The Representation of Masculinity in American Assassin Movie

Home , American Assassin, Mitch Rapp

THE REPRESENTATION OF MASCULINITY IN AMERICAN ASSASSIN MOVIE

A Thesis

Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulifillment as Requirements of The Degree Strata one

Akhsanul Marom 11140260000055

DEPARTMENTOF ENGLISH LITERATURE

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAHJAKARTA

2020

ABSTRACT

Akhsanul Marom, The Representation of Masculinity in American Asassin Movie. Thesis: Department of English Literature, Adab and Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2020.The purpose of this reseacrh is to show the representation of masculinity of the main character who works as the CIA agent in American Asassin movie. The writer used qualitative method with descriptive analysis in this reaserch. Beside that, the writer is using the concept of masculinity by Janet Saltzman Chafets as the basic theory. The writer collects the data by framing and picturing the data either from the actions or the dialogues. The result shows that Mitch Rapp as the main character representing six of seven areas of masculinity according to Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept; physical, sexual aggresive, emotion, intellectual, personality, and other personal characteristic.In this agent intellegent film, Mitch Rapp has a unique masculinity, as the agent of CIA, he represents masculinity in this era with masculinity before 1980‟s. Beside that, his masculinity potrayal is similar to the warrior type of manliness. His masculinity is constructed by social life in his environment. In this context, masculinity of Rapp constructed from his experiences, started from the terrorist attacks then also when he did the mission as the CIA agent. Beside that, his masculinity is represented through his physical appearance and his actions. Indeed, he shows his masculinity everytime to beat the terrorist and finish his first mission successfully.

Keywords:American Assassin, CIA Agent, Masculinity, Janet Saltzman Chafetz.

i APPROVEMENT

THE REPRESENTATION OF MASCULINITY IN AMERICAN ASSASSIN

MOVIE

A Thesis Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulifillment as Requirements of The Degree Strata one

AKHSANUL MAROM 11140260000055

Approved by:

Advisor,

Nina Farlina, M. Hum NIP: 198504292015032002

(Day/Date: Sunday/ January 13, 2020)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAHJAKARTA

2020

LEGALIZATION

Name : Akhsanul Marom

NIM : 11140260000055

Title : The Representation of Masculinity in American Assassin Movie

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Adab and Humanities Faculty‟s Examination Commitee on March 11th, 2020 It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment as the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, March 11th, 2020

Examination Commitee

Signature Date

1. Hasnul Insani, Ph.D. (Chair Person) 10/062020 1976050 1200801 2 010

2. Agus Suriadi, M. Hum (Secretary) 25/06/2020 1978080 1201411 1 001

3. Nina Farlina, M. Hum (Advisor) 23/06/2020 19850429 201503 2 002

4. Hasnul Insani, Ph.D. (Examiner I) 10/062020 1976050 1200801 2 010

5. Ida Rosida, M.Hum (Examiner II) 17/062020

iii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no same material previously published or written by another person which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher learning, except where due acknowledment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 2020

Akhsanul Marom

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

There is no proper words to say except Alhamdulillah as the thankfull to Allah, the Lord of the Universe who has giving us so many blessing. Because of him, the writer can do many things including finish this research. Without His Merciful, the writer sure will never do anything. After that, the writer would like to say Allahumma Sholli Ala Sayyidina Muhammad as the loveto our prophet Muhammad who has command us to learn from we are a baby until the die. This paper is presented to English Letters Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty of Islamic State Syarif Hidayatullah University Jakarta as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for strata one degree. The writer also would like convey the sincere gratitude particularly to important people in the process to be success. They are: 1. Hasnul Insani, Ph.D.,the Head of English Letters Department. 2. Agus Suriadi, M. Hum., The Secretary of English Letters Department. 3. Mrs. Nina Farlina, M.Hum, as the writer's advisor, for her continuos guidance, motivation, patience, and time in writing this thesis. 4. All lecturer of English Letters Department for their encouragement to the writer. 5. All lecturer of Pesantren Luhur Sabilussalam Ciputat for their encouragement to the writer. 6. The beloved parents, Mr. Baihaqi and Mrs. Sumarni, And also beloved brother and sisters for their love, patient, dua‟, support and anything that help the writer to reach the dreams. 7. The writer‟s best friend, Nailin Nadzifah, S.sos who always give the motivation and dua. 8. All members in Kosan Hadza: A. Faiq Hibatullah, Yudi Setiadi, S. Ag, Fawwaz Raihan, S.sos., Miftah Farid, Adon Ramdoni, M. Agung Rif‟at Syauqi, Ahmad Hambali, Dede Falahudin, SH. Wish you all can getting your dreams.

9. All members in Grup Orang Soleh: Muhammad Wildan Musthofa, SS., Hidayat, Adib Erzatama, and Abdul Malik Amrullah. Thank you for the years filled with a hundred smiles, a thousand jokes and laughs, and a million great stories and memories. 10. The writer‟s friends in Sabilussalam 2014, Class B 2014, and Literature 2014 who has been the writer's friends since the earliest semester to the last semester for experiences and important informations while sitting together in classes. 11. All friends wherever they live, who always gives the writer cheerfulness, advices, and support.

May Allah bless and protect them always, Amin. Finally, the writer hopes this thesis can be beneficial for every people who attracted to this field.

Jakarta, January 2020

Akhsanul Marom

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ...... i

APPROVEMENT SHEET ...... ii

LEGALIZATION ...... iii

DECLARATION ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Focus of the Research ...... 7 C. Question of the Research ...... 7 D. Significance Research ...... 7 E. Objective Resesarch ...... 8 F. Methodology of the Research ...... 8 1. Method ...... 8 2. Data Analysis ...... 8 3. Instrumen of the Research ...... 9 4. Unit of Analysis ...... 9 5. Place and Time ...... 9 6. Research Design ...... 9

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 11

A. Previous Research ...... 11 B. The Definition of Movie ...... 13 C. CIA‟s Review ...... 14 D. Characterization ...... 15 E. Representation ...... 18 F. Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s Concept of Masculinity...... 19

vii

CHAPTER III FINDINGS RESEARCH ...... 23

1. Physical ...... 23 2. Sexual Aggressive ...... 33 3. Intellectual ...... 35 4. Emosional ...... 40 5. Interpersonal ...... 42 6. Other Personal Characteristic ...... 46

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 51

A. Conclusion ...... 51 B. Suggestion ...... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 54

APPENDIX ...... 57

viii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Masculinity are some categories perceived by social about how to be a man. in this case, the environment has a role in shaping the system of man values including the education level, local culture and the association.These may be physiologically defined in terms of physical appearance and biological properties, but more commonly masculinity is considered as socially constructed and henced circumscribed by the norms applied to boys and men in a given culture. Pita Merdeka believes that masculinity is gender characteristic which describe the traditional value from men‟s attitude or behavior that is accepted by society (Merdeka & Kumoro, 2018) Masculinity itself is one of branch of gender study that exist in the society, in fact, some literary texts raise this term as the theme.

All literary text can be thought about in terms of how they represent gender difference and how far they may be said to reinforce or question gender role stereotypes (Bennett & Royle, 2004). According to them, On one level, then, there is a valuable and perhaps unavoidable reading of literary texts in terms of essentialism: there is essentially one form of sexual difference and that is difference between males and females, boys and girls, men and women. The notion of essentialism here consist primarily in anatomical or biological difference: the man has a penis, whereas the woman does not, or the woman has a pudendum, breasts and child-bearing capacity whereas the man has none of these. Various kinds of gender-stereotypes are then articulated, as it were, on to this essentialism: the male is strong, active, rational, the female is weak, passive, irrational and so forth. Raewyn Connell implies that gender involves men as well as women. Attempts to understand gender have sometimes use the idea of sex roles; and sometimes have treated men and women as simple categories. But the

1 2

most fruitful approach is to see gender as a system of social relation (Connell, 2009).

Back to the discussion on masculinity, masculinity is born from practice in everyday life that is substantially a social construction. Social construction is a statement of belief and also a point of view that the content of awareness and ways of relating to others are taught by culture andsociety (Ngangi, 2011). Quoting Ian Rory (1997), Charles added that included in it is a view of all real and abstract metaphysical quantities which were considered as certainty learned from others around us. Masculinity is defined as the patterns of social practice associated with the position of men in any society‟s set of gender relations (Connell, 2009). Bodily difference is not fixed determinant of gender patterns; it is, rather, a point of reference in gender practices. In recent years a body of international research on masculinities has emerged. Important conclusion of these research are: there are hierarchies of masculinities, often defining a “hegemonic” pattern for a given society; masculinities are collective as well as individual; masculinities are actively constructed in social life; masculinities are internally complex; masculinities change in history. Therefore, we can say that masculinity is characteristic of males that is not appear naturally.

In line with the description above, Douglas and Schwalbe aregiving their comment:

Gender scholars have created an eneormous body of theory and research that goes under the rubric of “Critical studies of men and masculinities”. We acknowledge that defining intellectual eras by reference to decades is an oversimplification and that the emergence of this new strain in gender studies was not discrete event. Significant changes in sociological thinking about gender, and about men and masculinity in particular, were under way before 1980 (see, e.g., Kessler & McKenna 1978, Pleck & Sawyer 1974, Tolson 1977). Yet it is possible in this case to identify a point at which the terms of the discussion Shifted and study of man and masculinity entered the mainstream. We mark this point as the publication of Carrigan et al.s 1985 article “Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity”. (Schrock & Schwalbe, 2009).

