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Die Deutsch-Russischen Filmbeziehungen Anfang Des 20 Die deutsch -russischen Filmbeziehungen Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bis Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts Innauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie des Fachbereichs Geschichte und Kulturwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Natalia Kuklina 2015 Vom Fachbereich Geschichte und Kulturwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am: 17.06.2015 Tag der Disputation: 03.12.2015 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Borscheid Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian Kleinschmidt Danksagung Meine Anerkennung gilt den Menschen, die mir bei der Erstellung dieser Arbeit geholfen haben. Mein größter Dank geht dabei an meinen Doktorvater Herrn Prof. Peter Borscheid, der mir die Möglichkeit gegeben hat meine Doktorarbeit unter seiner Leitung durchzuführen. Er stand mir während meiner ganzen Promo- tionsphase mit Rat und Tat zur Seite und verstand es mich mit den richtigen Worten zu motivieren und mir Mut zu machen. Ohne seine Unterstützung wäre diese Arbeit nicht entstanden. Ebenso geht mein Dank an meinen zweiten Gut- achter, Prof. Dr. Christian Kleinschmidt. Ein besonderer Dank gilt der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung und dem Leiter der Aus- länderförderung Dr. Detlev Preuße, sowie Dr. Nils Abraham, ohne deren finanzi- elle Unterstützung meine Untersuchung nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Ein großes Dankeschön geht auch an meine Kollegen bei der Bavaria Film GmbH, Gisela Wiltschek, Claudia Rudolph-Hartman, sowie Philipp Kreuzer, Thorsten Ritter und Dr. Rolf Moser, die mir in allen Fragen der Filmproduktion immer zur Seite standen. Ich bedanke mich auch bei Dr. Eisele, Anastasia Kaiser und Alexander Heinrich für das gründliche Korrekturlesen. Schließlich und nicht zuletzt möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei meinem Mann Jochen Meidlein dafür bedanken, dass er nicht nur Kapitel für Kapitel Korrektur gelesen hat, sondern mich während meiner Promotion unterstützt und immer an mich geglaubt hat. Inhaltsverzeichnis Internationale Filmbeziehungen in der Zeit der Globalisierung ................................ 6 Ziele....... ......................................................................................................................... 19 Vorgehensweise ............................................................................................................. 21 Quellen ........................................................................................................................... 24 1 Entstehung der deutsch-russischen Filmbeziehungen ......................................... 26 1.1 Deutsch-russische Filmemigration und sowjetische Agitationsfilme in Deutschland ......................................................................................................... 26 1.1.1 Das Kino des Russischen Reiches im historischen Überblick ............................ 26 1.1.2 Russische Filmindustrie nach der Revolution ..................................................... 30 1.1.3 Das Kino in der entstehenden UdSSR ................................................................. 33 1.1.4 Die erste deutsch-russische Filmgesellschaft „Meschrabpom-Rus“ ................... 34 1.1.5 Die Rezeption der sowjetischen Filme in der Weimarer Republik ..................... 37 1.2 Die russischen Filmemacher im deutschen Exil .................................................... 38 1.2.1 Russische Flüchtlinge in Berlin ........................................................................... 38 1.2.2 Die russische Produktionsfirma „Russofilm“ in Deutschland ............................. 42 1.2.3 Der russische Produzent Iosif Ermolew in Deutschland ..................................... 43 1.2.4 Der UFA-Konzern und russische Produzenten ................................................... 46 1.2.5 Die deutsch-russische Schauspielerin Olga Tschechowa .................................... 47 1.2.6 Paul Thieman- russischer Produzent deutscher Herkunft ................................... 51 1.2.7 Robert Perskii- russischer Produzent im deutschen Exil ..................................... 54 1.2.8 Der russische Produzent Wladimir Wengeroff und die Idee „Europäischer Filmverein“ ......................................................................................................... 55 1.3 Sergej Eisenstein – Montageexperimente im russischen Kino .............................. 63 1.3.1 Der deutsche Film in Eisensteins Leben und dessen erste Filmarbeit ................. 64 1.3.2 Die Premiere von „Panzerkreuzer Potemkin“ in Deutschland ............................ 68 1.3.3 Eisenstein über die deutsche Filmindustrie ......................................................... 