DOCSLIB.ORG

ATP 4-02.83. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Treatment of Nuclear and Radiological Casualties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ATP 4-02.83. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Treatment of Nuclear and Radiological Casualties ATP 4-02.83 MCRP 4-11.1B NTRP 4-02.21 AFMAN 44-161(I) MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR TREATMENT OF NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES May 2014 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FOREWORD This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate. This publication is available through Army Knowledge Online at https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html/. A common access card (CAC) is required. To receive publishing updates, please subscribe at http://www.apd.army.mil/AdminPubs/new_subscribe.asp/. Also available through the U.S. Marine Corps Doctrine Web site at https://www.doctrine.usmc.mil/ (CAC required); through the U.S. Navy Web sites at http://www.med.navy.mil/directives/pages/default.aspx and https://ndls.nwdc.navy.mil (CAC required); and through the U.S. Air Force at the Air Force Doctrine Web site at https://doctrine.af.mil/. *ATP 4-02.83 (FM 4-02.283) *MCRP 4-11.1B *NTRP 4-02.21 *AFMAN 44-161(I) Army Techniques Publication (ATP) Headquarters No. 4-02.83 Department of the Army Washington, DC Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) Marine Corps Combat Development Command No. 4-11.1B Quantico, VA Navy Technical Reference Publication (NTRP) Navy Warfare Development Command No. 4-02.21 Norfolk, VA Air Force Manual (AFMAN) Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center No. 44-161 (Interservice [I]) Maxwell Air Force Base, AL 5 May 2014 Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Treatment of Nuclear and Radiological Casualties Contents Page PREFACE............................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL THREAT ..................................................... 1-1 Nuclear and Radiological Weapons ................................................................... 1-1 Medical Sources ................................................................................................. 1-4 Nuclear Weapons Incidents ................................................................................ 1-7 Terrorism and Radiological Dispersal Devices................................................... 1-7 Terrorism and a Single Nuclear Detonation ....................................................... 1-8 Nuclear Warfare ................................................................................................. 1-8 Chapter 2 HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EVENTS ............................ 2-1 Types of Ionizing Radiation ................................................................................ 2-1 Units of Measure ................................................................................................ 2-2 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 4-02.283/NTRP 4-02.21/AFMAN 44-161(I)/MCRP 4-11.1B, dated 20 December 2001. 5 May 2014 ATP 4-02.83/MCRP 4-11.1B/NTRP 4-02.21/AFMAN 44-161(I) i Contents Penetration and Shielding ................................................................................... 2-4 Nuclear Detonation ............................................................................................. 2-5 Nuclear Detonation Thermal Radiation Hazards ................................................ 2-8 Nuclear Detonation Radiation Hazards............................................................. 2-10 Range of Damage ............................................................................................. 2-11 Radioactive Contamination Hazards ................................................................. 2-12 Chapter 3 TREATMENT OF HIGH-DOSE RADIOLOGICAL AND COMBINED INJURY CASUALTIES ..................................................................................................... 3-1 Nuclear Detonation ............................................................................................. 3-1 Ionizing Radiation Effects on Cells and Tissues ................................................. 3-1 Radiation-Induced Early Transient Incapacitation ............................................ 3-11 Diagnosis, Severity, and Triage of Radiation Casualties .................................. 3-12 Biodosimetry ..................................................................................................... 3-13 Treatment of Radiation Subsyndromes ............................................................ 3-21 Combined Injury: Blast, Thermal, and Radiological Injuries ............................ 3-29 Chapter 4 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION .................................................................... 4-1 Measuring Levels of Contamination .................................................................... 4-1 External Contamination, Irradiation, and Acute Local Radiation Injury .............. 4-2 Internal Contamination and Irradiation ................................................................ 4-4 Chapter 5 LOW-LEVEL RADIATION .................................................................................. 5-1 Low-Level Radiation Characteristics and Hazards ............................................. 5-1 Delayed/Late Health Effects ............................................................................... 5-3 Prevention, Initial Actions, and Medical Care and Follow-Up ............................. 5-6 Chapter 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND TREATMENT OF COMBAT AND OPERATIONAL STRESS REACTION CASUALTIES ...................................... 6-1 Psychological Casualties .................................................................................... 