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DIPLOCAT AGORA 1 The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models

3 May 2019 Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site, Barcelona Location La Rambla 14, principal 08002 Barcelona

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Graphic design: Giny Comunicació

Legal deposit: B 8851-2020 The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models 4 6 8 13 20 26 27 28 34 35 ...... What is public diplomacy? diplomacy? What are the components of public Is public diplomacy propaganda? Emerging actors in public diplomacy Old priorities of public diplomacy New priorities of public diplomacy Nicholas J. Cull, Professor of Public Diplomacy and Director of Master’s in of Public Diplomacy and Director Cull, Professor Nicholas J. California (USC) of Southern University Public Diplomacy, Public diplomacy and autonomous communities - Joan David Janer Torrens, Janer Torrens, communities - Joan David Public diplomacy and autonomous of the at the University Public Law Associate Professor of International Balearic Islands Bjola, Associate Professor ofNew trends in public diplomacy - Corneliu Digital Diplomacy Research Group atDiplomatic Studies and Head of the Oxford University – Manel Camós, retired civil servant fromThe European Commission model the European Commission Sports diplomacy - Jordi Calsamiglia, Member of the Board of Directors of FCSports diplomacy - Jordi Calsamiglia, Member of the Board of Directors Barcelona atDigital diplomacy - Juan Luís Manfredi, Associate Professor of Journalism of Castilla-La Mancha the University Manager of FemCat General Navarro, Economic diplomacy - Teresa Hinojo, Digital Officer at the Institut Ramon Llull diplomacy - Àlex Cultural DiploHub SciTech Roig, CEO of Scientific and technological diplomacy - Alexis Table of contents Table 1. Introduction...... 2. A bit of history Old and new priorities ...... 3. Public diplomacy: in public diplomacy. 4. Best practices 5. Models of sectoral public diplomacy 5. Models of sectoral 6. Conclusion...... 1. Program Annexe ...... 2. Participants Annexe References...... The member entities of the consortium......

The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 4 - Comparatives Models 1. Introduction We at Diplocat have been engaged in public diplomacy for years, but we are aware that many people are that many but we are aware in public diplomacy for years, been engaged at Diplocat have We entity’s 2019, concurrently with the in May diplomacy is. This is why, public exactly not quite sure what we decided that Spanish government, the of inactivity forced by more than one year reactivation after our first publicevent would be an international workshop on our mission: the role of public diplomacy in the digital age, and its consequences in a globalised actors engaged in public diplomacy the different Public of Professor Cull, C. Nicholas of expertise the from benefit to enough fortunate were We world. of Southern California at the University of the Master’s in Public Diplomacy Diplomacy and Director and scholars. (USC), in addition to other experts The workshop on public diplomacy falls within one of the spheres in which Diplocat engagement pressing global challenges while fostering the active contributing to the debate on the most actively works: assets and values Catalonia’s share to working been has Diplocat start, very its From society. Catalan of to forge bonds in the major global debates, our country a voice give with international public opinion, to interested of youths other countries and to promote the training with the citizens and institutions of of international relations. and professionals working in the field Europa (1982), Diplocat Català Pro Món (2007) and the Patronat Catalunya Heir to the Patronat Catalonia to the world and the world to Catalonia. Diplocat’scarries on the twofold mission of bringing instrument suitable a it makes members, cross-cutting diverse, its with organisation, consortium-based and participate in international civil society who want to get involved to guide all actors in Catalonia’s and democratic peaceful, more fairer, a building towards viewpoint their contributing by debates sustainable society. this and nowadays a place in the world that Catalonia should occupy At Diplocat, we are convinced to ceased have governments since diplomacy, addition to classical in affairs foreign in engaging means dialogues. In the midst of the digital age, companies, universities, in international be the only players an increasingly prominent role in the global citizens, cities and local and social organisations are playing of an utterly interconnected world. governance newthis of aware is Diplocat the world. around citizens with other connect easily can anyone Currently, public diplomacy and the most diverse of voices reality and supports bringing together a broad plurality tools to take the country’s civil society and institutions abroad forget that projecting Catalonia’s never being heard. We time, listening and dialogue that can last over with the goal of building bridges of direct repercussions on our ability to attract public opinion abroad have positive image and generating investment, knowledge, events, institutions and people, including tourists, researchers and Erasmus students. the is to explain of the missions in Diplocat’s new venture I consider that one As Secretary General, more engaged and strengthening the entity as a space added value, getting the members consortium’s to the world, Diplocat should be regarded as a gateway where institutions and civil society converge. in all the fields in which Catalonia international best practices a tool for learning about and exchanging want everyone and we want to connect, project and empower, is or aims to be on the cutting edge. We to come along with us. Diplocat should assist all in stakeholders Catalan society that want to be present on the international and association among creating spaces of cooperation by scene and help them reach their objectives this, achieve we seek to promote them, a possible. space whenever participative, transparent To and a Advisory Council. Accordingly, greater degree of engagement among the consortium members and the The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 5 - Public DiplomacyCouncilofCatalonia,Diplocat Secretary General Laura Foraster iLloret young disciplinewhichissuretoblossomintheforthcomingyears. a on debate the to contribution another yet be to speakersseeks different and the by presented were at held we workshop Barcelona’s RecinteModernistadeSantPau on3May 2019.Itisasummaryofthemainideaswhich the of outcome the is onscreen) at looking (or holding are you document This its limits. canonical definition. And there is even greater confusion regarding its actors, who can engage in it, and single no is there among experts, accepted less or more is definition its though even and is, diplomacy name andbrand, has often sown confusion.Itistruethatdoctrinenotunanimouson what public of lack a to due understanding ofthevery conceptofpublicdiplomacy.partly Thisconcept,whichispartoftheconsortium’sdoes, it what and is Diplocat what sure not were media many even that clear During theprocessinwhichDiplocatwasdissolved betweenlate2017andearly2018,itbecame better to have we that confirmed explain whatpublicdiplomacyis,whocanexercise we itandwhattoolsareattheirdisposal. members, our with reflection joint of process this within and The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 6 - Comparatives Models . 2 . 4 . 1 . 6 . 5 . 3 At that same institution, Crocker Snow the Jr., interim director of the Edward J. Murrow said Center, other actors, sphere to embrace the governmental beyond in 2005 that public diplomacy has extended 2005) Crocker, and religious organisations (Snow Jr, such as the media, multinationals, NGOs Diplocat understands public diplomacy as the communicative process between the institutions and process between as the communicative Diplocat understands public diplomacy and the public abroad to spread ideas, culture, assets andpublic and private actors from a country dialogue with the rest of the world in order to create opportunities,values while engaging in a constant actor nonstate first the it is nor sole the not is Catalonia trust. mutual strengthen and connections build to engage in public which diplomacy, is undertaken by a wide range of actors ranging from academic, hubs, not to mention private organisations to business organisations and sectoral sport and cultural citizens as well. in otherbecome entrenched public diplomacy has phenomenon of addition to Catalonia, the In substate entities like Quebec, Flanders, Greenland and Scotland. For example, former in Secretary the General words of of the Flanders the Department of Foreign Affairs research Our goal is getting our universities, in public diplomacy complements classic diplomacy. “Our 2008, Koen Verlaeckt: as well as the community of centres, companies, artists and fashion icons to participate actively, are well positioned to detect the perception of Flanders Flemish expatriates Flemish expatriates. to establish are essential in enabling the Brussels administration and Belgium abroad. As such, they a suitable, specific communication strategy so it can share objective information on Flanders and its 2008) Koen, (Verlaeckt, and put it into perspective” constitutional framework 2. A bit of history2. A bit One of the earliest definitions of the concept of public diplomacy was offered by Edmund Gullion, dean Gullion, Edmund by offered was diplomacy public of concept the of definitions earliest the of One Murrow J. when he created the Edward University, and Diplomacy at Tufts of Law of the Fletcher School from “public diplomacy can be distinguished in 1965. According to Gullion, Center of Public Diplomacy but also primarily not only with governments interaction the fact that it entails diplomacy by traditional activities often public diplomacy organisations. Furthermore, non-governmental with individuals and in American individuals and organisations, private represented by different points of view many have Wilson, 2001) official point of view” (Dizard Jr, addition to the government’s Public diplomacy is a new and expanding field. Outside academia, public diplomacy has spread across both countries and nonstate actors. regions around the world, becoming a foreign action tool for many For example, has NATO a department devoted to public diplomacy, while back in 2007 the EU talking was about its own public diplomacy role to promote information and influence (European Commission, 2007) the EU’s interests through understanding, More recently, in 2011 Bruce Gregory, former director of the Public Diplomacy and Global in 2011 Bruce Gregory, More recently, public diplomacy stressed that nowadays University, Washington Communication Institute at George with States, associations of States and some substate or nonstate actors has become a tool used by building and managing relationships; attitudes and behaviours; the goal of understanding cultures, influencing thinking; and mobilising actions to promote their interests and values2011) (Gregory, Bruce, The Spanish government’s 2015 Foreign Affairs Strategy stated the following: “In the early years of stated the following: “In the early years Affairs Strategy 2015 Foreign The Spanish government’s earlier chapters of this strategy, we are witnessing a phenomenon already seen in the 21st century, namely individuals’ new capacity to influence coming from the possibility of conveying their actions and thus shift the course ofand opinions to an audience of hundreds of million people, who can react (MAEC, 2015) the national or international political agenda” The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 7 - actors orinstitutions. is aimedattheinternationalpubliclarge,citizensandcivilsociety, insteadofbeingtargetedatState of variations, all the different definitions have something in common: they concur that public diplomacy stating exactly what they are referring to when has that talking about public diplomacy. anorganiation Yet by despite the existence reference by determined that preface first must it to whyanyonerefers is who This it. impose to authority enough definition single a have not does diplomacy public short, In in and, attitudes public short, therecipients’perceptionofentityengagedinpublicdiplomacy. its opinions, public its influence to abroad entity another with organisation, can bedoneby oneentity, eitheraState’s MinistryofForeign Affairsoranongovernment orsubstate them andsecureinternationaltreatiessharedinterests.Publicdiplomacyentailstheactionthat which primarily entails relations among nation-states to ensure smooth communication between Nowadays, theconcept ofpublicpolicyisclearlydistinctfromtheconcepttraditional diplomacy, The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 8 - Comparatives Models , which is the third culture, : explaining what : you explaining are like promotion/dissemination , particularly student exchanges, which are carried out by building which are carried out by particularly student exchanges, , exchanges , listening, which is the main activity of any diplomat and the first component of public What are the components of public diplomacy? public diplomacy? the components of What are What is public diplomacy? What is public diplomacy? There are five basic activities that comprise public diplomacy, althoughThere oneare of basicfive them activities is that more comprise important publicdiplomacy, than the others: diplomacy. The first US diplomat, BenjaminFranklin, was sent toFrance and impressed he preferred to listen to thempeople with the fact that despite being a famous writer and scientist, theFrench than speaking himself. rather is The second component of public diplomacy in order to build relationships and do to a foreign audience through representatives and what you influence public opinion. of building relationships with foreign publics is through Another way In the traditional conceptto manage the international an actor tries it means the way of diplomacy, with foreign actors. building relationships arena by the goal is to instead of building relationships with foreign actors, to public diplomacy, this If we expand ago, the foreign public. This concept appeared around 50 years set up a communication process with public diplomacy. are also the components of which practices old applied to term a new it is actually and investment. is an invaluable culture Sharing and exporting component of public diplomacy. The fourth component is Erasmus is the European Union’s relationships between two different communities. One good example success in building Europe-wide relationships. which has been a resounding programme, the fifthTraditionally, component has been international broadcasting, which today has largely been since historically it has used the the digital media. Great Britain is a good example, superseded by international press to influence public opinion, but today China is the country that has in invested the most, especially in Africa. Each of these five components is carried promotion and dissemination are done in the short activities that should be constant. However, out at a certain time. Listening and media outreach are The keynote talk of the workshop was by Nicholas J. Cull, Professor of Public Diplomacy, Director of the of Director Diplomacy, Public of Professor Cull, J. Nicholas by was workshop the of talk keynote The faculty fellow at the Center of Southern California (USC) and Diplomacy at University Master’s in Public on Public Diplomacy. Professor Cull first mentioned the different definitions of public diplomacy and between propaganda and their components, while highlighting the similarities and differences surveyed public He diplomacy. also spoke about the new emerging actors in the field of public where diplomacy, new and old the debating by presentation his finished Cull monopoly. a having ceased have nation-states priorities of public that diplomacy public and he diplomacy arguing believes is why a useful tool to make capable of rising to the different global challenges. the world a better place, one that is 3. Public diplomacy: Old and new priorities priorities Old and new diplomacy: 3. Public of the and Director of Public Diplomacy Cull, Professor Nicholas J. California (USC) of Southern University in Public Diplomacy, Master’s The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 9 - up failingbecause they didnot tellthetruthorthey exaggerated it. there arenumerous examples of propaganda campaigns which were a short-termsuccess but ended sense, this In manipulated. or persuaded feel propaganda of recipients the Oftentimes, wake. its in Public diplomacyisanopen, ethicalpractice, whilepropagandamay belessethicalandleave regret is aninherentvalue,while propaganda tendstothinkthatothersarewrongorignorant. goalistobuildarelationship,respect Public diplomacytendsto be respectfulofothers,becauseifthe of imposingit,whichistheessencepropaganda. it is based on a relationship; public diplomacy always seeks to reach a consensus on the agenda instead With the use of public diplomacy, the goal is not merely to transform the people you are talking to, since propaganda listenswiththegoalofchoosingpopulation segmenttobethetargetofitsmessage. Listening is one of the prime activitiesofpublic diplomacy, with the maingoaloflearning,while The formeristwo-way, whilepropagandaisusuallyone-way. Public diplomacyseekstotellthetruth,whilepropagandapicksandchooseswhichtruthtell. Below aresomeofthecharacteristics ofpublicdiplomacyincontrast topropaganda: today many governments think that they even are Nonetheless, making shape. propaganda took when theydiplomacy engage public in of public conception diplomacy.open current the as emerge to began In the beginning, public diplomacy shared several featureswith propaganda. However, the differences talent orinvestment andpresenttheirvaluesculturetointernationalaudiences. scholar JosephSamuelNye Jr., sinceitallowsanactortoboosttheirpresenceintheworld,attract Nowadays, public diplomacyisanobvious toolinsoftpower, usingthetermdeveloped by theUS public components, five these for term diplomacy, andtoday ithasauniqueagendathatmanagesthedifferentactions. umbrella an created States United the of government The these of components iscarriedoutby adifferentagent,independently,each asGermany does. when best the work They endeavour. middle-term a is diplomacy cultural while term, Ispublicdiplomacy propaganda? Public diplomacy ------Ethical Ethical Open practice Tends torespectothers Is flexible Can changetheissuingsociety Listens inordertolearn Seeks atwo-way process Based ontruth