Looking at the history of masculinity, masculinity experienced a shift in values and concepts in the 70s. Dio and Harti said that this change was caused by the feminist movement at the time, and social change in a society (Saputro et al., 2016). Janet Saltzman Chafets (1974), who contributed to the shift in values of masculinity, argues that the concept of masculinity which states that men do not care and pay attention to appearance has shifted and changed (Saputro et al., 2016).Meanwhile, Pita Merdeka cites from Janet Saltzman Chafetz that Chafetz is defined the traditional characteristic of masculinity into seven areas in general culture: physical appearance, funtional, sexual aggressive, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, other personal characteristic (Merdeka & Kumoro, 2018). Janet Saltzman Chafets is a professor of sociology and longtime faculty member at the University of Houston, for 12 years she served as the chair of the sociology department.

Masculinity has a determining effect on many or most aspects of culture(Reeser, 2009). Reeser added that a number of the problems of modern society could be thought of as a result of various elements of masculinity: violence, war, sexism, rape, and homophobia all have some connection to masculinity. Masculinity is very often tied to power, whether in government, the household, or the military. One of the recurring features of masculinity - as opposed to feminity - is that men go to great pain to hide it and, by extension, to hide the way that it fuctions and operates. Hiding can allow masculinity to function without challenge or question. Masculinity is not always about an obvious use of power and muscle to overcome an enemy, and can work by detours in insidious ways. While the president of a country might not announce that he is invading a foreign country to reaffrm his or his country's masculinity, it still factors in to the military equation, but it may not be articulated as such for fear that it be critiqued or challenged.

The research of masculinity has existed for a long time. Hence many of literary work, such as novel and movie, are exist with concept of masculinity. The creators shows the concept of masculinity through the character of their literary

work. Denti, et al, quoted Ruthven, reveal that literature is the product of an author's ideology. This ideology emerged as the impact of sensitivity that occurs in reality that occurs in society (Permata et al., 2016). Related to literature, movie is often the author's tool in conveying its ideology.

Study of masculinity in the movie often focus on the Hollywood movie that have many viewers. In the recent years, masculinitiy appears in some hollywood movie such as Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) which played by two main characters; Tom Hardy as Max and Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa. Then, in the American Assassin movie. This movie was released in 2017. American Assassin successes to won two award nomination, first, Golden Trailer Awards in 2017. Second, World Stunt Awards in 2018. This movie is directed by Michael Cuesta which produced by CBS Films Di Bonaventura Pictures, and played by some actors such as Dylan O‟Brien, Michael Keaton, Sana Lathan, Shiva Negar, Taylor Kitsch.

The story of American Assassin focuses on the main character that is Mitch Rapp who wants to revenge his girlfriend‟s death but everything changed when he joins and learns with Stan Hurley, a warrior ex-NAVY SEAL from U.S special force.This is phase of Rapp‟s life where he is being a masculine man which is constructed by his environment. The story of the film begins in Ibiza beach, Spain. Mitch Rapp whose role is played by Dylan O‟Brien were on vacation with his girlfriend, Katrina Harper. Mitch Rapp is taking a video for his vacation, then, when his girlfriend standing in front of him after diving into the water, Mitch Rapp proposed her. How proud Rapp when she accepted his proposal of marriage. Rapp‟s desire to make his girlfriend to be his wife is one of characteristic of masculinity that is represented by Mitch Rapp.

After that Mitch Rapp want to celebrate his special day and order a drink in a bar, suddenly a group of terrorist came to the beach and attack the civillians with assault rifles. All civillians were died including Katrina, but not for Rapp.This tragedy is the social construction which is a big factor for Rapp to start his new

life as the agent of CIA which filled with dangers, then, this is the point where Mitch Rapp changed to be more masculine man.

Eighteen months later, Rapp, now consumed by his desire for vengeance. He has communicated with the terrorist which is responsible for his girlfriend‟s murder. Frequents an internet message board that is sent by terrorist quizzes Rapp on aspect of Islam. From the message, Rapp invited to come to Libya by terrorist. He accepted the invitation because his goal is to join with them make his revenge for the death of his future wife will be realized. When Rapp meets the terrorist face to face in Libya and he is ready to take his vengeance on the man responsible for his future wife‟s death, suddenly the place is ambushed by U.S special force. Then, they killed all the terrorist there. Actually, Rapp has been supervised by CIA for a long time, his activities and especially his communication with the terrorist.

In a CIA safe house, Rapp undergoes 30 days debriefing before being offered a chance by CIA Deputy Director, Irene Kennedy, to join a black operations unit code-named Orion. Its head, Stan Hurley, was a former U.S Navy SEAL and a Cold War veteran who trains Rapp and the other potencial recruits in asymmetric warfare. Then, Rapp as a main character begin his story live to do missions as the agent of special force. His first mission is againts a terrorist who want to bomb the American Navy, the terrorist is an ex-agent of special force which had been trained by Stan Hurley, similar to Rapp.

By the concept of masculinity which belongs to Janet Saltzman Chafets, the writer wants to analyze the representation of masculinity through the main character, Mitch Rapp, as the agent of CIA in American Assassin movieby Michael Cuesta. American Assassin is the movie which shows the war situation between CIA and the terrorist. In this movie, the main character‟s manner is changed after the incident attack of the terrorrist that results in killing of all tourists including the girlfriend of main character with the exception of Mitch Rapp as the only survivor. Therefor, he is consumed by his desire for revenge againts the terrorist for the death of his girlfriend.Then, the main character joins

CIA to fight the terrorist.Focusing on the main character, Mitch Rapp as a CIA agent is very interesting to study because he shows the unique masculinity as the agent of CIA that similar to the warrior type of manlines. Especially in his characteristics.In this movie, We can see how the director represents the masculinity from some aspect.This is interesting to study, how a director describes the masculinity represented by agents of the CIA.

B. Focus of the Study

The writer determines the scope of limitation in analyzing masculinity that is represented by the main character who is working as the agent of the CIA in the American Assassin movie by Michael Cuesta. And this analysis uses the concept of Janet Saltzman Chafetz.

C. Question of The Research

The writer, in this reasearch, would like to analyze the representation of masculinity in the American Assassin movie through the main characters. To reveals masculinity of this movie, the writer formulated the research question as follow:

1. How is the masculinity represented by the agent of CIA in American Assassin movie? D. Significance of Research

Movie is included as amedium of social comunication that are formed from the merger of two senses, visually and verbally, which has an essence or theme of a story that reveals a lot of social realities that occur around the area where the movie grows. For the example is Michael Cuesta who describes a CIA agent in the American Assassin Movie.

Based on the questions of the research above, the significance of the research are to know the representation of masculinity through the main character according to Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept.

E. Objective of The Research

This research is expected to reveal masculinity of the main characters in the American Assasin movie by Michael Cuesta. Then, to do this research, the writer will use masculinity theory. So, in the final of this research; theorytically, hope to give a contribution for the development of masculinity theory and literature. practically, to know how is the interpretation of Michael Cuesta as the director about masculinity of the agent CIA according to his film.

F. Methodology of The Research

1. Method

In this research, the writer uses qualitativemethod with descriptive analysis. He analyzes the unit of analysis by using every reference related to the study. this analysis related to the reaserch question and objectives of study. The writer tries to convey the answers of the research questions through the data analysis and relating it to the masculinity. 2. Data Analisis

The writer, in this reasearch, will capture the frame of the American Assasin movie and analyze the main characters as the technique of data analysis. It is based on masculinity concept to convey masculinity representation of the American Assassin movie. Not only that, the writer also will study other things, which is related to the research by reading, interpreting or examining.

3. Instrumen of the research

The instrument of research is the writer himself by watching the film and capturing the frame of the American Assassin movie as the analysis evidence. Then, the writer will note the things that has connection with the research.

4. Unit of analysis

The unit of analysis, in this research, is the American Assassin movie. American Assassin is a film written by Stephen Schiff, Michael Finch, Edward Zwick, Marshall Herskovitz that produced by CBS Films Di Bonaventura Pictures and directed by Michael Cuesta in 2017. 5. Place and Time

The research is conducted at Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, South Tangerang in 2018/2019.

6. Research Design

This research consists of four chapters; Chapter I, Chapter II, Chapter III, And Chapter IV. Chapter I is an introduction started with Background of the Research, Focus of the Study, Research Question, Significance and Objective Research, and ended with Methodology of the research. Then, inside of Methodology of the Research there are some parts. Which are Method, Data Analysis, Instrument of the Research, Unit of Analysis, Place of Time, and Research Design. All of them are to reinforce the problems found, as well as provide the introduction of the problems.

The next chapter is chapter II which is entitled Theoritical Framework. It consist of Previous Research and some concepts as the basic for the writer to find the answer of Research Question. Meanwhile, Previous Research aims to know the position of the research whether as a new research or add a research that has been conducted before.

Chapter III entitled Findings Research. It consists of the data description and data analysis, both are the findings of the writer from his research. This chapter is

the fundamental of the research. In this chapter, the writer answers the research questions through the analysis whether describing the main character and the masculinity of the main character based on Janet Saltzman Chafets‟s concept.

The last is chapter IV which is consists of Conclusion and Suggestions. The Conclusion is part of the research that resume the analysis of the writer about his findings in the research. Meanwhile, Suggestions is the part where the writer give the suggestions to someone who will do a research that has connection with this research.

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, the writer would like to explain the previous research and explain some theories that are used to help the writer answers the research question.

A. Previous Research

In every research, there is a part that researcher have to look for some studies which has conducted before and it is connected to the study that the researcher will do. In this part, the writer of this studies has looked for and found some studies that are similar with this. But no one that is using American Assassin movie as the object of the research. The similar research of this research are as follows; firstly, Representation of Masculinity in Twilight Film by Pita Merdeka, a lecturer of Adab and Humanity Faculty in Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University Jakarta. The concept used in this research is the masculinity concept by Janet Saltzman Chafetz. She analyzed Edward Cullen character as the major male character in Twilight Film. Based on the concept she founds sixth of seven areas of masculinity‟s characteristic. According to her research, Edward is brave, dominates, leads, unemotional, a little bit aggressive, and shows the implied hegemonic masculinity side revealing whitin him. It can be recognized that there is a meaning of dominance and superiority of him toward Bella. She also used this concept in her research under the title Masculinity:Male Traits in 1930s Portrayed in Public Enemies.