6-1 Radiation Dispersal Devices and Nuclear Incidents ........................................... 6-1 Appendix A MEDICATIONS .................................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B LEVELS OF IDENTIFICATION ......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C TREATMENT BRIEFS (CLINICAL GUIDELINES) ........................................... C-1 Appendix D RADIATION AND RISK COMMUNICATION .................................................... D-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. Likelihood of radiation accidents and terrorist actions ....................................... 1-1 Figure 2-1. Units of absorbed dose ....................................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-2. Units of dose equivalent ..................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-3. Units of activity ................................................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2-4. Radiation penetration and shielding ................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2-5. Energy partition from a nuclear detonation ........................................................ 2-6 ii ATP 4-02.83/MCRP 4-11.1B/NTRP 4-02.21/AFMAN 44-161(I) 5 May 2014 Contents Figure 2-6. Flash blindness and retinal burn safe separation ............................................... 2-9 Figure 3-1. Lethality as a function of dose without medical intervention ............................... 3-8 Figure 3-2. Hematological response to whole-body exposure of 1 Gy (100 cGy) and 3 Gy (300 cGy) .................................................................................................... 3-9 Figure 3-3. Organ-specific biomarkers are being developed that can assist in establishing response categories for each of the patients ................................ 3-14 Figure 3-4. Irradiated lymphocyte chromosomes fixed on a slide in the metaphase stage of mitosis. ................................................................................................ 3-16 Figure 3-5. Lymphocyte nomogram .................................................................................... 3-18 Figure 3-6. Radiation can impact triage categories ............................................................. 3-21 Figure 3-7. Rule of Nines ..................................................................................................... 3-32 Figure B-1. Overview of the four CBRN levels of identification ............................................. B-1 Tables Table 1-1. Radiation measurement unit conversion table ..................................................... 1-2 Table 1-2. Industrial sources of radiation .............................................................................. 1-3 Table 1-3. Medical sources of radiation ................................................................................ 1-4 Table 1-4. Examples of nuclear fuel cycle wastes ................................................................ 1-5 Table 2-1. Quality factors for various radiation types ............................................................ 2-3 Table 2-2. Comparison of weapons effects in kilometers by yield (kilotons) ...................... 2-12 Table 3-1. Predicted distribution of injuries sustained from a nuclear detonation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In0000721 Redistribution of Thermal X-Ray Radiation In
    IN0000721 BARC/1999/E/043 CO > O CO to m o>»» REDISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL X-RAY RADIATION IN CAVITIES: VIEW-FACTOR METHOD AND COMPARISON WITH DSN CALCULATIONS by M.K. Srivastava Theoretical Physics Division and Vinod Kumar and S.V.G. Menon Solid State & Spectroscopy Group 31/30 1999 BARC/1999/E/043 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION REDISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL X-RAY RADIATION IN CAVITIES: VIEW-FACTOR METHOD AND COMPARISON WITH DSN CALCULATIONS by M.K. Srivastava Theoretical Physics Division and Vinod Kumar and S.V.G. Menon Solid State & Spectroscopy Group BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE MUMBAI, INDIA 1999 BARC/199S/E/043 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as per IS : 9400 -1980) 01 Security classification: Unclassified 02 Distribution: External 03 Report status: New 04 Series : BARC External 05 Report type: Technical Report 06 Report No.: BARC/1999/E/043 07 Part No. or Volume No.: 08 Contract No.: 10 Title and subtitle: Redistribution of thermal x-ray radiation in cavities: view factor method and comparison with DSN calculations 11 Collation: 39 p., 9 figs. 13 Project No. : 20 Personal authors): 1) M.K. Srivastava 2) Vinod Kumar, S.V.G. Menon 21 Affiliation of authors): 1) Theoretical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 2) Solid State and Spectroscopy Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 22 Corporate authors): Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085 23 Originating unit: Theoretical Physics Division, BARC, Mumbai 24 Sponsors) Name: Department of Atomic Energy Type: Government Contd... (ii) -l- 30 Date of submission: December 1999 31 Publication/Issuedate: January 2000 40 Publisher/Distributor: Head, Library and Information Services Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 42 Form of distribution: Hard copy 50 Language of text: English 51 Language ofsummary: English 52 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Training for Radiation Emergencies: First Responder Operations
