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Idealist and Pragmatist Strains of Canadian Thought on Technology and Nationalism

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Idealist and Pragmatist Strains of Canadian Thought on Technology and Nationalism Arms to Communications: Idealist and Pragmatist Strains of Canadian Thought on Technology and Nationalism Marco Adria University of Alberta Abstract: As information and communications technologies (ICTs) become an increasingly important part of the Canadian social, cultural, and economic fabric, the question of how such technologies interact with national autonomy and with the nationalist impulse emerges once again. This article considers a critical moment of another era in which technology’s relationship to nationalism became a matter of public and intellectual discourse. The missile crisis of 1962 in Canada highlighted the conflicting prospects for importing foreign technology while maintaining national autonomy. George Grant and Ramsay Cook took opposing views in this debate. The Grant-Cook dialectic is proposed as a means by which a contemporary approach may be developed to the relationship between the widespread use of ICTs and the potential for nationalism in Canada. Résumé : À mesure que les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans les domaines social, culturel et économique au Canada, la question de la manière dont ces technologies inte- ragissent avec l’autonomie nationale et l’impulsion nationaliste émerge à nou- veau. Cet article considère un moment critique d’une autre époque pendant laquelle le rapport de la technologie au nationalisme est devenu un sujet de débat public et intellectuel. Au Canada, la crise des missiles de 1962 a mis en relief les objectifs contradictoires d’importer des technologies étrangères tout en mainte- nant l’autonomie nationale. George Grant et Ramsay Cook ont pris des positions opposées dans ce débat. La dialectique Grant-Cook est proposée comme moyen de développer une approche contemporaine pour étudier le rapport entre l’usage très répandu des TIC et le potentiel du nationalisme canadien. Keywords: Broadband networks; Dependency; Network policy; Socio-technical; Technology theory New questions about technology’s expanding reach in Canada The advent of new media and the Internet provides a fresh opportunity to explore the relationship between Canadian nationhood, as expressed in cultural activities, Marco Adria is Associate Dean (Academic Projects), Associate Professor, and Director, Master of Arts in Communications and Technology, Faculty of Extension, at the University of Alberta, Univer- sity Extension Centre, 8303 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4. E-mail: [email protected] Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 28 (2003) 167-184 ©2003 Canadian Journal of Communication Corporation 167 168 Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 28 (2) and the information and communications technologies (ICTs) by which those activities are developed and diffused. The urgency for a public discussion on this relationship is reflected in the emerging issue of the relative autonomy of the Canadian nation-state. A common North American currency and an open border with the U.S. have been discussed after September 11 as a means of both main- taining the border of a common continental space and expanding the benefits of NAFTA. As these matters are discussed, the question arises as to the degree to which the Canadian state can act independently and the measures that may be jus- tified in extending or restricting that independence. The Canadian state has been active in the adoption of technology. The federal government’s Community Access Program (CAP) is one of the many current efforts in Canada to, in the program’s words, “make Canadians the most Internet- connected people in the world” (Canada, 2003). CAP has supported some 10,000 public access computer terminals, mainly by providing one-time funding to libraries and schools to purchase equipment. As a consequence of the program, it is now possible to gain access to the Internet in many public places in Canada. The federal government also recently published the report of the National Broadband Task Force (Canada, 2002). The report called for a national strategy to ensure that broadband (the “big pipe” of Internet access) services will be available in a con- sistent manner to all Canadians through the connection of public learning institu- tions, public health care facilities, public libraries, and other designated public access points. The provincial governments have developed their own similar pro- grams. In Alberta, the SuperNet is to be developed by an alliance of public and private organizations, and it will extend broadband services to rural and remote areas of the province. While the social, cultural, and economic implications of the widespread and intensive use of ICTs in the home and workplace are only vaguely understood (Ciborra, 1996; Dutton, 1996, 1999), the broadest significance of these technolo- gies lies in their ambiguous meanings. ICTs hold the promise of new conceptions of community and a more democratized public sphere (De Kerckhove, 1997; Etzioni & Etzioni, 1999; Poster, 1999) while simultaneously enacting a substan- tive basis for centralized social control (Beniger, 1986). Technology, particularly communications technology, provides a rich entrée into inquiries about national autonomy and its expression in cultural identity and the political expression of nationalism (Gagne, 1976; Kroker, 1984; Nelles & Rotstein, 1973). Technology reflects at once the nationalist concerns of culture and of capital (Charland, 1986). In broadcasting and communications enterprises, technology is a carrier of cul- tural information in the form of television shows, radio broadcasts, and so on. It is also a structuring influence in regional, national, and international economies, creating and changing patterns of trade and development in its wake (Mosco, 1979, 1996; Smythe, 1981). As Innis (1951) has noted, culture and power exist historically in a mutual relationship of development: The capacity to concentrate on intense cultural activity during a short period of time and to mobilize intellectual resources over a vast territory assumes to an Adria / Arms to Communications: Idealist and Pragmatist 169 important extent the development of armed force to a high state of efficiency. (p. 133) The establishment of broadband networks in Canada must therefore be viewed in its historical and social context. Without such a context, it will be difficult to understand the full significance, opportunity, and challenge that these networks represent for Canadian life. The missile crisis as a defining moment An event of another era in which technology and nationalism became a matter of public and intellectual discourse was the Canadian missile crisis, or defence crisis as it has also been called, of 1962. The incidents of that year highlighted the rela- tionship between the act of importing foreign technology and the social, cultural, and economic goals of an autonomous Canadian nation, especially because Canada’s autonomy has often been defined in contrast to that of the U.S. (Hodgins, 1973). In that historical moment, the interests associated with technology, along with its consequences and alternative choices, were exposed with some clarity. The events of 1962 are relevant for a consideration of contemporary events because the missile crisis represents an episode of awakening, a point in Canadian history in which technology became a subject of public discussion in a way that it had not been previously. Canadian philosophers of technology in the decades fol- lowing would expand the discursive space opened by these events. McLuhan (1964), Kroker (1984), Charland (1986), Powe (1993), and Mosco (1996) were to establish their critiques of communications technologies in the recognition, born of the missile crisis, that technology had developed in Canada in a historical context that had been shaped by the country’s economic and military dependency. Furthermore, until 1962 technology’s influence on Canadians’ experience had not been discussed by politicians or academics as a matter of public policy or as an issue requiring a consideration of the public interest. The only comparable public discussions of the relationship between technology and the national interest had been the two Royal Commissions in the 1950s. These had addressed in part the emerging role of broadcasting in the development of national identity. The Fowler Commission of 1951 on broadcasting and the Massey-Lévesque Commis- sion of 1951 on national development and the arts were to have significant effects on public policy, leading particularly to the creation of the CBC, the CRTC, and the Canada Council. However, these studies did not stir the public imagination and a level of public concern comparable to that ensuing from the missile crisis. The missile crisis ultimately engaged the U.S. president’s defence policy and has been generally regarded as contributing to a Canadian prime minister’s electoral defeat. As a public event, it was a significant theme in two best-selling books in Canada —Peter C. Newman’s Renegade in Power and George Grant’s Lament for a Nation: The Death of Canadian Nationalism. The views of two social and political critics of the time may be examined in an effort to develop a fertile context for a more contemporary consideration of technology and Canadian nationalism. Responding to the events of the missile 170 Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 28 (2) crisis, George Grant condemned technology because it carried the risk of increasing cultural homogeneity. His evaluation of technology was that it was dis- ruptive
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