------Propaganda May notbeethical Closed practice Assumes thatothersareignorant Has avery rigidagenda Only seekstochangethereceivingsociety Listens tochoosethebesttarget Usually one-way Selects thetruth The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 10 - Comparatives Models 1. To begin by listening: begin by 1. To Europeans, this careful attention. For Listening is an important part of the job, as is paying expression, of freedom on based been historically have policies Europeans’ since difficult is be a secret activity but not the duty to listen. Listening in public diplomacy should never instead a public act. 2. Connected to public policies: to this initiative An act of public diplomacy cannot be done without reporting or explaining to specific policies. the world. All the actions conducted should be linked Old priorities of public diplomacy of public Old priorities Emerging actors in public diplomacy actors Emerging What are the classic priorities of public diplomacy? In recent decades, nonstate actors and new civil society organisations have started to participate in started to participate and new civil society organisations have In recent decades, nonstate actors image while a good want to have because they actors involved There are more corporate diplomacy. use also surfaced which are beginning to Substate actors have also trying to connect with the world. their own voices to part take in the global debates, thus boosting the international view of the nation- state they represent as a place that promotes Cities diversity. also play an important role by seeking spaces of dialogue on the international scene. actors as mind in borne be also should networks and communities online alliances, or actors Supra-state actors’ power of association, the problems. The new emerging solutions to today’s that try to provide The future entails civil society is the future of public diplomacy. outcome of civil society organising itself, fact that these associations can and success comes from the organisations partnering with each other, as their umbrella. larger association which serves be part of an even The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 11 - Currently, therearefourimportantgoals: New priorities ofpublicdiplomacy A futurevision thatdoesnotyet exist hastobe developed, astheUnited Statesdidafter 4. Developing futurevisions: experiences frombeing heard.Afterall,ifeveryone isavictim, thennooneactuallyis. The emphasis is laid on the more negative aspects of history, and this hinders others’ victims? as themselves see countries many so do further.Why this take to mechanism a is diplomacy public and extremisms, of kinds all of undergirding the become has Victimhood 3. Counteringthenarratives againstvictimhood: countries. into taking in order to develop or promote free media all over the world as a way to rebuild trust in all population the informing properly account thegroupsthataremorevulnerable tomanipulation.Thisjobshould becollective to contribute should diplomacy Public 2. Respondingtodisinformation: time onceit’sbeenbuilt. long a last can it but time, takes reputation a Building crisis. immigrant the or climate the ethical standardsandbewillingtocontributesolvingtheproblemsweallshare,suchas high have to essential is wealthy.It being for than good being for known be to better is It 1. Reputationsecurity: international image in the long term. It is also important not toignorethediaspora.international imageinthelongterm.Itisalsoimportantnot an build will what is This ones. powerful most the treat they way the by not folk, common multiple actorswillbejudgedonhowthey treatthemostdisadvantaged personsand Public diplomacy does not solely depend on national, regional or local governments. The 7. Itisincumbentuponeveryone: solutions totheproblemsaffectingeveryone throughcooperation withotherjointbrands. Successful nationalbrands arethosethatinclude partnershipsandtheco-creationof 6. Publicdiplomacydoesnotalways have todowithoneself: would bethemostconvincing tothepublicwithwhomyou wanttoconnect? as anactive powerthatauthorisesandempowersinternalactors.Whatcommunityvoice diplomacy public view to better is it capital, the in channel official an through messages the all filtering on insisting of instead Therefore, arena. global that in space credible least the have ceasedbeingthesolevoice intheinternationalarena.Infact,government isoften With the digital technologies, people are playing a greater role in civil society. Governments 5. Empowerment: has tobeclosethesourceofpower. that diplomacy public of part only the is it Offices; or ForeignbyMinistries done Affairs be should Advocacy work. political and diplomacy public between firewall a be should There 4. Protectcredibility: audience,notthedomesticone. The targetofpublicdiplomacyistheinternational 3. Non-domesticconsumption:

The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 12 - Comparatives Models World War II. The focus is still on the past. Public diplomacy has to connect with positive has to connect Public diplomacy is still on the past. II. The focus War World stability. to achieve ideas of the future In short, public diplomacy is too important a tool to be left exclusively in the hands exclusively to be left is too important a tool diplomacy In short, public play. to has a role it because everyone in involved should get Everyone of States. People should be a monopoly of the nation-state. being has ceased Diplomacy world. a better of the solution and contribute to creating to be part connected This is a new era in public diplomacy, in which technology plays an important role and can be both aboth be can and role important an plays technology which in diplomacy, public in era new a is This and source of opportunities.problem and a solution The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 13 - 4. Best practices inpublicdiplomacy organisations of Catalonia. This article was contested, but later the Constitutional Court confirmed confirmed Court Constitutional the later but contested, was article This Catalonia. of organisations sports and social the promoting internationally of takecharge shall Catalonia of Government the that outactionsintheinternationalarenarelation totheEuropeanUnion.Article200states to carry Article 184oftheStatute Autonomy ofCataloniagrants theGovernment ofCataloniatheauthority and monitoringofforeign affairs isnotspecifiedintheSpanishConstitution. to coordinateandmonitor authoritiesthatdonotappearinthestatutesofautonomy. Thiscoordination which meansitispartofconstitutionallaw. Viaordinarylaws, theStateadopts aseriesofprerogatives aforementioned laws areordinarylaws, whiletheStatuteofAutonomy ofCataloniaisan organiclaw, international treaties.Thisbringsupamajorproblem fromthelegalstandpoint,sincebothof ones, withmonitoringmechanismsby theState,butundernocircumstancesarethey considered The autonomous communities canreach international administrative agreements, but not regulatory the guidelinesestablishedby theSpanishgovernment throughtheForeign AffairsStrategy. foreign affairswiththegoalofpreservingunityaction. Theautonomouscommunitieshave torespect affairs andthattheStateshouldcoordinate,monitor andoversee theautonomous communities’ Agreements. They recognisethattheautonomouscommunitiesaresubjectsofState’s foreign They aretheLaw onForeign AffairsandStateActiontheLaw onTreaties andOtherInternational In 2014,theStatedeemedthatsituationwassomewhatchaoticandenactedtworelevant laws. namely theBasqueCountryandCatalonia–dosomorethanothers. these fourelements,theautonomouscommunitiesmay engageinforeignrelations,althoughsome– which onlytheSpanishStatemay engage,andmattersrelatedtointernationalresponsibility. Outside ( this, theCChasclearlystatedthatcoreofexclusive Stateauthorityencompassessigningtreaties in theCCreferstorelationsbetweeninternationalsubjectsgoverned by internationallaw. Basedon What doestheCCviewasinternationalrelationsthatareexclusive authorityoftheState?Thearticle regional governments, including theGovernment ofCatalonia. on provisions specific foreign affairs,relationswiththeEUandallmattersthatwouldbepartof have autonomy of statutes “new-generation” The affairs. foreign in engaging based onagiven interpretation by doesnothindertheautonomouscommunitiesfrom theCC, this of theSpanishConstitution(SC),Stateholdsexclusive authorityoninternationalrelations,but based onboththeirstatutesofautonomy andconstitutionaljurisprudence.Accordingtoarticle149.1 The autonomouscommunitieshave engagedinexternal projectionregardingtheirpoliticalactivity aspects ofCatalanlaw inarather debatableway. with deals and confusing is ruling the since critical, fairly are CC the by taken stance the of Analyses diplomacy. Catalonia’s public of Government the regulating specifically points different its and Affairs framework and bear in mind the Spanish Constitutional Court’s (CC) nullification of the Law on Foreign Catalonia’s. Asanautonomouscommunity, Cataloniahastooperate withintheSpanishconstitutional Public diplomacyconnectswithautonomouscommunities’traditional foreignaffairs,especiallywith the Balearic Islands Joan David JanerTorrens, Associate Professor ofInternationalPublicLaw attheUniversity of ius legationis ), thecreationofinternationalobligationsin ius pactatum ), theState’sius presenceabroad( Publicdiplomacy andautonomouscommunities The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 14 - Comparatives Models Recognition of the people’s right to decide as one of the guiding principles of Catalan foreign right to decide as one of the guiding principles Recognition of the people’s It also deemed unconstitutional the precepts regarding the Government of Catalonia’s desire to Catalonia’s of regarding the Government unconstitutional the precepts also deemed It 1. that establishing this as a guiding principle could interfereaffairs. The Constitutional Court deemed interests and consequently deemed it unconstitutional. with the State’s 2. new consulates ofpromoting and Catalonia in consular corps located the establish relations with to diplomatic relations,is tantamount relationship institutional It stated that this other countries. authority of the State. which are the exclusive Affairs on Foreign of public diplomacy contained in the Catalan Law and regulation 3. The provisions were deemed to encroach upon the State’s were also declared unconstitutional because they exclusive authority over diplomatic relations. The Constitutional Court nullified the definitions of that appeared in article 2. It also declared the heading economic and sports diplomacy public, cultural, 1 of section 4 unconstitutional, as well as article 38, which public diplomacy in chapter on Catalonia’s responsibility to coordinate the different public diplomacy of Catalonia’s discussed the Government Affairs. be carried out in Catalonia via its Department of Foreign activities that may These nullified definitions said that public diplomacy encompasses all the actions that had a real, positive a real, had that actions the all encompasses diplomacy public that said definitions nullified These influence on public opinion abroad with the goalCatalonia abroad. Therefore, of promotingthis job entails promoting an image, and nowhere thedoes it mean taking image,on influence and prestige of international obligations. to the international outreach of creations, diplomacy is a concept that refers the creative Cultural of local, national andindustry and the Catalan language; support for creators; and the participation international organisations. Economic diplomacy seeks international recognition as well as a destination for tourism, research and innovation. and source of exports, site for investment for Catalonia as a Sports diplomacy promotes the recognition of Catalan sports. in public the most fervently Catalonia is one of the autonomous communities that has believed diplomacy, and this has never before prompted a conflict with the State. Theobligations. international Catalanon take Lawto State onthe caused Foreign never has and Catalonia to circumscribed is Affairs outreach of Catalonia abroad. of the interests and are the clear expression Simply put, they its constitutionality, signalling the starting point and foundation for justifying the Government of Government foundation for justifying the signalling the starting point and its constitutionality, creation of public opinion on cultural, dissemination and diplomacy, public actions involving Catalonia’s economic matters, among others. sports, social and and entered into the European Union was adopted Affairs with on Foreign Law In 2014, the Catalan force, the only existing law on foreign affairs in an autonomous community. In the “new-generation” authorities on international communities are conferred all the autonomous statutes of autonomy, other has enacted a law. relations, but none State authorities upon exclusive allegations that it encroached contested over was The Catalan Law the to authorities allocating that believed State The Constitution. Spanish the to counter ran and Government of Catalonia on matters like authority over exclusive sector violated Spain’s the collective the business community and public society, diplomacy and the internationalisation of civil Court contested this because it deemed that these are diplomatic relations. The Constitutional purview of the four elements of diplomacy that are the exclusive diplomatic relations which are part of the State. Court handed down Ruling 228/2016, declaring theOn 22 December 2016, the Constitutional some of them had to be constitutional, although admitting law majority of the precepts in the Catalan three sections unconstitutional, namely: specifically interpreted. It also declared The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 15 - relations. This magistrate citesanew concept;hestatesthat publicdiplomacycanbe comparedtothe wing, including magistrate Ríos,who believes thatpublicdiplomacy cannotbecompared todiplomatic The ConstitutionalCourtruling hadthedissentingvote ofthreemagistrates fromthemoreprogressive influence intheglobalarena”. defines public diplomacy as “the capacity to communicate and forgealliances to ultimately attain greater an encroachmentonthe State’s exclusive authorities.Even theSpanishMinistry ofForeign Affairs are allactorswhichinteract internationallyandhave tobeabledosowithoutthisbeingviewedas law theway theSpanishCongress,armedforces,ConstitutionalCourt itself andcitiesare.They of internationallaw. Cataloniaisaninternationalactoreven thoughitisnotasubjectofinternational subjects exclusiveto it is nor obligations, legal establish to seek not persuade does and It actors. influence international other to ability actor’s international an with associated concept a is it instead, law; Public diplomacycannotbeviewedasbuildingdiplomatic relationswithothersubjectsofinternational of thisdiplomacy. the exclusive Stateauthorities.Therefore,itrejectsthepossibility thatprivateactorscanbethetargets legationis the subjectsofinternationallaw,, thatis,withoneof andthisentailsinterferencewiththeius believes thattherecipients ofpublic diplomacy can be other States and international organisations as relations”. It “diplomatic conventional to equivalent is Affairs Foreign diplomacy” Catalan“public that of the believes it because Law provisions diplomacy public the all nullifies Court Constitutional The their legalityorconstitutionalityever beingquestioned. since 2008.Alloftheseareforerunnerswhichhave longexisted outsideany statutoryprovision without to fosterinnovation andrationalisation ofthe Catalanbusinesscommunityinternationally, hasexisted Agency forBusinessCompetitiveness (ACCIÓ), createdby theGovernment ofCataloniaanddesigned the Furthermore, obligations. international on taking meant never has this and 2002, since world the the Government oftheBalearic IslandsandtheBarcelonaTown Hallatdifferentuniversities around actions topromoteCatalanlanguageandcultureabroadtogetherwiththeGovernment ofCatalonia, There areforeignaffairsstructures,suchastheInstitutRamonLlull,whichhave been carryingout The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 16 - Comparatives Models The The certain attributes. The have ago, data are the new oil, and they years said several Economist New trends in public diplomacy diplomacy in public trends New plethora plethora of data is a fact that defines today’s world.Part of the digital transformation is related to 3G This means that the average the age of 5G technology. though we are fast approaching even technology, 2025. This is a vast amount of by who consumes around 3 GB per month, will consume around 90 user, is just the tip of the iceberg. information; what we are seeing today and this is unquestionably part and parcel of More data are being produced and consumed than ever, of Google, Eric The former CEO Smith, stated that the amount of information the digital transformation. is equivalent to all the information produced in 2003. This vast amount of two days produced every the point is not only information that has more to data be is managed being and created monitored. Yet adult a middle-aged Western but also the speed at which is it being produced and consumed. In 2018, spent 24 hours per week online, twice as much as in 2010. The majority overload. of information people to owing read articles, approximately news of paragraphs second and first the is, that article, an of 28% reading into translates this and 1985, in than information more times five consumes population Today’s realising it. without even one book a day The key question is how to deal with this new reality. Some people that images or related elements,The fact is of visual elements? preponderance society adapting to this focus on visual solutions. How is Corneliu Bjola, Adjunct Professor of Diplomatic Studies and Head of the Digital Diplomacy Research of the Digital Diplomacy and Head Studies of Diplomatic Professor Adjunct Bjola, Corneliu University at Oxford Group In order to understand digital diplomacy aspects, and we its must most look positive back at two events the a crucial role. First, in 2010, with the start of played in recent history in which digital technologies Arab Spring, Mohamed Bouazizi immolated himself in front of regimes. the This embassy. autocratic Turkish proved the to against be uprising Spring Arab the and revolution Tunisian the sparking catalyst the 2016 demonstrated June 2016 and the US elections in November referendum in the Brexit Secondly, a dark side. that digital technologies also have has affected public diplomacy and public affairs, or revolution transformation that the digital It is obvious it is equally However, processes and the feminist movement. just as it has promoted democratisation knowto hard often is it that great so is transformation The inequalities. social reinforces also it that true what is happening or what the impact or real scope of the phenomenon is. How can the new exactly and what are their dangers? public diplomacy, technologies drive As concept of “global para-diplomacy or proto-diplomacy” carried out by actors that are not the subjects of subjects the not are that actors by out carried proto-diplomacy” or para-diplomacy “global of concept international law. all international actors established by contacts includes political and administrative Public diplomacy Para- interests. own their promoting of goal the with Catalonia, as such nonstate), and substate (state, interests, does not aim to nonstate actors to promote their relations by or international diplomacy, create international obligations, which are the authority of the State, but instead seeks to promote and be compared to diplomatic relations. economic interests, and this cannot or defend political, cultural It is difficult to understand the Constitutional Court’s comparison, Affairs is nothing other than an implementation of article on Foreign diplomacy in the Catalan Law since the development of public 200 of the Statute of Autonomy and does not conflict with the content of Stateexclusive the authority current trend of thethe part of clearly the Spanish Constitution. It is 149.1.3 of for in article provided outreach ofon the international conditions new limits and Court setting and the Constitutional State the autonomous interests. communities’ authorities and The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 17 - they were not very significant, whereas today the energy transition and the struggle against climate climate against struggle change have become corepartsoftheEuropean agenda.Duringthat period,theEUhadhardly any the and transition energy the today whereas significant, very not were they poverty. Afewagreementswerealsosignedwiththird countriesonenergyandresearchmatters,but trade agreementswerereachedwiththesecountries, alongwithamonetaryaidsystemtoeradicate first the time, that At states. member EU the of colonies former the is, that Pacific, the and Caribbean In the1980s,EU’sforeign affairswerelimitedtodevelopment cooperation incountriesAfrica,the its when foundation untiltoday. from affairs foreign its of outcome the is influence exert and attract to capacity this EU, the In institutions. and policy foreign strategies, principles, culture, like resources mobilising by influence The EuropeanUnion(EU)isassociatedwithsoftpower, thatis,theabilitytodirectly attract andexert Manel Camós,retired from civilservant theEuropean Commission the objective, whichistotransform digitalinfluenceintoreal-worldinfluence. many to many, detect who is credible, consider thetimescaleand,mostimportantly, never lose sight of from running flows information new the to paid be must Attention environment. digital the of ever-changing dynamic the mind in bear always should one trends, latest the about talking When results. into should be funnelled into turning this influence into real clout outside the virtual world so that it translates Digital diplomacyenablesusto reach millions ofpeopleinreal time andmeasuretheimpact. soon lead? What are the trends in the sphere of public diplomacy that digital technology has already led to or will the with dealing for solution ever-shifting natureofthedigitalcontext.efficient one be would This opportunities. creating or seeking on more focusd contextever-changing,volatileliketo an today, be such should in efforts that the suggest voices Strategic planninghasalways beenatthecoreofpublicdiplomacyandremainssotoday. However, some these newinformationflows. increasingly dependentupondatabecauseofinformationoverload. Theproblemliesinthequalityof of informationpresented.Theenvironment ismoresensitive tocognitive stimuli.Humanbeingsare before happiness,surpriseorany otherpositive emotiondoes.Thisisaninterestingreactiontothetype emotions of in a digital environment. The feeling that travels the fastest online is anger,role key which often becomes viral the on focus Others common. increasingly are clips, video in transitions as such TheEuropean Commission model personal interests,whereasrespondingtocollective messagesiswhat isneeded. by driven is world The campaigns. long-term in better works strategicplanning that proven want immediateresultsinordertogetareturnontheirinvestment. Nonetheless,ithasbeen 3. Itisassumedthatonatimescale, Within terms. your diaspora, whoisrelevant onthisspecifictopicwithincommunity? specific on based is credibility Nowadays, arena. digital the in credibility of they issue and the relations they develop. They need to figure out how to deal with their loss 2. how theframeworks emergeandinteract, andthereforetoinformationflows. flows information from many tomany, model.Attentionshouldbepaidto a trendwhichiscalledthespaghetti environment, digital the in However, sense. this in similar is diplomacy 1. Information flows tend to travel from one actor to the user or the public. Traditional public Governmental institutionsare nolongercrediblebecauseoftheircolour, thepropaganda influence works in the short term because governments The efforts The efforts The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 18 - Comparatives Models foreign delegations. For example, in 1987 it example, had just foreign a delegations. single For office in Latin America, whereas now it has 18 to help it carry out its foreign affairs. Indeed, 1987 is precisely when the firstclauses established, followed by on democracythe creation of and respectthe Humanitarian Aid for Office, human which wasrights were 800 million euros European Commission budget, an amount that grew steadily until reaching general allocated 1% of the in 1994. The first time the EU signed a trade agreement that ensuredin human rights article protection 5 was of in the 1989, Lomé IV Convention with democratic countries clause in Africa, per the se Caribbean was and the applied Pacific. for The with thirdit has signed agreements to all the Europe has applied this clause 1996, Since Argentina. the first time in the Cooperation1991 countries, as long Agreementas they affected general with matters but never specific matters. In this for way, the first time an unequivocal relationship was established between foreign relations and human rights, making signs. the latter a fundamental part of the articles of the treaties which the EU was Affairs and Security Policy of the Union for Foreign The position of the High Representative the Spaniard Javier 1999 to 2009, it was occupied by From consolidated with the 2007 Lisbon Treaty. its borders: “The Union is beyond Solana. This treaty outlines the values that the EU wants to convey and the rule of law equality, freedom, democracy, founded on the values of respect for human dignity, pluralism, which in minorities… to belonging persons of rights the including rights, human for respect prevail.” justice and solidarity non-discrimination, tolerance, as a distinct body within theIn 2010, the European External Action Service (EEAS) was established todiplomatic services and strives member states’ EEAS coordinates the European Commission. The with both successes and failures. On the one hand, certain foreign policy, carry out the European Union’s member states have kept their embassies around the world with a great deal of power, presence and placed their diplomats in the European closed embassies and while other member states have activity, with the EU’s foreign and security policy, The EEAS helps the High Representative Union embassy. manages diplomatic relations and works very closely with the national diplomatic services. At the same all the meetings with is the vice-president of the EU and presides over time, the High Representative The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 19 - the EUisone oftheprimeinternational partners.” it, at look you how matter No own. their on this do not could states member The naval. 2 and military humanitarian actoronthe planet.We have 16crisismanagement operations intheworld,6ofthem multilateralism. of backers main Wethe have thelargestdevelopment cooperation worldandare the mostimportant capacity inthe of one and arena international the in positions coordinating in There aremorethan140 EU representationsallover theworld,andweareoneofleadingactors international relationssince thecommonforeignpolicyismuchmorecoherent andeffective than ever. what the EU’s foreignrelations represent in a recent interview: “The EU isamajorsupport for Pedro Serrano de Haro, second in command at the European External Action Service, aptly summarised a framework ofactionforthe27memberstates. everywhere in the world it has delegations or offices through development cooperation, and it serves as but, toagreaterorlesserextent, italsoboostsdemocratic valuesandrespectforhumanrights citizens its of safety the ensures only not Union European the affairs, foreign and diplomacy to Thanks be inconstantconflictwiththeplural, heterogeneouspositionsofthemember states. the and difficult decisionresources ofauthority, when to useits force; secondly,by evenlimited if it didis have the authorityit needed, the EEASFirst, would reasons. main two for substance underlying lack The EuropeanUnion’s foreignpolicyprimarilyconsistsinwell-intentionedproposals,althoughthey may the aforementionedvalues. of deal great a exert to continues EU influence, as reflected in the type of relations it establishes with third countries and its the to commitment Nonetheless, India. and China like economies of growth and thefactthatitisplaying anincreasinglyminorroleinaglobalisedworldgiven theexponential a complicated time with different internal threats like Brexit, and external ones like the migration crisis, universal nature of human rights, characterise theEU’sforeign affairs. Europe is clearly going through The promotionanddefenceofrights,democracy andgoodgovernance, aswelltheindivisibleand foreign relationsinbothbilateral relationsanditsparticipationininternationalforums. everything canbesolved throughdialogue.AllthisthatpermeatestheEUhasbeentransferred toits institutions, namelypeace,dialogue,commitment,theacceptanceofdifferencesandconviction that European Union.However, whatithasmanagedtodoisconvey theinternalcultureofEuropean player on the international scene. Individual member states often have a more powerful voice than the happens intheworld,EUtendstocontributemostmoney, butitisnotlistenedtoasamajor undergone major changes, but it is still not enough. Unfortunately, whenever something important The EU moves forward and usually reaches its goals within its deadlines. Foreign relations have democratic model and its values but also to seek reciprocal inspiration from different regional experiences. and supports promotes regions around the world, even themore divided areas, not exportonly to the European statesandsocietiesthosearounditby exercising softpower. TheExternalActionService human rightsviaitsforeignaffairsstrategy. Itisconcernedwithconsolidatingthepeaceandresilienceof Currently, the European Union seeks to create job opportunities, promote inclusive societies and protect relations withtherestofworld. fundamental valueoftheEU. mandateonprotectingandpromotinghumanrightsinits Italsocontainsa different articlesintheTreaty oftheEuropeanUnionwhichstatethatrespectfortheserightsisa and thedemocratic clausewheninteracting withthirdcountries.Intermsofhumanrights,thereare One characteristic oftheEU’sforeignrelationsisemphasisitplacesonprotectinghumanrights EU’s policyasitsexecutive body. Commission shouldbeborneinmind,asultimatelythesetsgeneral guidelinesofthe the MinistersofForeign Affairs,DefenceandDevelopment. TheEEAS’sdependenceontheEuropean The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 20 - Comparatives Models Sports diplomacy Sports diplomacy Jordi Calsamiglia, Member of the Board of Directors of FC Barcelona of Directors Board Member of the Calsamiglia, Jordi A person who Club Barcelona is more than a club. but a reality. This is not just a catch phase Football asked be will they question first the Barcelona, from are they says and world the in anywhere travels further which extends this international outreach, does FC Barcelona have is about Barça. So why club? This situation has come about for a variety of reasons. other football than any First, FC Barcelona is a multidisciplinary club (football, handball, etc.) hockey, with both men’s and women’s teams. The Masia is its training centre and a clear the world. all over which operates hallmark via the FC Barcelona Foundation, different activity programmes of its identity. It carries out the of life of shared Catalan people because of their and ways Barça is committed to the culture in sports diplomacy. that it is continually engaged all of these reasons, we can say For history. It is no coincidence that when people talk about Barça, they also talk about this values. is Obviously, a the at trained have who players The people. influence to working keeps it yet concept, widespread fairly this is also and values that empower them to be more than just players, an upbringing and Masia have the club is respected. why the club has a strong bond with Catalonia and Catalan society, With its strong values and tradition, convey to diplomacy public use to attempts always Barcelona FC back. far dates connection this and partnering with other organisations and engaging in joint it does so by example, all of this abroad. For tables and awarding fairs and round such as attending trade activities to promote Catalan culture the premiere football team in the world. by trips taken advantage of any prizes. It also takes agreements reach end they this to and organisations, of range partner with a wide to tends Barcelona FC is the agreement between FC Barcelona and Òmnium that attest to this commitment. One example from both civil society which reads as follows: “We support to initiatives pledge to provide Cultural, and abroad, and to disseminate of Catalan language and culture, in Catalonia and institutions in favour associations pledge to support them in the media, social media, our website and the scoreboard. We of the decision right to decide and to support citizens in the exercise of the Catalan people’s in favour With these agreements and activities, public diplomacy reaches far they the beyond take.” strict realm of sports. since world-famous personalities seats at Camp Nou are a constant arena of public diplomacy, The box Ideas on how to promote Catalan often attend, bringing opportunities for dialogue and cooperation. with the consuls living in Barcelona Barça also interacts culture often come from these conversations. by organising workshops to ascertain how to boost its presence in the countries they represent or with occasional meetings to seek areas of cooperation. The FC Barcelona has Foundation grown in exponentially recent years. It works in areas refugeeslike all over powerful and reach more than 16,000 children are extremely and bullying. Its programmes and it promotes and Italy, is currently present in Greece, Lebanon the world. The Barça Foundation image of Barça, Catalan cultureactivities in refugee camps in these countries, indirectly projecting the and their values. 5. Models of sectoral public diplomacy of sectoral 5. Models The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 21 - them have beencreated, suchasMarcaEspaña (Brand Spain)and theDirectorate General. In Spain,formany years therewerenoinstruments ofpublicdiplomacy inplaceandsuddenly several of In thespecificfieldofdigitaldiplomacy, therewillbechangesinfourareas: more with Now, borders. with limited be reasonably intersecting institutions,stakeholders beconducteddifferently. andinterests, publicdiplomacyhasto could problems All stakeholders. diplomatic In theproblems. of past,series transformationa digital presents The it was easy to identify the different diplomacy willalways betheartorscienceofconductinginternationalrelations. diplomacy.of concepts new havehighlighted which Yet diplomacy to adjectives, new attach we evenif today complex more is Diplomacy given theemergenceofnewactors,elementsandconcepts.Scholars aretryingtoattachadjectives undertaken. and understood is it how in shift a but diplomacy of Google, and which areunquestionablygoingtochangetheway thingsareunderstood.Thismeansnottheend Apple Facebook, Amazon, are transformation digital the in actors main the Nowadays, Juan LuísManfredi, Associate Professor ofJournalismattheUniversity ofCastilla–LaMancha most ofit. the make to tries obviously and this all of aware is club The world. the around influence significant a Finally, in terms of the social media, FC Barcelona has 300 million followers on Facebook, which means in engaging and activities. Therefore,thisisanetworkwithenormouspotential. venue own their having as such club, supporters’ Barça official an as recognised be located abroad.Theseclubsserve asambassadors,sincethey mustmeetseveral requirementsto The World Federation ofSupporters’Clubsismadeup1,500clubs,morethan 150ofwhichare Digital diplomacy Digital that they simply spread information and that the USA is the one that makes the propaganda. claims propaganda Russian new? so not actually it is or propaganda, of kind new a there Is 4. Ethics: of 7/10 Americanssay thatthey do notconsumefake newsbutothersdo. incapable us make to seeks are allbiasedbelieving thatwearerightandotherswrong.Arecentpollfound which chaos, news about talking distinguishing betweenwhatisandnotreal.Bias also plays animportant role,sincewe are We all. of least We arewitnessingtheendofexperts becausewenolongerbelieve anyone, governments 3. Experts: these changesremainstobeseen. this context, newenergysourceswillemerge,andtheway powerwillbedividedwithall today. Within them know we as routes trade on impact major a have will navigable be will The energytransformation willbecrucialintheforthcomingyears. ThefactthattheArctic Economy: 2. sworn inaspresident.Buthowisthisknowledgeacquired? demonstration wasorganised onthesocialmediajustafewhoursafterDonaldTrump illustrate thesechanges istheWomen’s MarchinWashington on21January2017.This Changes intheway rulesaremadeandincitizenparticipation.Onegoodexample to 1. Epistemologyortheoryofknowledge: The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 22 - Comparatives Models The organisations working in economic promotion, such as ACCIÓ, which is in charge of The organisations working in economic promotion, such as ACCIÓ, 1. to Catalonia and helping Catalan companies open up markets foreign investment attracting abroad. Economic diplomacy diplomacy Economic Engaging in diplomacy does not mean telling stories but instead experiencing them and having them and having them telling stories but instead experiencing Engaging in diplomacy does not mean and forums, clearly events which has discussed the topic at different others. FemCAT, by experienced understands this. it is important FemCAT, to check To whether there is a relationship between companies and regions’ as the different factors that can be understood competitiveness since a region’s competitiveness, companies make want to move there. Some of these factors are based on public policies, such as legal a good education it also involves yet infrastructures, system and appropriate a transparent certainty, After staff. to send their children to school and hire well-trained have system, because the executives such as the business communitythose come other factors which do not depend solely on public policies, of suppliers. the region ends up beingIn short, it is a virtuous circle, because if companies are competitive, virtuousthis catalyse can policy business good A investment. more attracts and well as competitive without an adequate business policy, In contrast, circle of business and regional competitiveness. economic diplomacy can end up working against the region. there must be a strong business sector, Therefore, in order to engage in sound economic diplomacy, as it can put both the sector and the region in responsible for engaging in economic diplomacy: a good position. There are three main stakeholders Teresa Navarro, General Manager of the Private Businesspersons’ Foundation FemCAT Foundation Businesspersons’ Manager of the Private General Navarro, Teresa At first, digitaldiplomacy wasunderstood as a service for the media or the partaimed of publicat diplomacythe media. Digital diplomacy has gradually begun to take on other meanings, are related to journalists,geared towards citizens. These services of services as well as transforming into a range to risk management. In 2012, diplomats began to be trained in digital diplomacy so they could stressing began in 2012 by This service orientation learn diplomacy. is transforming how the digital world interactions with other and stakeholders multilateral institutions. The goal was for Spain to become a of the economic crisis. within the backdrop reliable, credible partner this manage considered that it should strategically Affairs Ministry of Foreign In 2017, the Spanish aand world, the around ambassadors Spanish for accounts 250 than more It created transformation. Should they arose: tension between the centre and the periphery. classic problem in public diplomacy independently? The problem is that react to certain crises orders from Madrid, or should they await environment. common in classic diplomacy does not work well in a digital distribution the hierarchical institutions were created so that interests, languages and multilateral countries, Different areas by The audience digital communication policy more independently. these groups could establish their with twice the number of followers and all the Spanish missionsincreased with this new organisation, ofimage the standardising by accounts the of use personal the of problem the solved also It covered. the Spanish diplomatic service abroad. and a search engine or atlas of embassies and consulates updated, were websites the all too, 2017, In content the guide to created was handbook a Likewise, information. access citizens help to created was diplomacy and highlight what the embassy does for citizens. personal avoid of the online activity, The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 23 - businesses, anditisreinforcediftheregionalbrand isactively managed. individual and organisations business promotion, economic by out carried is It working. is region the and businesses of circle virtuous the if works only It client. single every and invoice single every with In short,businessdiplomacyresultsdonotcomeovernight; instead,itrequiresaneffortday afterday, product ifyou have elementsandresourcesaround you thatworkwellandhelpyou. bring credibilitytocompaniesandtheirhomeregion.For abusinessperson,itismucheasiertosell They coherent. more side economic brand’s a make help ACCIÓ like agencies promotion Economic automatically becomeavailable. help attract bothtouristsandinvestors orbuyers. Ifthebrand iswell-crafted, anentiresetoftoolswill who may have todefenditinthefuture.Thebrand hastobeauthenticyet versatile, sinceithasto Managing this brand is not easy, because you have to simultaneously listen and bear in mind everyone and company. Thisiswhy themajorityofregionsactively managetheirbrand. region or a city, which immediately come to mind, influence the behaviour of each individual, stakeholder of aconceptwhichisimmediatelyassociatedwithBarcelonaallover theworld.Theseimagesabouta brand, thatis,theconceptsassociatedwithimageofaregion.Futbol ClubBarcelonaisanexample In order toboost this virtuous circle, it is necessary to have a proper management of the country’s them depend onjustahandfulof companies, all with thesamevision,which can decide whether they The number of channelsthathumansuse tointeract hasbeen severely curtailed,andthe majority of and thisiswhy cultural promotionisnecessary. world the solely fromtheperspective ofnumbersis wrong.We needbothperspectives tounderstandtheworld, seeing because forgotten, be cannot profiles humanities but after, sought highly become increase indatavolume andspeediseven affectingcontentproduction. Recently, dataanalysts have own promotionalchannels,anditishardtostandout inanecosystemwithfewerintermediaries.The However, it should be borne in mind that with the digital transformation, authors and artists have their encompasses allartforms. area creation the and literature; Catalan of knowledge fosters area literature the world; the over all three areas: the languages and university area is in charge of Catalan language classes at universities The InstitutRamonLlullwascreatedwiththemission ofcultural promotion, anditwasdividedinto series Merlí,whichiscurrentlyvery popular inLatinAmerica. years. thecultural InCatalonia, productwiththemostinternational impactinrecentyears istheTV has donemorefortheUnitedKingdom’s cultural diplomacythantheentireBritishCouncilinmany Hollywood has tried to sell an American lifestyle through culture and film. More recently, Harry Potter During the Franco regime, Òmnium Cultural promoted cultural activities to foster Catalan culture. management. connection and mutual understanding.Culture and cultural diplomacyoftenallowscomplexity Culture isagateway thatinstitutionsandcitizenshave usedthroughouthistoryasachannelof Àlex Hinojo, Coordinator Digital attheInstitutRamonLlull Cultural Diplomacy 3. 2. The company executive, whocanoftenengageinthemosteffective businessdiplomacy. Businessorganisations,whichalsohelpbusinessownersinternationalise. The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 24 - Comparatives Models Scientific and technological diplomacy Scientific and technological diplomacy Alexis Roig, Chief Executive Officer of Scitech Diplohub Executive Alexis Roig, Chief subgroups or for synonyms all they’re but diplomacy, academic or technological scientific, about talk We under the umbrella of scientific diplomacy, which encompasses any kind cities, regions or societies with the goal of dealing with between countries, or academic cooperation of scientific, technological shared challenges and building bridges and solid international partnerships. accept your point of view or not. For example, Tripadvisor, a website with comments on restaurants, restaurants, on comments with website a Tripadvisor, example, For not. or view of point your accept does not accept comments in Catalan, thus making it hard for us to assert our culture. Therefore, the of culture. platform also affects the dissemination Culture on allows these for platforms nuances, is and so everything quick that it is hard to incorporate cultural richness It and is diversity. difficult tokeep culture alive in an environment in which there are more and more voice platforms, yet you still cannot speak Catalan with Amazon Echo or Siri. Efforts companies with managed by in a technological environment diversity are needed to assert cultural clearly economic interests. Catalan society has been tradition, to be part of the solution. With its longstanding civic Citizens have with this grapple not had to Other states have years. for hegemonies different cultural living with much more rigid borders. But this has changed in the have merely because they problem until now, in its ability to organise and manage Catalan society excels today. globalised world in which we live diglossia, and in a world in which regions are coming to the fore, this may well be our know-how. The minority following for many Catalan language is the big sister of smaller languages, a model worth languages. dealto activities of range entire an developed has life, civic active its with traditionally society, Catalan new to Adapting alive. culture our keep to order in appearing are that challenges technological the with ecosystem. in today’s to remain relevant realities is indeed the only way The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 25 - knowledge and innovation ecosystem abroad and making Barcelona a more influential geopolitical geopolitical influential stakeholder intheworld. more the a byrepresenting Barcelona making and abroad strategy ecosystem diplomacy innovation and scientific knowledge Barcelona’s implementing of mandate the with foundations and institutions centres, research with public- conjunction in non-profit, works civil, which organisation a private is It affairs. foreign serve to diplomacy scientific wants DiploHub SciTech afterNewYork,not countrycapitalsinthenumberofconsulatesithas , HongKong andLos Angeles. are that cities among world the rankedin is fourth and relations institutional international of network to its of strategiesadvantage taken has own Barcelona example,For wealth. their economic and knowledge-creation implement attract to have they and stakeholders, geopolitical are cities and giants In 2008, Barcelona became the first city in the world to have a scientific diplomacy strategy. Technology apolitical, transversal, transparent andfacilitatesunderstandingbetweencountries. diplomacy is essentially public diplomacy because the values of science are intrinsically universal; it is scientific However, drones. or bombs atomic they be tools, technological advanced having from but also be considered hard power at certain times, since today power no longer comes from the military We could ask whether scientific diplomacy is public diplomacy. The quick answer is yes, although it can Royal British bythe coined one the is Society in2010,whichidentifiesthreeinterconnectedbranches: diplomacy scientific of definition accepted widely most The goals set. the and knowledge, technological and cooperation of many countries, are needed in order to achieve all the sustainable development scientific since diplomacy, in science of example good a measuring theimpactonenvironment, onsociety, etc.The UnitedNations’2030Agendais and knowledge scientific mind in bearing or interests political by either regulated is border.This how theseregionsaregoingtobeused,sinceallactshave consequencesontheother sideofthe or designforeignaffairsstrategies. have States sharedborders,andlaws needtobeenactedon This is the use of scientific evidence and empirical knowledge to bolster international agreements 3. Scienceindiplomacy: these projectsrequireextremely expensive infrastructures, whichsolve globalproblems. another. one Generally, with conflict in directly or relations diplomatic tense quite with countries could citetheparticleaccelerator locatedinJordan,apartnershipamongdifferentMiddleEastern step technological and scientific huge a War, Cold forward forhumanityinapartnershipbetweentwoclashingsuperpowers.Morerecently, we the of middle the in space outer in docked understanding amongcountries.Oneexample iswhentheSoyuz andtheApollospacecrafts on a daily basis with colleagues and research centres around the world to pave the way to better partner technologists, and engineers academia, in working people Scientists, actors. geopolitical This istheexercise ofsoft power, where informal relations can help improve relations among 2. Sciencefordiplomacy: programmes, researchprogrammes). mobility (student exchanges scientific better and more facilitate Affairs Foreign of Ministries This referstohowclassicdiplomaticrelationsandpartnershipsbetweendifferentcountries’ 1. Diplomacyforscience:

The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 26 - Comparatives Models 6. Conclusion 6. Conclusion Mireia Borrell Mireia Action and the European Union Secretary for Foreign The Spanish government applied article 155 more than one year ago, and we are still feeling the ago, and we are year applied article 155 more than one The Spanish government of these effects, and was a clear example the time it was in force. Diplocat damage caused during the Government of Catalonia is keenly aware that it was the target of an stage new a attempt in ushering to is public the shutter to open activity it first this and Thus, prestige. its a undermine to campaign in the consortium. In this new stage, Diplocat must keep on being an since instrument of the the latter country, not has the its government, own network of representation delegations that which Catalonia engage needs. in This the network political of and delegations it grow. of Catalonia is determined to make Government institutional is extremely important, and the actors different the with mingling diplomacy, public via Catalonia for works hand, other the on Diplocat, connectswhich consortium diverse cross-cutting, a is Diplocat mission. international an with society in it, while also empowering civil society in the international arena. Catalonia to the world and projects The Department of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Catalonia is delighted to have a tool like this one again in a world in which as a public diplomacy is increasingly necessary and ever-present We must working keep to Catalonia make a diplomacy. global benchmark traditional to complement us help to tool good a is Diplocat and business, and culture sports, economics, of spheres the in it. achieve The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 27 - 14.00h 13.00h 12.15h 11.45h 11.00h 10.30h 9.30h 9.00h Organization: PROGRAMME Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site. Pau Gil Room –C/deSt.AntoniMariaClaret,167,Barcelona Barcelona, 3May 2019 Comparatives Models THE ROLEOFPUBLIC DIPLOMACY INTHE DIGITAL AGE Annexe 1.Program Closing Session Discussion Public DiplomacyBestPractices Break Keynote speech:TheRoleofPublicDiplomacyintheDigitalAge (ACN) Chaired by Laura Pous, Journalist,HeadofWorld andEconomy Area,CatalanNewsAgency Sectoral ModelsofPublicDiplomacy Discussion Chaired by Teresa Turiera, Journalist Welcome DiploHub - Diplomàcia científica i tecnològica: - Diplomàcia cultural: Àlex Hinojo,DigitalOfficer, - Diplomàcia econòmica: Teresa Navarro, ofCastilla-LaMancha PublicDiplomacy, University ofSouthernCalifornia(USC)) - - Diplomàcia digital:JuanLuísManfredi, - Diplomàcia esportiva: JordiCalsamiglia,BoardMemberofFCBarcelona Officer - The European Commission model:ManelCamós,RetiredEuropeanCommission Group,University StudiesandHeadoftheOxfordDigitalDiplomacyResearch ofOxford - New Trends inPublic Diplomacy: CorneliuBjola,AssociateProfessorinDiplomatic AssociateProfessorofPublicInternationalLaw, University oftheBalearicIslands - Spanish Autonomous Communities and Public Diplomacy: - Nicholas J. Cull,ProfessorofPublicDiplomacyandDirectortheMaster’sProgram in Laura Foraster, SecretaryGeneral, PublicDiplomacyCouncilofCatalonia-Diplocat

