York Archaeological Trust

41st Annual Report 2012–13 The Trust’s Mission

York Archaeological Trust, recognising the exceptional importance of York’s historic environment, will provide and promote archaeology of the highest possible standards in York, its region and beyond.

By excellence in archaeological discovery, research, conservation, curation, academic dissemination and through training, education and widely accessible public presentation, the Trust, an educational charity, will maximise the public benefits of archaeology.

Published by York Archaeological Trust © York Archaeological Trust 2013 A Company Limited by Guarantee without share capital registered in England Number 1430801 Registered Charity in England & Wales (No.509060) and Scotland (SCO42846)

ISBN No: 978-1 874454 66 3 Printed by B&B Press, Parkgate, Rotherham York Archaeological Trust 2012–2013 41st Annual Report Contents

Chairman's Report 2

Chief Executive 3

Archaeology 4 Excavation and Fieldwork 5 Hungate 5 ArcHeritage 7 1 Northlight Heritage 10 Trent & Peak Archaeology 13 Archaeological Research and Development 17 Artefact Research 18 Curatorial Department 19 Conservation Laboratory & Archaeological Wood Centre 21

Archaeology and the Public Publications, Archive and Library 23 Education and Training 25 Community Archaeology 26

Attractions and Events JORVIK 27 DIG 29 Barley Hall 30 Micklegate Bar 31 Events and Festivals 32 The Year Ahead 34

Finance, Management and Administration Trustees' Statement on the Summarised Financial Statements 35 Financial Review 2011–12 36 Summary Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities 38 Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet 40 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 42 Independent Auditor's Statement 43

Appendices 1: Archaeological Interventions 44 2: Staff Achievements and Publications 45 3: Ordinary Members of the Trust 47 4: Organisational Structure 48 5: Specialist advisors, students and volunteers 48 6: Obituaries 50

Acknowledgements 52 Chairman’s Report for 2012–13

The primary focus of the Board is to ensure that York Archaeological Trust (YAT) meets its charitable objects through the development and delivery of its long-term strategy. In terms of the annual objectives supplied to the Charity Commission, the Trust made significant progress.

••The Trust bought the freehold of a large warehouse to save substantial annual rents, provide a single site for the storage of its archaeological collection, and enable large-scale timber conservation. ••YAT broadened the scope of its educational work: developing its first Yorkshire Medieval Festival; establishing an exhibition in Durham; working on the Terry Suthers MBE FMA re-display of important material in Govan; and participating in the Halifax FRSA DL, Festival. Chairman of the Trust ••The Trust initiated the integration of its archaeological activities across the four 2 regional offices: providing specialist environmental services from its Glasgow laboratories; providing conservation services from York; sharing fieldwork staff between offices; and working collaboratively on digital services.

As regards longer-term goals, the consolidation of operations across four offices enables the Trust to widen the range of its archaeological work. Meanwhile the Conservation Laboratory continues to provide a world-class service on internationally significant material from both the UK and abroad and YAT continues to publish research and enables others to undertake research using its collections.

Every year our Attractions provide entertaining, stimulating and educational opportunities for hundreds of thousands of visitors of all ages and backgrounds. In addition, our development of wider events, most notably the annual Viking Festival, provides significant benefits to the wider community and other organisations in York.

Thus, despite the economic adversity of the times, the Trust has continued to develop and operate at the cutting edge of archaeological practice and to bring its benefits to an increasingly wide audience. This has only been possible due to the flexibility and enthusiasm of our staff, who seek to create possibilities for people to enjoy and learn about the past, even when funding is challenging and the wider environment unfavourable.

This innovative character of the Trust is no small testament to the leadership of the Chief Executive, John Walker, who after ten years at the helm took retirement at the end of March 2013. John led the Trust through a period of significant growth in both its Attractions and Events Division and in its Archaeology and Heritage Division, expanding its operations across northern England, the Midlands and into Scotland. I wish to record the Board’s sincere and deep appreciation of John’s commitment and hard work on behalf of the Trust.

On a sadder note it is important to pause and reflect on the very sad loss of a number of people closely associated with the Trust. Professor Barrie Dobson, former Chairman of the Board, passed away on 29 March 2013, and, while outside of the period of reporting, the sudden death on 24 June 2013 of Mick Aston, a serving Trustee, came as a deep shock not only to everyone in the Trust but also to the wider world of archaeology and far beyond.

In spite of retirement and loss, the Trust, now more than 40 years old, stands as a very real tribute to all of those who have given their time and energy to its work and its development. My Fellow Trustees and I very much appreciate our responsibilities in carrying on the values that have sustained the Trust, and are immensely proud of the achievements of all of its staff and volunteers who continue to work tirelessly with professionalism and passion.

We are therefore particularly pleased at this important juncture in the Trust’s forward development to be able to welcome David Jennings as our incoming Chief Executive. David’s professional standing and management achievements as CEO of Oxford Archaeology speak volumes for his vision and capabilities. In this period of severe financial challenge for archaeology in the UK generally, it is a great comfort to the Board to know that we continue to have the quality of leadership firmly in place which will enable the Trust to sustain its enviable position as a leading charitable organisation in promoting the benefits of archaeological investigation, recording and safeguarding our heritage, and advancing public understanding of the past. Chief Executive’s Report

The Trust’s Year 2012–13

By reporting on the past year, I find myself in the odd situation of writing about a year when I was not present in the Trust, having come into post on 2 April 2013. This does, however, possess two advantages.

First, it allows me to record the fulsome appreciation by everyone at YAT for the dedicated and inspirational leadership provided to the organisation over the past decade by John Walker, the retiring Chief Executive. In his period of office, the Trust has expanded both its attractions and archaeological operations, now David Jennings operating from four offices and undertaking an immensely wide range of projects. BA FSA MIfA, This Annual Report is a vivid testimony to the professionalism, passion and Chief Executive quality of work undertaken within a single year by YAT. It is a legacy of which Officer John should be legitimately proud. 3 Secondly, in writing this piece, it gives me the personal benefit of becoming more closely acquainted with the work of the Trust and reaffirms the many reasons that I have felt honoured to be able to take over the role of CEO for YAT.

Thus, in a year that still presented significant economic challenges, exacerbated by the ‘Olympics effect’, as visitors focused their time and spending on that global sporting jamboree, YAT undertook an astonishing wealth of work. This ranged from continued work on the UK’s largest infrastructure project, the Beauly to Denny power line construction across Scotland, through to ground-breaking laser scanning of Stonehenge, one of the most prestigious World Heritage Sites, revealing unknown prehistoric carvings, details of stone-finishing and enabling reinterpretation of this iconic monument.

Elsewhere, YAT’s Conservation Laboratories continued to provide a national and international service on outstandingly important remains, with projects including: the Bronze Age log-boats at Must Farm, Cambridgeshire; the late Bronze Age Brigg Raft; and objects from an Omani shipwreck – most probably that of a Portuguese vessel captained by Vicente Sodré, the uncle of Vasco de Gama, which sank in a storm in 1503.

The Trust’s Attractions and Events Division delivered more than 200 events throughout the year, including our first-ever Yorkshire Medieval Festival – a nine-day event with activities across the region including events at Pontefract and Knaresborough Castles. It also developed numerous exhibitions and educational activities; achieved Accredited Museum status for Jorvik, Barley Hall and Dig; participated in international conferences; and received numerous international visits. The 521,000 visitors to YAT’s attractions attest to the high level of social, educational and cultural impact of our work which remains at the core of our charitable purpose.

A further demonstration of the Trust’s impact can be found in its publications, which included a sixth volume of oral history of York; a synthetic work on the medieval pottery of York; an exploration of medieval crafts; and an updated research agenda for the East Midlands.

I hope that this very rapid summary gives some indication of the richness of the Trust’s work which is reviewed within this report.

As someone who has recently joined the Trust, I have been deeply impressed by the expertise, commitment and professionalism of its staff and volunteers. This organisation flourishes, even in tough times, through the qualities of its people and I look forward to working with them all in the future and reporting on a very full year in the next Annual Report. Archaeological Activities

The year 2012–13 witnessed a period of appears to be a large 12th- to 13th-century consolidation and re-focus for the Exploration building to the south of the Black Swan was Division in York. With the end of the major discovered and Roman archaeology was five-year excavation programme at Hungate revealed below the medieval deposits. at the end of 2011 the nature of both the field archaeology work and post-excavation work Hungate was able to play a role during 2012 that the York team had been carrying out and hosted another season of our Archaeology changed during 2012 and 2013. Live! summer training excavation. The training season concentrated on the back plots of land For the Fieldwork team it has been, at most, belonging to buildings that had fronted on to a reasonable year as the search for new work Hungate and Carmelite Street from the late 18th proved to be challenging in a highly competitive to the early 20th century. and price-driven market. A diverse range of work from desk-based assessments to small- At the Guildhall the Trust carried out a small- scale watching briefs and medium-scale scale Discovery project, with strong community 4 evaluations was undertaken but there were archaeology involvement, investigating three no long-term fieldwork projects to replace trenches in Guildhall Yard, the Mansion House Hungate. cellar and Common Hall Lane. This project revealed for the very first time that at least part One of the highlights of the fieldwork year was of the Guildhall is constructed on an earlier the five-month excavation on the site of the stone-built medieval building. former homeless hostel on Peasholme Green. Back in 1986–87 the Trust had excavated part of Community archaeology continued to play an Foundations of the remains of the medieval All Saints church, important role within the fieldwork projects, All Saints church prior to the homeless hostel being built. During even without Hungate. In addition to the exposed in the the spring and summer of 2012 the main body community archaeology aspect of the Guildhall Peasholme Green of All Saints church was excavated and part of dig, there was community involvement in the excavation the cemetery was removed. In addition, what Peasholme Green excavation, partnership work with various community groups and societies, and the setting up of the Plotting The Past project, investigating the heritage of the City of York Council’s allotments.

The Conservation department, once again, had a busy year, building on its existing client base as well as its reputation for dealing with waterlogged wood and maritime conservation. Highlights of the year included setting up the conservation infrastructure for the Bronze Age log boats recovered from Must Farm in Cambridgeshire and the expansion of maritime conservation projects as far afield as Oman.

Both the Curatorial and Finds Research departments had another busy year assisting with the numerous fieldwork projects, post- excavation programmes and work for the Explanation Division. The processing and assessment of the large number of artefacts recovered from Hungate continued, and dealing with the many skeletons from the Peasholme Green excavation took up the latter part of the year. Both departments were also involved in preparing the Medieval Pottery from York volume for publication towards the end of the year. 5

The illustrations, publications and archives team room represents medieval Hungate and Open day at was also kept busy with a myriad of projects. contains objects from the Anglo-Scandinavian the Guildhall Along with providing services throughout YAT period, as well as a collection of the pottery excavation and playing a pivotal role in the publication of vessels recovered from post-Norman Conquest Medieval Pottery from York, another successful contexts. The third and final room represents volume of the Oral History Series, It’s How the urban development of Hungate from the You Play the Game: Olympic Sports in York, was late 18th century through to the middle of published, as well as Medieval Craft and Mystery. the 20th century and contains a plethora of information concerning this rapidly changing period. The whole exhibition has allowed the Look Back Excavation and Fieldwork public engagement element of Hungate to be at Hungate carried forward into the post-excavation phase exhibition at Hungate of the project. DIG Even though the major five-year Block H excavation was completed at the end of 2011, 2012–13 turned out to be a busy year for the Hungate project. In April 2012 the Looking Back at Hungate exhibition opened in DIG, following a great deal of work by members of staff from both the Exploration and Explanation divisions.

This exhibition fills the three rooms that occupy the south side of DIG (part of the former south aisle of St Saviour’s church), with each room displaying a certain aspect of the Hungate archaeology that was revealed during the five years of excavation. The first room represents Roman Hungate and contains one of the skeletons recovered from the Roman cemetery and some of the wonderful Roman artefacts found in that cemetery. The second Archaeology Live! 2012, YAT’s annual summer archaeology training school, took place in the Hungate area again. Based within the southern part of the Block G area, two trenches were excavated to investigate land to the west of Hungate and to the north of Carmelite Street. It was hoped that some aspect of the medieval Carmelite Friary complex might be found but the overlying post-medieval archaeology proved to be complex and intriguing, as well as providing excellent training challenges. Highlights from Archaeology Live! 2012 included the uncovering of a system of late 19th-century sanitation improvements in the back yards of houses that once fronted on to Carmelite Street and the complex development of the space behind 39 and 41 Hungate. Archaeology Live training excavation at Hungate, Summer 2012 6 The post-excavation processing and assessment of material recovered from the final year of the Block H excavation continued into 2012–13. Students learning how to record archaeological features on the This included the completion of the processing Archaeology Live training excavation, 2012 of the skeletons recovered from the Roman cemetery and the ongoing assessment of the huge volumes of animal bone recovered from the entire site.

The post-excavation work also provided further information for the analysis of the material for the Hungate c.1550–1940 publication. Integrating the complex stratigraphic details recovered during the five years of excavation with the material culture, the animal remains and the environmental information has produced huge data sets for the post-excavation and publication team to tackle. The analysis of all of the data will hopefully produce a publication enhancing and furthering the understanding of York’s archaeology, history and material culture.

Although not part of the Hungate contract, the excavations in Peasholme Green continued to provide data for the Hungate landscape into the latter part of 2012. Along with uncovering the last of the remains of medieval All Saints church and its associated cemetery, the excavation revealed that the large Roman ditch that had been discovered in Block H continued on a north-easterly trajectory across this plot of land towards the Black Swan public house. What this ditch represents is still open to debate.

By the start of 2013 the Hungate team was focusing mostly on the post-medieval analysis of Hungate, though the assessment of the Roman archaeology phases had started and planning for Archaeology Live! 2013 had also commenced. ArcHeritage Stonehenge In November 2011 English Heritage commissioned the most detailed laser scan survey of Stonehenge ever undertaken. Each stone was recorded in unparalleled detail with a point spacing of 0.5mm. This huge data resource of 850GB had the potential to hold the key to new discoveries about the monument. In April 2012 the task of examining the data was awarded to ArcHeritage, and its Geomatics and Visualisation team set about the examination of the laser scan survey.

