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NRP 8 Green.Indd Fusing Regions? Sustainable Regional Action in the Context of European Integration Fusing Regions? Sustainable Regional Action in the Context of European Integration Magnus Lindh, Hans Lödén, Lee Miles, Curt Räftegård & Malin Stegmann McCallion NORDREGIO 2009 Nordic Council of Ministers Research Programme Report 2009:8 ISSN 1403-2511 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.se Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians form the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Stockholm, Sweden 2009 Contents Authors’ Preface 11 Executive Summary 13 Introduction 13 Argumentation 13 Structure 13 1. Introducing the Regional Context in Europe 17 The Research Challenge: Aims of the Study overlapping authorities 17 Surveying Regions in Europe 20 Summary (Chapter 1) 21 2. Overview: Research on Regions and European Integration 23 Indicative Research and Background Debates 23 Europeanisation 23 Regionalisation 23 Multi-Level Governance (MLG) 25 Background Dimensional Concepts 26 Horizontal Dimension - Regional Mobilisation 26 Vertical Dimension – Paradiplomacy 27 Background Structures and Institutional Frameworks 29 Background Research on Nordic Regions and the European Union 31 Summary (Chapter 2) 33 3. Analytical Concepts I: Fusion 35 Introduction 35 Theoretical Context: Using Fusion in Studying Regional Action 35 The Macro Fusion Thesis (MFT) and the Regional Context 36 Institutional Fusion (IF) and the Regional Context 37 Relationship between Europeanisation and Fusion in the Regional Context 38 Using Fusion Approaches in this Study of Regional Action 39 Fusion Perspectives (FP) and the Regional Context 40 Performance Fusion: An Output-Related Attitude to European Integration 41 Political Fusion: A Third Way Attitude 41 Compound Fusion: Attitudinal Preference for the Union as a Compound Polity 42 Summary (Chapter 3) 43 4. Analytical Concepts II:Regional Action 45 Introduction 45 Regions 45 Regional Actors 48 Action 48 Vertical and Horizontal Action 48 Understanding Variation in Regional Action 50 Gender and Regional Action 52 Questions of Sustainability 53 Regional Action using a Fusion Approach 54 Research questions 55 Applying a Fusion Approach to Regional Action 55 Summary (Chapter 4) 57 5. Methods 59 Data collection 59 Validity and reliability 60 Generalisations 61 Summary (Chapter 5) 61 6. Our Three Regions 63 Introduction 63 Nordic regions and our cases 64 Norwegian Regions and Hedmark 66 Swedish Regions and Värmland 68 Finnish Regions and Southwest Finland 71 Main Actors in our Cases (Findings) 73 Summary (Chapter 6) 74 7. Results: Regional Action in Three Nordic Regions 75 Introduction 75 Hedmark 75 Download Dimension 75 Horizontal Dimension 77 Upload Dimension 80 Värmland 83 Download Dimension 83 Horizontal Dimension 86 Upload Dimension 88 Southwest Finland 93 Download Dimension 93 Horizontal Dimension 95 Upload Dimension 97 Comparative Remarks: 102 Regional Action and Fusion 102 Download 102 Horizontal 103 Upload 103 Summary (Chapter 7) 104 8. Gender Aspects 105 By Björn Pernrud 105 Introduction 105 Contradictions 105 Resolution 108 Summary (Chapter 8) 109 9. Conclusions: ‘Getting the Best Out of the European Union’ 111 Introduction 111 Regional Action Findings in Three Nordic Regions Using a Fusion Approach 111 Hedmark 112 Värmland 113 Southwest Finland 113 Leadership, Institutions, Resources and Policy/Projects (LIRP) 114 The Exercise of Leadership 115 Institution-Building and Reforms for Sustainable Governance 116 Resource Allocation 116 Policy and Projects Formulation and Management 117 Sustainable Regional Action? 118 Hedmark 118 Värmland 119 Southwest Finland 119 References 121 Interviews 121 Norway 121 Värmland 121 Southwest Finland 121 Brussels Offices 122 Literature 122 Preface e research programme, ‘Internationalisation of regional development policies – Needs and demands in the Nordic countries’ was commissioned by the Nordic Council of Ministers in the spring of 2005. e aim of this programme is to undertake research on key issues, where it has been identified that new knowledge is needed, and where such knowledge could be seen to benefit the development and implementation of regional development policy in the Nordic countries. e basis for the research programme is its Nordic character. Research should lead to new knowledge both for the academic world and for the world of policy and practice. Projects should add ‘Nordic value’, i.e. they should produce knowledge of relevance for several regions and countries across Norden. e research should moreover be comparative and collaborative across at least three Nordic countries or self-governed areas. ree themes of high priority for the research programme have been identified; ‘regional governance’, ‘innovation and regional growth’, and ‘demography and labour migration’. In addition to these priorities two additional crosscutting themes were also defined; ‘the enlargement of the EU and the challenges for Nordic regional development policies’ and the broad topic of ‘the three dimensions of sustainable regional development’; i.e. social, economic and environmental sustainability. e research programme has been launched in two rounds. In the first round during the spring of 2005 it was decided to fund five projects. ese were reported during 2007. In the second round during the spring of 2007 it was decided that a further five projects should be funded. ese will be reported in 2008 and 2009. All project reports are published in this publication series dedicated to this programme. At the end of the programme, a synthesising report will also be produced where the most important findings are discussed. is report is planned to be published in the winter 2009/2010. Nordregio wishes to thank the Nordic Senior Official Committee for Regional Policy and the Nordic Council of Ministers for providing this unique opportunity to develop new research- based knowledge and for encouraging cooperation and the exchange of ideas between Nordic researchers. Nordregio would furthermore like to thank all of the involved research teams and the programme’s Steering Committee for their continuing contributions to the Nordic discourse on regional development. Ole Damsgaard Margareta Dahlström Director Coordinator of the research programme Authors’ Preface This Fusing Regions? Report is the culmination of research that was commissioned and funded as part of a successful bid to the second round of the prestigious research programme entitled ‘Internationalisation of Regional Development Policies – Needs and Demands in the Nordic Countries’ from 2007-2009. The fundamental basis and strength of this programme, is in our view, its Nordic character especially if this is taken alongside its ambitions to foster a more detailed understanding of how internationalisation is affecting regions in these distinctive European countries. Sincere thanks is extended to the Nordic Council of Ministers for financially supporting this project and thereby enabling this rather distinctive ‘micro-study’ of three Nordic regions utilising the somewhat distinctive concepts of Regional Action and Fusion Approaches to be completed. Moreover, when undertaking this research, early investigations raised some interesting questions worthy of further enquiry as regards gender issues. A sister project examining Regional Action and Gender Issues was launched in 2008 as part of a more general Regional Action in the European Union research programme now based at Karlstad University in Sweden. This report also draws upon aspects – most notably in Chapter 8 – from this complementary research in order to provide as detailed a picture of Regional Action in the three regions under scrutiny as possible. It is appropriate to also acknowledge the financial support of the Faculty of Social and Life Sciences and the Centre for Research on Regional Development (CERUT) at Karlstad University as well as of Region Värmland – that facilitated the undertaking of this accompanying research. It is also important to note that this all this research is now being disseminated and increasingly developed as part of a Jean Monnet Multinational Research Group that brings together universities from all over Europe to further examine the utility of Fusion approaches for the study of European integration and funded by the Jean Monnet programme of the European Commission. In many ways, this Report represents an endeavour that also strongly reflects the fundamental premise and ambitions of the broader Nordic international research programme since this Report represents the investigative efforts of an integrated team of interdisciplinary Nordic-based researchers drawn from three respective Nordic countries utilising a variety of quantitative and qualitative research techniques and supported by feedback at a series of bench-learning
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