Secondly, the research by student of Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, namely Miros Nurmala, under the title The Representation of Masculinity Through James Reese and Charlie Wax in The Film of From Paris With Love. In this research she use theory of masculinity as the theoretical basis of the research. In the research, she got the result that James Reese is representing

9 10

masculine identity from the high class because of the power of brain and expertise that he use. Then, Charly Wax is representing masculinity identity from the working class because he prioritizes more on physical strength in his movements, and it is near from the violence.

The other study that has theme about masculinity is the research by Will H. Courtenay that is published by Social Science and Medicine Journal. The title is Constructions of Masculinity and Their Influence on Men's Well-Being: A Theory of Gender and Health. This final study found that men in the United States suffer more severe chronic conditions, have higher death rates for all 15 leading causes of death, and die nearly 7 year younger than women. Health-related beliefs and behaviors are important contributors to these differences. Men in the United States are more likely than women to adopt beliefs and behaviors that increase their risks, and are less likely to engage in behaviors that are linked with health and longevity.

The next study about masculinity is Representasi Maskulinitas Laki-laki Infertil Dalam Film Test Pact Karya Ninit Yunita. This study is conducted by master student of Airlangga University. Her name is Sylvia Aryani Pudjianto who did this study to interprete the potrayal of male masculinity through infertile male characters in the Test Pack film.

The related studies above are some studies on literature which has similar topic with the writer‟s research. The topic of those studies are about masculinity that all of them are using similar theory of the writer‟s research that is theory of masculinity by Janet Saltzman Chafets. However, it should be noticed the differences between this research than the other research is that the writer is focusing on the representation of the agent of CIA, meanwhile Pita Merdeka focuses on the potrayal of male traits in 1930s. Then, Miros Nurmala focuses in the differences between the highclass masculinity and the working class. The study by Will H. Courtenay is focusing onmen's health from a social constructionist and feminist perspective, which different from the writer‟s study.

The last study is from Sylvia Aryani Pudjianto which focuses on potrayal masculinity through infertile male characters.

B. Characterization

Characterization is one of elements of literature. It has different meaning from character but still have relations to one another. According to Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kushner, character is a person created for a work of fiction. Meanwhile, Characterization is the depicting of clear images of a person (Gordon & Kuehner, 1999). John Mullan in his book How Novels Work, he said that it is easy to presume that successful characterization involves taking the reader to the heart, the inner core, of an imagined person (Mullan, 2006). Once, however, „character‟ meant something different, something as much to do with the outer appearance of a person as with being inner being.

There are two methods of characterization: the dramatic and the analytic. In dramatic we form our opinions of the characters from what they do and say, from their environment. And from what other characters think of them. In analytic method the author comment upon the characters, explaining their motives, their appearance, and their thoughts (Jones., 1968). To know the characterization from character the writer use several ways, such as:

1. Characterization Through Appearance

Because most film actors project certain qualities of character the minute they appear on the screen, characterization in film has a great deal to do with casting a mayor aspect of film characterization is revealed visually and instantaneously (Boggs & Petrie, 2008). In the film that we are watching, certainly we can make assumption of the character about his physical body, dress, facial feature, or from his standing. As Bogs and Dennis (60) said that the minute we see actors on the screen, we make

certain assumption about them. The appearance of characters is the first impression that we get in the first sight. Our visual impression may be proven erroneous as the story progresses, but it is certainly an important means of establishing character.

2. Characterization Through Dialogue

Dialogue is one of ways to identify the characterization of character. Hence, we must develop a keen ear, attuned to faintest and most subtle nuances of meaning revealed through the human voice, listening carefully not only what is said but also to how it is said. Characters in a fictional film naturally reveal a great deal about themselves by what they say, but a great deal is also revealed by how they say it. Actors uses of grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary, and particular dialect (if any) reveals a great deal about their character‟s social and economic level, educational background, and mental processes (Boggs & Petrie, 2008). 3. Characterization Through External Action

Although appearance is an important measure of a character‟s personality, appearance is often misleading. Perhaps the best reflections of character are a person‟s action. Therefore, we have to give attention to the person‟s action, whether it is the large actions or the small ones. Because, sometimes the most effective characterization is achieved not by the large actions in the film but by the small, seemingly insignificant ones (Boggs & Petrie, 2008). 4. Characterization Through Internal Action

Internal action is character‟s minds and emotion which consist of secrets, unspoken thoughts, daydreams, aspiration, memories, fears, and fantasies. People‟s hopes, dreams and aspirations, can be as important to understanding of their character as any reveal achievement, and their fears and insecurity can be more terrible to them any real catastrophic failure (Boggs & Petrie, 2008). The most obvious way in the film maker reveals

inner reality is by taking us visually or aurally into the mind so that we see or hear the things that character imagines, remembers, or think about.

5. Characterization Through Reaction of Other Characters

The characterization of a character in film can be depicted not only from character himself, but also we can know it from other characters. The way other characters view a person often serves as an excellent means of characterization. Sometimes, a great deal of information about a character is already provided through such means before the characters first appear on the screen (Boggs & Petrie, 2008)

C. Representation

Stuart Hall, in the book Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices implies that representation means using language to say something meaningful about, or to represent, the world meaningfully, to other people. Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of culture. It does involve the uses of language, of signs, and images which stand for or represent things (Hall, 1997)

Representation according to Mitchel described as the sign that stand in for and take the place of something else. It is through representation people know and understand the world and reality through the act of naming it (Kurniasih, 2010).Representation is seen as a picture of something that is real and accurate. Representation of something that means displaying something that is in our minds through long descriptions or poured in 6 digital imaginations (Hall, 1997). Representation works on the relationship between signs and meaning. The concept of representation can change due to a shift in meaning. Thus, the representation is not a static process but rather a dynamic process that can develop with the development of time. In the theory of representation it is a process of construction effort, because the new interpretations will produce new meanings as well, which is also the result of growth and development of the human mindset

where the representation of meaning can be produced and constructed (Hall, 1997)

From the explanation above, Representation is part of the production process and exchange of meaning (Saputro et al., 2016). They also added that through the language this production process and exchange of meaning are done. Beside the language the sign also can represent some meanings, because of the sign there is an exchange of meaning. There are three important things in the representation; (1) Signifier, (2) signified, and (3) mental concept or mental representation. Representation is not only about production of meaning, but also is about exchange of meaning.

D. Janet Saltzman Chafetz’s Concept of Masculinity

Masculinities are the patterns of social practice associated with the position of men in any society‟s set of gender relations. Gender is constructed from cultural and subjective meanings that constantly shift and vary, depending on the time and place (Courtenay, 2000). According to Reeser, masculinity seems like an obvious thing, something we can and do take for granted (Reeser, 2009). We know what it is when we see it: it is commonsensial, produced by testosterone or by nature. We can easly ascribe a series of characteristics to masculinity: muscular, strong, hard, brave and in control are words that come to mind. We know that it is the opposite of feminity. We can also make a list of adjectives that do not describe masculinity, such as weak, soft, and emotional. Masculinity consists of those behaviors, languages and practices, existing in specific cultural and organizational location, which are commonly associated with males and thus culturally defined as not feminine. Masculinity and male behaviors are not the simple product of genetic coding or biological predispositions (Itulua- Abumere, 2014). The understanding of masculinity has demonstrated that masculinity is not natural. Instead, it is seens as gender identity that is socially and culturally constructed, historical and political. It has represented the social and cultural interpretation of maleness learnt through engagement and participation in the society (Itulua-Abumere, 2014).

Flourish in her paper Understanding Men and Masculinity in Modern Society also wrote Connell‟s statement (1995) that in the last ten years field studies in the industrial countries have multiplied and new theoretical languages have been proposed (Itulua-Abumere, 2014). There is no settled paradigm for this new work, but some common themes are clear: the construction of masculinity in everyday life, the importance of economic and institutional structures, the significance of differences among masculinities and the contradictory and dynamic character of gender. Richard and David in Canada shows in great detail how business and political interests constructed the aggressively masculinised world of professional ice hockey. The construction of masculinity in sport also illustrates the importance of the institutional setting. When boys start playing competitive sport they are not just learning the game, they are entering an organized institution. Economic circumstance and organizational structure also contribute to the making of masculinity at the most intimate level.

In Handbook of The Sociology of Gender whom Janet Saltzman Chafetz is the editor of this book, masculinity is defined as the socially generated consensus of what it means to be a man, to be „manly‟ or to display such behaviour at any one time. Thus, masculinity is clearly distinguished from actual men, who may differ in their practice of masculinity from this consensus (Chafetz, 2006). According to Janet Saltzman Chafetz, she describes seven areas of traditional masculinity in western culture: the physical image, the function in life, the sexual aggressiveness, the emotion, the intelligence, the personality, and other personality (Chafetz, 1978).

