DOCSLIB.ORG

Xerox University Microfilms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 WOODS, Thomas Francis, 1941- DRYDEN AND THE PROPHETIC MODE: AN EXAMINATION OF HIS POETIC THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LIGHT OF SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY I CONCEPTS OF PROPHECY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Language and Literature, modem University Microfilms,, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan I © 1974 THOMAS FRANCIS WOODS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED DRYDEN AND THE PROPHETIC MODE: AN EXAMINATION OF HIS POETIC THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LIGHT OF SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CONCEPTS OF PROPHECY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University t _ By Thomas Francis Woods, B.S. in S.S., A.M. ****** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor A.E.W. Maurer Professor E.P.J. Corbett Professor Betty Sutton "-'../Advisor' Department of English s For Joan Candle of the Lord iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks go to those who helped me at various points during my research: to the librarians of The Ohio State University, Oberlin College, Western Reserve University, and Calvin College; to Professors Kenneth Abbott and John Gable for their aid with passages in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. I owe a large debt of gratitude to many who have shaped my life and work: to my parents, who sacrificed much; to Professor Robert Yackshaw, of John Carroll University, who encourages students to think for themselves; to Professor A.E.W. Maurer, of Ohio State, who shows his students by precept and example what a humane and compelling way of life literary scholarship can be. My greatest debt is acknowledged in the Dedication. VITA September 26, 19^1 .... Born, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1 9 6 3 ..................... B.S. in S.S., John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 1964-1965 ............... Graduate Assistant in the Library, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 1 9 6 3 . A.M., John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 1 9 6 5 -1 9 6 6 . ............ • Instructor, Department of English, Gannon College, Erie, Pennsylvania 1966-1967 ............... Teaching Associate, Department of English, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1967-1971 .......... Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1973 ............... Assistant Frofessor, Department of English, Grand Valley State Colleges, Allendale, Michigan FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Literature Studies in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature. Professor A.E.W. Maurer v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iv VITA ................ v Chapter I. THE PREVALENCE OF PROPHECY............... 1 II. AN ECLECTIC DEFINITION OF THE PROPHET . 22 III. DRYDEN AND PROPHECY: PREDISPOSITIONS AMD PRACTICES .......... 83 IV. JOHN DRYDEN'S PROPHECIES................... I63 CONCLUSION.......................................... 236 APPENDIX . .................................... 240 LIST OF WORKS CITED ................................. 264. CHAPTER I THE PREVALENCE OF PROPHECY "And the reason I said to myself how historical, how traditional, when 1 opened The New York Times and saw Philip Berrigan pouring blood on draft files, the reason I was never put off by the Berrigans' mild attack on property, but rather astounded by their traditionalism, is that such actions have been performed since time immemorial by men with an apocalyptic turn of mind." ^ — Francine du Plessix Gray Mrs. Gray is right, of course: men of an apocalyptic turn of mind always have performed such acts. She herself instances ouch figures as Jeremiah, Jesus Christ, and William Lloyd Garrison. In our own time we have often been forced tc respond to rather apocalyptic attitudes, for we have seen the attempt, among some at least, to identify the seat of the Antichrist at first v/ith Berlin, then with Moscow, and now with Washington. For students of literature, the intriguing question, one being asked more and more often, is the extent to which the apocalyptic— or, more broadly, the prophetic— turn of mind has colored the themes and structures embodied in the works of literary artists. Those "prophetic" writers who come immediately to mind seem to have written at times of crisis, times v/heh doom seemed imminent or when opportunities appeared to open. We think, perhaps, of Langland's Piers Plowman or of Pope's Dunciad or of ’Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Like these writers, Dryden wrote in an age that was, to the people who lived in it, a time both of impending doom and of expanding opportunity. This schizophrenic sense of despair and of hope is reflected in a comment by John Spencer, a contemporary of Dryden, a scholar, and an enemy of the sectaries: The Age in v/hich our lot is fallen is an Age of Action and Expectation, and in such times, prophecies generally take confidence to become publick, being then most grateful to men, usually very impatient of uncertainties