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Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species
Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species Adnan Younis1* • Muhammad Aslam Khan1 • Asif Ali Khan2 • Atif Riaz1 • M. Aslam Pervez1 1 Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT In the present study rose oil was extracted from the petals of four Rosa species i.e. R. damascena, R. centifolia, R. borboniana and Rosa 'Gruss an Teplitz' through solvent extraction through hexane, solvent extraction through ether and steam distillation. R. damascena yielded (0.145%) of absolute oil, R. centifolia yielded 0.11% whereas R. 'Gruss an Teplitz' yielded the least (0.035%) absolute oil. Solvent extraction through hexane yielded more absolute oil (0.11%) than steam distillation (0.075%) and solvent extraction (0.07%) through ether on petal weight basis. Gas-chromatography of the rose oil was carried out for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the oil constituents. Major compounds identified were citronellol, methyl eugenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, linalool, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, benzyl acetate and phenyl ethyl formate. Both techniques (solvent extraction and steam distillation) yielded oil with differences in the percentage composition of each component, but solvent extraction through hexane proved better (i.e. higher yield and more components) than steam distillation for extraction of essential oil from roses. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: citronellol, essential oil composition, Rosa centifolia, solvent extraction, steam distillation INTRODUCTION essential oil, which is slowly liberated from the plant material (Durst and Gokel 1987; Wilson 1995). -
Tar and Turpentine
ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine. -
Non-Wood Forest Products from Conifers
Page 1 of 8 NON -WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 12 Non-Wood Forest Products From Conifers FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-104212-8 (c) FAO 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONIFERS WHAT ARE CONIFERS? DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE USES CHAPTER 2 - CONIFERS IN HUMAN CULTURE FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY RELIGION POLITICAL SYMBOLS ART CHAPTER 3 - WHOLE TREES LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES Page 2 of 8 Historical aspects Benefits Species Uses Foliage effect Specimen and character trees Shelter, screening and backcloth plantings Hedges CHRISTMAS TREES Historical aspects Species Abies spp Picea spp Pinus spp Pseudotsuga menziesii Other species Production and trade BONSAI Historical aspects Bonsai as an art form Bonsai cultivation Species Current status TOPIARY CONIFERS AS HOUSE PLANTS CHAPTER 4 - FOLIAGE EVERGREEN BOUGHS Uses Species Harvesting, management and trade PINE NEEDLES Mulch Decorative baskets OTHER USES OF CONIFER FOLIAGE CHAPTER 5 - BARK AND ROOTS TRADITIONAL USES Inner bark as food Medicinal uses Natural dyes Other uses TAXOL Description and uses Harvesting methods Alternative -
Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives
Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives by Robin Samantha Charlton B.A. (Hons., International Development), University of Guelph, 2005 Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Resource Management Report No. 565 in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment © Robin Samantha Charlton 2013 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2013 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Robin Samantha Charlton Degree: Master of Resource Management Title of Thesis: Challenges and Opportunities to Use of Non-Timber Forest Resources: Exploring First Nations and Non-First Nations Relationships and Perspectives Report No. 565 Examining Committee: Chair: Bastian Zeiger, MRM Evelyn Pinkerton Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Ajit Krishnaswamy Supervisor Adjunct Professor Date Defended/Approved: Jan 24, 2013 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract The community forest (CF) tenure in British Columbia has the potential to manage non- timber forest resources (NTFRs) in order to optimize economic, environmental and social benefit -
Copyright 2015 Agilex Fragrances A
Fragrance Glossary 2015 Copyright 2015 Agilex Fragrances A Absolute Concentrated, highly aromatic oily mixtures extracted from plants. The method by which they are extracted affects the odor of the absolute. Accord A blend of materials targeting a specific odor or odor type that can be used as the basis of a fragrance or added to build complexity. Ambergris A biologic substance expelled from the digestive tract of the sperm whale. Upon aging on the open water, exposed to sun and salt, it develops a unique warm, balsamic odor. It is highly prized for this odor and its fixative properties, but is rarely used. Amber Amber, as it is used in perfumery, is not related to the fossilized resin of the same name. A perfumers Amber is an accord, usually based on labdanum, which imparts a warm, sensual, lightly sweet, balsamic odor. Animalic An odor group used to describe the sharp, tangy, sensual, and warm characteristics of the extracts made from certain animals: civet, beaver, musk deer and sperm whale. With the exception of the Sperm Whale, harvesting the materials results in the death of the animal. To ease consumer sensibilities a variety of similar synthetic chemicals have been developed. Aromatic Traditionally used to describe the very large group of plants and herbs used as flavorings in various cuisines. A few examples are: Basil, Anise, Sage, Dill, Lemongrass, Spearmint. B Balsam A resin or sap which forms on various trees and shrubs such as myrrh and evergreens. Balsamic odor classification is warm, rich, and slightly sweet. Base The foundation of a fragrance, the base delivers the undertones that modify and enhance the layers above it, and becomes more evident as the fragrance is worn. -