The first is the image of physical; it concerns virile, athletic, strong, brave and unconcerned about appearance and aging. Being a man, it is important to have a physical abilities, mostly, it is still being a prominent features of a man. A man‟s physical capability may affects everything from self-preverences to mating preference. Then, his health and virility makes the opposite sex is interested in him. Meanwhile, his strength and stature affects his working

The second is the image of men‟s functional, it concerns breadwinner, provider. It is about men as provider for his family or himself. The third is sexual, masculinity as a result of social construction is also proved by how the man active in specific cultural or organizational locations, such as Andrew and Nicholas argue that the male is strong, active, rational, the female is weak, passive, irrational, and so forth (Bennett & Royle, 2004). Within the logic of this description – which has dominated the history of Western culture – having a penis seems to have been so important that it becomes appropriate to speak of its symbolic significance, in other words to speak of the phallus. Texts or particular aspects of texts can then be described not only in terms of the patriarchal but also in terms of phallocentric or phallogocentric. Patriarchy involves upholding the supposed priority of the male. Sexual means concern about sexual aggressive of men, men‟s desire to have a relationship, and single status acceptable.

The fourth is the image of emotional, it concerns unemotional stoic (self- control emotion) and never crying. The denial of ones emotions is ingrained in men from a very early age. The phrase “boys don‟t cry” about sums it up. Whatever his position, a man must manage without regard to the emotional effect that issues have on him. The ability to suppress personal feelings enables men to maintain an objective view of the circumstance and carry on. A man is then able to make rational decisions whether in a situation as small as an interpersonal debate or as catastrophic as a bloody battlefield. That said, it is necessary and healthy for men to have someone that they can confide in – a mentor, a brother, a friend – and let the old guard down once in a while so that stress isn‟t bottled up to the point of exploding.

The fifth is intellectual which is consist of logical, intellectual, rational, objective, and practical. Men are seen to rely on their intellectual capabilities rather than on emotion or intuition. Utilization of reason and logic enable men to view situations objectively and thus respond to them in a rational way. Only factual information is considered, while “feelings” are deemed unsuitable

evidence on which to base decisions. Education and the acquisition of knowledge are viewed as important factors in male development.

The sixth is interpersonal, it concerns about leadership, dominating, disciplinarian, independent, free, individualistic and also demanding. The last is other personal characteristic that covers ambition, success-oriented, aggressive, proud, competitive and adventurous, egoistical, moral and trustworthy.

E. Types of Manliness When someone thinks about manliness, they usually have various types, drawn from their lives and from pop culture books, television, drama, drama, movies that comes from their mind. Brett and Kate implies in their article that there are six different types of manliness (McKay, 2009). 1. The Warrior According to Brett and Kate, this type is considered as the type have been associating with manliness the longest. The Warrior is a type of manliness that mostly seen in the character who act as a soldier in the modern times. In ancient times, he was a tribesmen. This warrior type character is willing to lay down his life for others and for the glory of conquest and victory. The positives characteristic of the warrior are toughness, leadership, courage and sacrifice. Then, the pitfall associated with this type are callousness, difficulty in adjusting to civilian life, and unwilling to question authority. 2. The Lone Wolf The lone wolf is the the type of manliness that, in popular culture depicted as a cowboy. Brett and Kate state that: He is the cowboy riding his horse alone into the sunset, the biker roaring across the desert, the hobo wandering from place to place. He is also the artistic genius or the intellectual who isolates himself to create a great masterpiece or concentrate on his study. Tacitum and mysterious, he dosn‟t care for cultural rules and conventions; he is the rebel who blazes his own path (McKay, 2009).

This type of manliness has positives characteristic that are self sufficient, free thinking, independent, and able to be his own man. The pitfalls for this

type are the man can not ask for help, difficulty in forming connection with others, depression and suppression of emotion. 3. The Adventurer The adventurer is the type of manliness that is seen in the adventure movie, in which the character has desire to wonder, travel and explore a new place. This character usually love somethings dangerous and he desire to get outside from the comfort zone. The positives characteristic of this type are free spirit, courage, vitality, risk taking. Whereas the pitfall of this type are flighty and inability to commit.

4. The Gentleman Brett and Kate in the article state that the gentleman is suave, urban, polite and respectful to all, both to inferiors and superiors (McKay, 2009). The character that usually has this type of manliness, he is knowledgeable and comes from the high class society. The characteristic associated with this type are well-dressed and well-mannered.

5. The Statesman The statesman is a type of manliness which the character dedicates himself to the nation. We usually perceive the statesman-type man is president, leader or prime minister. In Brett and Kate article, they stated:

To the ancient Greeks, a man could not posses manliness without being engaged a civic affairs. The statesman puts the good of the nation above individual pursuits. In his true form, the statesman has 4 attributes, as delineated by professor J. Rufus Fears: a bedrock of principles, a moral compass, a vision, and an ability to build consensus to achieve that vision. These qualities, along with a proficiency in the art of oratory, allow him to hold together and guide the nation‟s pr people destiny (McKay, 2009).

The positives characters of this type are idealistic, driven, civic-minded, and principled. The paitfalls for this type are ego-centric, pride leading to scandal and corruption.

6. The Family Man The family man is a type of manliness which the character dedicates himself to the family. The family man-type character usually works hard in the office for his family‟s living. The positive characteristic of this type are hardworking, loyal, good husband and father. Meanwhile, the pitfall for this type are aversion to risk and complacency.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCHFINDINGS

The main character in this movie is Mitch Rapp who is depicted as a young man, who certainly has an important role in the developing conflict in the movie. He is a young man who joined the CIA for the sole reasons of revenge. This analysis aims to know how the masculinity of CIA agents that is represented by Mitch Rapp. In this chapter, the writer would like to analyze the main character of American Assassin movie through masculinity concept of Janet Saltzman Chafetz; physical, function, sexual aggresive, emotion, intellectual, personality, and other personal characteristic. The main character of this movie is played by Dylan O‟Brian as Mitch Rapp, someone who have the six of seven characteristics that support his character as the agent of CIA. To start analyzing the mascullinity of Rapp, the writer would like to analyze the characterization of Rapp to be more clear using the potrait of Rapp.

The first characterization is showed through appearance, Mitch Rapp is depicted as a young man, he is tall and well-standing with black hair and white skin. It can be seen from pictures bellow.

Picture I picture II

19 20

He often showed without wearing a clothes in this film, so it shows his muscular body which means he is strong man. He also ever has bearded, however eighteen months after the terrorist attack in Ibiza he cut his beard before he joins with CIA. The second characterization is through the dialogue. Rapp is stubborn and egoistic, ambitious. It can be seen from some dialogues. When Rapp is practicing in the room, he does not aware that he was bothering his neighbors with the noise that he makes. Hence, his neighbors knocks his room door and asks to him.

Mr. Nazir : Rapp, why I gotta tell you again? Rapp : Sorry, Mr. Nazir. I didn’t realize it was past 10.00. I’ll try to keep it down Mr. Nazir : Yeah, enough with the sports. Rapp : Copy that, all right. Thanks Mr. Nazir.

Mr. Nazir using the word again in his question which means it often happens. The dialogue between Rapp and his neighbor shows the egoistic and the stubborness of Rapp. His ambitiousness can be seen in his dialogue with Dr. Frain when he is interviewed in headquarters of CIA.

Dr. Frain : So, what is your goal, Mitch? Rapp : My goals? My goal is to have them lie awake at night, knowing I’m coming for them.

The third characterization is through external action. The writer identifies that characterization of Mitch Rapp through external action as a brave and serious man. It can be seen from several actions. Some of them are described and analyzed by writer bellow.

Picture III

From the picture above we can see that Rapp jumps from the dock to the boat. Eventhough he knows that there is a nuclear bomb in the boat. This scene is the climax of film that a terrorist, the Ghost, going to sea to blow the bomb up in the place where six fleets are there. The ghost wants to die in the sea as like Hurley said, and Rapp is there to stop the Ghost. The picture above depicted the bravery of Rapp. To do this action, Mitch Rapp does not think to save himself but he intends to save the others because he has abandoned his desire for vengeance and do not consider this mission as a personal matter.

Picture IV

The writer gives a picture above as one of evidences that Mitch Rapp is a serious man. Mitch Rapp has changed after the incident in the Ibiza beach, this is the reason why he became a serious man. He is depicted as a serious man, his eyes shows that he is a very optimistic and ambitious man. It can be seen as long as duration of the film. In the picture, he is very serious when Anika and him do a

mission in a Turkey. He doesn‟t look away while watching the target of the mission. However, Anika said to him to be calm and do not think too much because he can lose his nerve but he stays in his style.

The fourth characterization is through the internal action. Rapp is emotional, ambitious and vengeful. It can be seen from his daily activities. The pictures bellow can explain that he is emotional, ambitious and vengeful.

Picture V Picture VI

After all that happened to Rapp. He is very ambitious to take this revenge against the terrorist. He practices his abilities and skills everyday to avenge his girlfriend. Such as showed in picture V, he is practicing his ability to fight in Wrestling gym. In this practice, Rapp is punched by his partner but Rapp is emotional then attack him blindly until Rapp locks his partner movement. When his partner hints to surrender, Rapp keeps locking him by strangling and do not letting him go. So, his coach breaks them down and expels Rapp.

Rapp is vengeful, when he succeeded to join with the terrorist that has killed his girlfriend. He intends to take his revenge against the terrorist after he join with them, he said that he wants to have them lie awake at night, knowing he is coming for them. His target is killed by CIA from sudden attack. Rapp is mad and he takes his knife to stab him with the knife many times, although the terrorist is dead. The last characterization is through the reaction of other character, through this way Mitch Rapp depicted as a brave man and skillfull but also he is noncompliant and oppositional. It can be seen from the dialogues between Tom and Irene, and between Irene and Hurley.

He is a brave man and skillfull such as Irene said with Hurley when they are talking. Hurley : Good, you are here. I wanna show you something. Wait here! Look at that, that is the kind of bullshit. That could shut us down, kid can’t even follow a fucking order. Irene : Victor got made. Rapp didn’t. Hurley : Why does this kid give such a fucking hard-on? Irene : Don’t talk to me like that! I’m your superior. Hurley : My superior, Irene? Irene : Your superior, got damn it. Do you have any idea how long I spent for looking someone with that kid’s tallent and balls? Rapp stays.

