Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2021 Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Ayoub Al Othaim University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Food Microbiology Commons, and the Human and Clinical Nutrition Commons Citation Al Othaim, A. (2021). Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota. Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/ 3992 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cell and Molecular Biology by Ayoub Al Othaim Qassim University Bachelor of Medical Microbiology, 2009 Quinnipiac University Master of Heath Science, Medical Laboratory Sciences, 2014 May 2021 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _______________________________ Franck Carbonero, Ph.D. Dissertation Director _______________________________ ______________________________ Luke R. Howard, Ph.D. Jiangchao Zhao, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _______________________________ Charles Rosenkrans, Ph.D. Committee Member ABSTRACT Plant-based diets are primarily derived from plant sources, including fruits and vegetables. Such patterns are associated with health benefits by promoting general health and preventing many diseases and metabolic disorders. Fruits and vegetables are key sources of high- quality nutrients such as dietary fibers and polyphenols. Since they are rich in dietary fibers and polyphenols, whole fruits and vegetables represent unique and somewhat understudied modulators of the gut microbiota and its associated functions. This study aims to (i) investigate the impact of varying dilutions of cherry juices concentrate on the composition of the murine gut microbiota, (ii) investigate the impact of cranberry juice consumption on the bacterial composition of gut and vaginal microbiota in postmenopausal women, and (iii) investigate the impact of the amounts and botanical diversity of fruits and vegetables on gut microbiota profiles in healthy adults. Fecal samples were collected from mice consuming increasing tart cherry juice concentrations in their drinking water. A randomized, crossover controlled dietary intervention was conducted with cranberry juice and a matched control, and postmenopausal female volunteers provided stool and vaginal swabs for microbiota analyses. Two pilot studies looking at the impact of low and adequate intake of fruits and vegetables (SMART-Diet), as well as low versus high botanical diversity (SMART-Valid), were conducted at Colorado State University; stool samples were collected for gut microbiota analyses and short-chain fatty acids measurements. Microbial analyses were performed using Illumina following a dual-indexing 16S rRNA gene amplicon. Each dietary intervention resulted in distinct microbiota modulations and effects. Cherry juices consumption significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Barnesiella and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides. Consumption of cranberry juice modulated the gut microbiota composition by elevating the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium XIVa members, Eggerthella, and Prevotella. Cranberry juice consumption also resulted in a beneficial impact on vaginal microbiota by decreasing the relative abundance of Streptococcus compared to a placebo. Finally, the SMART-Diet study showed that fruit and vegetable consumption resulted in a reduction of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio whereas the SMART-Valid study showed an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio after fruit and vegetable consumption, and a significant increase in production of beneficial short- chain fatty acids. Our findings suggest that consumption of cherry juices, cranberry juice, and fruit and vegetable inclusive diets all have a beneficial impact on the composition of gut microbiota. This body of work is consistent with the emerging concept that whole foods should be considered rather than extracts when it comes to gut microbiota and microbiome studies. Human dietary studies with larger sample size are warranted by these suggested beneficial modulations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, praise and thanks be to God, the Almighty, the greatest of all, for the blessings He has bestowed upon me and for giving me the strength and wisdom to achieve this dream. Without His grace, this research would not have been possible. This doctoral thesis exists in its current form due to the assistance and encouragement of several people. With immeasurable love and appreciation, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the people who have had the greatest impact on my success during my Ph.D. journey. First, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Franck Carbonero, who expertly guided me through this study. I gratefully acknowledge his motivation, encouragement, invaluable insights, constructive suggestions and feedback, and continuous support throughout this work. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my thesis committee, Dr. Luke Howard, Dr. Charles Rosenkrans, and Dr. Jiangchao Zhao, for their constructive suggestions, insightful comments, and wonderful contributions and support; to Dr. Tiffany Weir for the opportunity to use her lab at Colorado State University and for providing the necessary equipment; and to my laboratory colleagues, who have generously supported me with their skill. Lastly, I extend my special thanks and appreciation to my sponsor, Majmaah University, for supporting me throughout my graduate studies. DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my beloved parents, Abdulaziz Al Othaim and Helah Al Othaim, who have been my source of inspiration and have given me endless love and encouragement to complete my studies. My dream of completing this research would not have come true without their support, sacrifice, and prayers. I also dedicate this work to my wife, soulmate, and best friend, Dr. Sarah Alajaji, with my heartfelt thanks for her mental strength, support, encouragement, and patience; and to my dear little boy, Feras, the most precious gift in my life, to whom I express my deep love. Though I did not deliberately neglect him, he has missed out on some of my love, care, and affection during this busy period. I also extend my gratitude to my siblings, Huda, Wafa, Sumayyah, Mohammed, Ibraheem, Younes, Yousef, Motaz, Adeeb, and Jory, whose continued support has motivated me to pursue my education and complete this accomplishment. Last but not least, I express my sincere thanks to my parents-in- law, Mansour and Zainab, for their blessings, affection, and support during my studies. TABLE OF CONTENT GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: .................................................................................................................................. 3 Impact of Fruit and Vegetable Inclusive Diets on Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity .... 3 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Keywords: ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Plant-based dietary patterns .................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Health benefits of plant-based diets ............................................................................... 6 1.2.1.1 Lower risk of obesity .............................................................................................. 6 1.2.1.2 Lower risk of diabetes ............................................................................................. 8 1.2.1.3 Lower risk of cardiovascular diseases .................................................................... 9 1.2.1.4 Lower risk of cancers ............................................................................................ 10 1.3 Gut Microbiota Modulation by Plant-Based Foods ............................................................ 11 1.3.1 Gut Microbiota: General Aspects ................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Effect of Plant-Based Diets on Gut Microbiota Composition ...................................... 15 1.3.3 Impact of Fruits and Vegetables on Gut Microbiota Composition .............................. 18 1.3.3.1 Berries ................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.3.2 Cherries ................................................................................................................. 26 1.3.3.3 Mangoes ...............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century  - Thecrisisof the Seventeenth Century
    The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century - TheCrisisof the Seventeenth Century , , HUGH TREVOR-ROPER LIBERTY FUND This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to en- courage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as the design motif for our endpapers is the earliest-known written appearance of the word ‘‘freedom’’ (amagi), or ‘‘liberty.’’ It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 .. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. © 1967 by Liberty Fund, Inc. Allrightsreserved Printed in the United States of America Frontispiece © 1999 by Ellen Warner 0504030201C54321 0504030201P54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trevor-Roper, H. R. (Hugh Redwald), 1914– The crisis of the seventeenth century / H.R. Trevor-Roper. p. cm. Originally published: New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-86597-274-5 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-86597-278-8 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Europe—History—17th century. I. Title: Crisis of the 17th century. II. Title. D246.T75 2001 940.2'52—dc21 00-025945 Liberty Fund, Inc. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 vii ix 1 Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change 1 2 TheGeneralCrisisoftheSeventeenth Century 43 3 The European Witch-craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 83 4 The Religious Origins of the Enlightenment 179 5 Three Foreigners: The Philosophers of the Puritan Revolution 219 6 The Fast Sermons of the Long Parliament 273 7 Oliver Cromwell and His Parliaments 317 8 Scotland and the Puritan Revolution 359 9 The Union of Britain in the Seventeenth Century 407 427 v Louis de Geer at the age of sixty-two.
    [Show full text]
  • Leket-Israel-Passove
    Leave No Crumb Behind: Leket Israel’s Cookbook for Passover & More Passover Recipes from Leket Israel Serving as the country’s National Food Bank and largest food rescue network, Leket Israel works to alleviate the problem of nutritional insecurity among Israel’s poor. With the help of over 47,000 annual volunteers, Leket Israel rescues and delivers more than 2.2 million hot meals and 30.8 million pounds of fresh produce and perishable goods to underprivileged children, families and the elderly. This nutritious and healthy food, that would have otherwise gone to waste, is redistributed to Leket’s 200 nonprofit partner organizations caring for the needy, reaching 175,000+ people each week. In order to raise awareness about food waste in Israel and Leket Israel’s solution of food rescue, we have compiled this cookbook with the help of leading food experts and chefs from Israel, the UK , North America and Australia. This book is our gift to you in appreciation for your support throughout the year. It is thanks to your generosity that Leket Israel is able to continue to rescue surplus fresh nutritious food to distribute to Israelis who need it most. Would you like to learn more about the problem of food waste? Follow us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter or visit our website (www.leket.org/en). Together, we will raise awareness, continue to rescue nutritious food, and make this Passover a better one for thousands of Israeli families. Happy Holiday and as we say in Israel – Beteavon! Table of Contents Starters 4 Apple Beet Charoset 5 Mina
