DOCSLIB.ORG

FEMA GRAS Assessment of Natural Flavor Complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-Derived and Related Flavoring Ingredients

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FEMA GRAS Assessment of Natural Flavor Complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-Derived and Related Flavoring Ingredients Food and Chemical Toxicology 145 (2020) 111584 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-derived and related flavoring ingredients Shoji Fukushima, M.D., Ph.D. a, Samuel M. Cohen, M.D., Ph.D. b, Gerhard Eisenbrand, Ph.D. d, Nigel J. Gooderham, Ph.D. e, F. Peter Guengerich, Ph.D. f, Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D. g, Ivonne M.C. M. Rietjens, Ph.D., Professor of Toxicology c, Thomas J. Rosol, DVM, PhD, MBA h, Jeanne M. Davidsen, Ph.D. i, Christie L. Harman, MPH i, Vivian Lu i, Sean V. Taylor, Ph.D. i,* a Japan Bioassay Research Center ,2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0015, Japan b Havlik–Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center., 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA c Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands d Senior Research Professor of Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany e Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom f Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA g Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St., S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA h Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA i Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA ABSTRACT In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, fifth in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs containing linalool and/or other characteristic mono- and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohols and esters using the safety evaluation procedure published by the FEMA Expert Panel in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the chemical constituents of each NFC into well- defined congeneric groups. The safety of each NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of both the constituent congeneric groups and the NFCs. Sixteen NFCs, derived from the Lavandula, Aniba, Elettaria, Daucus, Salvia, Coriandrum, Ribes, Guaiacum/Bulnesia, Citrus, Pogostemon, Melaleuca and Michelia genera, were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein. The FEMA Expert Panel published its first list of GRAS flavoring in­ gredients that included both chemically defined and NFC flavoring in­ 1. Introduction gredients in 1965 (Hall and Oser, 1965). A key part of the FEMA GRAS program is the re-evaluation of GRAS flavoring ingredients. The FEMA The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Associa­ Expert Panel has completed two re-evaluations of FEMA GRAS chemi­ tion (FEMA), formed in 1960, has been the primary, independent body cally definedflavor ingredients and in 2015 expanded the re-evaluation evaluating the safety of flavoringingredients for use in human foods in program to encompass FEMA GRAS NFCs. For the safety evaluation of the United States. Flavor ingredients are evaluated for “generally NFCs, the FEMA Expert Panel developed a scientifically-basedprocedure recognized as safe” (GRAS) status for intended use consistent with the based on the chemical composition of the NFC (Smith et al., 2005). This 1958 Food Additive Amendment to the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic procedure was reviewed and updated in 2018 (Cohen et al., 2018a). Act (Hallagan and Hall, 1995, 2009; Hallagan et al., 2020). Flavoring Because the constituents of NFCs are typically derived from common ingredients can be pure chemically defined compounds or complex biochemical pathways, the constituents can be organized into a finite mixtures, known as natural flavorcomplexes (NFCs). To date, the FEMA number of well-established chemical groupings called congeneric Expert Panel has determined that over 2,700 flavoringingredients have groups. For the safety evaluation of each NFC, information is gathered met the GRAS criteria for their intended uses. * Corresponding author. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.V. Taylor). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111584 Received 27 March 2020; Received in revised form 30 June 2020; Accepted 4 July 2020 Available online 16 July 2020 0278-6915/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). S. Fukushima et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 145 (2020) 111584 Abbreviations HPBL Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes IFEAT International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma BfR German Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung Trades CA Chromosomal Aberration IOFI International Organization of the Flavor Industry CF Correction Factor JFFMA Japan Fragrance and Flavor Materials Association CFR Code of Federal Regulations LC-MS Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry CG Congeneric Group LOAEL Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary (cells) MoS Margin of Safety DTC Decision Tree Class NFC Natural Flavoring Complex EFFA European Flavour Association NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level EFSA European Food Safety Authority NTP National Toxicology Program ERS/USDA Economic Research Service/United States Department OECD Organization for Economic Co-Operation and of Agriculture Development FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations PCI Per Capita Intake FCC Food Chemicals Codex TD50 Dose giving a 50% tumor incidence FDA Food and Drug Administration TDI Tolerable Daily Intake FEMA Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association TTC Threshold of Toxicological Concern FID Flame Ionization Detector UDS Unscheduled DNA Synthesis GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency GLP Good Laboratory Practice WHO World Health Organization GRAS Generally Recognized as Safe on the estimated intake, metabolism and toxicology for each constituent 2. History of food use congeneric group. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach is applied to evaluate the estimated intake of each constituent Lavender, spike lavender, lavandin and related perennial flowering congeneric group (Kroes et al., 2000; Munro et al., 1996). In addition, plants in the Lavandula genus are herbs of the Lamiaceae family native to the potential toxicity of the unidentified constituent fraction is also the Mediterranean region. Southern France is one of the largest past and evaluated in the updated procedure. present producers of lavender oil (Guenther, 1949) and Bulgaria and Beginning in 2015, the FEMA Expert Panel has issued a series of calls China are now also major producers (Giray, 2018). Considered hardy for data requesting detailed chemical analyses for over 250 NFCs with herbs, the different species of Lavandula are now cultivated around the FEMA GRAS status. Members from the International Organization of the world, including in the United States, Australia, Russia and several Eu- Flavor Industry (IOFI), including FEMA, the Japan Fragrance and Flavor ropean countries (Guenther, 1949; Lis-Balchin, 2002a). Lavandin, a Materials Association (JFFMA) and the European Flavour Association hybrid between true lavender and spike lavender, has a floweringperiod (EFFA), in addition to the International Federation of Essential Oils and between that of true lavender (August) and spike lavender (September) Aroma Trades (IFEAT) have provided information in response to these during which it is harvested for use (Guenther, 1949). Lavender gets its data requests. NFC flavoring ingredients are often derived from botan- name from the Latin lavare meaning “to wash” due to its use by ancient ical plants that are also sources of familiar foods and spices. Due to the Romans to perfume bath water (Castle and Lis-Balchin, 2002). Users of large number of NFCs to be evaluated, the NFCs were parsed into groups lavender in Victorian England alternatively derived the name from the based on their constituent congeneric group profile. The congeneric Latin livere meaning bluish (Festing, 1989). Lavender is used as a culi- groups used for NFC analysis by the FEMA Expert Panel are provided in nary herb in foods and beverages and is a component in ‘Herbes de an appendix to the safety evaluation procedure (Cohen et al., 2018a) Provence’ blends that are popular for the flavoring of savory foods The first group of NFCs reviewed by the FEMA Expert Panel were (Grieve, 1970; Kehler and Schooley, 2006; Laget, 2005). Clary sage, derived from the Citrus genus and included orange, lemon, lime and another plant of the Lamiaceae
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications Genetics 2016 Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T. Ambrose University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub Part of the Medical Immunology Commons Repository Citation Ambrose, Charles T., "Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis" (2016). Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications. 83. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Notes/Citation Information Published in NESSA Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, v. 1, issue 1, p. 1-20. © 2016 C.T. Ambrose This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Volume 1| Issue 1 Review Article Open Access PRE-ANTIBIOTICTHERAPY OF SYPHILIS C.T. Ambrose, M.D1* 1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky *Corresponding author: C.T. Ambrose, M.D, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Department of Microbiology, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species
    Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Yield and Quality of Essential Oil from Four Rosa Species Adnan Younis1* • Muhammad Aslam Khan1 • Asif Ali Khan2 • Atif Riaz1 • M. Aslam Pervez1 1 Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT In the present study rose oil was extracted from the petals of four Rosa species i.e. R. damascena, R. centifolia, R. borboniana and Rosa 'Gruss an Teplitz' through solvent extraction through hexane, solvent extraction through ether and steam distillation. R. damascena yielded (0.145%) of absolute oil, R. centifolia yielded 0.11% whereas R. 'Gruss an Teplitz' yielded the least (0.035%) absolute oil. Solvent extraction through hexane yielded more absolute oil (0.11%) than steam distillation (0.075%) and solvent extraction (0.07%) through ether on petal weight basis. Gas-chromatography of the rose oil was carried out for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the oil constituents. Major compounds identified were citronellol, methyl eugenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, linalool, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, benzyl acetate and phenyl ethyl formate. Both techniques (solvent extraction and steam distillation) yielded oil with differences in the percentage composition of each component, but solvent extraction through hexane proved better (i.e. higher yield and more components) than steam distillation for extraction of essential oil from roses. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: citronellol, essential oil composition, Rosa centifolia, solvent extraction, steam distillation INTRODUCTION essential oil, which is slowly liberated from the plant material (Durst and Gokel 1987; Wilson 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Antimycobacterial Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Wood of Bulnesia Sarmientoi Lorentz Ex
    ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE WOOD OF BULNESIA SARMIENTOI LORENTZ EX. GRISEB MICKEL R. HIEBERT,A MARÍA EUGENIA FLORES-GIUBI,A JAVIER E. BARUA,A GLORIA M. MOLINA-SALINAS,B ESTEBAN A. FERRO,A NELSON L. ALVARENGAA* (Received June 2012; Accepted August 2012) ABSTRACT In this work the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of the ethanolic extract obtained from the wood of Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex. Griseb and its chemical compo- sition were studied. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of steroids and/or triterpenes and tannins, and a GC/MS fingerprint analysis identified guaiol and bulnesol as main volatile components of the extract, based on their retention index and the comparison of their mass spectra with those contained in NIST libraries. The extract showed activity against Mycobacterium tu- berculosis H37Rv strain with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/mL, using the microplate Alamar Blue assay. These results suggest that the extract could be a source of antimicrobial substances against M. tuberculosis. www.relaquim.com Keywords: Bulnesia sarmientoi, antimycobacterial, Alamar Blue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, GC/MS. RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se evaluó la actividad antimicobacteriana in vitro y se estudió la composición química del extracto etanólico obtenido de la madera de Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex. Griseb. El estudio fitoquímico preliminar mostró la presen- cia de taninos y esteroides y/o triterpenos. Los componentes volátiles del extracto fueron además analizados por cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG/EM) e identificados por comparación con las librerías NIST 21 y 107 del equipo y además con base en sus índices de retención.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Classification List for Tree Removal Calculations
    DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – LANDSCAPING TREE CLASSIFICATION LIST FOR TREE REMOVAL CALCULATIONS Rev: 2 | Revision Date: 4/26/2017 | Print Date: 4/26/2017 I.D. Number: TCLTRC BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME CLASSIFICATION Acacia auriculiformis earleaf acacia F Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia A Acer saccharum susp floridanum Florida maple E Acer rubrum red maple A Acer saccharinum silver maple E Araucaria bidwilli bunya bunya C Ardisia escallonioides marlberry A Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island pine F Averrhoa carambola carambola B Avicennia germinans black mangrove A Bauhinia spp. orchid tree E Bauhinia x blakeana Hong Kong orchid C Betula nigra river birch C Bombax ceiba red silk cotton B Bourreria ovata bahama strongbark A Bucida buceras black olive C Bulnesia arborea bulnesia A Bursera simaruba gumbo limbo A Caesalpinia granadillo bridalveil A Caesalpinia pulcherrima dwarf poinciana C Callistemon rigidus rigid bottlebrush C Callistemon viminalis weeping bottlebrush C Calophyllum inophyllum See Calophyullum brasiliense F Calophyullum