where they are hugely concerned. Among the Jews we find Prophets and Oracles especially consulted in times of some public distraction. Besides, 'tis a time of improvement in all humane and divine knowledge, and that happy day seems risen upon us to which ^ God hath promised an increase of Knowledg. As Spencer’s comment indicates, fascination with prophecy— Biblical and modern— was intimately bound up with the hope and despair that seventeenth-century Englishmen felt concerning their times. This fascination— which was manifested in a number of ways— evidently was caused by two beliefs held by many during the period: a belief that England was a new, Christianized, Israel; a belief that the apocalyptic books of the Bible predicted the history of Christianity. The intense interest that prophecy held for the seventeenth- century English is discernible in political discussions during the Interregnum, in sermons and popularizing works of scriptural exegesis, and in scholarly writings. During the Interregnum the English heard much about apocalyptic prophecy from radicals in the Army. (Of course, from the Puritan preachers and in Foxe's Actes and Monuments the English had been hearing for some time about the dangers of the papist Antichrist and of the coming of 3 the New Jerusalem; the movement of some Puritans to the New World constituted an attempt to escape the former and find the latter. ) During the debates in the Army Council after Charles I was captured, Colonel Goffe, who was aligned with the Fifth Monarch Men, argued that Charles I should be deposed on the grounds that the king had been doing the work of Antichrist. Goffe argued that the king's title, Defender of the Faith, and that the Anglican prayer acknowledging the king of England's absolute power, were signs of the Mystery of Iniquity, of Antichrist: "Now Jesus Christ his work in the last days is to destroy this mystery of iniquity . "; furthermore, Revelation says "That in this v/ork of Jesus Christ he if shall have a company of Saints to follow him." John Lilburne, too, argued in council and in pamphlet after pamphlet, for policies based on Daniel and Revelation. His vision of the New Jerusalem was somewhat secularized, however; he sought, says Haller, "not personal conversion but the general good. The struggle of Christ's redeemed ones became a struggle for the■redemption of the state. The holy community, the New Jerusalem, came to be conceived rather as a going community of free citizens than a withdrawn though visible congregation of the elect." In and out of jail, fighting for Parliament but opposing prelacy, Lilburne was widely popular, in part because his fellow Puritans believed with him that the struggle between Christ and Antichrist was about to be 5 consummated. Widespread belief in the nearness of this consum­ mation engendered the career of James Naylor, "The ;vuaker Jesus," and inspired the last gasp of the Interregnum, the desperate rising of the Fifth Monarchy Men in January, l66 l.^ k Those Englishmen who were made conscious of apocalypse and ordinary prophecy by events could read about them in sermons, tracts, and books published during both the Interregnum and the Restoration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Lexicon of Alchemy
    A Lexicon of Alchemy by Martin Rulandus the Elder Translated by Arthur E. Waite John M. Watkins London 1893 / 1964 (250 Copies) A Lexicon of Alchemy or Alchemical Dictionary Containing a full and plain explanation of all obscure words, Hermetic subjects, and arcane phrases of Paracelsus. by Martin Rulandus Philosopher, Doctor, and Private Physician to the August Person of the Emperor. [With the Privilege of His majesty the Emperor for the space of ten years] By the care and expense of Zachariah Palthenus, Bookseller, in the Free Republic of Frankfurt. 1612 PREFACE To the Most Reverend and Most Serene Prince and Lord, The Lord Henry JULIUS, Bishop of Halberstadt, Duke of Brunswick, and Burgrave of Luna; His Lordship’s mos devout and humble servant wishes Health and Peace. In the deep considerations of the Hermetic and Paracelsian writings, that has well-nigh come to pass which of old overtook the Sons of Shem at the building of the Tower of Babel. For these, carried away by vainglory, with audacious foolhardiness to rear up a vast pile into heaven, so to secure unto themselves an immortal name, but, disordered by a confusion and multiplicity of barbarous tongues, were ingloriously forced. In like manner, the searchers of Hermetic works, deterred by the obscurity of the terms which are met with in so many places, and by the difficulty of interpreting the hieroglyphs, hold the most noble art in contempt; while others, desiring to penetrate by main force into the mysteries of the terms and subjects, endeavour to tear away the concealed truth from the folds of its coverings, but bestow all their trouble in vain, and have only the reward of the children of Shem for their incredible pain and labour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Impact of the Revolution
    THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE'S DISTINGUISHED LECTURE SERIES Robert Nisbet, historical sociologist and intellectual historian, is Albert Schweitzer professor-elect o[ the humanities at Columbia University. ROBERTA. NISBET THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION Distinguished Lecture Series on the Bicentennial This lecture is one in a series sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute in celebration of the Bicentennial of the United States. The views expressed are those of the lecturers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff,officers or trustees of AEI. All of the lectures in this series will be collected later in a single volume. revolution · continuity · promise ROBERTA. NISBET THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION Delivered in Gaston Hall, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. on December 13, 1973 American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington, D.C. © 1974 by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-8447-1303-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number L.C. 74-77313 Printed in the United States of America as there in fact an American Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century? I mean a revolu­ tion involving sudden, decisive, and irreversible changes in social institutions, groups, and traditions, in addition to the war of libera­ tion from England that we are more likely to celebrate. Clearly, this is a question that generates much controversy. There are scholars whose answer to the question is strongly nega­ tive, and others whose affirmativeanswer is equally strong. Indeed, ever since Edmund Burke's time there have been students to de­ clare that revolution in any precise sense of the word did not take place-that in substance the American Revolution was no more than a group of Englishmen fighting on distant shores for tradi­ tionally English political rights against a government that had sought to exploit and tyrannize.
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of the King (1658±1660)
    1 The Return of the King (1658±1660) 1 The Fall of the Protectorate (September 1658±April 1659)1 `All Men wondred to see all so quiet, in so dangerous a time' wrote the Puritan minister Richard Baxter of the autumn of 1658.The death of Oliver Cromwell on 3 September signalled no discernible quickening of either royalist or repub- lican pulses.There was no sudden or general upsurge of public opinion either against the Protectorate or for a return to monarchy: `Contrary to all expec- tation both at home and abroad, this earthquake was attended with no signal alteration', recalled Charles II's Chancellor, Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon.2 Nor, though `all the commonwealth party' may have `cried out upon [Richard's] assuming the protectorship, as a high usurpation', was there any concerted attempt by republicans to undo what they saw as the perversion of the Good Old Cause into the tyranny of rule by a single person: `There is not a dogge that waggs his tongue, soe great a calm are wee in', observed John Thurloe, Oliver's, and now Richard's, Secretary of State.3 The Humble Petition and Advice, the Protectorate's constitution since 1657, empowered Cromwell to name his successor, but this was managed `so sleightly, as some doubt whether he did it at all' reported John Barwick, future Dean of St Paul's, in a letter to Charles II.Nevertheless, despite the want of any formal or written nomination, Richard Cromwell's succession was generally accepted not only without opposition but with signs of positive relief.The proclamation of his
    [Show full text]
  • Wormwood in the Bible Old Testament
    Wormwood In The Bible Old Testament Smothery Matthiew typed acridly while Shayne always slivers his actualisations robs immunologically, he map so semantically. Willing and peachier Caryl fobbed her lehrs tunnelled while Salmon overgrazes some glossology scatteredly. Devolution Orren spilings her speeders so inconsiderately that Shurlock surprises very acrobatically. And in wormwood the bible old testament says These four and the wormwood bible old testament in. And king appears in which had not store a wormwood in the bible as some text means of juda, these people eat it is aged for ours as a rebuilt jerusalem. What will feed them poisoned food directly to. And have done with friends, bible say about the wormwood bible in the. And decides to the wormwood bible old testament in the country to sprains, the hype about cannabis entrepreneurs in general course of revelation as scrupulously as. Plants in king james bible does this topic discussed in jamaica, wherewith shall shine. Letting these born once enabled, old testament in wormwood the bible old testament mention wormwood showed him to his eyes will release which have access to the old? We seek out of iron: a loud voice from all of its extract or a third of their new teaching us for a man? Egyptian and the wormwood bible in great warning of the small and remedy for animals, when he drank of the third of this thou art lukewarm, fling defiance in! They were hurled on the wormwood in the star symbolizes the blood, and the meaning to today that test. And the lamb, homemade absinthe has spread of wormwood in the bible old testament prophets.
