Rote Liste Der Spinnen Inhaltsverzeichnis 1

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Rote Liste Der Spinnen Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Rote Liste der Spinnen Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ..........................................................................................................................384 2. Bewertungsgrundlagen......................................................................................................387 2.1 Kenntnis- und Bearbeitungsstand.............................................................................387 2.2 Kriterien, Parameter und Klasseneinteilung .............................................................387 2.3 Rote Listen der Bundesländer...................................................................................391 2.4 Verbreitungsgrenzen.................................................................................................392 2.5 Verantwortlichkeit....................................................................................................394 3. Gesamtartenliste, Rote Liste und Zusatzangaben..............................................................394 4. Auswertung .......................................................................................................................438 5. Gefährdungsursachen und notwendige Hilfs- und Schutzmaßnahmen .............................449 6. Literatur.............................................................................................................................450 Anhang.......................................................................................................................................459 Tabellenverzeichnis Tab. 1: Anzahl der etablierten Spinnentaxa für Deutschland................................................. 385 Tab. 2: Schwellenwerte für die aktuelle Bestandssituation (Stand Ende 2007) ..................... 388 Tab. 3: Spinnentaxa pro Messtischblatt (Stand August 2015) ............................................... 389 Tab. 4: Gesamtartenliste und Rote Liste................................................................................ 395 Tab. 5: Bilanzierung der Anzahl etablierter Taxa und der Rote-Liste-Kategorien ................ 439 Tab. 6: Auswertung der Kriterien zu den bewerteten Taxa (ohne Neobiota)......................... 440 Tab. 7: Kategorieänderungen gegenüber der früheren Roten Liste (PLATEN et al. 1998) und ihre Bilanzierung ................................................................................................ 442 Tab. 8: Gründe der Kategorieänderungen gegenüber der früheren Roten Liste (PLATEN et al. 1998) und ihre Bilanzierung ............................................................................. 443 Tab. 9: Verteilung der Spinnentaxa auf die Rote-Liste-Kategorien....................................... 444 Tab. 10: Auswertung der Verantwortlichkeit für Taxa (ohne Neobiota) ................................. 447 Tab. 11: Verantwortlichkeit und Rote-Liste-Einstufungen...................................................... 448 Tab. 12: Verantwortlichkeit und Häufigkeitsklassen............................................................... 448 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Messtischblatt-Rasterfrequenzen der 992 Spinnentaxa Deutschlands ....................... 388 Abb. 2: Nachweiskarte von Erigone atra für Deutschland..................................................... 389 Abb. 3: Verbreitungsgrenzen der 971 Spinnentaxa Deutschlands (ohne Neobiota) ............... 392 Abb. 4: Nachweiskarte von Inermocoelotes inermis für Deutschland.................................... 393 Abb. 5: Nachweiskarte von Diplocephalus lusiscus für Deutschland .................................... 393 Abb. 6: Nachweiskarte von Allomengea scopigera für Deutschland...................................... 393 Abb. 7: Nachweiskarte von Piratula knorri in Deutschland................................................... 445 Abb. 8: Nachweiskarte von Trachyzelotes pedestris in Deutschland ..................................... 445 Abb. 9: Nachweiskarte von Xysticus acerbus in Deutschland................................................ 445 Abb. 10: Nachweiskarte des Neozoons Mermessus trilobatus in Deutschland ........................ 446 Abb. 11: Nachweiskarte des synanthropen Neozoons Pseudeuophrys lanigera in Deutschland ............................................................................................................... 