brasiliense Brazilian Beautyleaf F Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam; blue beech E Carya glabra pignut hickory D Carya illinoinensis pecan E Cassia fistula golden shower B Ceiba pentandra kapok tree B Celtis laevigata sugarberry; hackberry C Cercis canadensis eastern redbud A Chionanthus spp. fringe tree E Chorisia speciosa floss-silk tree B Chrysophyllum cainito star-apple B Chrysophyllum oliviforme satinleaf A Citharexylum fruticosum fiddlewood A Citrus spp. citrus trees C Clusia rosea pitchapple A Coccoloba diversifolia pigeon plum A Coccoloba uvifera seagrape A Conocarpus erectus buttonwood A Conocarpus erectus ‘sericeus’ silver buttonwood A Cordia bossieri white geiger B Cordia sebestena orange geiger B Cupaniopsis anacardiodes carrotwood F Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood E Delonix regia royal poinciana B Diospyros virginiana common persimmon E Eleocarpus decipens Japanese blueberry A Eriobotrya japonica loquat B Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes to CITES Species Listings
    NOTICE TO THE WILDLIFE IMPORT/EXPORT COMMUNITY December 21, 2016 Subject: Changes to CITES Species Listings Background: Party countries of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meet approximately every two years for a Conference of the Parties. During these meetings, countries review and vote on amendments to the listings of protected species in CITES Appendix I and Appendix II. Such amendments become effective 90 days after the last day of the meeting unless Party countries agree to delay implementation. The most recent Conference of the Parties (CoP 17) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, September 24 – October 4, 2016. Action: Except as noted below, the amendments to CITES Appendices I and II that were adopted at CoP 17, will be effective on January 2, 2017. Any specimens of these species imported into, or exported from, the United States on or after January 2, 2017 will require CITES documentation as specified under the amended listings. The import, export, or re-export of shipments of these species that are accompanied by CITES documents reflecting a pre-January 2 listing status or that lack CITES documents because no listing was previously in effect must be completed by midnight (local time at the point of import/export) on January 1, 2017. Importers and exporters can find the official revised CITES appendices on the CITES website. Species Added to Appendix I . Abronia anzuetoi (Alligator lizard) . Abronia campbelli (Alligator lizard) . Abronia fimbriata (Alligator lizard) . Abronia frosti (Alligator lizard) . Abronia meledona (Alligator lizard) . Cnemaspis psychedelica (Psychedelic rock gecko) . Lygodactylus williamsi (Turquoise dwarf gecko) . Telmatobius coleus (Titicaca water frog) .
    [Show full text]
  • Guaiacum Sanctum: Lignum Vitae1 Edward F
    ENH445 Guaiacum sanctum: Lignum Vitae1 Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein, Andrew K. Koeser, Deborah R. Hilbert, and Drew C. McLean2 Introduction Uses: tree lawn 3–4 feet wide; tree lawn 4–6 feet wide; tree lawn > 6 ft wide; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); parking lot Lignum vitae is an extremely slow-growing broadleaf island < 100 sq ft; parking lot island 100–200 sq ft; parking evergreen which ultimately reaches 30 feet in height and lot island > 200 sq ft; container or planter; specimen; deck casts light shade, but few people have seen plants of this or patio; Bonsai; highway median size because it is not grown in the trade. Most are seen 8 to 12 feet tall with a beautiful array of multiple trunks and a rounded canopy much like that of a mature crape-myrtle. The one to two-inch-long, leathery, dark green leaves are joined at many times throughout the year by the production of large clusters of bluish purple flowers, the old flowers fading to a light silvery-blue and creating a shimmering haze over the rounded canopy. These flowers are followed by small, heart-shaped, yellow orange berries, appearing on the tree at the same time as the bluish purple flowers and creating a lovely sight. General Information Figure 1. Full Form—Guaiacum sanctum: Lignum vitae Scientific name: Guaiacum sanctum Description Pronunciation: GWY-uh-kum SANK-tum Height: 10 to 30 feet Common name(s): Lignum vitae, holywood, tree of life Spread: 8 to 12 feet Family: Zygophyllaceae Crown uniformity: symmetrical USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11 (Figure 2) Crown shape: round, vase Origin: native to Florida, the West Indies, Mexico, and Crown density: dense Central America Growth rate: slow UF/IFAS Invasive Assessment Status: native Texture: fine 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Guaiacum Sanctum Effective Against Arthritis? an Ethnobotany