    TRAINING FOR RADIATION EMERGENCIES: FIRST RESPONDER OPERATIONS STUDENT TEXT Developed by THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Copyright © 1998 International Association of Fire Fighters 1750 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Bradley M. Sant, Director Hazardous Materials Training The IAFF acknowledges the Hazardous Materials Training staff: Kimberly Lockhart, Michael Lucey, Diane Dix Massa, A. Christopher Miklovis, Carol Mintz, Michael Schaitberger, Scott Solomon, Linda Voelpel Casey, and consultants Jo Griffith, Eric Lamar, and Margaret Veroneau for their work in developing this manual. In addition, the IAFF thanks Paul Deane,Tommy Erickson, and Charlie Wright for their contributions to this project. Notice This manual was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors nor their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe upon privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 the Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Emissions
    BASICS OF RADIO ASTRONOMY Chapter 3 The Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Emissions Objectives: Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to describe the difference between thermal and non-thermal radiation and give some examples of each. You will be able to distinguish between thermal and non-thermal radiation curves. You will be able to describe the significance of the 21-cm hydrogen line in radio astronomy. If the material in this chapter is unfamiliar to you, do not be discouraged if you don’t understand everything the first time through. Some of these concepts are a little complicated and few non- scientists have much awareness of them. However, having some familiarity with them will make your radio astronomy activities much more interesting and meaningful. What causes electromagnetic radiation to be emitted at different frequencies? Fortunately for us, these frequency differences, along with a few other properties we can observe, give us a lot of information about the source of the radiation, as well as the media through which it has traveled. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by either thermal mechanisms or non-thermal mechanisms. Examples of thermal radiation include • Continuous spectrum emissions related to the temperature of the object or material. • Specific frequency emissions from neutral hydrogen and other atoms and mol- ecules. Examples of non-thermal mechanisms include • Emissions due to synchrotron radiation. • Amplified emissions due to astrophysical masers. Thermal Radiation Did you know that any object that contains any heat energy at all emits radiation? When you’re camping, if you put a large rock in your campfire for a while, then pull it out, the rock will emit the energy it has absorbed as radiation, which you can feel as heat if you hold your hand a few inches away.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies
    Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies By: Jeanne Alvarez, FNP, CWS, Independent Medical Associates, Bangor, ME Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 1: 63 year old female S/P lumpectomy with chemotherapy and radiation to the breast. She developed a burn to the area with noted dermatitis at the completion of radiation treatments. Area was very painful and blistered. Hydrofera Blue radiation dressing was applied and held in place with netting. There was significant pain reduction reported within hours of application. Wounds healed in 17 days of starting therapy. Started Healed in 17 Days Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 2: 85 year old male S/P excision of Squamous cell carcinoma of the right temple x 2, the second excision prompted the surgeon to treat area with radiation. The radiation caused the patient’s skin to burn and develop a dermatitis surrounding the wound. Started Hydrofera Blue on patient and he healed in 83 days. Started Healed in 83 Days Chemical Burn Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Study 1: 57 year old male spraying Case Study 1: 48 year old female with wounds on shins. Wounds present for 3 years. insecticide containing the cyhalothrin, Treated at wound care center and given diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum, tried came into contact with hands and arms. multiple treatments resulting in thick black and flesh colored eschar which festered and Flushed area with water after contact. drained on regular basis. Wounds did not resemble pyoderma gangrenosum, debrided Within 24 hours of exposure, developed eschar and obtained biopsy, which provided diagnosis of necrobiosis lipodica. Work-up for painful 10/10 blisters.
    [Show full text]
  • Equivalence of Cell Survival Data for Radiation Dose and Thermal
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institute of Cancer Research Repository Equivalence of cell survival data for radiation dose and thermal dose in ablative treatments: analysis applied to essential tremor thalamotomy by focused ultrasound and gamma knife 1,3 2 4 2 2 2 2,3 1,3 D. Schlesinger , M. Lee , G. ter Haar , B. Sela , M. Eames , J Snell , N. Kassell , J. Sheehan , J. 1 1,5 Larner and J.-F. Aubry 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 2 Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 4 Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research:Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK 5 Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS 7587, UMRS 979 INSERM, Paris, France Running title: Thermal dose and radiation dose comparison Corresponding Author’s address: [email protected] Phone: +33 1 80 96 30 40 Fax: +33 1 80 96 33 55 Declaration of interest : Neal Kassell is an InSightec shareholder. Summary: Thermal dose and absorbed radiation dose have been extensively investigated separately over the last decades. The combined effects of heat and ionizing radiation, such as thermal radiosensitization, have also been reported, but the individual modalities have not been compared with each other. In this paper, we propose a comparison of thermal and radiation dose by going back to basics and comparing the cell survival ratios. Abstract: Thermal dose and absorbed radiation dose have historically been difficult to compare because different biological mechanisms are at work.
    [Show full text]
  • Bob Farquhar
    1 2 Created by Bob Farquhar For and dedicated to my grandchildren, their children, and all humanity. This is Copyright material 3 Table of Contents Preface 4 Conclusions 6 Gadget 8 Making Bombs Tick 15 ‘Little Boy’ 25 ‘Fat Man’ 40 Effectiveness 49 Death By Radiation 52 Crossroads 55 Atomic Bomb Targets 66 Acheson–Lilienthal Report & Baruch Plan 68 The Tests 71 Guinea Pigs 92 Atomic Animals 96 Downwinders 100 The H-Bomb 109 Nukes in Space 119 Going Underground 124 Leaks and Vents 132 Turning Swords Into Plowshares 135 Nuclear Detonations by Other Countries 147 Cessation of Testing 159 Building Bombs 161 Delivering Bombs 178 Strategic Bombers 181 Nuclear Capable Tactical Aircraft 188 Missiles and MIRV’s 193 Naval Delivery 211 Stand-Off & Cruise Missiles 219 U.S. Nuclear Arsenal 229 Enduring Stockpile 246 Nuclear Treaties 251 Duck and Cover 255 Let’s Nuke Des Moines! 265 Conclusion 270 Lest We Forget 274 The Beginning or The End? 280 Update: 7/1/12 Copyright © 2012 rbf 4 Preface 5 Hey there, I’m Ralph. That’s my dog Spot over there. Welcome to the not-so-wonderful world of nuclear weaponry. This book is a journey from 1945 when the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert to where we are today. It’s an interesting and sometimes bizarre journey. It can also be horribly frightening. Today, there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the civilized world several times over. Over 23,000. “Enough to make the rubble bounce,” Winston Churchill said. The United States alone has over 10,000 warheads in what’s called the ‘enduring stockpile.’ In my time, we took care of things Mano-a-Mano.
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium-238 Which Inhibits Fission by Absorbing Neutrons Not Emitting Them
    The Mushroom Farm By Joseph Cleveland Brown, III U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (Fellow of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, (Retired Civil Works Project Engineer, (Retired) CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1: Einstein’s Legacy. Chapter 2: The Stars of Nuclear Physics. Chapter 3: Nuclear Energy Explained. Chapter 4: Our Race for the Bomb. Chapter 5: Our Bombs. Chapter 6: The Weapon Delivery Systems. Chapter 7: Our Nuclear Warheads. Chapter 8: Our Missiles. Chapter 9: Our Nuclear Powered Navy. Chapter 10: The Anatomy of a Nuclear Explosion. Chapter 11: U. S. Military Nuclear Safety record! Chapter 12: The Cuban Missile Crisis! Chapter 13: Our Testing. Chapter 14: Our Atomic Power Generation versus the World. Chapter 15: Our Planned Nuclear Waste Repository. Chapter 16: Our Cost so far. Chapter 17: How to prepare for the future. Glossary References and Sources Introduction OOPS! In 2007 I watched a one hour documentary on TV. I was shocked to learn that our government, Yes, You guessed it, the same government that looses all of our money in the Stock Market and Mortgage Market and puts space shuttles up, launches missiles that attack and kill other missiles and builds Nuclear Submarines so sophisticated that they are impossible to detect underwater has lost a Hydrogen Bomb close to a major American city and can’t find it! And as a middle manager in the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for over 30 years I was never officially informed of this fact! I had to learn of this disturbing event on TV! It was on The Discovery Channel one day and titled, “America’s Lost H- Bomb” and was indeed an eye opener.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin
    Article Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin Candice Diaz 1,2, Cindy J. Hayward 1,2, Meryem Safoine 1,2, Caroline Paquette 1,2, Josée Langevin 3, Josée Galarneau 3, Valérie Théberge 4, Jean Ruel 5,6 , Louis Archambault 6,7,8 and Julie Fradette 1,2,6,* 1 Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval (LOEX), Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (C.J.H.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (C.P.) 2 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cégep de Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 1T3, Canada; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.G.) 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada; [email protected] 5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1E 6W2, Canada; [email protected] 7 Department of Physics, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 8 Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Diaz, C.; Hayward, C.J; Abstract: Radiotherapy for cancer treatment is often associated with skin damage that can lead to Safoine, M.; Paquette, C.; Langevin, J.; incapacitating hard-to-heal wounds.