Herbs, Spices and Essential Oils
Printed in Austria V.05-91153—March 2006—300 Herbs, spices and essential oils Post-harvest operations in developing countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (+43-1) 26026-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26926-69 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.unido.org INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS © UNIDO and FAO 2005 — First published 2005 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: - the Director, Agro-Industries and Sectoral Support Branch, UNIDO, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria or by e-mail to [email protected] - the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Pine Tar; History and Uses
Pine Tar; History And Uses Theodore P. Kaye Few visitors to any ship which as been rigged in a traditional manner have left the vessel without experiencing the aroma of pine tar. The aroma produces reactions that are as strong as the scent; few people are ambivalent about its distinctive smell. As professionals engaged in the restoration and maintenance of old ships, we should know not only about this product, but also some of its history. Wood tar has been used by mariners as a preservative for wood and rigging for at least the past six centuries. In the northern parts of Scandinavia, small land owners produced wood tar as a cash crop. This tar was traded for staples and made its way to larger towns and cities for further distribution. In Sweden, it was called "Peasant Tar" or was named for the district from which it came, for example, Lukea Tar or Umea Tar. At first barrels were exported directly from the regions in which they were produced with the region's name burned into the barrel. These regional tars varied in quality and in the type of barrel used to transport it to market. Wood tars from Finland and Russia were seen as inferior to even the lowest grade of Swedish tar which was Haparanda tar. In 1648, the newly formed NorrlSndska TjSrkompaniet (The Wood Tar Company of North Sweden) was granted sole export privileges for the country by the King of Sweden. As Stockholm grew in importance, pine tar trading concentrated at this port and all the barrels were marked "Stockholm Tar". -
Current Issues in Non-Timber Forest Products Research
New Cover 6/24/98 9:56 PM Page 1 Current Issues in Non-Timber Forest Products Research Edited by M. Ruiz Pérez and J.E.M. Arnold CIFOR CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 1 CURRENT ISSUES IN NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 3 CURRENT ISSUES IN NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH Proceedings of the Workshop ÒResearch on NTFPÓ Hot Springs, Zimbabwe 28 August - 2 September 1995 Editors: M. Ruiz PŽrez and J.E.M. Arnold with the assistance of Yvonne Byron CIFOR CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 4 © 1996 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in Indonesia Reprinted July 1997 ISBN: 979-8764-06-4 Cover: Children selling baobab fruits near Hot Springs, Zimbabwe (photo: Manuel Ruiz PŽrez) Center for International Forestry Research Bogor, Indonesia Mailing address: PO Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Front pages 6/24/98 10:02 PM Page 5 Contents Foreword vii Contributors ix Chapter 1: Framing the Issues Relating to Non-Timber Forest Products Research 1 J.E. Michael Arnold and Manuel Ruiz PŽrez Chapter 2: Observations on the Sustainable Exploitation of Non-Timber Tropical Forest Products An EcologistÕs Perspective Charles M. Peters 19 Chapter 3: Not Seeing the Animals for the Trees The Many Values of Wild Animals in Forest Ecosystems 41 Kent H. Redford Chapter 4: Modernisation and Technological Dualism in the Extractive Economy in Amazonia 59 Alfredo K.O. -
Bark Beetles Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
BARK BEETLES Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Bark beetles, family Scolytidae, are California now has 20 invasive spe- common pests of conifers (such as cies of bark beetles, of which 10 spe- pines) and some attack broadleaf trees. cies have been discovered since 2002. Over 600 species occur in the United The biology of these new invaders is States and Canada with approximately poorly understood. For more informa- 200 in California alone. The most com- tion on these new species, including mon species infesting pines in urban illustrations to help you identify them, (actual size) landscapes and at the wildland-urban see the USDA Forest Service pamphlet, interface in California are the engraver Invasive Bark Beetles, in References. beetles, the red turpentine beetle, and the western pine beetle (See Table 1 Other common wood-boring pests in Figure 1. Adult western pine beetle. for scientific names). In high elevation landscape trees and shrubs include landscapes, such as the Tahoe Basin clearwing moths, roundheaded area or the San Bernardino Mountains, borers, and flatheaded borers. Cer- the Jeffrey pine beetle and mountain tain wood borers survive the milling Identifying Bark Beetles by their Damage pine beetle are also frequent pests process and may emerge from wood and Signs. The species of tree attacked of pines. Two recently invasive spe- in structures or furniture including and the location of damage on the tree cies, the Mediterranean pine engraver some roundheaded and flatheaded help in identifying the bark beetle spe- and the redhaired pine bark beetle, borers and woodwasps. Others colo- cies present (Table 1). -