The team from ArcHeritage devised new ways of visualising the data, examining the of Stonehenge were dressed using the same 3D models to look for signs of ancient tool techniques. The analysis revealed that the Sarsen marks left on the surface of the stones from Circle was built and dressed with an emphasis 7 the time of construction. In reality the stones on the north-east to south-west solstitial axis. have several texture and surface variations The largest and most regular stones were placed which camouflage subtle features; however, towards the north-east, facing the Stonehenge in the virtual environment this texture can Avenue, creating a great visual impact for people be removed, creating a uniformly coloured walking towards the monument from Stonehenge digital surface. The team created and applied Bottom, while smaller, irregular, stones were new surface textures which enhanced the placed on the south-west half of the monument. archaeological features and minimised the Stonehenge was designed to be approached from influence of surface ‘noise’. Using different the north-east. virtual lighting setups and camera viewing angles they started to see surface details on the The analysis also started to reveal prehistoric 3D mesh models. Much to everyone’s surprise carvings on the surface of the stones. Before this Below, left: the and despite over 4500 years of weathering study 44 axe-heads, along with two daggers, interplay of light they could see the physical evidence for the were known to be carved into the surface of the and shadow on shaping and finishing of the stones left by the stones. After examining the new data the team the image of the original builders of Stonehenge. After this stage discovered a further 72 previously unknown mesh data reveals of analysis, over 400 discrete areas of stone- prehistoric carvings. The carvings are of Bronze surface carvings. working were discovered, providing a unique Age axes and were created a thousand years The number of insight into the techniques employed in the after Stonehenge was constructed c.1750–1500 identified carvings construction of the monument. BC. These discoveries are of great importance to of axes has been the understanding of Stonehenge and provide hugely increased As these areas of stone-working were recorded it a glimpse into a culture that existed over 3000 by this method became clear that not all of the structural elements years ago. (below, right) Several had been used for target practice, and one large mound of stones was identified by a farmer as his grandparents’ house!

Tudur Davies of ArcHeritage presented the results of the survey at the Welsh Uplands Forum. His multilingual abilities enabled him to give the presentation entirely in Welsh!

Kedleston Hall Parkland Management Plan The National Trust commissioned a Parkland Management Plan for Kedleston Hall and ArcHeritage formed part of the multi- disciplinary team that developed the plan. ArcHeritage provided archaeological support for the project, carrying out desk-based research and field survey. Prior to the field survey a Dol y moch farmstead digital terrain model was developed from lidar 8 data; this, together with aerial photographs, was used to plot archaeological features within the Parkland landscape. These features, along with those identified by archive research were then surveyed in the field using GPS and records were made of their condition and threats to their survival.

ArcHeritage developed recommendations for the management, enhancement and conservation of archaeological features within the parkland landscape. Using techniques developed during the analysis of the Stonehenge laser scan data ArcHeritage was able to confirm the presence of the remains of formal terrace gardens to the rear of Kedleston Hall designed for the 4th Baronet; Splinter shelter until then it was unclear whether these gardens had ever been laid out. The gardens were visible Cwm Prysor Upland Survey in the lidar data underlying later ridge and A team from ArcHeritage carried out a large furrow, and from this it was obvious that the upland survey at Cwm Prysor in Snowdonia gardens had been deliberately removed by the National Park, Gwynedd, on behalf of 5th Baronet in order to return the parkland to RCAHMW. The survey was undertaken in May, June and October 2012, and over 2000 sites were recorded. The survey area had been used Church of All Saints, Kedleston for military training from the Boer War until the 1950s, and a wide variety of training trenches, bunkers, and communications infrastructure were recorded, as well as a vast number of shell craters. Subterranean trench networks were discovered in one area, which appeared to date to the First World War.

The survey found evidence for prehistoric activity including hut sites, cairns and enclosed settlements. A Roman road, medieval to post-medieval farmsteads and the remains of quarrying and copper and gold mines were also included in the tally of sites discovered. Many of the farmsteads were abandoned in 1903 when the land was requisitioned for artillery training. Enhanced lidar image showing formal gardens below ridge and furrow with extract from early 18th century garden design plan

a more naturalistic appearance in the ‘English 9 country garden’ tradition. The survey identified over 200 archaeological features including Lidar plot of the Kedleston Hall gardens and surrounding landscape extensive evidence for the medieval landscape of Kedleston Manor that existed prior to emparkment, such as roads, field banks and ridge and furrow.

Community Engagement During the year ArcHeritage has provided skills training for local archaeological and historical societies to record and understand their heritage. Funded by the East Peak Innovation Partnership, ArcHeritage provided training for the Roggins Local History Group, Friends of Skelmanthorpe Textile Museum and Friends of Wortley Top Forge in using digital photography and computer software to create 3D virtual models of heritage sites and objects.

Working with the South Yorkshire Industrial History Society, ArcHeritage has also produced a short computer animated sequence of Rockley Furnace as it may have looked during the 18th Accessing the well at Castle Hill; (below) section through the century for inclusion in a short film providing rampart ditch at Castle Hill information about the monument.

As part of our project to re-assess the archive from excavations at Castle Hill, Almondbury, ArcHeritage in collaboration with staff from York provided a series of finds identification days hosted by the Tolson Museum. York’s finds and curatorial staff took along pottery, metalwork and faunal remains from the excavation archives to give people the opportunity to see the objects first hand and talk about finds identification and curation. Rowan May of ArcHeritage concluded the project by providing a talk on the results of the re-assessment to around 80 people at Huddersfield Town Hall. Northlight Heritage

Northlight Heritage’s range and intensity At Dalnacardoch, in upland Perthshire, of work grew during our second year, with we examined the remains of an isolated exciting discoveries in the field, environmental and enigmatic post-medieval building, and osteological analysis, community heritage perhaps associated with droving. Near projects, arts collaborations and applied Beauly in Highland, Ally Becket excavated research all taking place. a conglomeration of prehistoric cairns and hut circles ahead of the construction of a new Beauly to Denny 400kV Overhead Line substation. The most intriguing find emerged Fieldwork continued throughout 2012–13 on during excavations in an area rich in medieval the Beauly to Denny 400kV overhead line to post-medieval settlement remains near construction programme. The Northlight team Amulree in Perthshire. Here Steve Black found carried out extensive monitoring along with what may be a rare example of a bodach or evaluations and surveys along the 220km length shrine, comprising a small (about 6ft x 5ft and of the route, and this work gave rise to a metal 2ft tall) roughly built drystone structure. Inside detector survey on the recently designated it were seven distinctively shaped, water- 10 historic battlefield of Sheriffmuir (1715), worn stones which had eroded into vaguely examination at various locations of General anthropomorphic forms. Wade’s 18th-century military road and several set-piece excavations. 2013 also saw work begin in earnest on the southernmost section of the route, producing immediate results, when a run-of-the-mill watching brief on a cable ducting installation near Denny revealed two circular house structures of prehistoric date. Work on the southern section of the route continues into 2013–14.

Education, Interpretation and the Arts Northlight staff continued their long-standing involvement in education, helping teach on a range of courses and events at Glasgow, Strathclyde and Sheffield Universities and at the Police Training College in Tulliallan. A second weekend course taught field skills to members of the local community at Farr in northern Sutherland, following up the previous year’s Charlotte Francoz surveying on Sheriffmuire. educational initiative. We also used the Beauly to Denny project to stimulate educational events, including a very successful two-day event for schools at the Bannockburn Battlefield centre, organised in association with the client SSE, Stirling Council and the National Trust for Scotland and involving 120 children from local primary schools.

Ingrid Shearer continued her work with Sarah Maltby and her team on the famous collection of early Christian stones at Govan Old Parish Church, culminating in the launch of the redisplayed stones. Following on from her collaboration on Nothing About Us Without Us Is For Us, which was shortlisted for the Creative

The possible bodach (shrine) near Amulree in Perthshire. Scotland Best Community Arts Project 2012 determine time of death. Jennifer Miller gave award, Ingrid has also been leading several evidence in court seven times, resulting in other creative projects for Northlight in Govan. convictions ranging from 16 to 33 years, and These include Weaving Truth With Trust, a received three commendations, plus a Crime collaboration between community groups, Directorate Award for assistance with the case of artists and archaeologists to create a textile the North Yorkshire postmistress murdered in screen to be displayed in Govan Old Church, 2011. Teaching of police and students continued which is funded by an HLF All Our Stories and we began undertaking forensic diatom grant. (See http://weavingtruthwithtrust.org.) extraction and soil comparisons.

Dickson Laboratory Communities and Heritage Staff at the Dickson Laboratory worked on 20 The first season of the Glenshee Archaeology projects for the YAT family since January: eleven Project, a community initiative involving from Northlight, five large sites from York and Northlight in partnership with Perth & Kinross two each from Trent & Peak and ArcHeritage. Heritage Trust, kicked off with excavation of a From input to tenders to flotation in the field, 7th- to 9th-century upland house of Pitcarmick from public talks and volunteer/student type, directed by Dave Sneddon. The Bennachie placements to specialist analyses and reporting Landscapes Project, led by the University of in the laboratory, staff raised appreciation of Aberdeen, was successful in obtaining AHRC 11 environmental archaeology and maximised funding and Northlight’s Aoife Gould has interpretations of sites of all periods and status. become a team member for a year to facilitate Highlights include the recovery of a 9th-century community engagement work. This year’s sceatta (silver coin) of Eanbald from York fieldwork focused on a 19th -century crofter Minster, finding out about the diet of wealthy colony. monks from Lenton Priory and the discovery of 37 early 20th-century paupers’ graves in The first season of the three-year Ulster Scots Irvine. We welcomed Ruth Whyte as our IfA Project took place in Bangor, funded by the workplace bursary holder to undertake human Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in bone identification, and we now offer a one-stop Northern Ireland. This challenging project is shop for sample processing and environmental/ examining all the Plantation period archaeology osteological post-excavation analysis. in the province (c.1600–50). Heather James delivered a very successful community We also assisted police forces across the UK archaeology programme in conjunction with the with 27 very high-profile murder enquiries, Irish Archaeology Consultancy (IAC). She also undertaking search, excavation (from landfill to continued work with the University of Glasgow shallow grave) and recovery of human remains, SERF Project, excavating a lowland broch and lab work and stomach contents analyses to training students from Glasgow University

Schoolchildren re-enact the Battle of Bannockburn. and local volunteers in various archaeological Applied Research skills. The HLF- and Leader-funded project In October, a joint Northlight Heritage/ Hidden Heritage of a Landscape is being run by University of Glasgow team, involving Gavin the small communities of Arrochar and Tarbet MacGregor and Alan Leslie of Northlight, in Argyll and Bute, with Heather heading the was invited to address the 12th Council of professional team in a community-led project Europe Meeting of the Workshops for the examining the landscape across which Vikings Implementation of the European Landscape pulled their boats between Loch Long and Convention and the 16th International CEMAT Loch Lomond in 1263 before engaging in the Symposium. The theme was ‘Vision for the Battle of Largs. The project commenced with future of Europe on territorial democracy: geophysical and walkover surveys involving landscape as a new strategy for spatial planning’. the local community and schools. Our paper, on the Past, Present and Future of Landscape in the session on Landscape, Spatial We also co-organised, co-funded and co- Planning and Public Participation, was very well hosted the Community Heritage Conference received. It advances our aim to make planning in Birnam in November, which attracted over and infrastructure professionals across Europe 140 delegates and helped establish Northlight more aware of how to harness the benefits of Heritage as a key facilitator of community the historic environment and people’s love of 12 heritage projects in Scotland. it, as a material component in decision making.

For more on these projects, visit the following websites: http://glenshee-archaeology.co.uk/news.php http://www.bailiesofbennachie.co.uk/bennachie-landscapes/ http://ulsterscotsarchaeologicalproject.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/year-two-derrywoone-castle-barons- court.html

Cathy McIver teaching plane-table survey on the Hidden Heritage project. Trent & Peak Archaeology

Our first full year as part of York Archaeological Trust witnessed a continuation of the challenging economic conditions. Despite this we expanded income streams and extended the range of projects and clients. Our portfolio for the year included a substantial quarry excavation at East Leake, Notts (Cemex UK) and excavations in advance of flood defence works at Coton, Staffs (Environment Agency), whilst NET2, Nottingham’s latest extension of its tram line, provided further significant excavations and discoveries. The year was also notable for an apparent rise in the profile of archaeology and heritage within the city and an increase 13 in support for related initiatives from within the City Council. We hope to have played our part in this change through the success of the ongoing Nottingham Caves and Origins of Nottingham projects. These have led to close working relations with Nottingham City Council culminating in a hosted visit to the finale of the Viking Festival in February 2013. These projects and events have underlined the potential of archaeology to make a positive impact on the quality of life and perception of place. Bronze Age ring ditch and Anglo-Saxon cemetery, East Leake Quarry, A Bronze Age Ring Ditch and Anglo- Nottinghamshire Saxon Cemetery at East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire (Cemex UK) material was almost entirely absent due to The 2012 site at East Leake encompassed an area unfavourable conditions for preservation. of approximately 1.7ha. A watching brief and The key exception was a secondary insertion subsequent excavation produced evidence of into the south-west quadrant of the ring ditch, multi-period activity spanning later prehistory where a small fragment of probable jaw bone through to the post-medieval and modern and teeth were recovered in proximity to the periods. Evidence for prehistoric activity remains of an elaborate necklace including centred on a substantial ring ditch c.1.2m wide amber, glass and ceramic beads. Other finds with an internal diameter of c.17.5m. The ring comprised two near complete pottery vessels ditch (likely to have once enclosed a central and a small assemblage of ironwork including mound) encircled a low knoll within the north- three spearheads and up to five knives. west quadrant of the site. The ditch was fully excavated and several pieces of early Bronze Age collared urn were recovered from basal fills. St Mary’s church, Nottingham, and other In addition to secondary Anglo-Saxon activity, a church excavations possible primary central pit was excavated but Archaeological recording on floor reduction at produced no datable finds. St Mary’s church, Nottingham, exposed earlier foundations beneath the 15th-century transepts, The majority, if not all, of 139 pits identified re-used medieval fabric and cross-slabs in the in and around the ring ditch are currently nave, as well as several 17th/19th century brick thought to represent an Anglo-Saxon cemetery vaults of prominent Nottingham families and of 6th- to 7th-century date. However, only individuals. This included the Plumptre vault twelve contained surviving grave-goods, and (1632), and the vaults of Abigail Gawthern with the exception of two cremations, skeletal (diarist) and Charles Lomas Morley, former with crockets and a partial inscription (dated to 1457–58), it is part of a five-tile design originally produced at Malvern, Worcestershire. The only previous discovery of this design so far north is from the tile kilns at Lenton Priory, Nottingham. Further work in the church included detailed recording of decorated box pews dating to 1649. At Holy Trinity church, Lambley, Nottinghamshire, excavations on the grade I listed church of c.1480 revealed a 5m section of the substantial foundations of the earlier north aisle and a 19th-century brick burial vault. Also recovered was a significant assemblage of redeposited 12th-century pottery including Nottingham Splashed ware.

Survey and Digital The past financial year has seen an increase in 14 cross-organisation working between the Trust’s survey and digital departments, thus expanding our overall capacity whilst building on the skills and contacts of individual offices.

In May 2012 David Strange-Walker of Trent Coffin motif from burial of Charles Lomas Morley, died 7 March 1836 & Peak Archaeology and Marcus Abbott of ArcHeritage undertook ten days’ laser survey of Neolithic passage tombs at the UNESCO World Chamberlain, Sheriff, Alderman and four-time Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne, County Meath, mayor. Artefacts included medieval decorated Ireland, on behalf of University College Dublin. floor tiles and window glass. At St Michael’s This work, reported more fully in Northern church, Shirley, Derbyshire, several burials and Archaeology 2, captured over 7 billion 3D points the remains of a side chapel altar were found in in full colour and allows unprecedented virtual the south aisle along with a rare medieval wall access to these dangerous, inaccessible and tile fragment. Decorated with seven pinnacles enigmatic structures.

Colchester Castle, Essex: the great staircase, rendered from laser-scanned data. This is the largest Norman spiral staircase in the largest Norman keep in Europe Marcus and David are also collaborating on the The excavations provided important insights first full high-definition survey of the Ice Age into the early development of Nottingham, caves, rock art and gorge at Creswell Crags on but unfortunately very little information has the Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire border for been published. The archive represents a the Creswell Crags Heritage Trust. Laser and major untapped resource for study of the early photogrammetric survey on the micro- and development of Nottingham, which since its macro-scale has been used to record everything rise to prominence as one of the Five Boroughs from the gorge itself to the almost imperceptible of the Danelaw has played a key role in the rock art carvings. This dataset is being processed history of England, and the principal aim of into a 3D model which will then be available as this project is to unlock this resource for future a smartphone app, allowing visitors to see the researchers. gorge as it would have been in the Ice Age. We have focused so far upon conservation and Other laser-scanning and survey projects repackaging of finds and compilation of a secure undertaken in 2012–13 have included copy of the documentary and photographic work for the Open University in Cumbria archive. This will provide a springboard for an (recording geology for online learning); for enhancement programme aimed at increasing Nottingham City Council at Nottingham Castle the accessibility of the archive as a research (documenting complex sculptural artworks), resource. As part of that work, we will prepare 15 within the city (topographic survey) and at a report assessing the research potential of Wollaton Hall (subterranean structures); for the archive and a synthesis of the results of Newark & Sherwood District Council (tunnels excavation. and cellars in Newark); and a major project for NPS Property Services Ltd surveying NET 2: the Archaeology of Nottingham’s the entirety of Colchester Castle, the largest latest tram line Norman keep in Europe. As part of Nottingham’s new tram extension (NET 2), Trent & Peak Archaeology have The Origins of Nottingham carried out major excavations on behalf of Vinci Work commenced in August 2012 on an Construction UK. assessment of the archives from six sites inside Nottingham’s pre-Conquest Borough that were Clifton excavated by Nottingham City Museum staff At Clifton, to the south of Nottingham, an between 1969 and 1980. This work is being excavation over an area of 12 hectares for a conducted by David Knight and Scott Lomax, Park and Ride revealed a previously unknown in collaboration with staff of Nottingham City portion of prehistoric landscape. The earliest Museums and Galleries, and is funded by activity was represented by worked flints of English Heritage and Nottingham City Council. Mesolithic date.

Halifax Place, Nottingham: excavations from 1978 to 1980 revealed a dense concentration of medieval and later structural remains, including post-hole settings interpreted as the foundations of pre- Conquest rectilinear buildings and a host of medieval to modern caves, pits, wells and building foundations. The photograph shows Gordon Young triangulating the northern edge of a pre-Conquest boundary ditch running from east to west.

© Nottingham City Museums and Galleries Flakes removed from Neolithic polished stone axeheads. Scale 2:3

In the Late Neolithic–Early Bronze Age, a large oval stock enclosure was dug. Further Neolithic activity was also represented by pieces of polished stone axe-heads of Langdale type. Towards the west of the site, the ring ditch of a Bronze Age burial mound was identified. This was positioned just south of the prominent ridge and Roman routeway that now carries 16 the A453.

The main occupation phase occurred in the Iron Age. The southern half of the site was dominated by a number of pit alignments, a well-known Bronze Age and Iron Age landscape boundary feature in the East Midlands. In the north, a large number of pits and shallow enclosure ditches suggested that this may have been a habitation area. The large oval ditched enclosure may also have been in use at this time.

Lenton Glen McCormack and an Edward III gold noble from the At Lenton, close to the south side of Nottingham site at Lenton Priory city centre, excavations were undertaken on the site of the former medieval priory. The priory and became one of the wealthiest houses of an was founded in 1106 or 1107 by the Cluniacs, order noted for the size and magnificence of its churches.

Excavations within the outer precinct recovered part of a medieval market comprising rubbish pits, a number of tenement-type plot boundaries and post-built stall structures. A number of finds, including coins, will allow us to shed light on the workings of this trading site. Interestingly, the earliest activity on site is represented by some very large ditches that are not aligned with the later medieval features. The pottery from these ditches suggests an infilling date in the mid-12th century at latest. If these ditches were actually dug as early as the 11th century, then they could relate to an important but previously unknown Anglo-Saxon site.

During this project, Trent & Peak Archaeology also had the rare opportunity to look at the buried buildings of Lenton Priory itself, and walls relating to the main conventual church Lenton, profile through the large 11th- to 12th-century ditch sequence with a [and the northern – thought destroyed –] have 14th- to 16th-century stone-built cess pit in the foreground been re-located by archaeologists. Archaeological Research and Development

The Project Development Officer (PDO) Interest from the print and broadcast media was continued to pursue avenues for collaborative sustained, and, as well as articles in the press, research with other professional organisations, the project featured on regional television and academic institutions and local authorities in local radio. York and beyond deriving from the Urban Transitions project, whilst the Urban Transitions The excavations at the Guildhall were just one of report itself and options for its publication the subjects on which the PDO delivered public were considered by English Heritage. These lectures in the course of 2012–13, including have now been agreed and a volume should be talks to university departments, local societies published in the next financial year. and community groups – in one particular fortnight of contrasts to the McDonald Institute Over the summer of 2012 the PDO directed the for Archaeology at the University of Cambridge, small-scale excavations around and underneath an after-dinner talk to the Jorvik Viking York’s medieval Guildhall as part of YAT’s Festival’s ‘Viking Feast’, and an introduction Discovery programme. The archaeological to archaeology for a group of 5–7 year-old 17 results of this project were matched by the level Rainbow Guides! of public involvement and interest in the work. There was also an enthusiastic media response The PDO participated as an ‘expert witness’ resulting from the project being publicised in the University of York Environment in the context of the City of York Council’s Department’s undergraduate Flood Workshop, York 800 celebrations, recognising the 800th featured as a speaker at one the University anniversary of the first granting of rights of self- Archaeology Department’s Research Forums, government to the city by royal charter, and the and has overseen aspects of post-graduate inauguration of the Yorkshire Medieval Festival, student research in areas where he and YAT initiated by YAT and involving several partner have relevant expertise. organisations across the county.

The excavations demonstrated the fascinatingly complex structural history of the Guildhall and of Common Hall Lane, the medieval water lane which runs directly underneath it, apparently indicating that the existing building, constructed in the 1440s, incorporated the lower masonry superstructure of a substantial earlier building – possibly, though not certainly, its institutional predecessor – in its foundations. The work clearly demonstrated how little is currently known of the structural development of the Guildhall, and how much may be discovered through even limited archaeological excavation and survey. The public involved themselves enthusiastically in the work, both as volunteers on and visitors to the excavations, and the opportunity to be taken down into Common Hall Lane, usually inaccessible due to its repeated flooding, was especially appreciated.

Jim Williams of YAT recording masonry of the foundations of York’s 15th-century Guildhall. Detailed examination suggested that the stonework in the bottom right of the picture was originally part of the superstructure of an earlier building – perhaps a predecessor of the existing Guildhall? Artefact Research Much of the past year’s research has been focused once again on the post-medieval material from Hungate. This will make an important contribution to the first volume of publications relating to the site. Work has also begun on the Roman material from Hungate, while the Anglo-Scandinavian and medieval research is in the planning stages. The continuation of the Archaeology Live! training excavation on the Hungate site has given us the opportunity to look at wider aspects of the landscape in the area in the post-medieval period, while offering a range of educational opportunities to students and the general public. 18 Nicola Rogers’ book, Medieval Craft and Mystery: discovering the people behind York’s Mystery Plays, came out in time for the mystery plays in the summer of 2012. The book provides a colourful record of the artefacts recovered over the years by the Trust, relating them directly to the various medieval crafts and industries. The book has been very well received and shows the wide range of material culture which exists Pinner's bones and copper alloy pins; a miniature copper in YAT’s collection, and the extraordinary state alloy cauldron and an inscribed gold brooch are among of preservation of these objects. Nicola Rogers the many artefacts representing a huge range of crafts has, as a result of the book, given several public described in Nicola Rogers' book Medieval Craft and lectures on the subject and led walks following Mystery the route of the mystery plays. such as Coppergate, the Bedern and Hungate, This year also saw the publication of as well as other smaller sites, has been included. the Medieval Pottery from York volume It was produced with a generous grant from (AY 16/9) by Ailsa Mainman and English Heritage, supported by a grant from Anne Jenner. This encompasses the the Helen Thirza Addyman bequest. period from the Norman Conquest up to the Dissolution and charts Ailsa Mainman was invited to join the Lübecker the use of pottery in the city, Kolloquium zur Stadtarchaologie im Hanseraum describing how patterns of and spoke in Lübeck on the archaeological production and distribution evidence for monasteries in York, looking changed over the centuries. particularly at the Trust’s excavations at the Material from key sites Gilbertine and Carmelite houses, as well as early evidence from the nunnery at St Clements.

A small research fund set up in memory of Dr Richard Hall, administered through the Friends of YAT, has funded carbon-14 dating of skeletal material from several of the Trust’s old sites, notably from the Queen’s Hotel, Bellevue House, and from Coppergate itself. These results have thrown interesting new light on the Anglian period in York and demonstrate the value of York’s archaeological collection in enabling new questions to be asked and new techniques applied. Geoff Krause and Curatorial Services Rachel Cubitt wrap boxes ready for We’re on the move again! This time it’s the removal to new stored collection in its entirety: 150,000 small warehouse facilities finds, 750 skeletons and some 5500 boxes of animal bone, pottery, environmental samples and building materials, making a total of 12,000 boxes. The collection will join the conservation wet wood facilities in newly converted premises over the autumn and winter of 2013–14. Clearly this is going to be a challenge for the small curatorial team comprising Christine McDonnell, Rachel Cubitt and Geoff Krause. During this financial year, when time has allowed, effort has been concentrated on the logistical work of review, buffering and packing, as well as detailed planning to reconfigure shelving and storage for what will be a very 19 different space. In this endeavour the team has benefited greatly from the contribution of the Road store for this material but not before it Trust’s Wood Technologist Steve Allen, building has been processed, conserved, studied and materials expert Jane McComish and our band reported upon. Retention of material will be of loyal volunteers, as well as advice from very much influenced by the recommendations Professor Terry O’Connor and Dr Allan Hall of specialists, particularly Clare Rainsford who of the University of York. Much of the detail has developed a protocol with the potential for the move has been worked out by Rachel to inform arguments for safeguarding or Cubitt and the fruits of everyone’s labour will discarding animal bone amassed over 40 years start to be seen with the first phase move in of digging in the City. In addition to these two September 2013. major sites, smaller interventions in the City and beyond have produced a range of material all When not helping at the store, Geoff Krause processed efficiently by Rachel Cubitt. In all this is based at Hungate HQ managing the large essential post-excavation work the unstinting assemblage of finds excavated at Hungate and contribution by our stalwart band of volunteers also at the nearby site at Haymarket. Room will is, as always, greatly appreciated. eventually be needed at the new Huntington The curatorial department sits at the heart of much the Trust undertakes and not least its public-facing activities. Recently recovered finds and those from the vaults have featured

Volunteers Belle and Emma help pack at the Clifton store

YAT field officers Jane McComish and Ian Milsted deal with the enormous backlog of soil samples stored at the Clifton warehouse Christine Ancient DNA (aDNA) Next Generation McDonnell Sequencing is emerging as the foremost tool and Geoff in genetic and genomic analysis of human Krause prepare populations. Using this technique Dr Camilla artefacts for Speller and her associates have analysed dental display in the calculus (plaque) from Roman, Viking Age Plague, Poverty and medieval skeletons. Preliminary results and Prayer indicate the survival of thousands of sequences exhibition at of oral micro-bacteria, even after 2000 years, Barley Hall and Camilla thinks that they can confirm the presence of the pathogen responsible for leprosy in a medieval female (now on display in Plague, Poverty and Prayer) and possibly bacteria relating to respiratory disease, including tuberculosis, in the Roman ‘Gladiators’ from Driffield Terrace. Complementing aDNA work in humans, ZooMS (Zooarchaeological identification by mass spectrometry) uses collagen as a form 20 of molecular ‘barcode’ to refine animal and in exhibitions such as Looking Back at Hungate, bird species identification. This technique has Hamlet to Hollywood and Plague, Poverty and recently been applied by our friends scientific to Prayer, whilst loans from other museums have identify the choice of leather type for artefacts, been facilitated and managed for Valhalla and sources of wool for textiles and breeds of the up and coming Heroes exhibitions. A small chicken from eggshell. number of jet artefacts were displayed in Crowning Glory at Fairfax House, York. At the High professional standards of care and access Thackray Museum, Leeds, in physically tight underpin all the work undertaken by the working conditions and with as tight a deadline, Curatorial team. These standards have allowed Rachel, Christine and finds volunteers assisted the Trust’s Museums to remain accredited under the conservators cleaning and replacing on the government scheme for over two decades display 600 ceramic apothecary jars. The results as the scheme itself has developed. In February were literally sparkling! we learnt that Jorvik, DIG and Barley Hall had once more been awarded full accreditation. In addition to the Trust’s own research The awarding panel observed that the Trust’s programme, the York collection attracts much collections management framework was ‘of interest from the wider academic community. particular merit’ and praised ‘the integration A symbiotic relationship has developed over of research and development in all aspects of the decades which sees the results available its services’. Christine McDonnell spearheaded for the Trust’s publications and displays, and the application but it was very much a highly expensive scientific techniques offered combined effort involving colleagues across free of charge. Dr Rebecca Storm of Bradford, the organisation. Vital were the organisational a long-term associate, chose examples from skills of Annie Jowett who, with Jane Stockdale York populations of chronic conditions such as from the Attractions Division, contributed cancer, osteomyelitis (bacterial bone infection) enormously to this success. Annie was not and DISH (a fusing of the upper vertebrae) replaced when she left in autumn 2012 but to feature in the JISC-funded Digital Diseases we have been most lucky to welcome back programme. This will be a valuable archive of in a voluntary capacity Katherine Odom, our photo-realistic CD models from archaeological colleague for many years, for two days a week. contexts, accessible via the internet. It was Katherine is picking up some key collection interesting, if a little bizarre, to see a particularly management tasks including helping audit the unpleasant facial tumour from the Gilbertine Jorvik displays, environmental monitoring, Priory at Fishergate feature as Pathology of the collections documentation and processing Week on the project blog. Also at Bradford, Dr requests for research access. Sonia O’Connor’s work on animal hard skeletal material has generated another useful resource So, looking back at a busy the curatorial in some beautiful high-resolution images of year, it can be characterised by the letter objects of bone, antler and ivory from sites ‘P’ – professionalism, planning and packing, across York. processing and partnership! Brigg raft timbers Conservation Department before removal of As in previous years, and despite the continuing the thick deposits economic downturn, the team has been kept of PEG wax from busy with contracts from external clients and earlier conservation from the YAT Group. As a result of the ever- treatment by the increasing demands on the team, we were able to National Maritime bring back Leesa Vere-Stevens who had worked Museum previously for the Trust between 2000 and 2003. Leesa is a welcome addition to the team.

Among the highlights for this period are a number of major display projects for museums in our region, including the return of the so- called Brigg raft to its home town and the cleaning of 600 ceramic drug containers for the Thackray Medical Museum in Leeds. PEG wax, which had to be carefully removed using a combination of heat, hot water, steam The Brigg raft was initially discovered in 1888 and careful scraping with plastic and wooden 21 during clay extraction along the River Ancholme, hand tools. Very gradually, the once blackened North Lincolnshire, and then re-buried until waxy surface of each timber became more 1974 when it was re-excavated by a team from ‘wood-like’ in appearance, lighter in shade and the National Maritime Museum and taken colour, and technological features including back to London for study and conservation. additional stitch holes were revealed. The final When originally exposed, the vessel measured phase of the project involved the installation of over 12m long and just under 3m wide, and the timbers into their bespoke glass case in the comprised five oak strakes lying flat and secured new Heritage Centre in Brigg, sited in what was with withy ties, through stitch holes running once the Angel, a 17th-century coaching inn. along the edge of each plank. Each strake had upwards of ten integral cleats through which transverse battens were inserted to help secure the strakes. Dating from between 850 and 800 BC, this sewn-plank boat has been interpreted as a flat-bottomed raft with vertical sides, used to ferry cargo and passengers. However, the interpretation of the exact form of the vessel is still being debated.

To recover the vessel the strakes had been cut into smaller, more manageable sections of between 1m and 2.5m, lifted and transported to Greenwich where they were impregnated The Thackray Medical Museum in Leeds is The cleaned with between 85% and 90% Polyethylene Glycol home to a unique collection of 600 ceramic Brigg Raft (PEG) grade 4000, which is a waxy solid at room drug containers displayed in the Wilkinson timbers installed temperature. After immersion in this solution, gallery. Named after the Manchester physician in their new the sections were air-dried, then wrapped in J.F. Wilkinson, who amassed the collection home in Brigg polythene and put into storage for the next 30 during his lifetime, the jars date from between Heritage Centre years or so. This treatment was standard before the 1500s and the 1800s and comprise the the use of freeze-driers became widespread in largest assemblage of its kind in the world. conservation, and the same process was used by The collection was donated to the museum Jim Spriggs to conserve the Anglo-Scandinavian following Wilkinson’s death in 1998. Despite timbers from 16–22 Coppergate back in the 1980s. being displayed in glass cases, the jars had become very dusty, as had the cases themselves For the Brigg raft contract we were tasked and the Thackray trustees commissioned us to with bringing all the timbers back to York for carry out a ‘spring clean’ of the collection and remedial conservation prior to installation in cases. Run as a collaborative project between the their new home in Brigg. The timbers were Conservation and Curatorial departments, the found to be thickly encrusted with solidified first task was to photograph everything in situ areas of expertise we have been developing over the last six years is in the field of in situ preservation. Although the UK government may have overhauled the planning process and re-drafted policies relating to development and archaeology, the underlying tenet, that nationally important cultural heritage should be preserved in situ, continues as the preferred management strategy. To help achieve this, English Heritage is in the process of drafting in situ preservation guidelines and commissioned us to undertake two research projects into monitoring the soil moisture content and geochemistry of burial environments. The work was undertaken in Nantwich where we have helped formulate before each jar could be removed and cleaned. Some of the 600 deposit and preservation potential models for Our contract specified that all containers had to ceramic drug jars the extensive medieval and Roman archaeology, be put back into their original locations – not an in the Wilkinson and assisted with the implementation of a three- easy task once you’ve removed the dust from a 22 collection year programme of groundwater monitoring on shelf. Working methodically around the gallery, behalf of the client, Cheshire West and Chester each case was emptied and the containers Council, and with financial assistance from cleaned with soft micro-fibre cloths and water, English Heritage. An assortment of probes and as were all glass surfaces in the cases. The end remote sensing systems have been installed result is visually stunning. at one location (on land owned by Boots) where waterlogged medieval archaeology is We continue to undertake rapid assessments to be found c.1m below the ground surface. of finds retrieved from commercially funded The moisture content and temperature of the projects and whilst we often spend much of sediment sequence has been monitored using our time X-raying uninspiring corroded iron Time Domain Reflectometry at twelve-hour objects (we now have over 8000 x-ray plates intervals for the last nine months and the data stored in the lab), the odd gem occasionally are sent by phone telemetry to a server in turns up. For example, a rather splendid pocket Germany which then transmits the data to back watch, recovered from excavations at The to us via email. The soil moisture data can be Crescent, Buxton, by ArcHeritage arrived in correlated to local rainfall as this information is the lab for assessment and treatment. We were also being collected. At the same time, a series able to confirm its identification as the internal of platinum-tipped probes connected to a data mechanism was clearly visible and we could logger records real-time information about the Installation then proceed to dry and stabilise the watch for chemical characteristics of the sedimentary of probes long-term storage. sequence, indicating whether the deposits in Nantwich are low in oxygen (conditions conducive to to monitor As much of our day-to-day work is ‘hands- preservation of organic archaeological materials) soil moisture on’ bench work, it makes a refreshing change or high in oxygen (and therefore harmful to content to engage in active research, and one of the organic materials). Colleagues from ArcHeritage have also assisted us in the project by carrying out extensive reviews of techniques used previously and highlighting good case studies to be used in the forthcoming guidelines. English Heritage will eventually host our images, data and reports on their web site to make them publicly accessible. This research will generate further work which will be reported on in the future.

And finally a big vote of thanks must go to the team, the students and volunteers who have all contributed to the success of the department. Without them, none of the above would have been possible. Publications

A busy year for the Publications department saw the completion of several large projects as well as a number of smaller publications, both for YAT and for external clients, and continued production of Northern Archaeology Today.

AY 16/9: Medieval Pottery from York The long-awaited Archaeology of York fascicule on the Medieval Pottery of York was brought to completion over the course of 2012, went to press in January 2013 and was published on 12 March 2013. Medieval Pottery from York provides a detailed account of the development Dr Peter Addyman and Lord Mayor Keith Hyman at launch of the Historic of medieval pottery in York over a 400-year Towns Atlas Map of York period (c.1050–1450/1500), drawing upon evidence from excavations at 16–22 Coppergate, 23 Hungate and from the College of the Vicars Choral at the Bedern. The volume seeks to show the full range of York’s medieval pottery. With some 400 line drawings, colour photographs and 400 catalogued entries, the volume should be an essential resource for medieval pottery researchers.

Medieval Craft and Mystery: Discovering the People behind York’s Mystery Plays This booklet, produced to coincide with the 2012 presentation of the York Mystery Plays, dealing with the craftsmen and tradesmen whose guilds were responsible for producing the Launch of AY16/9 Medieval Pottery from York at the Merchant Adventurers' original medieval plays, and highlighting the Hall archaeological evidence the Trust has uncovered of their activities and products in York, was Richard Hall’s legacy projects written by Nicola Rogers and illustrated by Much effort has been put into completing the many new photographs of the artefacts by Mike projects which were underway at the time of Andrews. The publication was launched at an Richard Hall’s death. These include the work on event at Barley Hall on 18 July 2012. the site of a possible Viking Age encampment, and thanks must go to Dr Gareth Williams at the The Historic Towns Atlas Map of York was also British Museum for leading this project towards launched at an event at Barley Hall on 28 completion and publication. The Anglian and November 2012. This is the forerunner of the full Anglo-Scandinavian maps and text for the publication of the York volume in the Historic Historic Towns Atlas are being completed by Towns Trust series, which is expected in 2014. Ailsa Mainman which will be published in 2014. It is also hoped to complete the publication of Richard Hall’s excavation of the Ripon Cathedral crossing in the next year. The largest and most important piece of work, however, is the report on the Anglo-Scandinavian structures at 16–22 Coppergate. This is the final part of a series of over twenty publications, most of which are in The Archaeology of York series, which cover all the periods of the site which has been so central to the success of the Trust. A small team of Trust staff has, with the continuing support of English Heritage, now completed Archive, Photographic Archive and Library

This year was one of change and reorganisation as preparations are made to vacate the warehouse in Clifton. Huge amounts of archivally non-significant material were re- shelved, reorganised or recycled. Some gems were discovered during this sorting, including lost census records from a project on Hungate by the Archaeological Resource Centre (now called DIG). There was also some slight panic when part of the ceiling above the archive’s roller-racking fell in! No records were damaged and the ceiling was swiftly repaired.