    Is Guaiacum sanctum Effective Against Arthritis? An Ethnobotany Case by Eric Ribbens, Barbra Burdett, and Angela Green Department of Biological Science Western Illinois University Part I—Anecdotal Evidence Dr. Beth Tonoany is a tropical population ecologist who has been studying an unusual tree, Guaiacum sanctum, which once grew throughout the dry tropical forests of Central America as well as on some of the Caribbean islands. Guaiacum sanctum produces a wood called lignum vitae, and is known in Costa Rica and other Spanish-speaking countries as guayacan reál. The wood is extremely heavy because it contains extensive deposits of resin (Howes, 1949) and it will sink if placed in water (Wilson and Eisner, 1968). During World War I and II it was extensively harvested for use in the ship-building industry because the wood, which does not split easily, is self- lubricating due to its high resin content. The wood is very durable, and was in high demand for constructing bearing sleeves to support ship propellor Figure 1: Seeds of shafts (Scurlock, 1987). It has also been used for making railroad ties Guaiacum sanctum (Woods, 1951). Dr. Tonoany has been studying one of the last remaining populations of lignum vitae in the Palo Verde Nature Preserve in northwestern Costa Rica. Probably fewer than 100 trees remain in Costa Rica, most in the Palo Verde Nature Preserve. Her research has included tracking seedlings and saplings, locating and measuring adult trees, and interviewing some of the local Ticos to learn about the tree’s past history in Costa Rica. The tree, while rare now due to the dramatic conversion of tropical deciduous forest in Costa Rica into pasturelands and to selective logging of the tree for its valuable wood, was once more common, and many of the older Ticos remember that the saplings were used to make cattle switches because of the strong flexible wood in the saplings.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright 2015 Agilex Fragrances A
    Fragrance Glossary 2015 Copyright 2015 Agilex Fragrances A Absolute Concentrated, highly aromatic oily mixtures extracted from plants. The method by which they are extracted affects the odor of the absolute. Accord A blend of materials targeting a specific odor or odor type that can be used as the basis of a fragrance or added to build complexity. Ambergris A biologic substance expelled from the digestive tract of the sperm whale. Upon aging on the open water, exposed to sun and salt, it develops a unique warm, balsamic odor. It is highly prized for this odor and its fixative properties, but is rarely used. Amber Amber, as it is used in perfumery, is not related to the fossilized resin of the same name. A perfumers Amber is an accord, usually based on labdanum, which imparts a warm, sensual, lightly sweet, balsamic odor. Animalic An odor group used to describe the sharp, tangy, sensual, and warm characteristics of the extracts made from certain animals: civet, beaver, musk deer and sperm whale. With the exception of the Sperm Whale, harvesting the materials results in the death of the animal. To ease consumer sensibilities a variety of similar synthetic chemicals have been developed. Aromatic Traditionally used to describe the very large group of plants and herbs used as flavorings in various cuisines. A few examples are: Basil, Anise, Sage, Dill, Lemongrass, Spearmint. B Balsam A resin or sap which forms on various trees and shrubs such as myrrh and evergreens. Balsamic odor classification is warm, rich, and slightly sweet. Base The foundation of a fragrance, the base delivers the undertones that modify and enhance the layers above it, and becomes more evident as the fragrance is worn.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Plant List
    APPENDIX B-Tree Technical Manual, Download at the "Unified Development Code" from: http://www.cityofedinburg.com/ City of Edinburg Native (Permitted) Plant List e e = P Wildlif s t rac espan: Scientific Name Family Common Name(s) Slow) Medium, Fast, COMMENTS Perennial, A=Annual, D=deciduous Period Blooming Color Bloom Aquatic Soils Moist Riparian Upland Full Shade Shade/Sun Full Sun Att Lif (Bi=Bird Bu=Butterfly(Bi=Bird Be=Bee Height Mature Width Mature Rate Growth ( Spacing Large Trees (Parking lot shade) Acacia wrightii Fabaceae Wright's Acacia X X X Be 30' 20' Medium 20' P, D Spring White Recurved spines; heat & drought tolerant Fast growing shade tree; small fruit is extremely valuable for birds; limbs fairly Celtis laevigata Ulmaceae Sugar Hackberry X X X X X Bi 45' 50' Fast 50' P, D Spring Greenish brittle; drops fine, sticky sap, which is messy Fragrant, showy clusters of small, white flowers produce large quantities of fruit Ehretia anacua Boraginaceae Anacua X X X Bi 45' 50' Slow 50' P, D Jun-Oct White valuable to wildlife; fruit drop can be messy; good shade tree Large, spreading tree that requires regular watering to reach full potential; Fraxinus berlandieriana Oleaceae Mexican Ash, Fresno X X X X Bi 50' 75' Medium 75' P, D Spring Greenish papery, winged fruits on female trees only Very fast growing tree, but relatively Tepeguaje, Lead Leucaena pulverulenta Fabaceae X X Be 40' 50' Fast 50' P, D Spring Summer White short lived; limbs brittle and break easily, Tree and subject to girdling beetles Dense shade tree provides important