However, Mitch Rapp is also noncompliant and oppositional or indicipline and stubborn. Tom once said that he is noncompliant and oppositional to Irene.

Irene : Tom! He’s testing through the roof. Might be the best I’ve ever seen. We’ve had him under surveillance for six months; martial arts, gun skills. Tom : I’ve surveilled dozens of these vigilantes. Irene : This one is different. Tom : yeah, well, Ive gone over these Irene, he is noncompliant, he is oppositional.

Not only Tom who said that, but also Hurley when Irene and Mitch Rapp arrived in Hurley house. Then Irene talking with Hurley.

Iren : You saw those test. Hurley : Yeah, I saw them. Irene : He is off the charts. Hurley : I have seen off the charts before. Irene : And he is got none of the bad habits. Hurley : He’d have unlearn if he had military training.

All of that are the answers for describing the character of Mitch Rapp through his characterization. And this analysis is according to the theory of Boggs and Denis.

Masculinity of Rapp as The CIA Agent

1. Physical

Based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept, physical masculinity‟s character is about virile, strong, athletic, and brave. Then, it is unconcerned about appearance and aging (Chafetz, 1978). It involves the man‟s power that is commonly seen from the body image and the performance. The masculine man is brave, he is not afraid of anything and he is savior for a women, relatives, and himself. Masculinity itself is a set of attributes, behaviours, and roles that generally associated with boys and men. Masculinity is a part of gender characteristic, and it is often found in men, although women may have masculine characteristic (Merdeka & Kumoro, 2018). Men show masculinity characteristic in their lives, whether they are at home, at workplace, or in public places. It also shown by Mitch Rapp who work as agent of CIA in American Assassin movie. Mitch Rapp is a young man who had experienced a terrorist attack while on vacation with his girlfriend. In this movie, it is not explained in details how the previous life of Rapp. However, before the terrorists attacked and killed the tourists, in the Ibiza beach Rapp was described as a young man who was cheerful and friendly with those around him. In fact Rapp here had a chance to propose his lover who was later killed and made Rapp has his revenge against terrorism.

Picture 1.1 (05:30 – 06:10) Picture 1.2(1:41:25 – 1:41:35)

The Appearance of character in movie is the earliest aspect to assume about his role, or the overall storyline of a movie through the appearance of its character, facial atmosphere, body shape, attitude of the way of walking etc. Although sometimes making incorrect assumptions, appearance still plays important role in character building (Boggs & Petrie, 2008).

In this film, Mitch Rapp's character is portrayed physically, as in picture 1.2, he has a stocky body, blond hair, pure white skin. Besides that, after the terrorist attack incident and before he joined to become a CIA agent, he is described as a man with long hair and a heavy beard. He appeared to be a young man who did not take care of his appearance, this was articulated by the writer that Rapp still felt sadness because his lover was killed. As shown in picture 1.1. Mitch Rapp is also often displayed without shirt, which shows his mascular body. It is seen in several scenes such as the scene when he is with his girlfriend, Katrina, in Ibiza beach (01:15-05:20), in his room eighteen months after terorrist attack (05:30-07:56), when he is practicing in his room (09:40-10:00), in the Navona hotel after he fights with the Ghost‟s group (1:07:09-1:10:05) and after he accomplished his mission when he swims in Dubai (1:41:25-1:41:35). Even when he is wearing a clothes, it is a tight shirt that also make his body looks more athletic that shows his large arms muscle. His athletic body can be seen from his arms, shoulder, and chest. Beside that, he has ideal body that has a six-pack abs. Commonly, a six- packs abs has become a symbol of masculinity in man‟s world because it is represents a powerful and strong man. Consequently, perspective that spreading in society about the ideal body of men such as sturdy, muscular, athletic, and having a six-pack body led many advertisements for male specific products that played by man without clothes and show the body shape. From picture 1.2, Rapp have a masculine characteristic which is strong, it can be seen from his body which is ideal. Ideal body is a body that is

generally considered strong, muscular, athletic and suported by a balance posture between weight and height. As quoted from a statement that the ideal body that commonly expected by society for men is strong, muscular, athletic and suported by a balance posture between weight and height (Hasyim et al., 2007). Commonly, athletic and muscular are two of some factors that can be identify someone strength because atletic and muscular body is achieved through hard working or experience which takes a long time. According to Nur Hasyim, et al., quoting from Grinder (1978) body image is an evaluative result from a series of experience that currently possessed or idealized that is obtained from one‟s physical development, parent‟s attention, and social environment expectations for physical attributes of someone (Hasyim et al., 2007). Likewise Rapp who exercise every day such as boxing, wrestling, and fitness. Thus, Rapp has the ideal body. His ideal muscular and athletic body proves that Rapp is a strong man. Beside that, athletic is defined in Longman Handy Learner’s as strong and active physically. Meanwhile muscular is strong with large muscle. Another analysis of masculinity from Rapp in picture 1.2 are the way his stand and walk that looks brawny and sturdy. In other word, Rapp is virile looked from the way his stand and walk. Generally, how they walk is often a consideration for men whether he is male or not, there is a term that is often expressed by women to judge the way of man‟s walk, it is “really guy and very authoritative”.

Picture 2 (09:41 – 10:00)

The other picture that supports the analysis of Rapp‟s masculinity based on physical appearance is picture 2. The picture 2 shows Mitch Rapp as main character practicing to hit a punching bag in his room eighteen months after the terrorist‟s attack in Ibiza beach. Rapp sport activities like this are often identified as activities that are masculine or potraying masculinity, such as expressed by Pita Merdeka that exercising such as soccer, lifting weights, shooting, bungee jumping and other sports can also display the impression of maleness (masculinity) or the popular term among young women today “really guy” (Merdeka, 2018). The writer through picture 2 categorizes Mitch Rapp as a masculine male based on Janet's concept phisically. He is a strong man. In addition, this analysis also shows that Rapp's characterization through external actions is strong. The evident is when he is practicing, such as shown in picture 2, to hit a punching bag that has a common weight of about 35-60 kg with rubber of vulcanized powder as the ingredient. Furthermore, we can see the sways of the punching bag although it is very solid and heavy. Thus, the sways of the punching bag is a prove that Rapp is very strong. Mitch Rapp is also shown practicing without his shirt, therefore it shows his arms, shoulder and his chest that are muscular.

Picture 3 (30:11 – 31:56)

Beside that we also cannot doubt about his stamina. Having big stamina is one proof that someone is strong, then it is found in Rapp. It can be seen when he is practicing with Hurley, a warrior ex-NAVY SEAL from U.S

special force, with a shopisticated tools to shoot everyone shown in the tool randomly. Rapp should memorize them, then if he is doing a mistake in a shoot he will get electrocuted. Meanwhile, this is a big electricity that makes Mitch Rapp‟s friends are getting a gag in this practice. As depicted in picture 3, he is holding from the electrocuted in a practice to be agent of CIA. Rapp is electrocuted many times because he shoots someone who does not on the list. Therefore, he is getting electric shock many times. He is electrocuted more than his friends but he is able to last longer than his friends. It is called strong and powerful because he can hold a long time from electric shock eventhough it is done many times with a large enough voltage for humans. Mitch Rapp is not merely fulfilling physic concept of Janet with his appearance. Strong and powerful are not showing clearly his masculine side. However, Mitch Rapp has also a brave personality which is included in masculinity according to Janet Saltzmans Chafetz.

Nur Hasyim, Aditya Putra K, and Elli Nur Hayati were write on their book:

“Selama ini ada pendapat yang beredar di masyarakat bahwa seorang laki-laki jangan sampai menangis atau meneteskan air mata karena akan menurunkan derajatnya sebagai seorang laki- laki. Seorang laki-laki harus tampil tatag (berani menghadapi segala sesuatu), tanggon (tanggung jawab), dan tangguh (mampu bertahan dalam kondisi apapun (Hasyim et al., 2007)”

Means that during this time there is an opinion in society that a man should not cry because it will reduce his degree as a man. Men must be brave, resilient and tough. In line with opinion of Nur Hasyim, et al, Mitch Rapp is brave to face anything.

Picture 4 (42:00 – 42:56)

Picture 4 shows the scene when Mitch Rapp does the first mission with Hurley, Anika, and Victor. Anika is agent CIA in Turkey and Victor is also agent CIA practiced by Hurley. In this mission, Victor is killed by the terrorist, then Rapp decided to follow the terrorist to the appartmen. This is an individual action that do not commanded by Hurley as a leader. Rapp do not afraid of the enemy eventhough it is in the enemy base. Rapp went to enemy‟s apartment alone and he kills all the inhabitants. It is categorized as a brave action because Mitch Rapp did it by himself. He doesn‟t affraid of anything. But this is also a reckless act. In addition, because of his individual actions that categorized by the writter as brave and reckless characteristic make Hurley mad and blame Rapp for Victor‟s death and the chaos that occured. Based on picture 5 below, Rapp is looking at a picture while Irene and Hurley are debating in another room. In this debate, Irene says that Rapp is a brave man.

Hurley : Good, you are here. I wanna show you something. Wait here! Look at that, that is the kind of bullshit. That could shut us down, kid can’t even follow a fucking order. Irene : Victor got made. Rapp didn’t. Hurley : Why does this kid give such a fucking hard-on? Irene : Don’t talk to me like that! I’m your superior. Hurley : My superior, Irene? Irene : Your superior, got damn it. Do you have any idea how long I spent for looking someone with that kid’s tallent and balls? Rapp stays.

