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“Playing the Hand You're Dealt”: an Analysis of Musgamakw Dzawada

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“Playing the Hand You're Dealt”: an Analysis of Musgamakw Dzawada “Playing the hand you’re dealt”: An analysis of Musgamakw Dzawada'enuxw traditional governance and its resurgence by Gwi'molas Ryan Silas Douglas Nicolson B.A., University of Victoria, 2013 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Interdisciplinary Studies © Gwi'molas Ryan Silas Douglas Nicolson, 2019 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. We acknowledge with respect the Lekwungen peoples on whose traditional territory the university stands and the Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continue to this day. “Playing the hand you’re dealt”: An analysis of Musgamakw Dzawada'enuxw traditional governance and its resurgence by Gwi'molas Ryan Silas Douglas Nicolson B.A., University of Victoria, 2013 Supervisory Committee Dr. John Borrows, Co-Supervior Faculty of Law Dr. James Tully, Supervisor Department of Political Science ii Abstract The Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw have lived since time immemorial in what is now known as central British Columbia. This thesis identifies who the Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw are, their form of self-government and their political organization before a “Band and Council” system was imposed by the government of Canada. This thesis also presents how literacy was appropriated by the Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw and the broader community of the Kwakwaka’wakw in the late 19th Century through to the 20th Century to document and sustain their own form of governance and political organization. It describes how the traditional governance was deeply engaged in processes which upheld deep connectivity between community and the land. In conclusion it argues that a return to traditional self-government would strengthen and be beneficial to current Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw and Kwakwaka’wakw people by addressing some of the current issues faced by communities struggling to maintain their ways of life while facing pressure to assimilate to colonial structures. The thesis in a similar fashion uses the process of writing to document and record our traditional governance as a way to sustain it. As traditional oral transmission has broken down due to oppressive colonial practices it seeks to use colonial writing systems such as an academic thesis as a form of communication even though it is within the imposed system. Therefore, the thesis is written as a hybrid between a written and oral delivery of information which is intended for both an academic but more importantly, Kwakwaka’wakw audience. iii Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ........................................................................................................... ii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... viii Dedication .................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Traditional Governance Structure .................................................................. 5 Confederacy ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Mus!amakw Dzawad"’enu#w Totem Pole ................................................................................ 8 Gukwalut/Lalkwalat$e’ (tribes) ....................................................................................................... 9 ‘N"mima (clan) ................................................................................................................................... 9 Kinship .................................................................................................................................................. 11 The Kwakwaka’wakw tribes .......................................................................................................... 11 D$axwa’yi (Standings) ..................................................................................................................... 15 Role and Responsibilities ................................................................................................................. 15 Kwikwikw (The Eagles) ................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Potlatch Books and Ledgers ......................................................................... 18 Order of seats ................................................................................................................................... 18 Ya%wa (Gift-distribution at potlatches) ...................................................................................... 18 &i'a'astu (Names Keepers) ........................................................................................................... 19 Charlie James (1871-1938) .................................................................................................................... 19 Billy McDuff (1864-1944) ....................................................................................................................... 20 George Henry (1891-1969) ................................................................................................................... 20 Lucy Nelson nee Johnson (1869-1950) .......................................................................................... 20 Percy Frank (1888-1954) ........................................................................................................................ 21 Tom Shirt (1855-1935) ............................................................................................................................ 21 Introduction of literacy ................................................................................................................... 21 Record Keepers ................................................................................................................................. 22 Charles Nowell (1873-1957) ................................................................................................................ 22 William Dawson (1893-1957) .............................................................................................................. 22 Henry Nelson (1912-1968) .................................................................................................................... 22 iv William Scow (1902-1984) .................................................................................................................... 23 Potlatch Books ................................................................................................................................... 25 Why are potlatch books important? ................................................................................................. 25 How many Potlatch Books? ................................................................................................................... 25 List of Potlatch Books ................................................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 3: Potlatch (Mechanism for self-government) .............................................. 31 What role did potlatch have in Kwakwaka’wakw self-government? ............................... 31 Potlatch as Platform for Kwakwaka’wakw Self-Government ............................................... 31 Role of Witnesses ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 4: Origin Stories - Nuy"mi$ (House history) ................................................. 34 Dzawad"’enu#w Stories .................................................................................................................. 35 Edward Curtis Manuscript from Seaver Centre (LA) ............................................................ 35 Origin Story of the Dzawad#’enu$w (told by Lagiyus) ........................................................ 36 %awadili&#la Builds a House ................................................................................................................... 36 Kw#lili Finds His Own River .................................................................................................................... 37 Wayu&ama’yi (formerly Nin#l'inu$w) Join %awadili&#la ......................................................... 38 Lil#wagila Join %awadili&#la ..................................................................................................................... 39 Gig#(#ma’yi Join %awadili&#la ............................................................................................................... 39 H#l$abo’yi Joins %awadili&#la ................................................................................................................. 40 )ixt*ala$alis Comes Down to Earth .................................................................................................
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