    [Show full text]
  • Goji Berry—A Novel Nutraceutical “Superfruit” for Florida Master Gardeners1 Yujie Jiao and Guodong Liu2
    HS1391 Goji Berry—a Novel Nutraceutical “Superfruit” for Florida Master Gardeners1 Yujie Jiao and Guodong Liu2 Introduction Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is a native shrub to China belonging to the Solanaceae family. Common names of the crop include Chinese wolfberry, Himalayan goji, Tibetan goji, Fruktus Iycii, gougizi, goji berry, matrimony vine, Chinese boxthorn, Ningxia wolfberry, red medlar, and mede berry. It is widely cultivated and used throughout the arid and semiarid regions of northwest China (Figure 1). Figure 1. Branches of goji berry bushes (A) and cultivation in Yinchuan, Goji berries have been used in both fresh and processed Ningxia, in northern China (B). forms for food and medicine for more than 4,000 years in Credits: Yuwang Luan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China China (Wang et al. 2015). The goji berry fruit is known This crop can be grown in Plant Hardiness Zones 4b to 9b as a “superfruit” thanks to its high levels of vitamins and as defined by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) minerals, as well as other medicinal benefits recognized in (Figure 2). Therefore, most of Florida’s climate is favorable many countries around the world. The term “superfruit” is for goji berry, and a few Florida growers have cultivated it frequently used to refer to fruit extraordinarily rich in anti- for years. This species can tolerate infertile and unfavorable oxidants and nutrients (Chang et al. 2018; Himelrick 2018). growth conditions and hence can be mistakenly considered Goji berry has nutraceutical properties. Nutraceuticals, also invasive, but FDACS DPI (Florida Department of Agricul- called “functional foods,” aid in the prevention or treatment tural and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry) of certain diseases and disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Juogeii in Very Wednesday Next for an Advance in Age, Will Be the Is to Develop the Gave a Reception at Services of Physicians
    rtvtrmtjrjrir U.S. WEATHER BU- I SUGAR-- 96 Test REAU, May HLast24 MflVtfl Centrifugals, 3.90d J hours' rainfall, trace. 111 III III III IIS 5 Per Ton, $78. 83 s mWir J H Tcmpcraturc.max.80; 5 h Y t Analysis Beets, 10s, n min. 71. Weather, 0 fair. maa so. n K j C MAY Kntered Jn. 19. 108, tt HcmoUW. II tti. S VOL. V., NO. 227. HONOLULU, HAWAII TERRITORY, SUNDAY, 12, 1307 FOURTEEN PAGES. riKM Milter. I'ndrr Art of Cobctm of Mrrk I. iTt. u IS GOV. GILLETT -- J SHOOT WILL GIVES FINAL BE II 01 WAKING I NOTICE, Hawaii National Guard Farming Possibilities to in Will Send Team to Be Exploited Will Gall Out Mililia District. Contest. if Peace Is Hot Koolau is to have an industrial Pieseiwd, the clanging of the - awakening and . progress be heard in the nation can command re-- tools of will k "No practically dead for spect do work in the world land that has been and its which, thanks ready to defend itself these many years but unless it is brought to life. (Associated Press Cablegram.) unjust aggression. Tor to J B. Castle, will be against Com Kaneohe Ranch ernor that we depend chiefly on a citi-- The lands of the SAN FRANCISCO, May pany, which he now controls, are to be soldiery, to he organized when haa zen agriculture and diversified Oillett had conference with the occasion requires, rather than the home of are to have an inning. What Mayor Schmitz, Cornellua and Culhoun, on a military citizenship.
    [Show full text]
  • Richness of Plants, Birds and Mammals Under the Canopy of Ramorinoa Girolae, an Endemic and Vulnerable Desert Tree Species
    BOSQUE 38(2): 307-316, 2017 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002017000200008 Richness of plants, birds and mammals under the canopy of Ramorinoa girolae, an endemic and vulnerable desert tree species Riqueza de plantas, aves y mamíferos bajo el dosel de Ramorinoa girolae, una especie arbórea endémica y vulnerable del desierto Valeria E Campos a,b*, Viviana Fernández Maldonado a,b*, Patricia Balmaceda a, Stella Giannoni a,b,c a Interacciones Biológicas del Desierto (INTERBIODES), Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina. *Corresponding author: b CIGEOBIO, UNSJ CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- CUIM, Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina, phone 0054-0264-4260353 int. 402, [email protected], [email protected] c IMCN, FCEFN, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- España 400 (N), 5400 Capital, San Juan, Argentina. SUMMARY Dominant woody vegetation in arid ecosystems supports different species of plants and animals largely dependent on the existence of these habitats for their survival. The chica (Ramorinoa girolae) is a woody leguminous tree endemic to central-western Argentina and categorized as vulnerable. We evaluated 1) richness of plants, birds and mammals associated with the habitat under its canopy, 2) whether richness is related to the morphological attributes and to the features of the habitat under its canopy, and 3) behavior displayed by birds and mammals. We recorded presence/absence of plants under the canopy of 19 trees in Ischigualasto Provincial Park. Moreover, we recorded abundance of birds and mammals and signs of mammal activity using camera traps.