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs, Spices and Essential Oils
    Printed in Austria V.05-91153—March 2006—300 Herbs, spices and essential oils Post-harvest operations in developing countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (+43-1) 26026-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26926-69 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.unido.org INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS © UNIDO and FAO 2005 — First published 2005 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: - the Director, Agro-Industries and Sectoral Support Branch, UNIDO, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria or by e-mail to [email protected] - the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulnesia Sarmientoi Lorentz Ex Griseb., (Zygophyllaceae): Estudio De Base Para Su Inclusión En El Apéndice II De La Convención CITES
    WWF Paraguay Tel: + 595 21 303100 Dpto. de Prensa Fax: + 595 21 331766 http://www.wwf.org.py/ Las Palmas 185, c/ Avda. Argaña Lambaré, Paraguay Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb., (Zygophyllaceae): estudio de base para su inclusión en el Apéndice II de la Convención CITES Mereles, F., WWF Paraguay Correo electrónico: [email protected] Pérez de Molas, Lidia, Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay WWF Paraguay Tel: + 595 21 303100 Dpto. de Prensa Fax: + 595 21 331766 http://www.wwf.org.py/ Las Palmas 185, c/ Avda. Argaña Lambaré, Paraguay Introducción Características Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb., “palo santo”, es una de las especies que conjuntamente con Schinopsis balansae Engl., “quebracho colorado”, Ceiba insignis (Kunth) P.E. Gibbs & Semir, “samu’u, palo borracho” y Aspidosperma quebracho- blanco Schlecht, “quebracho blanco”, son consideradas como emblemas de la región chaqueña nacional y regional. Bulnesia sarmientoi pertenece al orden de las Sapindales, familia Zygophyllaceae y se la conoce por diversos nombres vernáculos, tales como: “palo santo”, (Paraguay y Argentina), “yvyrá ocái”, (Guaraní, Paraguay), “guayacán morado”(Bolivia, NAVARRO, 2004); “guayacan”, “palo santo”, (Bolivia, KILLEEN, GARCIA & BECK, 1993), “meemong”, (Lengua Maskoy, ARENAS, 1981), “ticiyuk”, (Maká, Paraguay, ARENAS, 1983) y “jooc”, (Nivaklé, Paraguay), arai (Ayoreo, SCHMEDA- HIRSCHMANN, 1998), “palosaunda” (dialecto menno, FRIESEN RATZLAFF, 2004) entre otros. El hábito y el porte son muy diferentes de las otras dos especies de Bulnesia mencionadas para el Paraguay: B. foliosa Griseb. y B. bonariensis Griseb.. Bulnesia sarmientoi es un árbol con follaje muy verde, caduco de unos 8 a 20 m de altura y 30-70 cm de DAP, las ramas primarias son ascendentes, formando una copa estrecha, redondeada en su cima y muy rala; las ramitas largas tienen entrenudos de 2-3 cm de largo y nudos ensanchados con anillos.
    [Show full text]
  • Reader 19 05 19 V75 Timeline Pagination
    Plant Trivia TimeLine A Chronology of Plants and People The TimeLine presents world history from a botanical viewpoint. It includes brief stories of plant discovery and use that describe the roles of plants and plant science in human civilization. The Time- Line also provides you as an individual the opportunity to reflect on how the history of human interaction with the plant world has shaped and impacted your own life and heritage. Information included comes from secondary sources and compila- tions, which are cited. The author continues to chart events for the TimeLine and appreciates your critique of the many entries as well as suggestions for additions and improvements to the topics cov- ered. Send comments to planted[at]huntington.org 345 Million. This time marks the beginning of the Mississippian period. Together with the Pennsylvanian which followed (through to 225 million years BP), the two periods consti- BP tute the age of coal - often called the Carboniferous. 136 Million. With deposits from the Cretaceous period we see the first evidence of flower- 5-15 Billion+ 6 December. Carbon (the basis of organic life), oxygen, and other elements ing plants. (Bold, Alexopoulos, & Delevoryas, 1980) were created from hydrogen and helium in the fury of burning supernovae. Having arisen when the stars were formed, the elements of which life is built, and thus we ourselves, 49 Million. The Azolla Event (AE). Hypothetically, Earth experienced a melting of Arctic might be thought of as stardust. (Dauber & Muller, 1996) ice and consequent formation of a layered freshwater ocean which supported massive prolif- eration of the fern Azolla.
    [Show full text]