    [Show full text]
  • DOE-OC Green Book
    SUBJECT AREA INDICATORS AND KEY WORD LIST FOR RESTRICTED DATA AND FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AUGUST 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Where It All Began .................................................................................................................................... 2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RD/FRD and NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION (NSI) ......................................... 3 ACCESS TO RD AND FRD ................................................................................................................................ 4 Non-DoD Organizations: ........................................................................................................................... 4 DoD Organizations: ................................................................................................................................... 4 RECOGNIZING RD and FRD ............................................................................................................................ 5 Current Documents ................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical Documents ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ``Low Dose``And/Or``High Dose``In Radiation Protection: a Need To
    IAEA-CN-67/154 "LOW DOSE" AND/OR "HIGH DOSE" IN RADIATION PROTECTION: A NEED TO SETTING CRITERIA FOR DOSE CLASSIFICATION Mehdi Sohrabi National Radiation Protection Department & XA9745670 Center for Research on Elevated Natural Radiation Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, Tehran ABSTRACT The "low dose" and/or "high dose" of ionizing radiation are common terms widely used in radiation applications, radiation protection and radiobiology, and natural radiation environment. Reading the title, the papers of this interesting and highly important conference and the related literature, one can simply raise the question; "What are the levels and/or criteria for defining a low dose or a high dose of ionizing radiation?". This is due to the fact that the criteria for these terms and for dose levels between these two extreme quantities have not yet been set, so that the terms relatively lower doses or higher doses are usually applied. Therefore, setting criteria for classification of radiation doses in the above mentioned areas seems a vital need. The author while realizing the existing problems to achieve this important task, has made efforts in this paper to justify this need and has proposed some criteria, in particular for the classification of natural radiation areas, based on a system of dose limitation. In radiation applications, a "low dose" is commonly associated to applications delivering a dose such as given to a patient in a medical diagnosis and a "high dose" is referred to a dose in applications such as radiotherapy, mutation breeding, control of sprouting, control of insects, delay ripening, and sterilization having a range of doses from 1 to 105 Gy, for which the term "high dose dosimetry" is applied [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    / Introduction Aft er the 1986 nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, the name of this Ukrainian town became synonymous with the worst accident ever to have occurred in the civil use of nuclear energy. Chernobyl has retained this status ever since, that is, until 11 March 2011, when an earthquake and the resulting tsunami partially destroyed the Japanese nuclear power plant at Fukushima. Th e meltdown of the core at Chernobyl, classifi ed as category 7 on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, was indeed considered the worst accident that could happen at a nuclear power plant. Technically, the actual meltdown is over. Chernobyl is seen as an event of the past, to which a start and an end were attributed by the technical evaluations following the evolution of the in- cident. However, its consequences are far from over. As with war, the scars of a nuclear catastrophe run deep; the aft ermath is engraved in the environment, in people’s bodies and in their memories. Signing a peace treaty does not bring an end to suff ering; burying a destroyed reactor core under tons of concrete does not mean the evacuees can come home and simply forget what happened. Comparing the Chernobyl disaster to a war scene is not just the result of a creative thinking process too strongly conditioned by my research. Many Ukrainian and Belarusian accounts narrate and interpret the struggle en- dured by fi refi ghters and rescue workers as a battle against an enemy: the burning reactor. Th e victims, destruction and displacements provoked by this burning reactor have been linked to those caused by the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Denture Technology Curriculum Objectives
    Health Licensing Agency 700 Summer St. NE, Suite 320 Salem, Oregon 97301-1287 Telephone (503) 378-8667 FAX (503) 585-9114 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.Oregon.gov/OHLA As of July 1, 2013 the Board of Denture Technology in collaboration with Oregon Students Assistance Commission and Department of Education has determined that 103 quarter hours or the equivalent semester or trimester hours is equivalent to an Associate’s Degree. A minimum number of credits must be obtained in the following course of study or educational areas: • Orofacial Anatomy a minimum of 2 credits; • Dental Histology and Embryology a minimum of 2 credits; • Pharmacology a minimum of 3 credits; • Emergency Care or Medical Emergencies a minimum of 1 credit; • Oral Pathology a minimum of 3 credits; • Pathology emphasizing in Periodontology a minimum of 2 credits; • Dental Materials a minimum of 5 credits; • Professional Ethics and Jurisprudence a minimum of 1 credit; • Geriatrics a minimum of 2 credits; • Microbiology and Infection Control a minimum of 4 credits; • Clinical Denture Technology a minimum of 16 credits which may be counted towards 1,000 hours supervised clinical practice in denture technology defined under OAR 331-405-0020(9); • Laboratory Denture Technology a minimum of 37 credits which may be counted towards 1,000 hours supervised clinical practice in denture technology defined under OAR 331-405-0020(9); • Nutrition a minimum of 4 credits; • General Anatomy and Physiology minimum of 8 credits; and • General education and electives a minimum of 13 credits. Curriculum objectives which correspond with the required course of study are listed below.
    [Show full text]