The conversation above that happened between Irene and Hurley is a debate about Mitch Rapp's attitude.However, This debate stressed that Rapp is innocent and he is a brave man.It can be seen from the conversation when Irene asks “Do you have any idea how long I spent for looking someone with that kid’s tallent and balls? Rapp stays”. The words “Rapp stay” as the answer of question about “tallent and balls” shows that Rapp has a tallent and brave.

Furthermore, this analysis shows that Rapp has a brave and talented characteristic through the dialouge and reaction of other character. Meanwhile, through the external action, Mitch Rapp is a brave and reckless man.But we need to underline that, according to Janet Saltzman, characterization that is included in the category of physical masculinity is brave. Whereas reckless is not.

Picture 6 (1:31:10 – 1:31:13)

Next is picture 6 which reinforces the analysis that Rapp is a brave man. As picture 6 shows, Rapp jumps from the dock to the boat which there has a nuclear bomb in the boat. This scene is the part of film climax when the terrorist, the Ghost, going to sea to blow the bomb up in the place where six fleets are there. Rapp is there to stop the Ghost. Based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz concept, a man does not afraid anything and he savior women and relatives. This action is an evident of the bravery of Rapp. He doesn‟t think to save himself but he intends to save the others from nuclear bomb.

When we look the meaning of Picture 6 above in connotative terms from cinematography, this picture will give a meaning to the concept of masculinity. Cinematographilly, the picture 6 intentionally reveals Rapp from below or the camera is lower than Rapp which is give understanding that Rapp is a brave man. This angel of shot is namely low angel or frog eye view. Then using the technique of the long shot. It is to focus on the backgrond and the body of character. All of us know that the masculinity or man lifes is always related with challenges, then it is shown in this picture. It can be seen that the background of the picture is the sky which is considered as the world wild, then there is guardrail infront of Rapp which means a symbol of difficulty and challenge. But Rapp trust himself and take the risk to do it.

In this part, it is revealed that masculinity that is represented by the agent of CIA leads to the capacity of strength and courage, not to the appearance. The pictures and the descriptive analysis above are evidences that leads to the masculinity of Rapp as the agent of CIA. Mitch Rapp is representing his masculinity in every day by his body image and his activities as the agent of CIA. Then, it is constructed as the experience by the environment. His physical strength and his courage are interpreted by the writer that Mitch Rapp as the agent of CIA has maximum productivity and agile.

2. Sexual Aggressive

To be a masculine man, a man does not only rely on the ideal body image obtained from his experience. Because masculinity is not inherent in person‟s body but rather is the result of social contruction. Denti Permata, et al in Journal Metasastra quoting from Handoko said that gender is not inherent in person‟s body but is achieved through interaction in certain situation (Permata et al., 2016).

In this context, a man will bring up his masculinity through social interaction, that is also his interaction with woman. Generally, every human being has the desire to establish relationships with the opposite sex, the desire to get married and the desire to have an intimate sex. In this movie Rapp also shown to have relationship with several women, one of whom is Katrina. She is a girl playing the role of Rapp‟s lover who has proposed by Rapp at the begining of the movie and died due to terrorist attacks.

However, sexual aggressive means the desire to have a relationship with the opposite sex, and the intimacy in a relationship. Janet Saltzman said that is concerns about sexual aggressive, experienced, and a single status acceptable. A man‟s role as the aggressor in finding a mate is frequently recognized in most cultures, leaving him to seek out and pursue his interest. And this tradition is still found in the modern society.

In this film, Rapp does not making an intimacy sex but he shows the desire to have a relationship with his girlfriend. As depicted in the picture below that taken by technique of medium shot, this technique means the character starting to engage with the other character in the personal level. This picture means Rapp engages with Katrina in the personal level. He loves Katrina and he want to have a relationship with her by proposing her to marriage. He said to Katrina as follows:

Rapp : Katrina Harper... You are my best friend in the whole world. Oh my God. Babe stop it. You are gonna make me.... if you are get emosional, you are gonna kill me. I am trying to get through this, babe. I love you more than anything. Will you marry me? Katrina : Oh, my God! Yes... Rapp : Yeah?

Katrina : Yes, Mitch Rapp.

Picture 7 (01:24 – 02:00)

Picture 7 shows Rapp when proposes Katrina, his girlfriend, to be his wife in the rest of his life. Rapp proposes her in Ibiza beach Spain using his mother‟s ring. Katrina is dived into the water. When Katrina appeared in the surface, Rapp is holding a green rope with a ring in the left hand, and the phone in the right hand to take the video. And the dialogue above can be identify as evident that Rapp is wanting to have a relationship with his girlfriend when he said “Will you marry me?”. Therefor, Rapp has a factor that shape his masculinity of himself in the sexual category according to Janet Saltzman‟s concept.

Picture 8 (02:15 – 02:35)

Another example to shows Sexual Aggressive of Rapp, it can be seen from picture 8 above. It can be included to the category of sexual aggressive of Rapp because Rapp kissed Katrina. He is happy after Katrina accepts his proposal and he shows his desire to have a relationship with her by saying that he loves Katrina and kissing Katrina many times. In addition this

picture is taken by technique close up of shot which aims to show strong feeling of the character. In this context, the writer interprets this technique of taking a picture as Rapp has a strong desire to have a relationship with Katrina, thus Rapp kissed her many times. In this film, the writer found that a CIA agent doesn‟t always represented his masculinity by the physical strength, courage or the intelligence but also he represented the masculinity by his desire to marry a woman. Eventhough the physical is priority for men but the desire to marry a women is considered as the characteristic of masculinity that generally percepted for men. Instead, there is perception in the society that a man doesn‟t considered as the masculine man if he doesn‟t marry, then he doesn‟t considered as masculine man if he has no children.

3. Intellectual

Men are seen to rely on their intellectual capabilities rather than on emotion or intuition. Utilization of reason and logic enable men to view situations objectively and thus respond to them in a rational way. Only factual information is considered, while “feelings” are deemed unsuitable evidence on which to base decisions. Education and the acquisition of knowledge are viewed as important factors in male development (Crooks & Lankow, 2008). Based on Janet‟s concept, intellectual is about logical, intellectual, rational, objective, and practical. It means that its connect with thinking ability, ingenuity, intellegence, and powers of reasoning.

Because of his mission from CIA, Mitch Rapp should has an intellegence, ingenuity, smart in his observasion and smart in his decision to solve the problem. His intellectual can be seen in several ways including his abilty in language, in this film Rapp has the ability to speak in three languages. Firstly, his main language is english. Secondly, he is using Arabic language when he is chatting with the terrorist through the internet (06:25-07:55), not only that but also he is speaking Arabic when he is

interviewed by the terrorist in Libya (11:15-14:00). Thirdly, sometimes, he is speaking Turkish language when he is in Turkey, for the example, he speaks in Turkish language to threat the assisten of the enemy (48:25- 49:00).

Picture 9 (29:40 – 30:00) Picture 9.1 (29:40 – 30:00)

Two picture above are picture when Mitch Rapp doing a practice, both are related to each other. Picture 9 is show Mitch Rapp using the sophisticated tool and picture 9.1 is a picture of Rapp's vision with a sophisticated tool that shows the faces of targets. As depicted in two pictures above, Mitch Rapp should memorize some people faces on picture 9.1 as his target for shooting practice. Using this sophisticated tool Mitch Rapp will look for some people including the targets around him which revealed in three dimension or hologram. The next job that Mitch Rapp has to do is to shoot the targets with a special gun which is connected with the tool to electrocute the body. When he miss the target he will get a shock, as Hurley said:

Hurley : These are your targets, memorize them! It is your reponsibility to be able to identify them. You shoot combantant, you get a point. You miss, you get a shock. You shoot noncombantant you get a bigger shock. Let’s just say you are gonna feel it. Ready? Go!

In general view in today's society, an intelligent person is someone who is able to memorize quickly or be able to deal with something precisely and quickly. Therefore, the writer assumes that intelligence can be seen from how someone thinks and how someone resolves a case. According to Laela Fadhilah, she implies that intellegent is smart, able to understand and learn things quickly (Fadhilah, 2012). In this context,Mitch Rapp can memorize the shoot targets well. He always shoot the targets shown in the tool that he has memorized. It can be categorized as intellegence. Rapp is an intellegence and smart people because he can memorize quickly. Rapp is masculine man based on the concept of masculinity proposed by Janet Saltzman Chafet that intellectuals are included in the factors of masculinity.

Beside that, Mitch Rapp has the intellegence to solve a mission. In the practicing hall where it is designed to be some rooms with full of furniture Mitch Rapp has a mission to identify someone who are being the target then catch him. There are many people in those rooms. To solve this mission, Rapp does not walking arround like the others to find the target, because it can be endanger for himself. Such as shown in the picture 10 below, Rapp is going to the corner where there has a mirror there, through the mirror Mitch Rapp watching over every person there to find the target. Not for long time, he can find two persons, a man and a girl, suspected as the targets.

Picture 10 (34:42 – 36:15).

Being a CIA agent is required to be smart in mingling, disguising and spying. Quoting from www.bbc.com, the most important thing to be an

agent is that you have to be able to blend in with the crowd(Mengintip kehidupan agen rahasia, 2012). Besides that, it was stated that the basis of all covert operations was surveillance. Rapp has those requirements, with his intelligence he does the important basic things as a CIA agent. However, Rapp did it very smart.

In this practice to find the targets, actually his friend namely Victor has found the target before Rapp, but Victor suspects only the man and do not aware with the girl that give him a threat. Before the targets doing more to Victor, Rapp acts quickly to solve the mission. Rapp shoots the targets using the toy gun including the girl that is a threat to Victor. This is one such evidence that shows intellectual of Rapp, because he is doing a mission very carefully.