    [Show full text]
  • A True Account of the New Model Army
    Paul Z. Simons A True Account of the New Model Army 1995 Contents The Set Up . 3 The New Model Army . 4 What They Believed . 5 What They Did . 7 Where They Went . 9 Conclusion . 10 2 Revolutions have generally required some form of military activity; and mili- tary activity, in turn, generally implies an army or something like one. Armies, however, have traditionally been the offspring of the revolution, impinging little on the revolutionary politics that animate them. History provides numerous examples of this, but perhaps the most poignant is the exception that proves the rule. Recall the extreme violence with which rebellious Kronstadt was snuffed out by Bolshevism’s Finest, the Red Guards. The lesson in the massacre of the sailors and soldiers is plain, armies that defy the “institutional revolution” can expect nothing but butchery. The above statements, however, are generalizable solely to modernity, that is to say, only to the relatively contemporary era wherein the as- sumption that armies derive their mandate from the nation-state; and the nation- state in turn derives its mandate from “the people.” Prior to the hegemony of such assumptions, however, there is a stark and glaring example of an army that to a great degree was the revolution. Specifically an army that pushed the revolution as far as it could, an army that was the forum for the political development of the revolution, an army that sincerely believed that it could realize heaven on earth. Not a revolutionary army by any means, rather an army of revolutionaries, regicides, fanatics and visionaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Watson-The Rise of Pilo-Semitism
    The Rise of Philo-Semitism and Premillenialism during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries By William C. Watson, Colorado Christian University Let me therefore beg of thee not to trust to the opinion of any man… But search the scriptures thyself… understanding the sacred prophecies and the danger of neglecting them is very great and the obligation to study them is as great may appear by considering the case of the Jews at the coming of Christ. For the rules whereby they were to know their Messiah were the prophecies of the old Testament… It was the ignorance of the Jews in these Prophecies which caused them to reject their Messiah… If it was their duty to search diligently into those Prophecies: why should we not think that the Prophecies which concern the latter times into which we have fallen were in like manner intended for our use that in the midst of Apostasies we might be able to discern the truth and be established in the faith…it is also our duty to search with all diligence into these Prophecies. If God was so angry with the Jews for not searching more diligently into the Prophecies which he had given them to know Christ by: why should we think he will excuse us for not searching into the Prophecies which he had given us to know Antichrist by? … They will call you a Bigot, a Fanatic, a Heretic, and tell thee of the uncertainty of these interpretations [but] greater judgments hang over the Christians for their remises than ever the Jews felt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Millennial Impulse in Early American Literature: General Introduction
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Electronic Texts in American Studies Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 1998 The Kingdom, the Power, & the Glory: The Millennial Impulse in Early American Literature: General Introduction Reiner Smolinski , Editor Georgia State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas Part of the American Studies Commons Smolinski, Reiner , Editor, "The Kingdom, the Power, & the Glory: The Millennial Impulse in Early American Literature: General Introduction" (1998). Electronic Texts in American Studies. 27. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/27 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Texts in American Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Kingdom, The Power, & The Glory The Millennial Impulse in Early American Literature Introduced and Edited by Reiner Smolinski Georgia State University Copyright © 1998 by Reiner Smolinski ISBN 0-7872-4837-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-65605 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………… vi The Kingdom, The Power, & The Glory: The Millennial Impulse in Early American Literature General Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… viii Chapter 1: Quo Vadis, Domine? ………………………………………………………………… 1 George Morton …………………………………………………………………………………… 2 A Relation or Iournall of the beginning ………………………………………………… 3 John Cotton ……………………………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Heaven Upon Earth ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D’HISTOIRE DES IDÉES
    Heaven Upon Earth ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D’HISTOIRE DES IDÉES INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 194 Heaven Upon Earth Joseph Mede (1586--1638) and the Legacy of Millenarianism By Jeffrey K. Jue Founding Directors: P. Dibon† (Paris) and R.H. Popkin† (Washington University, St. Louis & UCLA) Director: Sarah Hutton (Middlesex University, United Kingdom) Associate-Directors: J.E. Force (Lexington); J.C. Laursen (Riverside) Editorial Board: M.J.B. Allen (Los Angeles); J.R. Armogathe (Paris); A. Gabbey (New York); T. Gregory (Rome); J. Henry (Edinburgh); J.D. North (Oxford); J. Popkin (Lexington); G.A.J. Rogers (Keele); Th. Verbeek (Utrecht) Heaven Upon Earth Joseph Mede (1586--1638) and the Legacy of Millenarianism By Jeffrey K. Jue Westminster Theological Seminary, U.S.A. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4292-2 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4292-8 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4293-0 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4293-5 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Form Text.Pdf
    THE PUTNEY DEBATES EXHIBITION ST MARY’S CHURCH PUTNEY THE LEVELLERS social rank, driven by principle rather than personal material grievance. Lilburne, in particular, had been an active campaigner for a decade. In 1637, he had been flogged, pilloried, and imprisoned for publishing pamphlets critical of the bishops; nine years later, he was imprisoned by the House of Lords on various charges of seditious conduct (and indeed was still in the Tower at the time of the Putney Debates.) Lilburne argued that true sovereignty derived from the people. Popular sovereignty, he maintained, was an inalienable right, which had only been subverted after the Norman Conquest by the new landowning class as it developed institutions and The Putney Debates are an important practices which consolidated its own landmark in English political history. power. Following the Civil War, it was At St Mary’s Church, Putney, in the not enough to replace monarchical autumn of 1647, leading members of tyranny with a system which the Army Council, which then perpetuated the power of the effectively controlled England in the landowners represented in parliament. aftermath of Charles I’s defeat in the As Lilburne told the Lords at his trial Civil War, deliberated on proposals for in 1646, “all you intended when you a radical overhaul of the constitution. set us a - fighting was merely to These proposals, which for their time unhorse and dismount our old riders were breathtaking in their and tyrants, so that you might get up revolutionary boldness, anticipated and ride in their stead.” What was many of the ideological fault lines of needed was a system which reflected the next three to four centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Levellers Movement and Had Been Amongst the Leaders of a Mutiny Against Cromwell, Whom They Accused of Betraying the Ideals of the ‘Civil War ’
    Levellers Day book cover_Levellers Day book cover 04/05/2015 08:33 Page 1 Written by PETA STEEL T H E L E THE V Published in May 2 01 5 by SERTUC E Congress House, Great Russell Street L L London WC1B 3LS E R LEVELLERS MOVEMENT 020 7467 1220 [email protected] S M O V AN ACCOUNT OF PERHAPS THE FIRST POLITICAL MOVEMENT E M TO REPRESENT THE ORDINARY PEOPLE E N T Additional sponsorship from Including THE DIGGERS AND RANTERS, ASLEF, Unison South East Region, and Unite OLIVER CROMWELL, THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE and MAGNA CARTA South East S E R T U C Printed by Upstream PUBLISHED BY SERTUC 020 7358 1344 [email protected] £2 Levellers Day book cover_Levellers Day book cover 04/05/2015 08:33 Page 2 CONTENTS THE LEVELLERS 1 THE DIGGERS AND THE RANTERS 11 THE CIVIL WARS 15 THE NEW MODEL ARMY 19 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE 23 THE PUTNEY DEBATES 27 THOMAS RAINSBOROUGH 31 PETITIONS 34 THE BISHOPSGATE MUTINY 37 THE BANBURY MUTINY 38 THE MAGNA CARTA 40 OLIVER CROMWELL 43 JOHN LILBURNE 49 GERRARD WINSTANLEY 55 RICHARD OVERTON 58 KATHERINE CHIDLEY 60 KING CHARLES I 63 THE STAR CHAMBER 66 JOHN MILTON 68 Levellers Day book new_Levellers book new to print 04/05/2015 09:07 Page 1 FOREWORD THERE’S little to disagree with the Levellers over: “they wanted a democracy where there was no King, and a reformed House of Commons that represented the people, and not the vested interests of the ruling classes ”.