    [Show full text]
  • Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve San Diego County Technical Appendices
    Final Area Specific Management Directives for Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve San Diego County Technical Appendices June 2008 Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve Final Area Specific Management Directives Technical Appendices TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX A - Botanical Resources Letter Report for Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve APPENDIX B - Draft Baseline Biological Resources Evaluation Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve APPENDIX C - Cultural Resources Phase I Survey and Inventory, Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve, San Diego County, California i June 2008 Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve Final Area Specific Management Directives Technical Appendices APPENDIX A Botanical Resources Letter Report for Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve June 2008 Botanical Resources Letter Report for Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve SUMMARY The Lakeside Linkage Open Space Preserve (Preserve) support natural habitat areas that have been acquired as part of the San Diego County’s Multiple Species Conservation Program (MSCP), administered by County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation (County). The Preserve totals 134.0 acres and consists of three properties referred to in this report as western, central, and eastern. The three properties of the Preserve were surveyed during the spring and summer of 2007 by County of San Diego Temporary Expert Professionals for botanical resources including vegetation mapping and the potential presence of any sensitive plant species. This report documents the findings of these surveys and provides recommendations for management of the Preserve. PROJECT DESCRIPTION, LOCATION, AND SETTING Project Location The Preserve is located within the unincorporated community of Lakeside surrounded by residential development. The western property is located west of Los Coches Road between Calle Lucia Terrace on the south and a private road south of Rock Crest Lane on the north in Lakeside, California.
    [Show full text]
  • 97 Activity Guide
    Site Activity Guide .Introduction . he Safe Food for the Hungry ’97—A Focus on Diversity on-site learning activities build on and reinforce the broadcast portion of the videoconference workshop. The activities included in this year’s TSite Activity Guide are designed to be used with a group. Group activities should generate discussion and encourage participants to learn from each other. Talking and sharing with other individuals who have similar experiences and/or problems can be one of the most valuable aspects of the workshop. Depending on the number of participants at each site, group activities can be done with the entire group, or the participants can be split into smaller groups. The live portion of the Safe Food for the Hungry ’97—A Focus on Diversity videoconference workshop and the site activities will explore issues of food safety and nutrition as they relate to emergency feeding programs. The broadcast will look at food safety and nutrition through the life cycle, from pregnant mothers and infants to the elderly, while connecting to related issues of multiculturalism. The program emphasizes interactivity and practical solutions to common challenges. The on-site workshop activities comprise four lessons which introduce the concepts of diversity, nutrition, and food safety. The Activity Guide is divided into two sections. The first section contains detailed lesson plans. The second section consists of reference materials to aid participants in completing the activities. The satellite broadcast, workshop activities, and print materials combine to create a framework that organizations can use to examine their programs and to solve problems. F O F E O A D S F O Y R R G T N H E H U Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service 1 Site Activity Guide F O F E O A D S F O Y R R G T N H E H U 2 Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Site Activity Guide .Lesson .