The intellectual of Rapp also can be seen when he infiltrated the enemy in their appartment. After his friend namely Victor killed by the enemy in a mission to take away the unknown package from the enemy that cause a chaos, Rapp follows the enemy to finish the mission although Hurley commands to cancel the mission. To know the enemy‟s place, Mitch Rapp threat the enemy‟s assistant with his gun, using Turkish language he commands the enemy‟s assistant to follow the boss (48:25-49:00). They arrived in the destination in few minutes, it is the enemy‟s appartment. Then, the enemy‟s assistant said that his boss is in fifth floor.

After Rapp tied and silenced him in the car, Rapp jumps over the appartment fence. He does not know if there are guard dogs. Thus, Rapp is chased by the guard dogs and he comes into a car. In this situation, Rapp thinks quickly to overcome the guard dogs in order his infiltrate is not known by the enemy. He trapped and locked the dogs in the car. It is shows the intellectual of Rapp because he is thinking quickly to overcome the guard dogs in a critical situation, therefore by using his intellectual he can finish the mission.

Through the internal action, Rapp shows his characterization that is included in seven areas of masculinity based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz concept. Rapp is an intellegent person. Then, the analysis above is an evidence that shows the intellegent of Rapp.

4. Emotional

Emotional is connected with people‟s feelings such as love, anger, sadness, fear, joy, or hate. Meanwhile, belongs to concept of Janet Saltzman Chafets, it is concern unemotional stoic and never crying. When the man was a child, the parents often say a phrase “boys don‟t cry”. It is engrained in men from early age. Whatever the condition, a man must be able to manage his emotion (Crooks & Lankow, 2008)

Generally, when a man is in a debate or when facing a problem that is not found a solution, the majority will choose a physical solution or at least a man will be angry. Cicih Kurniasih in her thesis implies there are two types of men emotion that have significant differences while suffer from losing beloved woman. Men ussually can control their emotion or sadness, but the part of them often cannot control their emotion. When the beloved woman has died, the part of them can hide the sadness by musing, and the other cannot hide their sadness then show it by screaming (Kurniasih, 2010). Likewise with Rapp who cannot control his emotion, he was angry and attacked Hurley when they argued and no one gave in.This will be explained in picture 12 bellow.

Picture 12 (39:00 – 40:10)

Rapp is very sad when Katrina, Rapp‟s girlfriend, was being a victim of terrorist attack in Ibiza beach. So, he is consumed by his desire for vengeance to the terrorist until he is recruited by CIA and trained by Hurley. One day, before Hurley informs him to do a mission, Hurley invites Rapp in Hurley‟s room, Hurley shows him a video of the terrorist‟s attack in Ibiza beach when Katrina shot by terrorist. Then, Rapp looks angry at Hurley. They do a conversation as follows:

Hurley : You like movies? Rapp : Sure. Hurley : I got something for you. (show the movie to him) Rapp : what the fuck is this. Hurley : Yeah, I thought so. Rapp : You thought so? Hurley : Yeah, why are you even alive, Rapp? You ever asked yourself that? Why you? You know, of all those people? You are special, I guess. You want me to turn it up?(turn up the sound) Rapp : You are fucking coward, you know that? Turn that shit off!

When they are talking such as dialogue above, Rapp do not cry when Hurley shows him that video. From his eyes, it looks that he hold a sadness but his face shows that he is angry. The words what the fuck is this and You are fucking coward, you know that? Turn that shit off!, it means Rapp is very angry to Hurley. He cannot control his emotion. Furthermore, Rapp is trying to attack Hurley because of his anger. Rapp's emotions were constructed as a result of his experience of losing his girlfriend. As the Janet‟s concept that emotional is one of masculinity traits that is about unemotional stoic and never crying. And masculinity itself is constructed by social experience not born naturally.

5. Interpersonal

Personal means connecting with individual people, especially their feelings, characters, and relationship. Meanwhile, interpersonal means existing or done between two people that one of them can be leader and dominant (Purnama, 2010). As Janet Saltzman‟s concept, interpersonal is connected with leadership, dominating, diciplinarian, individualistic, independent, free, and demanding.

Picture 13.1 (42.25) Picture 13.2 (42:30 – 42:50)

Mitch Rapp is represented as a young man who had an individual characteristic. Mitch Rapp shows his individualistic through the action. As shown in picture 13.2 above, Mitch Rapp is doing individual act. Rapp and Anika are doing the mission in Istanbul to spy on the enemy, Anika is his partner in the mission, she is also an agent of CIA like Rapp. They are spying for Hamdi Syarif who is known as a real estate boss mogul and arms dealer, he is like Santa Clause for terrorist. From the information, Hamdi Syarif has a routine to have his breakfast in a restaurant. therefore Rapp and team are going to the restaurant where Hamdi Syarif doing a routine.

In the place where Anika and Rapp can wacth the enemy, they are sit in the midle of crowded place, accross the resturant. Not for a long time, Hamdi Syarif is coming with the car then there is someone who approached him and talk to him. Hamdi Syarif seems angered by him. After that, the person walks away from Hamdi Syarif. Rapp suddenly standing from his

seating. Anika try to ask him but he do not answer Anika‟s question. Anika looks confused with this situation and looking around. Rapp goes toward to the person, in the midle of the street, delibaretely Rapp crashes his body to that person. Then, he stole his phone.

After that, in the base, Rapp is checking the file contents of the cellphone he stole from the enemy. Here, Hurley and Victor assume Rapp has done something risky. They are say as follows:

Hurley : It was fucking reckless, Rapp. Rapp : I took the initiatif, sir. Victor : It could have been made. Rapp : Well, I wasn’t.

From the scene and those conversation, it can be taken as a prove of individual of Rapp to act without asking and being ordered, even Rapp do not answer Anika‟s question when they are doing a mission to spy the enemy. This is a risky action because it can make the enemy suspicious. Thus, Hurley said that It was fucking reckless. But Rapp said that he took the iniatif although he does not get the order from Hurley.This individual characterization of Rapp is one of masculinity traits based on Janet Saltzman‟s concept.

On the other side, through the dialogue and the reaction of other characters Rapp was also described as being stubborn and undisciplined. This can be seen from the conversation between Irene and Tom below, which also supports that Rapp is a talented person.

Irene: Tom? He's testingthrough the roof. Might be the best I've ever seen. We've had him under surveillance for six months. Martial arts, gun skills. I've surveilled dozens of these vigilantes. This one is different.

Tom: Yeah, well, I've gone over these, Irene. He's noncompliant, he's oppositional.

Through this conversation, it can be seen how Rapp is described as a talented person. A statement from Irene that said "He's testing through the roof" which then describes the talents of Mitch Rapp in martial arts and gun skills prove it. However, Tom believes that Mitch Rapp is a stubborn and undisciplined person. It can be seen from Tom's statement that says "It's noncompliant, he's oppositional".Clearly, Tom's statement proves the characterization of Rapp that Rapp is stubborn and undisciplined.

6. Other Personal Characteristic

The last characteristic of masculinity based on the concept of Janet Saltzman Chafets is other personal characteristic. Every person have ambition, success-oriented, aggressiveness, pride, strong desire in competition and adventure, egoistical, moral and trustworthy. According to Janet‟s concept, other personal characteristic is concern about ambition, success-oriented, aggressive, proud, competitive and adventurous, egoistical, moral and trustworthy(Merdeka, 2013). In this film, Rapp as main character is described as a serious, egoistic, and ambitious man. These characterics are some of characteristics which are included in other personal characteristic. In this part, the writer would like to show other personal characteristics of Rapp with the pictures and the conversation as the evidences.

Mitch Rapp is very vengeful to the terrorists who attacked the visitor with firearms in Ibiza beach, including Rapp‟s girlfriend that is being a victim. This incident makes Rapp has the desire to have his revenge against the terrorist. Then, eighteen months later, Rapp looks different. There is no smile again in his face, his beard is very thick altough he did not have it before . And also he is grumpy. Rapp, now consumed by his desire for vengeance. To reply to the terrorist treatment, Rapp is practicing physically everyday. Not only that but also he is practicing his skill to fighting and shooting.

To be more clear, it can be seen from picture 14 that Rapp is a seriuos man.The writter want to analyze through the way of taking the scene. When the camera takes the long of shot, it shows the crowd arround of him, lots of people passing by. However, Rapp is keeping his view on the target. it is different with Anika who had conversation with someone beside him and she looks more relaxed than Rapp. Then, the camera moves to be close up where the camera focused on Anika and Rapp. Rapp still on his style. He doesn‟t look away at all. This technique aims to show Rapp's facial expressions. It can be seen in picture 14 bellow that Anika is smiling but Rapp is not. It identifies that Rapp is a serious man.

Picture 14 (44:00 – 45:20)

Mitch Rapp is being a serious man after the incident in the Ibiza beach where the terrorist slaves the visitors including his girlfriend, this is the reason he became a serious man. He depicted as a serious man, his eyes shows that he is very optimistic, serious and ambitious man. In the picture 14, the face of Rapp looka very serious when Anika and him do a mission in Turkey. He doesn‟t look away while watching the target of the mission. Therefor Anika said to him:

Anika : Don’t think to much, you will lose your nerve. Rapp : No, I dont think so. Anika : It will be your first time. Rapp : Yeah, not in my mind.

The conversation above is the evidence that Mitch Rapp is a serious man. The answer of Rapp “No, I dont think so” when Anika said ”Don’t think to much you will lose your nerve” is the evidence of how serious of Rapp.

Beside that, Rapp is represented as an egoistic man. One night, Mitch Rapp still practicing in his room. He practices his skill to throw the knife and the target is terrorist‟s photo who is responsible for the incident in Spain. He hung the photo behind the closet door. He does not aware that he was bothering his neighbors with the noise that he makes. So, his neighbors knocks his room door and asks him.