In collaboration with: Alexis Roig, AssociateProfessorofJournalism,University General Manager, FemCAT Chief Executive Officer, SciTech DigitalOfficer, InstitutRamonLlull Joan David JanerTorrens, #PublicDiplomacy The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 28 - Comparatives Models

SECRETARY FOR FOREIGN ACTION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION, DEPARTMENT EUROPEAN AND THE DEPARTMENT FOR FOREIGN ACTION UNION, SECRETARY OF THE AND TRANSPARENCY RELATIONS INSTITUTIONAL OF FOREIGN ACTION, OF CATALONIA GOVERNMENT Catalonia Born in 1985 in Balaguer, School of Economics Economics from the London in European Political Ph.D. University Fabra (LSE) European Institute. B.A. in Economics from the Pompeu from the LSE European Economics (UPF) and M.A. in European Political Institute. Europeanthe and Action Foreign for Secretary of position assuming the Before she was a Relations. Previously, for Foreign Union, she was the Director General at the LSE; courses: The Political Economy in European Political Fellow Teaching MIREIA BORRELL CORNELIU BJOLA AND HEAD DIGITAL OF THE STUDIES PROFESSOR OF DIPLOMATIC ASSOCIATE UNIVERSITY OXFORD RESEARCH AT GROUP DIPLOMACY of from the University Science his PhD in Political Corneliu Bjola received research at McMaster taught and conducted (2007) and previously Toronto He was a research fellow at the of Toronto. and the University University at the and a Visiting Fellow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow University Affairs and China Foreign (2012) Academy Defense Force Australian (2016). to the impact of digital technology onHis current research interests relate communication and digital on strategic the conduct of diplomacy with a focus influence as well as on theories and methods for countering disinformation and propaganda. He has authored or edited fiveCountering books, Online including Propaganda the co-edited and volumesTheory andDiplomacy: and Digital Diplomacy (Routledge, forthcoming), Extremism: on The Dark Side Practice of (Routledge, 2015). Digital His work has Relations, International Negotiation, ReviewEuropean Journal of International been published in Global Affairs, and International Relations, of Politics of International Studies, British Journal Journal of Global Ethics and The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. Global Policy, Routledge, with Studies’ Diplomatic ‘New on series book the of co-editor is Bjola isHe Policy. Foreign Diplomacy and journal new the of and Editor-in-Chief learning for enhancing students’ award the recipient of the 2014 OxTALENT on the Oxford Committee by using social media apps awarded experience Enhanced with Technology. and Learning Teaching Annexe 2. Participants 2. Participants Annexe The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 29 - he worked in the Ministry of Industry and Energy in Madrid, as an advisor in in advisor an European affairs. as Madrid, in Energy and Industry of Ministry the in worked he and Brussels, developing research, marketing and planning. From 1985 to 1987 Madrid Barcelona, in sector private the in worked he 1984 and 1973 Between Université LivredeBruxelles andEconomics (1982-84)attheUNED. the Institut Químic de Sarrià (Barcelona); Energy Management (1980-81) at the Manel Camós (Barcelona, 1948) studied Chemical Engineering (1967-73) at Commission RepresentationinBarcelona. From October2005toDecember2012,hewasthedirectorofEuropean RETIRED CIVILSERVANT COMMISSION FROMTHE EUROPEAN MEMBER OFTHE BOARD OFDIRECTORS OFFCBARCELONA MANELCAMÓS Trustees ofFCBarcelonaFoundation. the DisciplinaryCommissionandasamemberSecretaryofBoard the Compliancecommittee.Furthermore, he maintains hisroleaspresidentof position heoccupieduntilFebruary 2019whenhelefttherolevacanttojoin elections of18July2015,hejoinedtheBoardFCBarcelonaasSecretary, a Coordinator oftheLegal AreaofFCBarcelonafrom2010 to2015.Afterthe Tennis Federation for20years andtheCatalanGolfFederation for8years. of Association Publishers the of Catalonia lawyer since 1983 and a at the Book as Chamber. He sector was an advisor publishing to the Catalan the to Linked Distinguished BarAssociationofBarcelona(1992-1996). and Insurance (2014-2018) andtheComissiononIntellectualPropertyat at sportslaw. HewasPresidentoftheComissionLawyers onPublicLiability Calsamiglia. Heisanexpert inpublicliability, insurance law, intellectualproperty Jordi Calsamiglia(Barcelona,19June1959)isalawyer theownerofBufete and JORDI CALSAMIGLIA Languages: Catalan,English,French, Spanish. on socialeconomics,publichealth,welfareandfamily, andtrade. publications several of co-author and author as ‘Ekonomicus’,well magazine as She ispublisherandcollaborator oftheeconomicsandsocialaffairsdigital the GlasgowEconomicForum 2018. at speaker Guest Parliament. European Development, Regional of Committee in Barcelona.Traineeship attheDirectorate-General ofInternalPolicies, Young & Ernst at Auditor Junior a and families, UK for program policies social a in - Oxford of University the at Officer Research Postdoctoral a was also She Award 2018. Economic Policy intheEU. WinneroftheEuropeanInstitute’s ClassTeacher Economy ofEuropean Welfare States,aswellInterestRepresentation and The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 30 - Comparatives Models (Oxford, 1995), a study of British information work in the United the in work information British of study a 1995), (Oxford, Selling War War Selling States before Pearl Harbor. He has published numerous articles on the theme of Harbor. States before Pearl public diplomacy and media history. Nick Cull has lectured widely diplomacy agencies including diplomatic academies or foreign ministries/public around the world, frequently South Africa and Switzerland. He Mexico, those of the UK, Canada, India, Korea, as a guest of is a regular guest speaker at the Foreign Service Institute of the United States School. He Postgraduate Education at the US Naval and the Center for Executive and film include to movement the of part been has who historian film active an is other media within the mainstream of historical sources. His film work includes (with James Chapman) ProjectingEmpire: Imperialism andPopular Cinema (I. B. Tomorrow:Science Fiction 2009) and Projecting and PopularTauris, Cinema (I.B. 2013). Tauris, student graduate a While Leeds. of University the at PhD and BA his both took He he studied at Princeton in the U.S. as a Harkness of Fellow the Commonwealth Fund of New From York. 1997 to 2005 he was Professor of American Studies Historyand Director of the Centre for American Studies in the Department of He is President of the International Association for Media and at Leicester. History and a member of the Public Diplomacy Council. NICHOLAS J. CULL NICHOLAS J. PUBLIC IN MASTER’S THE OF AND DIRECTOR DIPLOMACY PUBLIC OF PROFESSOR (USC) CALIFORNIA OF SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY DIPLOMACY, Cull is Professor of Public Diplomacy and Director of the Master’s Nicholas J. His research in Public Diplomacy at USC and a CPD Faculty Fellow. Program and focus on the role of public and teaching interests are inter-disciplinary, the author of The He is engagement in foreign policy. Cold War and the United States Information Agency: AmericanPropaganda and Information Public States Diplomacy, United 1945- the of Fall and Decline 2008) and The 1989 (Cambridge, 2012). His first book 1989-2001 (Palgrave, American Public Diplomacy, Agency: was At the end of 1987, he joined the European Commission in Brussels, as an Commission the European of 1987, he joined At the end officer in the General Direction of External Relations, with and cooperation of the political relations responsibilities: coordination where had several he and Cuba. with Mexico America, and later Central responsible for the Director Chief of Staff of the General In 1996 was the actively part took He Asia. and America Latin Mediterranean, the with Relations Barcelona. especially the Process of in questions related Mediterranean, with the and Relations with Head of the Unit for Information In 1998 he was designed of External Relations. Direction within the General the European Parliament of the European 2004 he was the Head of Negotiation Between 2000 and accession during the of these process Commission with Latvia and Poland, countries to the EU. The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 31 -

