstract of the dissertation for the 449 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences. - Fergana Valley. Abstract of the dissertation T.: 2007. -50 b. for the degree of Candidate of Geographical 3) Boymirzaev K. Use and protection of oasis Sciences.- T .: 2009. -24 p. landscapes of Fergana region. - T .: Fan. 2007. 132 p. 4) Djumaev T .Ustoychivoe development of the mountain zone of Uzbekistan (socio- economic aspects) .: Author. diss. doctor of geogr. science. T .: NUUz, 2004. - 50 p. 5) Jabborov I. Ethnography of the Uzbek people. - T .: Teacher, 1994.- 320 p 6) Zhumakhanov Sh.Z. Improvement of the territorial structure of the population of the Namangan region. Author's abstract. diss. candidate of geographic sciences. T : Tashkent State University 1998. - 22 p. 7) Kim V.Ch. The concept of an economy system - geographic cadastres. - T .: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1998.-64 p. 8) .°∫°≤Ø∂ ›ä 4•≤≤©¥Ø≤©°¨ Ø≤ß°Æ©∫°¥©ØÆ Ø¶ medical services in rural areas (on the example of Namangan region). Geogr.fan.nom. diss to obtain an academic degree. abstracts. - T.: 1996. -24 b. 9) Nigmatov A., Yusupov R. Geoecology and its main problems // Ecology Bulletin.  Tashkent, 2005. -Rx wy ä -B. 14-16. 10) Rafikov A.A. Natural reclamation assessment of the Golodnaya Steppe lands. T .: Fan, 1976. -160 s. 11) Rafikov A.A. Geoecological problems. T .: Teacher, 1997. 12) Soliev A. Current issues of economic and social geography. (recommendations for schoolchildren and students). - T .: RTIIM. 1995. -52 b. 13) Kuzibova O.M. Micro-zoning and landscape reclamation assessment of Sokh cone distribution. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Geographical Sciences.- T .: 2009. -22 p. 14) Hamidov A.A. Geoecological significance of natural geographical research in the 450 | P a g e