Author Van Wilson, Lord Mayor Keith Hyman and two interviewees at the Site material, such as that from the St Leonard’s launch of the latest Oral History volume in the Mansion House, with the excavations and Driffield Terrace, were Olympic torch deposited, as well as material handed over 24 Richard’s unfinished work. AY8/5, Anglo- by staff leaving the Trust. Andrew Jones gave Scandinavian Occupation at 16–22 Coppergate: some of his books to the Trust. Ailsa Mainman Defining a Townscape, will be published in 2014. kindly donated to the Trust’s library several very useful runs of journals from Richard Hall’s External publication work collection including the Antiquaries Journal, the YAT graphics officer Lesley Collett produced Journal of the British Archaeological Association, the the illustrations for a new book on Roman Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Yorkshire by Patrick Ottaway, to be published by and the Ulster Journal of Archaeology. Blackthorn Press. Preparation of a publication by Trent & Peak Archaeology, Aggregates and YAT staff and students from York and Bradford Archaeology in Nottinghamshire was undertaken University consulted the archive during the towards the end of March 2013. year. Valuable contributions to the work of the department were made by Trident students Ben Oral History Elfick and New Heritage Opportunities scheme The sixth book in the Oral History Series, It’s placement Kay Gammie How You Play the Game: Olympic Sports in York, was published in June 2012, just before the start Sales of YAT publications, sold online and of the London Olympics. The book’s launch through YAT’s outlets and at events such as was at the Mansion House, and there was great YAT’s annual book fair, were steady, with the excitement as one of the interviewees brought oral history books and the pictorial evidence along an Olympic torch. Sales of the book were series proving popular. Picture Library images disappointingly low. Work proceeded on the were, as usual, supplied to publishers and to seventh book in the Oral History Series, on the York Archaeological Trust staff, with many Coney Street area, for publication in October provided free of charge to students. Books 2013. Successful fund-raising was carried out published by YAT are now registered with the for the eighth book in the series for 2014 which Publishers Licensing Society which makes the is to be on The Shambles and Colliergate. Trust eligible for copyright fee payment. Community outreach work in schools took Education place with children at Hob Moor and Hob Moor There have been a number of changes in the Oaks schools who enjoyed activities to tie in education department in the course of 2012–13, with the launch of the Plague, Poverty and Prayer not least the departure of Dr Andrew Jones who exhibition at Barley Hall. retired at the end of the year. In addition, Siriol Hinchliffe left her post of Education Assistant Andrew Jones continued to give dozens of talks, to be replaced by Frances Bennett, who joined supervise placements, work with numerous us from the JORVIK Interactive Team, and museums and community groups and address both were joined for a year by Pam White in conferences throughout the year. He gave the role of Education Projects Officer. Pam had a paper at the European Palaeopathology worked on YAT’s Hungate dig as the Outreach Association Meeting in Lille, considering Co-ordinator, and through the year worked on toilets in Pompeii and Hungate. Amongst developing our secondary schools programme, other projects, Andrew spent time examining devising two new workshops for DIG. grave samples for the University of York’s InterArchive project, and developing a session In May, some of the interactive staff at the on the science of food for the York Festival of attractions enhanced their roles by becoming Food and Drink (which complemented the school workshop providers. These staff members monthly Café Scientifique evenings at City 25 now take part in education development, write Screen, which Andrew helped to co-ordinate). entries for the new JORVIK Group Learning blog, which has been developed as a platform His work in support of John Stewart, a PhD for the promotion and discussion of our work researcher at the University of York working within the education community, and also take on avian eggshells in archaeological deposits, part in our virtual outreach exchange (the first continued, as did his community outreach with the Museum of London). collaborations with York Youth Offending Team, Your Consortium, Scarcroft Allotment Working with Higher Education establishments, Association, Friends of Malton Museum, Chris Tuckley delivered two tutorials for Blansby Park and York Travellers’ Trust, students studying for an MA in Public History at amongst others. His contribution of a family- the Institute for the Public Understanding of the friendly talk on Viking toilets was a welcome Past, University of York, and addressed multiple component of the JORVIK Viking Festival once groups from universities in North America again in 2013, as a part of the festival’s ‘Meet and Europe. We have hosted placements from the Experts’ strand. UCL and York St John universities, the latter as trainee teachers undertaking work experience in Settings Other Than Schools (SOTS). In collaboration with Cathy Batt of the University of Bradford, we established a new ‘Traders, Looters and Settlers’ workshop for school groups visiting JORVIK. We also supported a Mesolithic day in Scarborough, an initiative by the Star Carr Archaeology Project, University of York.

Promotional work by the department took place at the JA.net VC User Event, at York Library’s Get Online event, at the Harrogate Children’s Festival and the Historical Association’s Northern History Forum. Staff also supported the National Railway Museum’s Discovery Days, as part of National Science and Winners of a Cabinet Office National Citizenship PHOTO: RandomActs Engineering Week. Scheme designed to help young people work with registered charities in the area are presented with a cheque for £750. The winning GCSE students from York spent a week getting to know the work done by York Archaeological Trust and then ran a 1950s-themed tea party at York’s Mansion House. Community Archaeology

The Community Archaeology team has continued to advise some 30 local history and archaeology groups in Yorkshire and provided support to a number of projects with funding attached. A number of new groups have been supported at Yearsley Mill, Marton-cum- Grafton, Roman Aldborough, Riccall and Sessay. The community archaeologist supports such groups with advice and tasters such as geophysical survey and test pitting in the hope that they will be interested in applying for grants, generally with the Heritage Lottery Fund.

Support for the HLF-funded project at North 26 Duffield continued and included geophysical survey, school test pit surveys and a one- Community archaeology group at North Duffield week summer excavation looking at Iron Age features near the village. The North Duffield project is proving very successful: an Iron Age During the summer of 2012 the community education pack has been created for schools and archaeology team supported Anna Stewart work has started on a reconstructed Iron Age and Andrew Jones in hosting two groups of roundhouse. A new group has been encouraged young people on the Cabinet Office National to start in Stamford Bridge with funding from Citizenship Scheme. This involved inspiring LEADER. This group will investigate the and supporting young people using the past to landscape around the settlement, seeking to carry out community activities. One of the two answer questions about activity in the Roman groups won a regional first prize for its project. and Anglo-Saxon periods. The team has also The community team has also taken placements responded to enquiries from the Portable under the Mandatory Work Scheme. Antiquities Scheme investigating metal detector YAT Field sites at Bilbrough and Middleham. Assistance Officer Ian In early 2013 the Community Archaeologist was given to a group from Kirkby in North Milsted talks started the first of two courses in Selby for Yorkshire which was able to identify what to a group people with learning difficulties. The course is probably an Anglo-Saxon church in the of allotment was paid for by the Workers Educational graveyard of the present church. owners in York Association which is currently running a project called Digability that introduces people to archaeology. The skills for this project have been developed working with groups with learning difficulties in York (York People First and Community Base).

YAT has helped in the preservation of a cruck- framed farmhouse at Octon on the Yorkshire Wolds. The community archaeologist has begun holding school workshops as part of the stewardship of the house which attracts a grant from Natural England. Workshops and visits will continue and a friends group will be formed to develop the interior of the property.

The community archaeology team has worked on developing HLF bids during the year. Plotting the Past was successful and has been managed by Hannah Baxter, looking at the varied heritage of allotments in York. Attractions and Events

The financial year 2012–13 was very much last year, a second time-limited summer a year of two halves for the Attractions and exhibition was created for JORVIK in 2012. Events division. The first half of the year saw Entitled Valhalla: in search of the Viking Dead, visitor numbers to the attractions at below the exhibition explored the archaeological expected levels with a significant decline over evidence in York and elsewhere for Viking the period of the London Olympics and late burial and belief. Once again, this exhibition spring/summer due to poor weather. This was was installed in No. 10 Coppergate, a vacant followed by a gradual improvement over the shop unit, presenting easy access and good autumn and winter months, which, with some links to the main attraction. cost savings, enabled us to finish the year in a positive position. Visitors to all attractions From 21 July to 4 November the exhibition totalled over 521,000. This was slightly fewer attracted just over 30,000 visitors and forged a than the previous year. number of new partnerships by incorporating the display of carved grave markers from the Despite the lower levels of visitor admissions, Minster collection, evidence and objects from secondary spend remained buoyant, the result the Isle of Man and material from the Repton 27 of increased efforts and initiatives across the excavations undertaken by Professor Julian attractions in retail, guidebook sales, coin- Richards of York University. Working with striking income and gift aid. Staff and volunteer the Finds and Curation Team, it also explored training, merchandising improvements, offers the evidence (or lack of it) for Viking Age and competitions, and the introduction of burials in York using past excavations by the new guidebook publications all assisted this Trust, including new research on two human improved result. skeletons from Hungate.

Feedback on the exhibition was excellent, with JORVIK many people welcoming the opportunity to find out more about the Vikings in a more Exhibitions relaxed setting, enjoying the children’s Following the success of the summer exhibition, activities and giving extremely positive Gladiators, in 2011, and other temporary comments about the guided tours presented exhibitions showcased across the attractions by the staff.

Valhalla: in search of the Viking Dead exhibition PHOTO: RandomActs This, and other improvements made to the staff and displayed and interpreted to a very high presentation at JORVIK, building and exhibition standard’. appearance including a planned preventative maintenance programme for the glass floor, Education and customer care delivery have ensured that A summary of the Trust’s education work, visitor feedback for JORVIK across the year has including that at the Attractions, can be found been excellent. in the Education and Training section of this report (see p.25). One highlight for this Division On Trip Advisor, in particular, our ratings was the production of two new learning have improved and recent reviews include the programmes, launched in September 2012, for following: key stages 1–4. Both programmes detail a range of new workshops and outreach activities across ••‘Well worth making the trip just for this all four sites, as well as sessions at the Mansion place, worth every penny, very informative House and the Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, and and staff very knowledgeable.’ were distributed to schools via an e-shot and a mail shot from the 2000 programmes printed. ••‘It was very educational; such as the steps taken to preserve the wood timbers. The Accreditation 28 ride through the ‘village’ was an unexpected Over the past year documentation was completed pleasure.’ to achieve museum accreditation for three ••‘One of the best things about the centre was attractions (excluding Micklegate Bar). This the staff, who all seem to have an amazing included the production of revised access audits, amount of knowledge.’ three-year forward plans and a review of the last period. Assessors for the accreditation visited in Such feedback has also recently been reflected January 2013 and awarded the attractions full in the VAQAS (Visitor Attraction Quality accredited status. Thanks go to both Christine Assurance Scheme) reports where JORVIK once McDonnell and Jane Stockdale for the huge again received Visit England’s accreditation of amount of work and diligence dedicated to ‘Quality Assured’. In summary the assessment getting the Trust through this process. stated that: ‘Jorvik continues to exceed expectation and offers the visitor an exceptional Marketing Initiatives experience. Costumed interpreters welcome In response to the lower than expected visitor Jorvik's Vikings and inform the visitors. The journey through numbers at JORVIK and other attractions meet the Yorkshire Jorvik always excites the visitor and the over the summer period, the marketing team Vikings cricket team Investigate Coppergate exhibition is fascinating introduced a series of marketing initiatives to help mitigate, as much as possible, the downturn in visitors to York. These initiatives included: DIG for a Quid; inclusion in the Minster FM Half-Price Days Out promotion; a book signing by Horrible Histories author Terry Deary at Valhalla which generated over £600 of book sales; insertion in Visit York’s street campaign; and advertising on the city-centre promotion bike. This was in addition to new leaflets for each site, bus and street advertising, voucher promotions with hotels, and app-based Voucher Cloud promotions.

The announcement that Yorkshire County Cricket squad renamed their one-day team the Yorkshire Vikings was the opportunity for a major marketing initiative. A high-profile launch ceremony was held at JORVIK on 6 March 2013, with media coverage on BBC Look North, ITV Calendar, Sky Sports, Radio York, Radio Yorkshire, three page spreads in the Yorkshire Post and Evening Press, plus numerous sporting press pieces online and in print. The initiative aimed to deliver increased awareness and presence across a wider area (Leeds in DIG particular) and reaching a new audience. Exhibitions Looking Back at Hungate launched successfully just before Easter Partnerships 2012 to an invited audience of almost 100 people. Feedback for After winning the major undertaking to deliver the exhibition has been extremely positive, including that from new interpretation, marketing, education and the team which worked on the site over the last five years. The volunteering material for the Govan Stones launch itself received excellent coverage in the Evening Press Reinterpretation Project at Govan Old Church, and Yorkshire Post. Glasgow, this work was completed in early/mid- 2013. The project, worth just over £30,000, saw Towards the end of the financial year we began work with the the installation of newly researched information Conservation team to explore the possibility of putting a number panels, the creation of educational resources and of the re-used Anglo-Saxon ship timbers from Hungate on a learning programme, the delivery of a new display as part of the exhibition. As we were also approached to volunteer recruitment and training pack, and take part in the University’s Festival of Ideas at this time, it was marketing material such as a leaflet, website, thought that this addition would fit well into theAnglo-Saxon exterior signage and visitor trail. York section of the North and South theme.

A consultancy contract has also been completed 29 Education this year working with RS Heritage Design Ltd Pam White, who formerly worked on the Hungate excavation, to undertake research, create content and advise joined the Attractions team in April 2011 specifically to develop on exhibition design for new galleries in Preston new linked activities for schools for the Looking Back at Hungate Hall Museum. exhibition. Throughout the year Pam developed new workshops and initiatives for the secondary school market and on outreach In October 2012, Sarah Maltby took part in initiatives that promote archaeology in particular. a major conference in Zealand to discuss the presentation of Denmark’s Viking heritage In order to improve presentation and consistency in terms entitled ‘When Denmark was Born’. Delegates of the workshops presented to schools, which now form a included Denmark’s Minister of Culture and significant number of the school bookings, a dedicated team was representatives from major museums in the created from the Interactive team across the sites to be trained country. Afterwards, during the Viking Festival, JORVIK welcomed guests from the Vejle Municipality in Denmark, Visit Denmark, Visit East Denmark and the Midgard Historic Centre in Vestfold, Norway.

Finally, following a visit by a delegation from Hunan Province in China representing archaeological and museum governing bodies, Sarah Maltby, along with Peter Connelly and Terry Suthers, were invited to visit Hunan Province in September 2012 as guests of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and asked to present their thoughts and ideas to a conference of interested parties and tour the province’s archaeological sites and museum developments.

Looking Back at Hungate exhibition at DIG PHOTO: RandomActs and present these workshops. Following an The “Ask the Archaeologist” bench was very intensive selection process ten members of staff popular, with lots of guessing accompanied by were selected and trained in preparation for the laughter and happy faces. The Looking back at new school year. The aim of the initiative was Hungate exhibition was very good’. to create a team of well-trained staff who can present all workshops, deliver outreach sessions Events and undertake the online outreach sessions to DIG and Barley Hall jointly hosted the Aesthetica schools throughout the UK and the world. Short Film Festival in November 2012, which celebrated independent film from across the This staff team also write entries for the new world. Both attractions screened some of the JORVIK Group Learning blog, which has been work by the chosen finalists. developed as a platform for the promotion and discussion of the work of the education Educational events included one that celebrated department within the education community, the 2012 Royal Society’s Young People’s Book and took part in our first virtual outreach Prize. DIG won their bid to host an event to exchange with the Museum of London. honour one of the shortlisted books, in this case Plagues, Pox and Pestilence by award-winning DIG also achieved its accreditation from author Richard Platt. The event gave young 30 VisitEngland in the recent VAQAS visit. The people the chance to meet the author, take part Executive Summary stated that: ‘Children in activities to help them ward off the plague were observed thoroughly enjoying being and meet a plague doctor and a barber-surgeon. an archaeologist, digging and discovering.