information andtheright tofreedomofexpression, amongmany others. in the digital environment, such as the right toprivacy, the right to access He isalsoaco-founderof thedigitalrightsinitiative, defending humanrights he istheDigitalOfficeratcultural InstitutRamonLlull. contribution to the universal knowledge in Catalan language. Since March 2019, that hasbeenawarded theCatalanNationalPrizeofCulture in2014forits Overentity an years,Wikimedia, few Amical last of the director the been has he and ina decentralized collaborative way. online, environments, inopen working of benefits the speaking territories, aswellwithseveral Internationalorganisations,spreading Catalan the of universities and archives libraries, museums, biggest the with worked has He activist. rights digital and knowledge free a as himself defines also He Wikipedia. especially platforms, open of use the in specialised in cultural management and museology. He is a cultural outreach expert, educational institutions.Hehasabusinesssciencedegree,withpostgraduates and cultural both in strategies medium-term define to help and organizations Àlex Hinojo (Barcelona, 1980). Knowledge manager. He likes to analyze complex DIGITAL OFFICERAT THE INSTITUT LLULL(IRL) RAMON ÀLEXHINOJO Committee the Commission, European the for of theRegionsandCatalanGovernment DelegationintheEU. worked also she Brussels, Security Policy Committee and the Constitutional Affairs Committee. In following theForeign Affairs,HumanRights,CommonForeign and Catalan MembersoftheEuropeanParliament inBrusselsandStrasbourg, Her previous professionalexperience includesParliamentary Assistantto assistance totheMinisterandforEuropeanUnioninternationalissues. she wasresponsibleforthemanagementofMinister’sCabinet,political the Government ofCataloniaduringtwoconsecutive legislative terms,where and EnterpriseoftheMinisterforTrade, Tourism andConsumer Affairsof Foraster hasbeenChiefofCabinettheMinisterforInnovation, Universities its temporary closureinApril2018. as SecretaryGeneral ofDiplocat,shewasExecutive Directoroftheentitiyuntil Public Diplomacy andinElectionObservationMissions.Priortohercurrentposition in education specific has also She Leuven. KU the at Studies European in HumanitiesattheUniversitat ObertadeCatalunya (UOC)andanMAin Business Administration attheUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF),adegree Laura Forasteri Lloret(Barcelona,1976)holdsadegreeinEconomicsand DIPLOCAT SECRETARY OFTHE PUBLIC GENERAL DIPLOMACY COUNCIL OFCATALONIA - FORASTER ILLORET LAURA