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
    TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canary Islands
    The Canary Islands Naturetrek Tour Report 6 - 13 March 2009 Indian Red Admiral – Vanessa indica vulcania Canary Islands Cranesbill – Geranium canariense Fuerteventura Sea Daisy – Nauplius sericeus Aeonium urbicum - Tenerife Euphorbia handiensis - Fuerteventura Report compiled by Tony Clarke with images by kind courtesy of Ken Bailey Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report The Canary Islands Tour Leader: Tony Clarke (tour leader and naturalist) Tour Participants: Phil Haywood Hazel Haywood Peter Barrett Charles Wade Ken Bailey Day 1 Friday 6th March The arrival time of the group meant that we had enough time to do some birding in the afternoon and so we drove up from the airport, through Vilaflor to the Zona Recreativa de Las Lajas. This is probably the most well known location on Tenerife as it is where most people see their first Blue Chaffinches and we were not to be disappointed. Also at this location we saw the only Great Spotted Woodpecker of the tour plus a few Canaries, a Tenerife Kinglet and a few African Blue Tits. After departing from Las Lajas we continued climbing and entered the Las Cañadas National Park which is a spectacular drive through volcanic scenery. On the drive we encountered quite a few endemic plants including Pinus canariensis and Spartocytisus supranubius that were common and easily recognized and Echium wildpretii, Pterocephalus lasiospermus, Descurainia bourgaeana and Argyranthemum teneriffae which were rather unimpressive as they were not yet flowering but we were compensated by the fabulous views across the ancient caldera.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Maternal and Nutritional Factors on the Gut Microbiome at Early Age
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Fakultät für Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Impact of maternal and nutritional factors on the gut microbiome at early age Nicole Simone Treichel Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Scherer Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Hon.-Prof. Dr. Michael Schloter 2. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Liebl Die Dissertation wurde am 16.05.2019 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 02.09.2019 angenommen. I „Das Staunen ist der Anfang der Erkenntnis.“ Platon II Table of Contents Publications ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Scientific questions
    [Show full text]
  • Potato Progress Research & Extension for the Potato Industry of Idaho, Oregon, & Washington Andrew Jensen, Editor
    Potato Progress Research & Extension for the Potato Industry of Idaho, Oregon, & Washington Andrew Jensen, Editor. [email protected]; 509-760-4859 www.nwpotatoresearch.com Volume XVII, Number 16 20 November 2017 Potato psyllid and the South American desert plant Nolana: an unlikely psyllid host? David R. Horton, Eugene Miliczky, Jenita Thinakaran, W. Rodney Cooper, Joseph E. Munyaneza USDA-ARS Carrie H. Wohleb, Timothy D. Waters Washington State University Alexander V. Karasev University of Idaho Figure 1 . Carpet of blue Nolana flowers located in the natural home of this plant genus (coastal Chilean desert). Photograph taken by Gerhard Hüdepohl and used by permission (http://www.atacamaphoto.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/atacama-desert-in-bloom/paposo- flower-cactus.jpg). Volume 17, Number 16 Potato Progress Managing potato psyllid and zebra chip disease is complicated by the psyllid’s ability to reproduce and develop on a large number of plant species. Most species of psyllids are limited to development on a few species of plants within a single genus or family. Potato psyllid is unusual in being able to develop on multiple species in multiple genera across two families of plants (Solanaceae: potato and relatives; Convolvulaceae: bindweeds and morning glories). This flexibility complicates efforts to manage potato psyllid, as it allows psyllids to build-up on plant sources outside of the actual crop. Indeed, we now have evidence that non-crop hosts contribute to residency of potato psyllid in regions that may otherwise not allow year-round presence. More worrisome, some non-crop species that support the psyllid are also hosts for the bacterium that causes zebra chip disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Et Al., 2015; Mandell and Green, 2011)
    Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Japanese Alzheimer’s Disease Patients and Characterization of Their Butyrate-Producing Bacteria 2018, July NGUYEN THI THUY TIEN Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science (Doctor’s Course) OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY 0 I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. Overview of Alzheimer’s disease a. Description/Definition Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of age-related disease (aged over 65 years old), accounting for about 55 – 70% of dementia (Bertram, 2007; Bu et al., 2015; Mandell and Green, 2011). AD is characterized by progressive loss of memory and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system, leading to disorder in cognition and behavior of AD patients (Bertram, 2007; Mandell and Green, 2011). The life span of AD patients from onset may last about 10 years but can be as long as 20 years. b. Stages and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease Stages of AD vary among individual and determination of stages that patients are suffering from is the most importance of AD treatment. The standard approach to classify AD stages relies on a mental status examination, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975; Knopman). AD manifestations can be categorized into three stages with symptoms (López and DeKosky, 2008) presented in Table 1. 1 Table 1. MMSE scores and symptoms of each stage of AD (López and DeKosky, 2008) Stage by MMSE Cognitive Behavioral Neurological scores Mild Cognitive function is Apathy and heavy The neurological exam (score ≥ still in fairly good stresses may occur. cannot detect the changes. 20) condition. In this However, their mood is However, mild stage, IADL of still stable.
    [Show full text]