Plague, Poverty and Prayer re-launch event at Barley Hall

Barley Hall

Barley Hall continued to perform well in terms and installation of the exhibition From Hamlet of school visits and private hire, although visitor to Hollywood delivered a new and increased numbers returned to 2009–10 levels, perhaps audience for Barley Hall. It was hoped that because of the lack of a major new exhibition this this momentum could be maintained through year, a concern that will be rectified in 2013–14. the retention of the exhibition for another year, This emphasises the importance of continued albeit with a number of new elements. investment and audience development to boost visitor numbers. Plans are now in place The new elements included costumes from to continue periodic small-scale investment at the films Anonymous, The Duchess, Sense and Barley Hall for the next five years. Sensibility, Around the World in 80 Days and From Hell, as well as the TV drama Downton Abbey Exhibitions and one of Helen Mirren’s costumes from The Over the previous financial year the creation Queen. All of these new costumes allowed the exhibition to explore stories linked to Royalty and launched on the 31 May 2012 in time for the Queen’s 60th Jubilee celebrations.

A small exhibition entitled ‘Twas the Night Before Volunteers at Barley Hall Christmas’ aimed to boost visitors during the Christmas period. A series of four vignettes showed Christmas through the ages and the addition of appearances by Father Christmas at the Hall brought in new family visitors. The Hall was also able to borrow two costumes from the Theatre Royal costume collection from the Berwick Kaler Pantomime, and Berwick Kaler himself helped launch this new exhibition; the event was reported in the York Press.

Plans are underway for a new exhibition at Barley Hall next year which will revamp and re-use Plague Poverty and Prayer (currently on 31 view at the Merchant Adventurers’ Hall). New research and archaeological material will be added to the exhibition and it will also gain a new twist following discussions with award- winning children’s author Terry Deary. This Education exhibition is to launch at Easter 2013. The new Learning programme details five workshops that are being offered at Barley For the launch of this new exhibition, the Hall from this year, including A Day in the Life Attractions team worked closely with Hob of a Tudor Child, which was successfully trialled Moor Primary School, including Hob Moor earlier this year. Oaks School which supports learning for mixed ability pupils especially those with Volunteers special needs. Staff worked in the school Since taking over the operational management during the early part of the year to generate of the Hall in 2007/08 the Volunteer team has cross-curricular learning opportunities to be grown into a solid base of around 50 people of presented at the launch, including a parade, all ages and interests, the majority of whom banner work and costumes. We hope to are based at Barley Hall as Room Stewards, develop more of these exciting projects in the Researchers, Education Assistants, Costume future using projects such as this as a basis for Makers or Events Assistants. The Hall is now education in the community. considered a leading light in the volunteering world within York with strong links with both Barley Hall, along with DIG and JORVIK, the Universities (which offer Barley Hall as a received the VisitEngland quality accreditation placement for those wanting to develop careers following its recent VAQAS inspections. The in heritage) and the Centre for Voluntary Executive summary stated: ‘Barley Hall is a Service. Volunteering at Barley Hall has also hidden “gem” that is presented and interpreted been used as a model of excellence within to a very high standard. The costume exhibition other museums in York, such as the Merchants is excellent and topical. This venue improves at Adventurers, The Quilters Guild and the every assessment’. Mansion House. Outside of York we have used the Barley Hall Volunteering model for training Key observations included: teams at Lincoln Castle and also at Govan Old ••Staff were cheerful and friendly and gave a Church, Glasgow. warm welcome to the visitor. The Barley Hall advisory panel continues to ••Barley Hall is now well managed and invest time and interest in the Hall through continues to improve its offer to the visitor. ongoing meetings with the YAT team. ••Very high standards of both presentation Interpretation projects, exhibitions and events and interpretation are achieved in the have benefited from its advice this year, for Hamlet to Hollywood exhibition. which we are extremely grateful. Micklegate Bar

Exhibitions Key observations included: The Attractions team installed A Royal Gateway The ‘Royal’ connections exhibition was of at Micklegate Bar in July 2012. This exhibition •• very good quality and topical. celebrated the role of the Bar in York’s royal history and marked the occasion of Queen ••The enthusiastic staff both on arrival Elizabeth II’s visit to the city earlier in the year. and during the visit fully engaged with the visitor and ensured that they were For the first time Micklegate Bar was submitted informed and fully aware of the ‘joys’ of for the VisitEngland accreditation scheme and the Micklegate Bar Museum. following its VAQAS inspection received its accreditation. The executive summary stated: ••This attraction is well managed and packs ‘This unique building has enthusiasm and a lot into a small space. knowledge in abundance, as staff share their love of the history of Micklegate Bar, from the Education gruesome events through to the happy Royal The new Learning programme features two Diamond Jubilee celebrations’. 32 workshops for schools at Micklegate Bar as well as a workshop designed especially for key stages 3 and 4. It is hoped that the Bar can start to attract older visitors and aims to do this through targeted sessions and marketing activity.

A Royal Gateway exhibition at Micklegate Bar

Events and Festivals The events and festivals team delivered well extravaganza of all things medieval across the over 200 events over the course of the year. region; this proved a great success, developing Following hot on the heels of the Queen’s visit audiences and promoting our brand further afield. in April 2012, reported in last year’s Annual Events included partnerships with Pontefract and Report, JORVIK got involved with animating Knaresborough Castles and the first phase of our the route of the Olympic Torch relay in June, Churches Event Partnerships Plan. turning out an army of Viking warriors who entertained the crowds and provided one of Occurring at the same time as the City of York the more unusual welcomes the Torch team had celebrated 800 years of self-government, the seen on their travels! Medieval Festival formed a large part of the York 800 event programme, working in partnership Summer 2012 saw delivery of our first ever with attractions, community groups and Yorkshire Medieval Festival, a nine-day businesses across York. 33

Yorkshire Medieval Festival at Pontefract Castle

During the autumn we had further involvement in other important local festivals, building our brand and developing partnerships. Our battlefields and military history, most notably Christmas at first Taste of History Jorvik Roaming Supper was the battles of Towton, Fulford, Stamford Bridge, Barley Hall delivered as part of York Festival of Food and Marston Moor and Boroughbridge and Myton. Drink and proved a roaring success. Continued Walks spotlighting the Guilds of York were also involvement with national event initiatives developed for delivery in early August within such as Museums at Night, National Science the Yorkshire Medieval Festival programme. and Engineering Week and Archaeology Week, alongside the local and regional partnerships As is usual at Christmas we decked the halls ensures we continue to promote ourselves on at Barley Hall and started our festive season as wide a stage as possible. with involvement in the city-wide St Nicholas Fair, hosting a medieval traders’ market in the Our Battlefields events during the year focused Hall and opening our winter tavern, which on delivery of walks and talks surrounding continued to trade throughout the season. Jorvik Viking Festival Finale PHOTO: RandomActs With around 1,000 visitors to the Hall in four days, this was a perfect platform promotion of the rest of the winter programme and we went on to deliver our first ever Meet Father Christmas sessions, Children’s Christmas afternoons, plus Dickensian and medieval evening events. We obtained a fantastic 100% positive feedback for the Father Christmas events, which we will therefore be repeating in 2013.

We closed our event year with the annual JORVIK Viking Festival which incorporated over 80 activities taking place over nine days across the City of York, involving partnerships with English Heritage, City of York Council, York Libraries Service, York Minster, National Centre of Early Music, the Mansion House and Merchant Adventurers’ Hall to name a few. This 34 year saw a significant change in the delivery of the finale event as we brought it back into the city centre at the Eye of York for a spectacular display incorporating live battle, sound, light effects, pyrotechnics and stadium fireworks. With an estimated 40,000 visitors in the city for the Festival and a 100% positive feedback record, this was a superb year for the event and we hope to build on this success in 2014.

Young Vikings at the Easter encampment

The Year Ahead

Looking ahead to next year, the Attractions and Events Division has a number of challenges to face, not least retaining the current level of visitor numbers across the sites and stimulating growth where possible. A number of initiatives have been considered which aim to maintain the Attraction’s place at the top of the sector in terms of quality, variety and value for money. During 2013–14 the Attractions Group plans to expand its visitor audience by introducing initiatives such as activities for children under 5 years of age and an adult learning programme, a reassessment of its events and festivals to target new and existing audiences, an extended touring exhibitions project, in- house PR, increased and rationalised corporate and private hire events offer, and increased investment in staff and volunteers through training and cross-departmental working. 2012 Viking Festival finale fireworks at Cliffords Tower Finance, Management and Administration

SUMMARISED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TRUSTEES’ STATEMENT ON THE SUMMARISED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The summarised financial statements on pages 38 to 43 are not statutory financial statements, but are a summary of information extracted from the full consolidated financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 March 2013.

The financial review in the summarised financial statements includes information derived from the Trustees Annual Report contained in the full consolidated financial statements, but it does not contain the full text of that report. 35

The summarised financial statements may not contain sufficient information to allow for a full understanding of the financial affairs of the charity. For further information, the full consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2013, the auditor’s report on those financial statements and the Trustees Annual Report in those financial statements should be consulted.

Copies may be obtained from the following address: Secretary, York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited, 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX.

The full consolidated financial statements were approved by the Trustees on 2 August 2013 and will be delivered to the Charity Commission and Companies House in due course.

The full consolidated financial statements have been audited by BHP Barron & Barron, who have issued unqualified reports on the full consolidated financial statements and on the consistency of the Trustees Annual Report with those consolidated financial statements. Their report on the full consolidated financial statements contained no statement under sections 498(2)(a), 498(2)(b) or 498(3) of the Companies Act 2006.

Signed on behalf of the Trustees

MR T SUTHERS Chairman

2 August 2013 FINANCIAL REVIEW

Overview The year saw continued difficult trading with income relatively static and costs increasing in line with inflation, providing net expenditure for the year of £521,000 compared with £381,000 in 2011/12. This deficit exceeded budget and as a consequence during the latter part of the year a cost-reduction programme commenced. During the year a warehouse was purchased at a cost of £500,000, facilitated by the realisation of funds invested in 2011/12. This acquisition will reduce overall costs in subsequent years. The consequence of the trading deficit was that cash reduced from £1,009,000 to £643,000 at the year end. Unrestricted Reserves were similarly affected and at the year-end amounted to £1,850,000 (£2,429,000 2011/12). Staff numbers increased to 163 full-time equivalents from 146 reflecting a full year in respect of Trent & Peak Archaeology within the Trust.

36 Unrestricted Funds

Explanation Division During the year the four visitor attractions generated resources from charitable activities amounting to £3,200,000 (£3,225,000 2011/12) which was only marginally below our budget predictions despite the numbers of visitors being significantly reduced during the period when the Olympic Games took place (in common with many visitor attractions in the UK during that period).

Resources expended in respect of charitable activities reduced to £2,276,000 (£2,380,000 2011/12), the result of cost saving measures in a number of activities.

The Activities for Generating Funds comprise the retail activities at the four visitor attractions, JORVIK, DIG, Barley Hall and Micklegate Bar, together with corporate and wedding hire, which are conducted through a separate trading subsidiary. The overall surplus reduced to £5,000 (£36,000 2011/12), the result of income from these activities reducing to £550,000 (£567,000 2011/12) together with costs increasing to £545,000 (£531,000 2011/12).

Exploration Division Whilst the continued poor economic climate has adversely affected construction and hence the amount of archaeological work, the Trust managed to achieve a slight improvement in income, reflecting a full year of trading at Trent & Peak Archaeology offset by reduced income in York and at ArcHeritage. As a result the Division achieved incoming resources from charitable activities of £2,146,000, compared with £2,134,000 in 2011/12.

Grants and Donations received declined to £11,000 (£20,000 2011/12).

Overall costs, including administration in respect of the Trust as a whole, increased to £3,552,000 (£3,419,000 2011/12), greater than the increase in income, reflecting tight margins available particularly on smaller archaeological projects. Restricted Funds During the year a total of £65,000 of income was received, of which £49,000 was from English Heritage. Expenditure totalled £79,000.

Cash and Borrowings Overall cash flow for the year was negative, reducing from a balance of £1,009,000 at the start of the year to net cash at bank of £643,000 at the year-end, giving an overall movement of £366,000. The negative movement was primarily due to an overall outflow on operating activities of £310,000 together with expenditure on fixed assets of £662,000, offset by the proceeds realised on the liquidation of the investments of £587,000.

Investments 37 During the year the decision was taken to liquidate the investments under the management of Deutsche Bank in order to fund the acquisition of a warehouse. A total of £578,000 was realised compared with the original investment made in 2011 of £550,000.

Reserves The reserves policy involves the identification of future expenditure which it is planned to be undertaken which is transferred to a Designated Capital Reserve, and Free Reserves which should be held against adverse financial situations.

At the end of the year there was £1,850,000 (£2,429,000 2011/12) in Unrestricted Reserves the majority of which, £1,830,000 (£1,400,000 2011/12), relates to fixed assets and £9,665 is designated for the annual Helen Addyman Lecture. The Designated Capital Reserve has reduced from £750,000 to £180,000 following the acquisition of a warehouse to replace existing rented premises, thereby providing savings in future years. The balance will be expended on completing the refurbishment of the building.

The operating deficit for the year, together with an increase of £103,000 in the long-term liability in respect of the pension scheme deficit, has resulted in the Free Reserves being negative at the year end.