The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 32 - Comparatives Models JOAN DAVID JANER TORRENS JANER DAVID JOAN JUAN LUIS MANFREDI JUAN OF CASTILLA UNIVERSITY - LA THE AT OF JOURNALISM PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE MANCHA of Castilla-La at the University Lecturer Juan Luis Manfredi Sánchez is Senior He is the Policy. Media and Communication International Mancha and teaches at Sector, of the Public Observatory for the Transformation academic director of ESADE Business School in Madrid. As international scholar, he led “Media Pluralism project based at the Monitor European University Institute of in Florence financedby the Spain 2015”, a European Commission. He also led the Spanish research team from MEDIADEM and Independent Reclaiming Free & Valuing Revisited: (European Media Policies Systems). He organized “Entrepreneurial Democratic Media in Contemporary Journalism, a renewed a hope”, seminar for journaulists and scholar to search entrepreneurship, free speech and digitalfor new opportunities in innovation, diplomacy in media, and participated in different seminars about contemporary OSCE (Vienna), among others. Armenia, UK (Wilton Park), He is a member of the scientific board of the Real Instituto Elcano, member of Spanishthe editorial board of Esglobal.com, and frequent contributor to main media outlets. In 2015, he has been a finalist for the Citi Journalistic Excellence Award in Spain. where he of Seville He holds a PhD in Communication from the University holds an Dr Manfredi also earned two degrees in Journalism and History. MBA from the IE Business School and a Masters’ in International Executive of Seville. Media Business Management from the University ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW, UNIVERSITY OF THEOF UNIVERSITY LAW, PUBLIC OF INTERNATIONAL PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE BALEARIC ISLANDS Public International Law. Associate Professor with tenure of Since 2004, he is the European Commission by granted Chair in EU Law Holder of a Jean Monnet Cambridge, Oxford periods at the EUI in Florence, (2006-2010). Research Honours (1995), LLM in EU Law with Degree in Law and Munster University. Head of the Public Law (2000). Europe (1996), PhD in Law at the College of Islands since of the Balearic Faculty of the University Department of the Law at coordinator since 2000. Professor in different LLM in Law 2016 and Erasmus (Nicaragua). of León and at the University of Madrid the Autonomous University (1999). the Japanese government by competition granted Winner of an essay organisedcompetition on regional issues thesis PhD the of jury the of Member by the Committee of the Regions of the EU (2010 and 2012). Author of books, and EU Law. book chapters and articles on International The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 33 - Training and Research. Postgraduate degreeinDiplomacyfromtheUnitedNationsInstitutefor de Catalunya, an MBA from Ecole de Management deNormandie, a and He holdsamastersinComputerSciencefrom Universitat Politècnica Diplomacy, onPublic Science Policy, DigitalTechnologies andHigherEducation. tanks think and nonprofits ventures, private numerous As aserialentrepreneur, Mr. Roigisthefounderand memberoftheboard Policies attheUniversity ofShanghaiforScienceandTechnology. across AsiaandEurope.HeisalsoprofessorofEntrepreneurshipInnovation Ministries ofForeign Affairs,Science,ResearchandEducationofgovernments He has over 10 years’ experience as Senior Advisor on Science Diplomacy for influential more a player ontheglobalstage. Barcelona making thus worldwide, ecosystem innovation to mandate and the knowledge its represent with and strategy diplomacy science city’s the institutions, deploy and public corporations startups, profits, non- universities, centers, research leading Barcelona’s by backed partnership theBarcelona public-private nonprofit DiploHub, pioneering SciTech a Hub, TechnologyDiplomacy and of Science Officer Executive Chief the is Roig Mr. CHIEF EXECUTIVEOFFICEROFSCITECHDIPLOHUB ALEXISROIG competitiveness, socialcohesionandshowcasingCataloniatothe world. organisations, for the improvement in innovation and entrepreneurship, It develops initiatives underitsownleadershiporincooperation withother who wanttocontributetheeconomicandsocialadvancementofCatalonia. FemCAT isaprivate,independentfoundationthatgathersbusinessleaders worked intheoilindustryseveral Europeancountries. cultural event. MechanicalEngineer, MasterinSupply ChainManagement,she department ofFòrumoperations Universal delesCulturesBarcelona,alarge-scale the in worked she 2004, to 2002 From Catalunya. de Generalitat Financing inCentred’Innovació iDesenvolupament (CIDEM, nowACCIÓ) of of thefoundation.From 2005to2008,shewasHeadofEntrepreneurshipand 2008, asTechnical Secretary, shemanaged the projects and permanent programs General ManagerofFundació Privadad’EmpresarisFemCAT since2016.From MANAGER OFTHEGENERAL PRIVATE BUSINESSPERSONS’FOUNDATION FEMCAT TERESANAVARRO The role of public diplomacy in the digital age - 34 - Comparatives Models Definitions of PublicMurrow Center of Public The Edward R. Diplomacy. The The case of the Conference of European. A seminar co-organized by Flanders References . Nova York: Praeger, Praeger, . in Age the Nova Policy York: Information Wilson, Digital Diplomacy: Foreign U.S. [1] Dizard Jr, 2001, 5-7. [2] Snow, Jr., Crocker. Diplomacy, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. May 2005. May University. Tufts and Diplomacy, of Law The Fletcher School Diplomacy, American Bruce. [3] Gregory, Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, The ElusiveTransformation. 351-372. DOI: 10.1163/187119111X583941Hague Journal of Diplomacy 6. 2011. [4] Verlaeckt, Koen. Regions with Legislative Power (REGLEG) and the Forum of Federations. Foreign and external relations and external Foreign of Federations. (REGLEG) and the Forum Power Regions with Legislative entities. Brussels (Belgium), September 2008. of federated http://www.forumfed.org/events/provinces-cantons-lnder-discuss-the-conduct-of-foreign-relations/ for External Relations. The [5] European Commission Directorate-General EU’s 50th anniversary celebrations around theAworld. glance at EU public diplomacy atwork. Luxemburg: Office for Official 2007. Publications of the European Communities, Madrid. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores exterior. acción de of Spain. Estrategia [6] MAEC. Government 2015. February y de Cooperación. The role of public diplomacy in the digital age Comparatives Models - 35 - The memberentities oftheconsortium Entities of thebusinesssector

Public institutionsandmunicipal entities

- OpenUniversity ofCatalonia(UOC) - RamonLlullUniversity (URL) - Rovira iVirgiliUniversity (URV) - University of Girona(UdG) - University of Lleida(UdL) - Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) - Technical University ofCatalonia(UPC) - AutonomousUniversity ofBarcelona(UAB) - University ofBarcelona(UB) Catalunya (UGT) - Trade unionUnióGeneral deTreballadors de ofCatalonia Group ofEntitiestheVoluntary - The Sector EnterprisesofCatalonia(PIMEC) - AssociationofMicro-, SmallandMedium-Sized Nacional - EntrepreneursassociationFoment delTreball Catalonia ofCommerce,IndustryandNavigation of - General Councilof the OfficialChambers - BarcelonaProvincial Council - VielhaeMijaran CityCouncil - LleidaCityCouncil - GironaCityCouncil - Tarragona CityCouncil - BarcelonaCityCouncil - Government ofCatalonia Entities of thesocial, sectortrade unionand sports

Universities,institutions businessschoolsandacademic

(FemCAT) - PrivateFoundation ofEntrepreneurs - Multi-SectorBusinessAssociation(AMEC) - Confederation ofCooperatives ofCatalonia (BarcelonaGSE) - BarcelonaGraduate SchoolofEconomics - EADA BusinessSchool (IBEI) - BarcelonaInstituteofInternationalStudies - AbatOlibaCEUUniversity (UAO CEU) - InternationalUniversity ofCatalonia(UIC) ofCatalonia(UVic-UCC) - University ofVic-Central University - Football ClubBarcelona (CCOO) - Trade unionComissionsObreresdeCatalunya - Federation ofMunicipalitiesCatalonia Counties - CatalanAssociationofMunicipalitiesand - ConselhGenerau d’Aran - LleidaProvincial Council - GironaProvincial Council - Tarragona Provincial Council