    [Show full text]
  • Energumen 3 Robert Kelly Bard College
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Robert Kelly Manuscripts Robert Kelly Archive 5-2008 enERGUMEN 3 Robert Kelly Bard College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/rk_manuscripts Recommended Citation Kelly, Robert, "enERGUMEN 3" (2008). Robert Kelly Manuscripts. Paper 428. http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/rk_manuscripts/428 This Manuscript is brought to you for free and open access by the Robert Kelly Archive at Bard Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Robert Kelly Manuscripts by an authorized administrator of Bard Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RK - Energumen as of 10 February 2008 – Page 1 ENERGUMEN 2 The great time for me is early morning, right after I've awakened. I go downstairs, onto the deck or in the cool dining room (with many windows), and open my bound notebook, usually an ordinary marbled school notebook, and write with a pen, fountain pen or gel or felt tip -- something flexible. Green tea or strong black tea or yerba mate, and I'll stay at that for an hour or two. Later in the morning, after meditation and breakfast, if I have time I'll get to type on the computer, editing and revising poems from the past few days, or from this morning (if I've caught up). So those are the two phases of a poem, the (usually) handwritten first draft and the later (hours or a few days) revision into typed form. As a typed page the poem will sit in my notebook for a long time, reviewed from time to time, revised, remade.
    [Show full text]
  • Arianism in English Nonconformity, 1700-1750
    Perichoresis Volume 17. Single Author Supplement 1 (2019): 21–36 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2019-0002 ARIANISM IN ENGLISH NONCONFORMITY, 1700-1750 DINU MOGA * Emanuel University of Oradea ABSTRACT. During the time of English Nonconformity, Arianism was not only embraced, but openly acknowledged by most of the Presbyterian ministers. That generation of ministers, who contended so zealously for the orthodox faith, had finished their labours, and received from their Lord a dismissal into eternal rest. Those champions among the laity who, at the begin- ning of the controversy, stood up so firmly for the truth, had entered as well into the joy of their Lord. Though their children continued Dissenters, too many of them did not possess the same sentiments or spirit. Among those who succeeded these ministers were too many who embraced the Arian creed. To this unhappy change contributed the example and conversation as well of many from the younger Presbyterian ministers. In consequence Arianism spread far and wide in the Presbyterian congregations, both among the ministers and the people. This unhappy controversy proved the grave of the Presbyterian congregations, and of those of the General Baptists. The effects of Arianism, though at first scarcely visible, gradually produced desolation and death. KEYWORDS: Arianism, controversy, nonconformity, creeds, consubstantiality Introduction The apostolic teaching about Christ was relatively simple. But what the apostle taught about Christ also contained ideas that some people found difficult to understand. While the history progresses after the time of the apostles, we learn that prior to the beginning of the fourth century all creeds and summaries of faith were local in character.
    [Show full text]