The target level for Free Reserves is £750,000 and cost-reduction measures should ensure that the Free Reserves are increased in future years. Summarised Financial Statements

Summary Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities (incorporating the income and expenditure account) Year ended 31 March 2013

Total Funds Total Funds 2013 2012 £ £

INCOMING RESOURCES

Incoming resources from generating funds: Voluntary income 75,857 49,600 Activities for generating funds 550,297 567,519 38 Investment income 19,250 46,484 Incoming resources from charitable activities ______5,346,651 ______5,359,538

TOTAL INCOMING RESOURCES ______5,992,055 ______6,023,141

RESOURCES EXPENDED

Costs of generating funds: Fundraising trading: cost of goods sold and other costs (545,004) (531,173) Charitable activities (5,906,456) (5,831,895) Governance costs ______(61,741) ______(41,454)

TOTAL RESOURCES EXPENDED (6,513,201)______(6,404,522)______

NET EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR (521,146) (381,381)

OTHER RECOGNISED GAINS AND LOSSES

Gains on revaluation of investment assets 30,914 21,478 Actuarial (losses)/gains in respect of defined benefit pension schemes ______(103,000) ______(90,000)

NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS (593,232) (449,903)

Summarised Financial Statements

Summary Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities (incorporating the Income and Expenditure Account) Year ended 31 March 2013

Total Funds Total Funds 2013 2012 £ £

NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS (593,232) (449,903)

RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS 39 Total funds brought forward ______2,572,178 ______3,022,081

TOTAL FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD 1,978,946 2,572,178

The Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities includes all gains and losses in the year and therefore a statement of total recognised gains and losses has not been prepared.

All of the above amounts relate to continuing activities. Summarised Financial Statements

Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet Year ended 31 March 2013

2013 2012 £ £ FIXED ASSETS Tangible assets 1,936,827 1,520,680 Investments ______3,113 ______559,190

1,939,940 2,079,870

CURRENT ASSETS Stocks 260,635 161,359 Debtors 859,249 807,557 Cash at bank and in hand 643,206 1,008,632

40 1,763,090 1,977,548 CREDITORS: Amounts falling due within one year (1,273,084)______(1,135,240)______

NET CURRENT ASSETS ______490,006 ______842,308

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES ______2,429,946 ______2,922,178

NET ASSETS EXCLUDING PENSION LIABILITY ______2,429,946 ______2,922,178

DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION SCHEME LIABILITY ______(451,000) ______(350,000)

NET ASSETS INCLUDING PENSION LIABILITY 1,978,946 2,572,178

The Balance sheets continue on the following page. Summarised Financial Statements

Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet Year ended 31 March 2013

2013 2012 £ £ FUNDS Restricted income funds 129,282 143,210

UNRESTRICTED INCOME FUNDS: Unrestricted income funds excluding pension liability 2,300,664 2,778,968 Pension reserve ______(451,000) ______(350,000)

TOTAL UNRESTRICTED INCOME FUNDS ______1,849,664 ______2,428,968 41

TOTAL FUNDS 1,978,946 2,572,178

Summarised Financial Statements

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement Year ended 31 March 2013

2013 2012 £ £ £ £ NET CASH (OUTFLOW)/INFLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES (309,677) (569,934)

RETURNS ON INVESTMENTS AND SERVICING OF FINANCE Income from UK Listed Investments 17,386 4,467 Interest received ______1,864 ______42,017

Net cash inflow from returns on investments and servicing of finance 19,250 46,484

42 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE AND FINANCIAL INVESTMENT Payments to acquire tangible fixed assets (661,990) (284,933) Acquisition of other investments (136,393) (578,674) Disposal of other investments ______723,384 ______40,971

Net cash outflow from capital expenditure ______(74,999) ______(822,636)

(DECREASE)/INCREASE IN CASH (365,426) (1,346,086)

RECONCILIATION OF NET OUTGOING RESOURCES TO NET CASH (OUTFLOW)/ INFLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

2013 2012 £ £ Net outgoing resources before transfers (521,146) (381,381) Income from investments (17386) (4,467) Interest receivable (1,864) (42,017) Depreciation 245,843 229,928 Increase in stocks (99,276) (19,122) Increase in debtors (51,692) (314,746) (Decrease)/Increase in creditors 137,844 (33,129) Provision for pension costs on defined benefit pension schemes 23,000 19,000 Defined benefit pension scheme contributions paid ______(25,000) ______(24,000)

Net cash (outflow)/inflow from operating activities (309,677) (569,934)

Summarised Financial Statements

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S STATEMENT TO THE MEMBERS OF YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST FOR EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH LIMITED

We have examined the summarised financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2013 as set out on pages 00 to 00 and comprising the Financial Review, the Summary Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities, the Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet and the Summary Consolidated Cash Flow.

Respective responsibilities of directors and auditors

The Trustees (who are also the directors of York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited for the purposes of company law) are responsible for preparing the Annual Report in accordance with applicable United Kingdom law.

Our responsibility is to report to you our opinion on the consistency of the summarised financial 43 statements within the Annual Report with the full consolidated financial statements and the Trustees Annual Report, and their compliance with the relevant requirements of section 427 of the Companies Act 2006 and the regulations made thereunder.

We also read the other information contained in the Annual Report and consider the implications for our report if we become aware of any apparent misstatements or material inconsistencies with the summarised financial statements. The other information comprises only the other items listed on the contents page of the Annual Report.

Basis of opinion

We conducted our work in accordance with Bulletin 2008/3, the auditor’s statement on the summary financial statement in the United Kingdom, issued by the Auditing Practices Board. Our report on the company’s full consolidated financial statements describes the basis of our audit opinion on those financial statements.

Opinion

In our opinion the summarised financial statements are consistent with the full consolidated financial statements of York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited for the year ended 31 March 2013 and comply with the applicable requirements of section 427 of the Companies Act 2006, and the regulations made thereunder.

BHP BARRON & BARRON Chartered Accountants and Statutory Auditor Bathurst House 86 Micklegate York YO1 6LQ

2 August 2013 Appendix 1 Archaeological Interventions

44 Appendix 2: Staff Achievements and Publications YAT Steve Allen was elected to the Council of the IfA; he was also elected to chair the IfA Graphic Archaeology Group and is a member of the IfA Validation Committee. He chaired sessions at the IfA conference in Oxford in April 2012 and organised sessions for the IfA Conference held in Birmingham in April 2013. Lesley Collett was elected Secretary of the IfA Graphic Archaeology Group and is a member of the IfA Members Services Committee; she gave a paper on digital graphics for publication at the IfA Conference in Oxford 2012. Mags Felter gave a joint paper with Dominica D’Arcangelo, Co-founder of Heritage Without Borders (HWB), at the IfA Conference in Oxford on HWB’s activities and particularly its work at Merv in Turkmenistan. She also helped to run an Archaeology Group session at ICON’s ‘Positive Futures in an Uncertain World’ conference in Glasgow in April 2013. The session was on national and international guidelines for archaeological conservation. Anne Jenner continues her own research on kiln locations in North Yorkshire. Jane McComish achieved an MA by research from the University of York; her thesis was entitled ‘An Analysis of Roman Ceramic Building Material from York and its Immediate Environs’. Sarah Maltby spoke at a conference, ‘When Denmark Came to Be’, at Ledreborg, Denmark, on 24 October 2012, and undertook a study tour of Hunan Province, China, 10–17 September 2012. Dr Jayne Rimmer was awarded research grants from the Society for Medieval Archaeology (£1,550 in April 2012 to undertake a building survey, tree-ring dating and building analysis at 32 Goodramgate, York) and from the Vernacular 45 Architecture Group (£2,500 in May 2012 to undertake tree-ring dating and building analysis at 30 North Street and 1 and 2 All Saints Lane, York). In September 2012 she was joint organiser of ‘Routine and Ritual in the Post-Medieval Home’, Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology Conference, University of York, and in January 2013 she jointly organised with Pete Connelly a session entitled ‘New Perspectives on the Rural and Urban Poor: Great Britain 1550–1950’, Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, University of Leicester. In February 2013 she gave a joint paper with Jon Kenny entitled ‘Exploring and Experiencing Artefacts from the Working-class neighbourhood of Hungate, York’ at a conference ‘Performing the Past: Exploring the Heritage of working class communities of Yorkshire, A collaborative research network’. In March 2013 she gave a Yorkshire Philosophical Society Lecture entitled ‘Nine Lives of Hungate: The history of a poor York neighbourhood through the biographies of its builders, residents, and workers (c. 1800–1930)’. Dr Rimmer continues to sit on the editorial board of the journal Vernacular Architecture. Chris Tuckley has just completed a post-doctoral research fellowship at the Leeds Humanities Research Institute/ the Brotherton Library entitled ‘The Tractatus de veneno of Malachy of Ireland and its manuscript in context in Leeds, Brotherton MS 115’; this enabled him to contribute a work-in-progress lecture to the 2013 Yorkshire Medieval Festival. Curatorial Department Achievements Christine McDonnell chairs the Finds Research Group and is Museum Mentor to Malton Museum under the Arts Council England Accreditation scheme. She, Geoff Krause and Rachel Cubitt have continued their membership of a number of bodies, attending meetings of the Finds Research Group and COWISHT training in the identification of skeletal hard tissue. They have delivered a number of workshops including Meet the Expert sessions for the Trust and at the Tolson Museum, Huddersfield. Geoff gave lectures to the University of York Continuing Education evening class and to the Swaledale and Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group. Rachael attended a FAME Archaeological Archives Forum open meeting and a Historic Metals Society conference on ‘Furnaces, Foundries and Forges: Ironmaking heritage revisited’. Rachel also completed an Introduction to Blacksmithing course at Craven College, Skipton.

ArcHeritage Marcus Abbott presented papers on the Stonehenge laser scan project at the VAST conference in Brighton 19–21 November 2012; on Rockley furnace at the ‘Digital Heritage 2013, Interfaces with the Past’ conference in York in July 2013; and on Rockley and Silkstone at the South Yorkshire Archaeology Day, Sheffield, 24 November 2012.

Northlight Heritage Sharon Carson represented the Trust at the 2012 IfA conference in the Forensic Archaeology session to raise awareness of forensic geoscience. She worked on various community projects helping members of the public gain awareness of what can be found within archaeological soils. Clark Innes has completed the first year of his part-time, self-funded taught Masters degree in Material Culture. He has taken the soil flotation equipment out into the field for several community excavations, giving volunteers a chance to do sample processing themselves. Jennifer Miller co-authored the Professional Standards and Code of Conduct in Forensic Archaeology for the Home Office April 2012, and was elected Assessor for IfA Forensic Archaeology SIG Expert Panel in October 2012. In 2012 she gave a paper at the IfA Conference Forensic Archaeology Session on ‘Spatial Patterning Analysis and Time Lapse Imagery as tools to Enhance Jury Comprehension of Events’; at the Inaugural meeting of the European Association of Forensic Archaeologists (EAFA) in Amsterdam on ‘The UK Perspective’; to the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers (ALGAO) Scotland on ‘Forensic Archaeology – the ways forward’. She has given awareness training on the value of forensic archaeology to 95 Crime Scene Managers over three training sessions. Ruth Whyte has undertaken assessment of a very large human bone assemblage from an unmarked paupers’ cemetery in South Ayrshire, Scotland.

Trent & Peak Archaeology Gareth Davies delivered presentations to the CBA East of England Conference on recent Anglo-Saxon research in the region and upgraded to full MIfA status with the Institute for Archaeologists in early 2012. Lee Elliott was appointed to the publications committee for the Transactions of the Thoroton Society, The Journal for Nottinghamshire History and Archaeology. Summary reports written with Peter Webb and Laurence Platt and published in Thoroton 2012 included articles on St Mary’s Church (Nottingham), Holy Trinity Church (Lambley) and Felley Priory. David Knight continues to chair the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group and Trent Valley GeoArchaeology and to represent YAT at Derbyshire Archaeological Advisory Committee meetings. He was elected in 2012 to the Council of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire. He organised and chaired the conference launch of East Midlands Heritage at Derby Roundhouse and has given presentations at conferences organised by Southampton University (‘Insight from Innovation: new light on archaeological ceramics’) and Leicester University (‘Geology meets Archaeology’), spoken at CBA South Midlands and Thoroton Society meetings, and organised Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group and Trent Valley GeoArchaeology meetings. 46 David Strange-Walker has given numerous presentations on Nottingham’s caves to a wide variety of audiences, including the 2012 IfA conference, High-Tech Heritage in Amherst, Massachusetts, the East Midlands Heritage conference in Derby, and lots of local societies and groups. He has also appeared on BBC 2’s Escape to the Country, talking about caves again.