446 Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70(4) 2016 383– 510 Bundesamt für Naturschutz Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) Deutschlands 3. Fassung, Stand: April 2008, einzelne Änderungen und Nachträge bis August 2015 THEO BLICK, OLIVER-DAVID FINCH, KARL HERMANN HARMS, JOSEF KIECHLE, KARL-HINRICH KIELHORN, MARTIN KREUELS, ANDREAS MALTEN, DIETER MARTIN, CHRISTOPH MUSTER, DIETRICH NÄHRIG, RALPH PLATEN, INGOLF RÖDEL, MANFRED SCHEIDLER, ALOYSIUS STAUDT, HELMUT STUMPF und DETLEF TOLKE Abstract Red data list and checklist of the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Germany, as of April 2008, single changes and supplements until August 2015. The updated checklist contains 992 taxa, thereof 971 taxa were assessed in the Red List. 55 established taxa have been newly recorded since 1998, and 5 have been split. 18 species had to be removed, most due to the strict utilisation of the criteria of establishment, and 6 have been lumped with other species. Another 19 species have been recorded for Germany in the previous years, but are not (yet) considered to be established. All changes are discussed. The red data list is prepared according to the present requirements of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN). For each taxon the frequency in Germany is classified into one of six criteria classes, from extremely rare to very abundant; the long-term and the short-term trend of each taxon’s population is estimated. Based on these estimates, the level of threat for each taxon is evaluated using a standardised assessment scheme provided by the BfN. Seven spider species are considered extinct or lost (Agyneta arietans, Eratigena fuesslini, Leviellus thorelli, Marilynia bicolor, Pardosa baehrorum, Robertus insignis, Sitticus dzieduszy- ckii), seven species are critically endangered (Ceraticelus bulbosus, Cheiracanthium effossum, Cheiracanthium gratum, Diplocentria mediocris, Diplocephalus connatus, Gnaphosa rhenana, Piratula insularis). 152 taxa are endangered, 95 are vulnerable, 49 are generally threatened (without possible estimate of threat category), 77 taxa are extremely rare, 52 are near threatened, and for 32 taxa the data is deficient. Currently, 21 neozoa are established in Germany. For 10 species the extra-alpine records are evaluated separately. A high percentage of the taxa (45 % = 435) have their distribution limits extending through Germany. For 69 taxa Germany has a par- ticularly high degree of responsibility, since a major part of the taxa ranges or records corre- spond with the country’s territory (52 taxa), or the taxa occur in highly isolated areas (17 taxa). Taxonomic changes: The species Pirata uliginosus is transferred to the genus Piratula ROEWER, 1960, according to its similarity to the type species, P. hygrophila (THORELL, 1872): Piratula uliginosa (THORELL, 1856) comb. nov. 383 1. Einleitung Spinnen, auch „Webspinnen“ genannt, sind Spinnentiere (Arachnida), deren Vorderleib (Pro- soma) mit dem Hinterleib (Opisthosoma) nur durch einen dünnen Stiel (Petiolus) verbunden ist, wodurch der Hinterleib sehr beweglich bleibt. Die einheimischen Spinnen haben überwiegend acht Augen auf dem vorderen Teil des Prosomas, nur Vertreter von vier der einheimischen 39 Spinnenfamilien besitzen lediglich sechs Augen (Dysderidae, Oonopidae, Scytodidae, Segestrii- dae). Am Prosoma befinden sich acht Beine und die paarigen Pedipalpen, die bei den Männchen als sekundäre Geschlechtsorgane zur Übertragung der Spermien dienen und ebenso artspezifisch ausgeformt sind wie die weibliche Epigyne und deren innere Strukturen (Vulva), die sich auf der Unterseite des Opisthosomas befinden. Charakteristisch für die Spinnen ist das Vorhandensein von Spinnwarzen mit Spinndrüsen am Ende des Opisthosomas und das daraus resultierende Spinnvermögen. Spinnen werden meist mit Radnetzen assoziiert, solche Netze baut aber nur ein kleiner Teil der einheimischen Spinnentaxa (ca. 10 – 15 %). Viele Arten bauen dreidimensionale Netze oder sind überwiegend laufaktiv bzw. nutzen ihre Spinnfähigkeit zur Herstellung von Ei- oder Wohnkokons, zum Einspinnen der Beute oder zur Anlage von Sicherheitsfäden. Alle Spin- nen sind Räuber und die meisten einheimischen Arten haben Giftdrüsen, die in ihren Kiefer- klauen (Cheliceren) enden. Nur äußerst selten ist aber eine Spinne in der Lage, mit ihren Cheli- ceren die menschliche Haut zu durchdringen – und selbst dann ist die Wirkung in der Regel harmloser als bei Insektenstichen oder -bissen. In Deutschland muss sich niemand vor Spinnen fürchten! Spinnen kommen in allen terrestrischen und semiterrestrischen Lebensräumen arten- und in- dividuenreich vor. Viele Arten haben spezifische Lebensraumansprüche, so dass die Tiergruppe in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend in der naturschutzfachlichen Planungs- und Bewertungs- praxis eingesetzt wurde (z.B. KIECHLE 1992, BLICK 1999). Von Pionierbesiedlern bis zu Arten, die auf Klimaxlebensräume beschränkt sind, ist bei den Spinnen das gesamte Spektrum vorhan- den. Auf Änderungen im Lebensraum (z.B. Störungen oder Sukzession) reagieren Spinnen schnell mit sich anpassenden Artenspektren und Häufigkeitsverschiebungen. Gesamtbestand der Taxa Weltweit sind nach dem WORLD SPIDER CATALOG (2015, Stand
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