70 1.4 Deutsche Filmemacher in der Sowjetunion ........................................................... 74 1.5 Fazit ....................................................................................................................... 79 2 Deutsch-russische Filmbeziehungen 1945-1990 ................................................... 81 2.1 Filmbeziehungen zwischen der DDR und der UdSSR .......................................... 81 2.1.1 Die ostdeutsche Filmindustrie unter der Kontrolle der Sowjetmacht ................. 81 2.1.2 DEFA- Filmpolitik in der Nachkriegszeit 1950-1990 ......................................... 90 2.1.3 Die Koproduktionen zwischen der DDR und der UdSSR ................................. 102 2.1.4 Filmaustausch zwischen der DDR und der UdSSR .......................................... 113 2.2 Filmbeziehungen zwischen der BRD und der UdSSR ........................................ 116 2.2.1 Die Koproduktionen zwischen der BRD und der UdSSR ................................. 120 2.2.2 Private Kinovorführungen der sowjetischen Filme in Westdeutschland .......... 125 2.3 Internationale Filmfestivals als Austauschplattform zwischen Ost und West ..... 129 2.3.1 Das Internationale Moskauer Filmfestival ........................................................ 129 2.3.2 Die Berlinale als Brücke zwischen Ost und West ............................................. 135 2.4 Fazit ..................................................................................................................... 145 3 Die deutsch-russischen Filmbeziehungen nach 1990 ......................................... 148 3.1 Deutsch-russische Koproduktionen ..................................................................... 148 3.1.1 Der Begriff der Koproduktion ........................................................................... 149 3.1.2 Motive der Koproduktionen .............................................................................. 151 3.1.3 Vorteile der Koproduktion von Ost und West ................................................... 153 3.1.4 Die Filmindustrie in Russland nach der Wende ................................................ 154 3.1.5 13 deutsch-russische Spielfilmkoproduktionen ................................................. 156 3.1.6 Neue Rahmenbedingungen für die deutsch-russischen Koproduktionen .......... 179 3.1.7 Fazit ................................................................................................................... 183 3.2 Filmfestivals als Kulturvermittler und Marktplätze seit 1990 ............................. 185 3.2.1 Russische Filme auf der Berlinale nach der Wende .......................................... 187 3.2.2 Filmfestival in Cottbus ...................................................................................... 191 3.2.3 Deutsch-russischer Dialog und Kulturaustausch in Wiesbaden ........................ 209 3.2.4 Mainstreamfilme auf der Russischen Filmwoche in Berlin .............................. 215 3.2.5 Deutsche Filme auf dem German Filmfestival in Moskau ................................ 224 3.2.6 Fazit ................................................................................................................... 229 4 Fazit ........................................................................................................................ 233 Anhang ......................................................................................................................... 244 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................................... 247 Internationale Filmbeziehungen in der Zeit der Globalisierung Ein wesentliches Kennzeichen des 20. Jahrhunderts ist der Prozess der Globalisierung, der mit der Industrialisierung im 19. Jahrhundert Fahrt aufnahm, durch die beiden Weltkriege und die ideologische Teilung der Welt abgebremst wurde und sich seit den 1970er Jahren mit dem technischen Fortschritt, zunehmender Arbeitsteilung und der weltweiten Migration wieder beschleunigte. Mit den politischen Veränderungen in Ost- europa nach 1989 kamen die Globalisierungsprozesse noch mehr in Schwung. Globali- sierung ist ein Prozess, bei dem weltweite Beziehungen in vielen Ebenen intensiviert werden, so dass eine globale wachsende Vernetzung in Bereichen wie Wirtschaft, Kul- tur und Politik entsteht. Diese einfachste und anerkannteste Definition der Globalisie- rung geht auf David Harveys „Raum-Zeit-Kompression“ zurück, die er in seinem 1990 erschienenen Buch „The Condition of Postmodernity“ beschrieben hat.1 Die Verdich- tung der Zeit führt nach Harvey dazu, dass Moden, Produkte, Produktionstechniken, Arbeitsprozesse, Ideen, Ideologien und Werte einer verstärkten Flüchtigkeit und Ver- gänglichkeit ausgesetzt sind.2 Die Verdichtung von Raum durch Kommunikationstech- nologien trägt dazu bei, dass „die räumlichen
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