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Richness of Plants, Birds and Mammals Under the Canopy of Ramorinoa Girolae, an Endemic and Vulnerable Desert Tree Species

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Richness of Plants, Birds and Mammals Under the Canopy of Ramorinoa Girolae, an Endemic and Vulnerable Desert Tree Species BOSQUE 38(2): 307-316, 2017 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002017000200008 Richness of plants, birds and mammals under the canopy of Ramorinoa girolae, an endemic and vulnerable desert tree species Riqueza de plantas, aves y mamíferos bajo el dosel de Ramorinoa girolae, una especie arbórea endémica y vulnerable del desierto Valeria E Campos a,b*, Viviana Fernández Maldonado a,b*, Patricia Balmaceda a, Stella Giannoni a,b,c a Interacciones Biológicas del Desierto (INTERBIODES), Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina. *Corresponding author: b CIGEOBIO, UNSJ CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- CUIM, Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina, phone 0054-0264-4260353 int. 402, [email protected], [email protected] c IMCN, FCEFN, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- España 400 (N), 5400 Capital, San Juan, Argentina. SUMMARY Dominant woody vegetation in arid ecosystems supports different species of plants and animals largely dependent on the existence of these habitats for their survival. The chica (Ramorinoa girolae) is a woody leguminous tree endemic to central-western Argentina and categorized as vulnerable. We evaluated 1) richness of plants, birds and mammals associated with the habitat under its canopy, 2) whether richness is related to the morphological attributes and to the features of the habitat under its canopy, and 3) behavior displayed by birds and mammals. We recorded presence/absence of plants under the canopy of 19 trees in Ischigualasto Provincial Park. Moreover, we recorded abundance of birds and mammals and signs of mammal activity using camera traps. Our camera traps captured more than 80, 90 and 50 % of plants, birds and mammals, respectively. The coverage estimate was 83 % for birds and 89 % for mammals. Bird species richness decreased by -43 %, for every unit increase in number of stems; although richness of plants and mammals was not explained by any variable considered. Birds and mammal species invested more time in foraging than they did in moving or resting under canopies. The abundance of South American gray fox (Lycalopex griseus) increased 9 % with abundance of birds, though not with abundance of mammals. This is the first study to assess the role of R. girolae in the provision of biodiversity- related ecosystem services; a relevant aspect because their conservation can enhance biodiversity in arid ecosystems. Key words: biological interactions, arid ecosystem, species richness, habitat, Ramorinoa girolae. RESUMEN Los bosques de ecosistemas áridos mantienen plantas y animales que dependen de la existencia de estos hábitats para su supervivencia. La chica (Ramorinoa girolae) es una leguminosa leñosa endémica del centro-oeste de Argentina y categorizada como vulnerable. Se evaluó 1) riqueza de plantas, aves y mamíferos asociados al hábitat bajo su dosel, 2) si la riqueza está relacionada con atributos morfológicos y con características del hábitat bajo su dosel, y 3) el comportamiento desplegado por aves y mamíferos. Se registró la presencia/ausencia de especies vegetales bajo el dosel de 19 árboles en el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. Se observó la abundancia de aves y mamíferos usando trampas cámara, y signos de actividad de mamíferos. Se capturó más del 80, 90 y 50 % de las especies de plantas, aves y mamíferos, respectivamente. La cobertura estimada fue 83 % para aves y 89 % para mamíferos. La riqueza de aves disminuyó en -43 % por cada incremento en el número de ramas, pero la riqueza de plantas y mamíferos no fue explicada por ninguna variable. Tanto aves como mamíferos invirtieron más tiempo en forrajear que en desplazarse o descansar bajo el dosel. La abundancia del zorro gris sudamericano (Lycalopex griseus) aumentó 9 % cuando aumentó la abundancia de aves pero no la de mamíferos. Este es el primer estudio que evalúa el rol de R. girolae en la prestación de servicios relacionados con la biodiversidad; un aspecto relevante ya que su conservación puede mejorar la biodiversidad en los ecosistemas áridos. Palabras clave: interacciones biológicas, ecosistema árido, riqueza de especies, hábitat, Ramorinoa girolae. INTRODUCTION mental conditions determine the presence of specifically adapted biodiversity, with a high number of endemic spe- An arid environment has extreme weather conditions cies and of species of conservation concern (Costa 1995). (e.g. high temperature and radiation), poorly developed Owing to these causes, arid environments and their servi- soils, scarce food and water resources, heterogeneously ces have high ecological value (MEA 2005). The dominant available both in space and time. These harsh environ- woody plants inhabiting arid ecosystems are likely to cau- 307 BOSQUE 38(2): 307-316, 2017 Richness under canopy of a desert tree species se changes in microclimate and soil properties under their country). Owing to its restricted geographic