Picture 15 (10:00 – 10:30)

From the dialogue and picture 15, it can be concluded that Rapp is egoistic. Mr. Nazir‟s question “Rapp, why I gotta tell you again?” shows that Rapp is often doing this. He often disturb his neighbors by the noise that he makes in his practice at night.

The last, Rapp is ambitious. After the incident in the Spain, Rapp is very ambitious to do a vengeance to the terrorist. He intends to join the terrorists and destroy them from the inside. He will kill them all, therefore

he is practicing intensively. He tells his ambition when he is interviewed by Dr. Frain From CIA.

Dr. Frain : So, what is your goal, Mitch? Rapp : My goals? My goal is to have them lie awake at night, knowing I’m coming for them.

From this scene, it can be seen the ambition of Rapp from the dialogue. Rapp‟s answer to the question from Dr. Frain “My goal is to have them lie awake at night, knowing I’m coming for them” represent that Rapp is very ambitious to have his revenge against the terrorist by not letting them live queitly.

From those analysis of other personal characteristic, it proves that Rapp has masculine characteristics. Rapp is a man who described as having a serious, egoistic, and ambitious character. This analysis is also categorized as his characterization through the internal action and through the respond of other characters. These traits are some of the characteristic that are included in other personal characteristic based on Janet Saltman‟s concept.

Finally, according to the concept of masculinity by Janet Saltzman Chafetz the writer states that Rapp is a masculine man. In this agent intellegent film, Mitch Rapp has the unique masculinity, as the agent of CIA, he represents masculinity in this era with masculinity before 1980‟s. Beside that, his masculine potrayal is similar to the warrior type of manlines. He represent masculinity in his every day lives. His masculinity is born as the result of social construction started from the terrorist attack in Ibiza beach that kill his fiancee, then it also born from his experiences in the CIA wether when he is practicing or when he is doing the mission. He always do anything with his masculinity. However he doesn‟t represents all the areas of masculinity. He is only representing six of seven areas of masculinity, which are physical, sexual aggresive, emotion, intellectual, personality, and other personal characteristic. Meanwhile for the function, In this movie, it is described that his reason to join the CIA is not to work but it is about

his ambition to avenge the death of his girlfriend. Thus, the writer considers that Rapp is not representing this category.

Six areas of masculinity that is represented by Mitch Rapp are as follows: Physically, Rapp is virile, athletic, strong, ang brave. For the sexual aggressive, Mitch Rapp shows the desire to have a relationship with his girlfriend. Furthermore, Mitch Rapp represents masculinity by his intelectual that support his mission as the agent of CIA. It is proved by his ability to speak in three languages and he can memorize quickly.

The next area of masculinity that is represented by Mitch Rapp is emotional. Rapp shows his love for Katrina and he feels so sad when she is being a victim of terrorist attack. Furthermore, he never cry. Meanwhile, the characteristic of interpersonal, as the CIA agent, Rapp is individualistic which is showing through his action. The last is other personal characteristic, Mitch Rapp represents this category by his characterizations that are serious, egoistic, and ambitious. From all those analysis, Mitch Rapp is the masculine man. he represent masculinity in this era with masculinity before 1980‟s. Beside that, his masculinity potrayal is similar to the warrior type of manlines. Then, based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s theory Mitch Rapp shows the masculinity in six characteristics of traditional masculinity; physical, sexual aggressive, intellectual, emotional, interpersonal, and other personal characteristic.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

American Assassin is a movie released in 2017, directed by Michael Cuesta that produces by CBS Films Di Bonaventura Pictures. It is played by some actors such as Dylan O‟Brien, Michael Keaton, Sana Lathan, Shiva Negar, Taylor Kitsch. The writer describes and analyzes Mitch Rapp as the main character who joins with CIA for the reason of revenge. This study aims to know the representation of masculinity of CIA agent through the main character in American Assassin movie based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept.

The writer founds that Mitch Rapp has the unique masculinity, as the agent of CIA, he represent masculinity in this era with masculinity before 1980‟s. Beside that, his masculinity potrayal is similar to the warrior type of manlines. The writer also founds six of seven areas of masculinity that represented by Mitch Rapp as the CIA agent based on Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept. First, Mitch Rapp physical characteristic are muscular, athletic, strong and brave. Second, Mitch Rapp‟s sexual aggressive as he has desire to have a relationship with his girlfriend, and he is aggressive when he kissed his girlfriend. Third,Mitch Rapp‟s intellectual are intellegence, ingenuity, smart in his observasion and smart in his decision to solve the problem.

Fourth, Mitch Rapp‟s emotional are unemotional stoic and never crying. Fifth, interpersonality of Mitch Rapp are individualistic and undicipline. The last, other personal characteristic of Rapp are serious, egoistic and ambitious. However, Mitch Rapp doesn‟t represent masculinity in funtion that focus about breadwinner, provider. It is about men as provider for family or himself. In this movie, it is described that his reason of joined the CIA is not to work but it is about his ambition to avenge the death of his girlfriend.

47 48

Finally, the writer assumes that as the CIA agent Rapp is a masculine man. Then, masculinity of Rapp is constructed by social life in his environment. In this context, masculinity of Rapp constructed from his experiences, started from the terrorist attacks. Beside that, his masculinity is represented through his physical and his action.

B. Suggestion

The research uses the masculinity concept by Janet Saltzman Chafets to reveal masculinity of the main character in American Assassin (2017)movie by Michael Cuesta. This movie is focused on terrorism issue and agent of intelligent, commonly this issue is related and shows the problem about nations and religions. Thus, the writer analyze the CIA agent, it is about how the masculinity of the agent that played by Mitch Rapp. As the result the writer founds six of seven masculinity characteristics on the main character. To the readers who interested in researching American Assassin movie, the writer recommends to see this movie from other perspective. For example, to compare this movie to other movie that also has issue about terrorism or it can be studied with the theory of phsyco analysis. Finally, the writer hopes that this research can be helpful for the readers who are interested in the movie American Assassin, masculinity, and Janet Saltzman Chafetz‟s concept. In addition, the writer also hopes that this research can be a reference for those who wants to create similar research. Expectantly, it can be beneficial for the development of learning literature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bennett, A., & Royle, N. (2004). An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and

Theory. In An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory. Pearson

Longman. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315652450

Boggs, J. M., & Petrie, D. W. (2008). The Art of Watching Films. Structure.

Chafetz, J. S. (1978). Masculine, Feminine or Human? F.E. Peacock Publishers.

Chafetz, J. S. (2006). Handbook of the Sociology of Gender. In J. S. Chafetz

(Ed.), The other sociologist. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

https://othersociologist.com/sociology-of-gender/

Connell, R. (2009). Gebder, Men and Masculinity. Quality of Human Resources:

Gender and Indigenous Peoples.

Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on

men‟s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science and

Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1

Crooks, R., & Lankow, J. (2008). 7 vital characteristics of a man.

Www.Artofmanliness.Com. https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/7-vital-

characteristics-of-a-man/

Fadhilah, L. (2012). The Character Analysis of Andy Sachs and Miranda in The

Devil Wears Prada Film by Using Feminism Approach. State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Gordon, J. B., & Kuehner, K. (1999). Character. In Fiction The Elements of the

Short Story. McGraw-Hill.

Hall, S. (1997). Representation, Meaning and Language. In Representation:

Cultural Representation & Signifying Practices.

Hasyim, N., Kurniawan, A. P., & Hayati, E. N. (2007). Menjadi Laki-laki

(andangan Laki-laki Jawa Tentang Maskulinitas dan Kekerasan Dalam

Rumah Tangga. Rifka Annisa.

Itulua-Abumere, F. (2014). Understanding Men and Masculinity in Modern

Society. Open Journal of Social Science Research.

https://doi.org/10.12966/ojssr.05.05.2013

Jones., E. H. (1968). Short Story. In Outlines of Literature: Short Stories, Novels,

and Poems. The Macmillan Company.

Kurniasih, C. (2010). Masculinity in The Dark Movie. State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

McKay, B. M. & K. (2009). The Different Types of Manliness.

Https://Www.Artofmanliness.Com.

https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/the-different-types-of-manliness/

Mengintip kehidupan agen rahasia. (2012). BBC News.

https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah/2012/04/120403_spy.

Merdeka, P. (2013). Representation of Masculinity in Twilight Film. 8(2), 78–82.

Merdeka, P. (2018). Senjata Api dan Maskulinitas dalam Cerita Pendek “The Man

Who was Almost A Man.” Buletin Al-Turas.

https://doi.org/10.15408/bat.v19i2.3719

Merdeka, P., & Kumoro, K. A. (2018). Masculinity : Male Traits in 1930s

Portrayed in Public Enemies. Insaniyat: Journal of Islam and Humanities.

https://doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v2i2.7814

Mullan, J. (2006). How Novels Work. Oxford University Press.

Ngangi, C. R. (2011). Kontruksi Sosial Dalam Realitas Sosial. Filsafat Ilmu, 7(2),

1–4.

Permata, D., Priyatna, A., & Rahayu, L. M. (2016). Dinamika Maskulinitas dan

Feminitas Dalam Novel Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas Karya

Eka Kurniawan. METASASTRA: Jurnal Penelitian Sastra.

https://doi.org/10.26610/metasastra.2016.v9i1.13-24

Purnama, N. (2010). Masculinity in Seven Pounds Movie. State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Reeser, T. W. (2009). Masculinities in Theory: An Introduction. In Masculinities

in Theory: An Introduction. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444317312

Saputro, D. H., Yuwarti, H., & Online, M. (2016). Representasi maskulinitas pria

di media online. WACANA, xv(August), 45–59.

Schrock, D., & Schwalbe, M. (2009). Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts.

Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-

115933

APPENDIX