Staff Publications Abbott, M., 2012. Stonehenge Laser Scan, Archaeological Analysis Report, English Heritage Research Report Series 32 Abbott, M. and Anderson-Whymark, H., 2012. (cover story). ‘Stonehenge: look at the stones’, British Archaeology 127, 14–21 Abbott, M., 2012, in The 13th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Eurographics Allen, S. J., 2012. ‘Graphics Archaeology Group: Discussion, Seminar and Gallery’, Review in The Archaeologist 85, 17–20 Allen, S. J. 2013. ‘Validation and the Graphics Archaeology Group’ in The Archaeologist 87, 24–5 Carson, S., Shillito, L-M., Brown, A. and Pluskowski, A. G. (2012) Environmental assessment of samples from the castle site at Grudziadz, Poland. Wiewióra, M (ed). Zamek w Grudziadzu w swietle badan archeologiczno-architektonicznych. Materiały i studia. Torun: UMK, pp. 351-357 Davies, G., 2013. ‘Middle Anglo-Saxon Continental Wares in Norfolk: A Social Interpretation’, Medieval Ceramics Davis, S., Strange-Walker, D. and Abbott, M., 2012. ‘Laser scanning at Brú na Bóinne’, in Archaeology Ireland 26 (3). James, H., 2013. ‘An organically rich medieval midden and other finds from the top of the Town Stirling, Scottish Archaeological Journal 32 (2) Knight, D., 2013. ‘A research strategy for the East Midlands’, Archaeology and Conservation in Derbyshire 10 Knight, D., Lomax, S. and Young, G., 2012. The Origins of Nottingham Archaeological investigations in the medieval town from 1969 to 1980, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire 116 Knight, D., Vyner, B. and Allen, C., 2012. East Midlands Heritage. An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands, University of Nottingham Archaeological Monographs 6 Miller, J. J. and Thurley, D.S.K., 2013. Recovery of Human Remains, in J. A. Siegel and P. J. Saukko (eds), Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2nd edition, vol. 3, 372–7 Strange-Walker, D., 2012. ‘Going Underground! Nottingham’s man-made caves’, in Young Archaeologist 154 Appendix 3: Ordinary Members of the Trust

His Grace The Archbishop of York J. Hunter BA Dr P.V. Addyman CBE M.G. Ingle Professor M. Aston BA Hon DLitt FSA MIfA Professor J. Jesch (appointed 7 December 2012) (deceased 24 June 2013) A. Johnson Dr D. Atkinson K. Johnston P. Baker B. Joyce (appointed 7 December 2012) M. Baldwin Dr H. Kenward Professor J. Beckett (appointed 7 December 2012) R. Kilburn V.E. Black P.M.W. Knowles S.A.J. Bradley MA, FSA G. Lee Professor D. Brothwell MA (Cantab) PhD Professor P. Lock Sir R.U. Cooke DSc D. Martin Professor J.D. Currey Dr S. Mays A. Deller (appointed 7 December 2012) Professor R.K. Morris OBE FSA Professor Emeritus J. Dixon (appointed 7 December 2012) H. Murray Dr K.H.M. Dixon CBE Dr H. Mytum FSA 47 Dr P.W. Dixon FSA Dr D. Neave BA MPhil PhD Hon.DUniv FSA H.M. Dobson BA ACA J.R. Nursey Professor R.B. Dobson FBA, FSA (deceased 29 March 2013) Professor T.P. O’Connor BSc PhD FZS I. Drake A. Owen Professor S.T. Driscoll (appointed 7 December 2012) Professor D.M. Palliser FSA Professor A. Fitter D. Phillips FSA G.C.F. Forster Dr K. Pretty FSA M. Galloway BA The Lord Redesdale Cllr J. Galvin Dr S. Rees Jones H. Garnett Dr J. Richards M. Gooddie BA FCIPD FRSA Professor D.W. Rollason C. Gregory BA, MW Professor E. Royle Dr J. Grenville MA, FSA J. Scott A.C. Hall BEd CBiol MIBiol Dr W.J. Sheils C. Hammond J.A. Spriggs P. Hammond Dr P. Stone J.B. Hampshire T. Suthers MBE DL FMA FRSA L. Hampson J. C. Temple Dr J.M. Hargreaves MBE The Rev Canon Dr J. Toy E. Hartley FSA Dr N.J. Tringham Professor P.D.A. Harvey FSA (resigned 17 November 2012) P. Vaughan DL E.K. Hayton M.K.P.P. Viner FRSA S.E. Hebron Hon. Alderman M.R. Watson BA Solicitor D. Henson G.A. Wilford MBE BSc MICE Professor C. Heron B. Wolley (appointed 7 December 2012) Dr M. Heyworth BA MA PhD FSA MIFA MBE Dr I.N. Wood FRHistS FSA M.C. Holyoak Appendix 4: Organisational Structure

President The Rt Hon. The Lord Mayor of York

Board of Trustees T Suthers MBE DL FMA FRSA (Chairman) G.A. Wilford MBE BSc MICE (Deputy Chairman/Honorary Treasurer) Professor M. Aston BA Hon DLitt FSA MIfA (deceased June 2013) Dr D. Atkinson H.M. Dobson BA ACA A. C. Hall BEd CBiol MIBiol J. Hunter BA Professor R.K. Morris OBE FSA Dr D. Neave BA M.Phil Hon.DUniv FSA The Lord Redesdale M.R. Watson BA Solicitor 48 Chief Executive Professor J. Walker FSA FRSA (until end March 2013) David Jennings, BA FSA MIfA (from April 2013)

Company Secretary P. Nicholson ACMA

General Advisory Council D. Martin (Chairman) Professor R.B. Dobson (deceased March 2012) Cllr J. Galvin Cllr H. Garnett J. Hampshire E.K. Hayton D. Henson D. Phillips Dr S. Rees Jones J.A. Spriggs

Appendix 5: Specialist Advisors, Students and Volunteers

Specialist Advisors

Dr Craig Barclay Dr Malin Holst Dr Patrick Ottaway Dr Ian Betts Dr Andy Howard Sarah Paynter Dr Anwen Caffell Deborah Jaques Dr Ian Riddler Dr Chris Carey Dr Jeremy Kemp Rob Shorland-Ball John Carrott Ruth Leary Dr David Starley Dr Gordon Cook Peter Makey Nicola Trzaska-Nartowski Dr Hilary Cool Terry Manby Dr Ian Tyers Jane Cowgill Dr Gwladys Monteil Dr Raimonda Usai Dr Alex Finlay Dr Cath Mortimer Penelope Walton Rogers Dave Haldenby Quita Mould Dr Suzie White Kay Hartley Dr Sonia O’Connor David Williams Rev. Dr Martin Henig Professor Terry O’Connor Dr Gareth Williams Visitors to the Curatorial Department Prof. Daniel Bradley, University College Dublin (aDNA analysis, Driffield Terrace skeletons) John Cruse (Roman querns of northern England) Nienke van Doorn, PhD University of York (ZooMs analaysis animal leather) Leanne Ellis, University of Bradford James Fellow-Yates, BSc University of York (ZooMs analysis of cremated bone) Ian Marchman, PhD Leicester (intaglios) Dr Sonia O’Connor, University of Bradford, COWISHT (identification of skeletal hard tissue) Neil Oliver, Broadcaster Dr David Orton, University of Cambridge (fish trade and climate change) Hannah Phillips, Director Fairfax House Dr Camilla Speller, University of York (a DNA analysis of dental calculus) Jon Stewart, PhD University of York (eggshells) Dr Rebecca Storm, University of Bradford (digitised diseases JISC) Charles Westerberg, University of Boise, Illinois, USA (gladiatorial combat, Driffield Terrace skeletons) Rachel Wood, PhD University of York (Crambeck ware pottery)

Volunteers in the Curatorial Department: 49

Betty Bentley Catherine Pemberton Anna Bernardo (MA York) Margaret Ramsbottom Anna Brace (MA York) Marianne Sciaraffa (MA York) Ellis Bridgers Ann Smith Sam Carter Ruth Soames Rita Chapman Jean Stockley Liddy Dalesman Adrian Tellwright Sharon Gilpin Cara-Lynne Thomas Helen Giovine Jeannette Tomlinson Courtney Glen (MA York) Beccy Venn Dominic Hannon Jose Vilahomat (MA York) Liz Kerr (MA York) Stuart Weston (BA York) Ann Kirk Ann Wilkinson Danielle Newton (BA York) Hilary Wolkan (MA York) David Mennear (MA Sheffield) Chris Wood Katherine Odom Lynda Young Jean Oliver Dr Michael Young

Placements Ben Etty (NYBEP) Kay Gammie (MA Durham) Joe Jones (NYBEP) Rosie Maguiness (Hymers College) Spencer Stanchfield (Hamline University, USA) Charlotte Warrington (York College)

Conservation Placements Holly Matson (University of Durham) Cedeem Richardson (University of Durham)

Conservation Volunteer Specialist Dr Anthony Crawshaw Appendix 6: Obituaries

Professor Mick Aston (1946–2013)

York Archaeological Trust was saddened to hear of the sudden death of its close friend and Trustee, Professor Mick Aston, on Monday 24 June 2013. Mick had been a Trustee since 2009 and took part in various events and work with the Trust, especially those involving young people.

Born and raised in Oldbury in the West Midlands, Professor Aston studied geography with a subsidiary in archaeology at Birmingham University. It was there he met Philip Rahtz (1921–2011), former Member and Trustee of YAT, at his summer-school excavations and said 50 of the early digs, ‘excavating with Philip was inspired people from all over the world who now like an apprenticeship. We learnt archaeology had a better understanding of archaeology thanks by doing it’. to his teaching and commitment to archaeological communication’. Before becoming an Emeritus Professor at the University of Bristol and an Honorary visiting Professor Aston is survived by his partner Professor at Exeter and Durham, he joined the Teresa Hall, a scholar of landscape history; cast of Time Team, which for 20 years brought son James and stepdaughter Kathryn from his the world of archaeology to television audiences. relationship with Carinne Allinson. Mick was instantly recognisable on television by his colourful jumpers, fly-away hair and Black Terry Suthers, Chairman of YAT, said ‘Mick’s Country accent. death is a great loss to the Trust and the world of archaeology. He was a colourful character with In July last year Professor Aston was a heart of gold who was greatly admired and recognised for a lifetime achievement at the respected both in the academic world and the British Archaeology Awards where Chairman wider community. Our thoughts and condolences Mike Heyworth said of Aston that ‘He had are with his family at this sad time’.

Professor Aston visiting the YAT excavation at The Guildhall in August 2012 Professor Barrie Dobson (1931–2013)

Barrie Dobson, former Chairman of York Archaeological Trust, has died aged 81. He was a distinguished medieval historian and teacher, as well as an expert on the legend of Robin Hood.

Richard Barrie Dobson was born at Stockton- on-Tees on 3 November 1931, but spent some of his early years in South America where his father worked for the Great Western Railway of Brazil. He was educated at Barnard Castle School in Teesdale and did National Service in the Army, serving in Malaya during the Emergency. He Dobson’s publications included The Peasants’ then went to Wadham College, Oxford, taking Revolt of 1381 (1971), in which he brought a First in Modern History and in 1963 secured a together a wealth of documentation to illustrate PhD with his thesis on The Priory of Durham in both the course of the revolt and its subsequent the time of Prior John Wessington. interpretations; The Jews of Medieval York and the 51 Massacre of March 1190 (1974); Church and Society As Professor of Medieval History at in the Medieval North of England (1996); and a Cambridge, Dobson was regarded as an excellent collection of essays, The Jewish Communities of tutor and lecturer. He attempted to ensure that the Medieval England (2010). He was also editor of history of the Church was given due recognition The Church, Politics and Patronage in the Fifteenth in Part I of the History Tripos; ran a Special Century (1984). Subject on late medieval towns; and presided over the new MPhil in Medieval History which He was president of the Jewish Historical had been introduced by his predecessor, Sir Society of England (1990–91) and of the James Holt. Ecclesiastical History Society (1991–92).

Dobson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1972 and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1979. He was also a Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge, and was elected to the British Academy in 1988.

As well as being a keen fell-walker, Dobson enjoyed cinema (in 1968 he helped to launch a branch of the National Film Theatre in York) and listening to modern jazz.

Barrie was a devoted family man. His wife Narda and their two children, Mark and Michelle, and a grandson survive him. Acknowledgements

The work of York Archaeological Trust would not be possible without the support and hard work of a multitude of people and organisations. The Trust would like to record its thanks to all those who have supported it during 2012–13. This Annual Report is a tribute to their efforts.

The Trust is immensely grateful to the Friends of YAT who have continued to support the Trust’s charitable objectives and to give their tangible assistance, in the form of grants, towards achieving them.

The Trustees, general members of the Trust and members of the advisory committees have contributed greatly to the work of the Trust during the year, as have all the students and volunteers who have worked particularly at DIG, Hungate and in the Conservation and Curatorial Departments.

York Archaeological Trust gratefully acknowledges the Barley Hall Advisory Group for their contributions to Barley Hall.

Thanks also go to all those individuals who contributed their memories to YAT's oral history projects, and to the Friends of York Archaeological Trust, Sheldon Memorial Trust, Patricia and Donald Shepherd 52 Charitable Trust, the Yorkshire Architectural and York Archaeological Society, Robert Kiln Charitable Trust and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for their generous contributions to the funding of the Oral History publication.

The Trust is most grateful to all those who have helped it financially: to English Heritage for its continuing support of research projects in progress; to the Friends of York Archaeological Trust for their continuing generous grants towards the Trust’s charitable objectives; to the L.J. and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation for its continuing support of the Historic Towns Atlas project; to Hungate (York) Regeneration Ltd. for their support of the Hungate excavation; to the Wolfson Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council, the Garfield Weston Foundation, the RM Burton Charitable Trust, the Noel G Terry Charitable Trust, the National Lottery Fund and the Millenium Commission for their generous support of Jorvik, Barley Hall and DIG . The Trust is also grateful to Manx Heritage and York Minster who assisted with the Valhalla exhibition, and to Terry Deary for his contribution to the Plague Poverty and Prayer exhibition.

To all these individuals and institutions, and to all others who have helped in any way, we are very grateful. We are particularly grateful to all the volunteers who contributed to the Attractions and Events, and of course to our hard-working and dedicated members of staff without whose efforts none of this would be possible.

Credits The text of this report includes contributions from the staff responsible for the various Trust activities.

Compilation, design and layout: Lesley Collett Edited by Frances Mee Photographs: Michael Andrews, Jon Brownridge and members of YAT staff except where otherwise credited. Thanks to Karen Weston for help with Interventions map.

Further copies of York Archaeological Trust’s Annual Report can be obtained from: York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Ltd Registered Office: 47 Aldwark, York. YO1 7BX Telephone: 01904 663000 Fax: 01904 663024 York Archaeological Trust Trustees for 2012–13

Terry Suthers, Chairman Graham Wilford, Deputy Chairman/ Charles Hall, Trustee Honorary Treasurer

The Lord Redesdale, Trustee Professor Mick Aston, Trustee Helen Dobson, Trustee (Deceased 23rd June 2013)

David Atkinson, Trustee Professor Richard Morris, David Neave, Trustee Trustee

Jean Hunter, Trustee Richard Watson, Trustee

This report is also available online at www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk York Archaeological Trust is a registered charity in England & Wales (No.509060) and Scotland (SCO42846) and a company limited by guarantee without share capital in England number 1430801