distribution, canopies, generating gradients that increase spatial hete- slow growth and low fire resistance, this species was ca- rogeneity and provide microhabitats for high diversity of tegorized as vulnerable. Currently, it is being assessed for plants (Rossi and Villagra 2003) and associated animals. inclusion in the “endangered” category according to the Globally, ecosystems, habitats and species continue to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN disappear, and lost with them are ecosystem services. Bio- 2001, Hadad et al. 2014). diversity is an important factor in ecosystem functioning Since desert woody plants are likely to cause changes and in the provision of many ecosystem goods and servi- in microclimate and soil properties, generating gradients ces. Because woodlands are vitally important as habitats that increase spatial heterogeneity and provide microhabi- for a major part of the world’s biodiversity, their ongoing tats and food resources, we expect that the morphological loss, fragmentation and degradation cause much concern traits of R. girolae will explain the richness of plants, birds about the resulting decline in biodiversity, which is likely and mammals associated with the habitat beneath their to have far-reaching consequences (see review Brocker- canopies. In this work, we evaluate 1) richness of plants, hoff et al. 2013). Included among the latter are biomass birds and mammals under R. girolae canopy, 2) whether loss, global warming, changes in hydrological regimes, richness of plants, birds and mammals is related to the reduced water holding and infiltration capacity, increased morphological attributes of R. girolae and to the features soil erosion and sedimentation, landscape fragmentation, of the habitat under its canopy, and 3) behavior displayed increased wildlife migration and poaching (Thompson by birds and mammals under the canopy of R. girolae. 2011). Biodiversity is the foundation of ecosystem services METHODS to which human well-being is intimately linked (MEA 2005), where biological interactions are nodes crucial to Study area. The study was conducted in Ischigualasto communities and key factors in ecosystem functioning Provincial Park, San Juan Province, Argentina (figure 1). (García et al. 2011). Chica (Ramorinoa girolae Speg.) is The Park has an area of 62,916 ha and lies on a hyper-arid a plant of special interest to conservation given its pro- sector of the Monte Desert, which corresponds to the cen- vision of biodiversity-related ecosystem services in arid ter of the Monte de Sierras y Bolsones. Its average annual ecosystems. Ramorinoa girolae is a woody leguminous precipitation is 100 mm (Labraga and Villalba 2009). The tree (Fabaceae), leafless though with green stems, whose area is characterized by a wide temperature range throug- individuals are on average 4 m tall (Hadad et al. 2014). It hout the year; mean annual temperature is 22 ºC, with a is a species endemic to central-western Argentina and its maximum of 45 ºC and a minimum of -10 °C. The study morphological features enable it to maintain different bio- area is dominated by rocky outcrops of sandstones with logical interactions. Its fruits are woody and very hard, and varying salt content; moreover, there are areas of fine-tex- contain between one and five seeds of high nutritive value tured substrata (sands and clays) where water accumulates (21.2 % proteins and 29.3 % lipids, Zapata et al. 2010). Its after a rainfall event (Márquez et al. 2005). The vegetation seeds are consumed by the viscacha rat (Octomys mimax is xerophytic due to the low rainfall and high temperatures, Thomas), a rock-dwelling rodent endemic to western Ar- and its cover is heterogeneous, ranging from 5 to 80 % gentina that pierces the fruit to extract the seeds (Campos (Márquez et al. 2005). 2012). This rodent hoards the harvested fruits in fairly lar- ge quantities over time, probably depending on the spora- Field survey. We selected 19 individuals of R. girolae (fi- dic and massive fruiting of the R. girolae (Campos 2012). gure 2) of a minimum height of 3 m, separated from each Recent studies show that one species of moth (Anypsipyla other by at least 100 m, at two sites occupied by the spe- univitella Dyar) is the only pre-dispersal seed predator cies (Campos et al. 2016) and topographically accessible (Papú 2014). Associated with this moth there is a parasitic in Ischigualasto Provincial Park (Site 1: N = 10 and Site 2: wasp (Goniozus sp. Förster) that attacks immature stages N = 9, figure 1). To evaluate plant richness, we recorded of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (Papú 2014). Moreover, presence/absence of plant species all over the area beneath spiders use fruit cavities left by larvae of A. univitella as the canopy of R. girolae. The sampled area under each shelters to lay their eggs, while ants (Camponotus punctu- R. girolae changed according to size of each individual latus Mayr) feed on remains of seeds or fruits (Papú 2014). tree. To evaluate richness of birds and mammals, we pla- Furthermore, R. girolae provides other ecological services ced camera traps (Primos Truth Cam Ultra 46 Camera) because its decumbent stems and radicular system allow under the canopy of each R.
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