It's Time India Turned Forests Into Assets
It's time India turned forests into assets Globally, forest governance is undergoing reforms to benefit from community forestry Communities in India can earn up to Rs 4,000 crore from non-timber forest produce like silk cocoon (Photo: Prashant Ravi) MEXICO AND India are worlds apart, both in terms of geography and forest governance. While Mexico has earned socially, economically and environmentally by promoting community forestry, India continues to follow the colonial forest regime that has alienated communities from their land and resources. At present, the Indian government recognises community rights over their forests under the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006, and empowers the gram sabha (village council) to protect and manage them. But the law remains poorly implemented as forest departments continue to resist ceding control over forests. The Forest Survey of India’s (FSI’s) report in 1999 shows that 31 million ha of forests lay within revenue villages. “This should be the minimum area over which community forest rights need to be recognised,” says forest rights activist Madhu Sarin, who was part of the drafting process of FRA. But the government has so far recognised rights over only 2.5 million ha (see ‘Rights wronged’). Worse, this hardly includes community forests. This makes India a laggard; other countries have made far greater progress in forest governance reforms. In Papua New Guinea, about 95 per cent of forests are under community control while in Mexico, China, Bolivia and Brazil, about 70, 55, 35 and 13 per cent forests, respectively, are owned by communities. A study by Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), a global network of non-profits, shows that forestland designated for and owned by communities has increased from 11.3 to 15.5 per cent worldwide between 2002 and 2013. -
GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species
molecules Article GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species Venelina Popova 1 , Tanya Ivanova 1, Albena Stoyanova 1, Violeta Nikolova 2, Tsveta Hristeva 2 and Valtcho D. Zheljazkov 3,* 1 Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; [email protected] (V.P.); [email protected] (T.I.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute–Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria; [email protected] (V.N.); [email protected] (T.H.) 3 Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Daniela Rigano Received: 22 May 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 4 June 2020 Abstract: The genus Nicotiana (Solanaceae) includes over 70 species, with a long history of traditional use; many of them are nowadays used in bioengineering, biosynthesis, molecular biology, and other studies, while common tobacco, N. tabacum L., is one of the most economically important industrial crops worldwide. Although Nicotiana species have been extensively investigated, relatively less research has focused on flowers, especially research related to obtaining aromatic products for cosmetic and perfumery use. On the other hand, there is evidence that Nicotiana flowers accumulate various secondary metabolites with a distinct aroma and biological activities, and the flowers represent a biomass available in sufficient quantities. Therefore, this study aimed to determinate the chemical composition (by GC-MS) and the olfactory profiles of a specific type of natural aromatic product (concrete), obtained from the flowers of four Nicotiana species, in a direct comparison between them. -
FEMA GRAS Assessment of Natural Flavor Complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-Derived and Related Flavoring Ingredients
Food and Chemical Toxicology 145 (2020) 111584 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-derived and related flavoring ingredients Shoji Fukushima, M.D., Ph.D. a, Samuel M. Cohen, M.D., Ph.D. b, Gerhard Eisenbrand, Ph.D. d, Nigel J. Gooderham, Ph.D. e, F. Peter Guengerich, Ph.D. f, Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D. g, Ivonne M.C. M. Rietjens, Ph.D., Professor of Toxicology c, Thomas J. Rosol, DVM, PhD, MBA h, Jeanne M. Davidsen, Ph.D. i, Christie L. Harman, MPH i, Vivian Lu i, Sean V. Taylor, Ph.D. i,* a Japan Bioassay Research Center ,2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0015, Japan b Havlik–Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center., 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA c Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands d Senior Research Professor of Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany e Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom f Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA g Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St., S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA h Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA i Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA ABSTRACT In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients.